Dažninis dabartinės rašomosios lietuvių kalbos žodynas (pirmieji tyrimo rezultatai)

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXXIX (1998) Vida ŽILINSKIENĖ Institute of ir Mathematical Informatics, Vilnius FREQUENT DICTIONARY OF THE CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN WRITTEN LANGUAGE (first results of the research) A computerized frequency dictionary of the current written Lithuanian language, composed of four functional iš styles, is already functioning (fiction, journalism, scientific ir subject) material. For more information on the methodology of the ir dictionary, see Principles. Article 1 (Grumadienė 1995). The lexical diversity of a language, a certain functional style, a writer of a work is ar assessed by the so-called iteration coefficient (the ratio of word uses to words), which at the same time means the average frequency of a word in the ir text. The calculations show that the iteration coefficient of the above ir styles and the whole Lithuanian language is: — 9,53, — 10,51, science —12.63, subject —20.78, all languages —20.06. The smaller this coefficient, the more different words were found in texts with the same number of word uses (in our case, 300,000 word uses were analyzed from each functional style), the more diverse the vocabulary of that style. The figures show very clearly that: 1) the fictional vocabulary is twice as diverse as the subject-- specific style, 2) the fictional, journalistic and even scientific styles have quite similar lexical diversity. We can compare the diversity of word forms found in the texts examined by comparing the ratio of word uses and word forms of individual styles: fiction — 4.34, journalism — 4.48, science — 4.83, subject — 7.29, all language — 7.16. These figures also clearly show that: 1) more diverse grammatical forms are used in fiction, journalism and scientific styles, 2) in this respect the subjective style also differs significantly from other styles. 219 Since we have a common dictionary of Lithuanian journalism (Žilinskienė 1990) prepared according to the same methodology, calculated from the texts of newspapers and magazines in 1973-74, and a common dictionary of Latvian journalism (Jakubaite 1969), calculated from 1966texts, we can compare the iteration coefficients: Lithuanian 67 m. journalism in 1993-95 -10.51, Lithuanian journalism in jų 1973-74 -15.38, Latvian journalism in 1966-67 -18.60. These coefficients clearly show that the vocabulary of contemporary Lithuanian publicistics is more diverse than that of Lithuanian publicistics twenty years ago or Latvian publicistics almost thirty years ago. Let’s compare the top ten most common words in individual styles and in the language as a whole (see Table 1; in that and other tables, the number next to a word indicates the frequency of that word). Table 1. Top 10 most common words of individual styles fiction journalism science subjective all languages and* 11442 and* 9743 and* 11140 and* 10990 and* 43315 he 9634 be 5825 be 6294 be 5138 he 24613 I 4580 he 5824 he 4692 he 4463 be 21366 to 4216 that 3487 that 2783 that 3286 that 13528 be 4109 that* 3235 this 2138 which 2273 to 10715 that 3972 to 2719 which 2054 Lithuania 2195 that* 9877 0* 2822 I 2602 to 1941 this 2135 I 9025 kad* 2811 which 1985 kad* 1844 kad* 1992 which 7610 as 2219 o* 1904 with 1838 or 1903 from 7162 which 2136 with 1897 from 1647 to 1839 with 7034 The frequency of the words marked with an asterisk (*) in table 1 differs from the frequency of the same words given in theses (Žilinskienė 1995), because here the general frequency of a particular lexicon is given, and in theses the frequency of the corresponding lexicon, which in the texts studied only goes with a conjunction, is given. Table 1 clearly shows that: 1) the top 10 most common words included the parts of the official language, pronouns, which statistically usually act as parts of the official language, and the verb to be, which is often used as an auxiliary verb in the text, 2) six words in the top 10 most common words 220 (and, it, be, that, are the same, only differing į) ranks (position numbers in frequency lists), of jų course, except and, is only one word with a specific meaning 3) "Lithuania in the top 10 most common words in subject-verb style". Let’s compare the twenty most common words in Latvian journalism from the ir current, older Lithuanian journalism (see section 4.4). 2 Table 1). 2 Table 1. Most ir common words in Lithuanian Latvian journalism 1993-95 m. 1973-74 m. latviešu publicistika publicistika publicistika ir 9743 ir 11890 un 10401 būt viņš 5825 būt viņš 5733 būt tas tas 6395 tas 5824 4167 5244 3487 3939 ar 3631 when 3235 į 2614 par to 3546 2719 I 2461 who 3119 aš 2602 that vinš 2455 which 2610 1985 which 2394 no 2342 0 1904 su 2046 ka 2325 with 1897 this 2024 ari 2304 from 1890 all 1825 this 2275 Lithuania 1839 jobs 1759 jobs 2059 This 1715 of 1602 we 2030 all 1517 as 1594 gads 1789 own 1463 years 1563 but 1643 but 1273 o 1538 for 1630 man 1271 man 1421 what 1609 or 1213 not 1389 all 1601 years 1302 only 1277 advise 1386 about 1165 own 1263 own 1349 Comparing Lithuanian publications of both periods, we see that the frequency of use of the most common words is very similar, only three words (but, or, about), which are in the top twenty of current publications, have moved below in previous publications. 221 (but there is 22nd, ar — In the 39th, about — 26th position) (Žilinskienė 1990), o word Lithuania in earlier publications was encrypted as the name of the state there was ir counted only individual groups of real words (e.g. names, surnames, names of countries, water names, etc.) ir overall frequency, so the words in the dictionary in decreasing frequency order is not recorded. When arranging the current publications, the pronoun savas is considered to be the ancestor of the pronoun savas and, obviously, the then fixed lexem savas, thus recalculating the previous o publications, savas would have had the frequency 1461 ir would have been in the 17th position. Be that, it should be noted that in the second ten most common words already appeared nouns ir (year, person), only work in current journalism moved to the third ten. į Comparing su Latvian publications, we can see that most of the į words performing the same official functions, the same ir du most common nouns, only in Latvian padome still very common (in earlier Lithuanian publicistics the council repeated in the current 455, o — 137 10 times). Let's compare the nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs ir and adverbs in the top 100 most common words in all four styles ir (see section 4.4). 