Dėl daugkartinio veiksmo raiškos pietrytinėse lietuvių kalbos tarmėse

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXIX (1998) Aloyzas VIDUGIRIS Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius ON THE EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE ACTION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN DIALECTS OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE A multiple (repeated, iterative, or frequentative) action, and sometimes a state, in the southeastern dialects of Lithuanian, as elsewhere, can be expressed in various ways: by words with certain suffixes, word combinations, repetition of the same words, and so on. There is no unified system for expressing this phenomenon. As in many other dialects, in the southeastern dialects of Lithuanian, too, a multiple action or state can be expressed both by frequentative and iterative verbs and by verbs with other generalized meanings (LKG 1971: 24, 91–107; DLKG 1994: 283–291). The aim here is not to examine all such cases of use; rather, the concern is with the tendency for the so-called past frequentative tense to disappear and for iterative verbs with the suffixes -inėti, -dinėti, -dyti to increase in number in the dialects of the southeastern outskirts of the Lithuanian-speaking area. The so-called past frequentative tense (praeteritum frequentativum) is formed from the infinitive stem and the suffix -dav- (for the origin of -dav- and, more generally, the formant -d-, see Otrębski 1956: 222; Smoczyński 1989: 5–10). It is a certain variant of the past simple tense, but tradition treats it as a separate tense because repetition is a meaning pertaining not to time but to the character of the action (DLKG 1994: 291). The forms of the past frequentative tense are thought to be a late development in the Lithuanian Aukštaitian dialect. They are found neither in the other Baltic languages nor in the Indo-European languages in general (Zinkevičius 1981: 115–116). The Samogitians use a construction instead, formed from the auxiliary verb liuobėti and finite verb forms. Even among the Aukštaitian dialects, these forms are not equally widespread. It seems that the writings of M. Mažvydas do not contain past frequentative forms (Urbas 1996); they are few in the index to Daukša’s postil (Kudzinowski 1977: 183 et al.) and in the lexicon of Kristijonas Donelaitis (Kabelka 1964: 76 et seq.). A. Bezzenberger, who studied sixteenth- and seventeenth-century written monuments of Lithuania Minor, also recorded only a few past frequentative forms (Bezzenberger 1877: 208). In the southeastern, and especially the southern, outskirts of the Lithuanian-speaking area, past frequentative forms are rare or no longer used at all. Perhaps they are somewhat more frequent only along the eastern outskirts of the East Aukštaitian dialects (from Breslauja to Gervėčiai). In a sentence, the past frequentative tense, like any other verb form, usually functions as the predicate, e.g.: I used to love her most Vlk. And I used to drive there, and I used to walk there Eiš., In olden times, people used to be healthy 183 nes Kb. Sometimes forms of the past frequentative tense are formed from substitutive derivatives with the suffix -dinėti, e.g.: He used to come here to us often in the old days Rdš. Our (our) priest used to drive around everywhere Lz. A repeated past action is quite often expressed here by the form of the frozen, parenthetical word būdavo ‘used to be’, or its variants, e.g.: There used to be a time when the onions would sprout Sem. There used to be times when you spun and spun, and your back ached Nč. There used to be times when they mowed with sickles Brsl. In southern Lithuania this form is often shortened, e.g.: In the old days, we used to meet and sing Eiš. They used to come to us and sit Pls, Rod. The variant būdo is used somewhat more widely, e.g.: Often, it would burn down Str. It used to happen, come on, the [bees] are buzzing Vlk. There used to be a stone (a stone) standing on the wagon Mrs. We used to plow with a wooden plow Kls. Sometimes these parenthetical forms are used alongside a predicate expressed in the past frequentative tense, e.g.: It used to be, he would say Str. It used to be, I wouldn’t take it Ldvn. In southwestern Lithuania, around Kučiūnai, Veisiejai, Kapčiamiestis, Leipalingis, Liškiava, and Druskininkai, the form būlavo (< *būdlavo) is most often used, e.g.: Things used to be different in the old days Lš. There used to be a time, go out, and the dogs are barking Kč. They used to go and sing DrskŽ, Rtn. The variants būlavos, būlavoc: It used to be, the old man would keep telling stories and telling stories DrskŽ. There used to be a time, in Švendubrė there was the best Rtn. Variants of this form occur somewhat more frequently as would say or used to say, e.g.: “Would say,” the old man tells Dv. “As he comes, he would say, so he sits” Arm. “Would say, the uncle comes” (they) to our place (to us) Lt. “Used to say, we went early” Dv. At night we reap flax, used to say DrskŽ. “Used to say, he comes to my mother’s” (to my mother) LzŽ. “Used to say, they hunt” (hunting) do Arm. “Used to say, goes (goes) to St. Peter’s Day (June 29) to reap rye Zt. “Would say, you go, you get whatever you want” DrskŽ. Under the influence of the standard language, past frequentative forms now show a tendency to spread. However, where the influence of the standard language no longer reaches or is weak, even frozen past frequentative forms are used quite sparingly. The frozen and shortened variants, in