3 Table 1). 3 Table 1. The most common nouns, verbs of individual styles adverbs ir fiction| journalism science subjective all languages man Lithuania work Lithuania Lithuania eye man system work work hand years Lithuania document man head work man article year year day country research republic law time day part law document house time time person time word state process company day man land element law state time Vilnius material president republic work time water state part child life time institution law father school year organization article leg Russia culture language company fiction science subjective all languages time child daomuo part word woman Lithuanian Lithuanian word language life company condition deputy country window time way court person bank number commission system law meaning question time world case case land house language decision time farm science 222 order place Europe form product life part group council city surface country method employee result member activity person problem case place government property violation instrument day project bank meeting form contract time price large large large state large good new various high new good main administrative high important new main important important 223 science subjective all languages general social one one one one one first first first first first two two three be be be be be be be able to have be able to have be able to not be able to have be able to have be able to have not be not be need not need to say say say make not make need to know need to use foresee know go du determine want to determine du want to want to start make du need to say say get look not be able to see look so very very also very very now a lot a lot a lot so therefore so still where therefore often now so here here therefore already there still often now well already here then also where therefore only adjectives As expected, ir the first 100 most common iš words show that fiction differs from non-fiction in the first place: fiction has the lowest number of nouns 1) (available) 18) ir (there are and twice 2) as many verbs (years) 15), 2) more fiction-like journalism both in terms of the relationship of the parts of the language and in terms of specific lexicons (e.g., house, generation, child, life, good, say, here are only the most common words in the top hundred of these styles). Several lexicons are the same in the top 100 of the most common words in all styles: man, work, time, be, be able, not be, have. Iš of the first hundred most common nouns, it would be easy to tell what style of iš texts these words were chosen from. For example, it is impossible to imagine that the words investigation, process, element, data, condition, meaning, form would be common in fiction, just as it is impossible to imagine that the words eye, hand, head, child, ir television, etc. ir often repeated in science-style speech. Such words can be frequent only in at least one specific sample, which is written just about it. Be therefore, it is very obvious that the verbs of the first hundred most common words are very general meaning in texts usually function as auxiliary verbs. Let’s compare the nouns, ir adjectives, numeral verbs in the top 100 most common words in Latvian publications in the current and previous Lithuanian publications. ir ir (see section 4.4). 4 Table 1). 4 Table 1. 1993-95 m. 1973-74 m. ir latvių publicistika publicistika publicistika Lietuva darbas darbs žmogus metai gads metai žmogus padome + darbas mokykla cilvėks šalis šalis laiks diena kartas partija laikas respublika tauta valstybė ūkis valstybė žemė diena diena Vilnius gyvenimas respublika laikas filmas zeme gyvenimas rajonas vieta mokykla laikas skola Rusija miestas pramonė vaikas mokslas rajons lietuvis žemė dzive latvių publicistika publicistika publicistika įmonė vaikas pilsėta kartas liaudis jausmams bankas taryba organizacija įstatymas klausimas reizę pasaulis pasaulis komitetas namas vieta uznémums ūkis laikas pasaulyje 225 1993-95 m. 1973-74 m. Europa mokytojas vards dalis gamyba cina miestas organizacija uzdevums sportas maciba studentas spėks moteris stradnieks didelis naujas jauns naujas didelis liels geras geras labs svarbus tarybinis augsts svarbus jaunas aukštas socialistinis tikras vienas vienas pirmais pirmas pirmas viens divi trys otrs būti būti būt turėti turėti nebūt galėti galėti varét nebūti reikėti klūt sakyti nebūti notikt reikėti žinoti stradat dirbti sakt du kalbėti dot norėti sakyti Šis lyginimas kaip tik ir rodo, kokios leksemos būdingiausios publicistikai, t.y. kokios leksemos yra dažnos ir abiejų periodų lietuvių publicistikoje, ir latvių publicistikoje. 226 Finally, some common lexicons (e.g., only in the current publications among the most common words are bank, law, in the previous publications were soviet, socialist) shows the o political and economic aspects of the period. ir This study used computer-aided The common dictionary of the current written Lithuanian language, which was compiled with the support of Lithuanian ir Science Studies Foundation, material. Received 26 June 1998 LITTERACY Grumadienė L. 1995: Frequency dictionary of contemporary written Lithuanian ir language: structured workflow. — In Lithuanian: ir tyrėjai tyrimai. Thesis of conference papers, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 18-19. Jakubaite T 1969: Jakubaite T, Gulevska D., Ozola V, Prussia R., Rubina A, Sika N. Latvian language frequency dictionary. 2, Riga: Zinatne. Žilinskienė V.1990: English-Lithuanian Dictionary, Vilnius: 1995. "Frequently 176. Asked Questions about the English Language". —Lithuanian language: researchers and research. Conference papers, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 33-34. LITHUANIAN WRITE LANGUAGE FREQUENCY DICTIONARY (first research results) Summary This paper provides an assessment of the frequency of words in the lexicon of the various functional styles of the contemporary Lithuanian written language by iteration coefficients, with reference to the relationship of word forms in the style genres. The most commonly used words in the genres and the most commonly used words in Lithuanian journalism in 1993-1995 and 1973-1974 and in Latvian journalism are compared. The comparison shows which lexemes are particularly characteristic for journalism and how they reflect the political or economic aspects of a certain period of time. 227