turn, indicate that their use has declined, especially along the southern margins. The past frequentative forms are apparently on the verge of being ousted from usage by the establishment of verbs with the iterative meaning and the suffixes -inėti, -dinėti, -dyti. The usage relationships between past frequentative forms and other verbs with frequentative or generalized meanings have been examined by the Polish linguist R. Roszko (Roszko 1996: 51–62). Verbs with the suffixes -(d)inėti, -dyti denote repetition of an action not only in the past, but also in the present and future. All these suffixes—or, more precisely, their derivatives—are known and used throughout the Lithuanian-speaking area. However, in the dialects of the southeastern borderland, where inhabitants are more or less bilingual or multilingual, the formation and use of verbs with these suffixes has increased markedly. Their semantic range has also expanded, i.e. they can denote a multi- * Abbreviations of place names as in volumes I–XVIII of the academic Lithuanian Language Dictionary. 1941–1997. 184 ple action, a low frequency of repetition, gradualness and continuity (continuation), etc. Much also depends on the subject and object (the number of agents and participants) and on the sentence context more generally. Most verbs, especially those with the suffixes -dinėti, -dyti, are usually derived from prefixed verbs. Adding a suffix also changes their aspect: they turn from perfective verbs into imperfective verbs. Thus, these suffixal derivatives acquire an additional lexical meaning and also undergo grammatical change (Vidugiris 1961: 219–231). On the other hand, some such suffixal derivatives—that is, verbs with the suffixes -inėti, -dinėti, -dyti—may be neologisms and may be regarded as a kind of calques (?), loan translations of Slavic verbs with the suffixes -avatb, -ivatb. Their source is apparently the bilingualism or multilingualism of inhabitants of the southeastern Lithuanian borderland and the increasingly Slavic-based way of thinking. Thus, the derivatives of the suffixes mentioned (some of them) may be products of foreign-language influence, merely dressed in Lithuanian garb. Moreover, bilingual people are often inclined to use and generalize expressive means. Derivatives with these suffixes take hold where traditional Lithuanian dialects make do with basic verbs or verbs of other formations with extended meanings. Most of these derivatives have now become part of the systems of peripheral dialects, becoming an inherent feature of those varieties and a normal way of expressing thoughts. Perhaps they seem like a kind of exoticism only to us. The old, long-established sequence of meanings (system) should help sift out these neologisms. Across almost all the edges of ethnic southeastern Lithuania, iterative verbs with all the suffixes mentioned can be used alongside one another, although their relative distribution is not the same everywhere. In some places verbs with one suffix have become more established, elsewhere those with another. The following sections review the formation, use, meaning, and distribution of such verbs according to their individual suffixes. The suffix -inėti, as in other Lithuanian dialects, is used in the southeastern borderland dialects to form verbs with iterative and frequentative meanings. Derivatives with the suffix -inėti are usually formed from past simple forms, e.g.: beginėti: bėgo, buvinėti: buvo, darinėti: darė, davinėti: davė. Apart from the sense of repetition, their basic meaning most often does not differ from that of the primary verbs from which they are formed, e.g.: bėginėti 1. run around, run about: They run around, flying all about Dbč. Why are you running about? I’ll catch up with you (overtake you) DrskŽ. You have to run after the child and ask them to eat (eat) Zt. When it’s warm, the cows run about (are in heat) Zt. 2. hurry about, toil: She’s been running about with those sheep for three years Vrnv. She is five years younger than that one, so now she still (still) runs about like a hare Zt. 3. run about, breed (of livestock): The cow is running about—take her (lead her) to the bull (to the bull) LzŽ. Why is that cow running about? DrskŽ. Our little cow is running about; we need to take her to the calf Rod. All the cows at the market have been running around (having run about) Zt. The verb bėginėti retains similar meanings with various direction-indicating prefixes, e.g.: 1.We go around the village (the village, the hamlet) and then we go (go- 185 home) home Zt. People went out to look around, where it is burning LžŽ. We feel like strolling around the farmyard (yard) Dv. They keep running around from one house to another DrskŽ. When the sun starts to bake, everyone goes out running around Rod. 2. While you go around doing everything (get ready) in the evenings Btrm. 3. We didn’t see that the sheep had been running around Sn. The heifer has already begun to calve Dglš. Has your (your) cow calved yet? LžŽ. If a cow doesn’t calve, then she won’t give milk Zt. Of all the meanings, only the third meaning of the word beginėti or beginėtis, although widely used in southeastern Lithuania, is regarded as a dialectalism (it is absent from DLKŽ 1993). Standard-language equivalents are begiōtis, lakstýtis, vaikýtis and others (Lyberis 1980: 202). All the meanings of the word beginėti are closely interrelated, making it difficult to suspect any outside influence. Perhaps in some peripheral dialects, a non-reflexive form is used on the model of Belarusian бегаць ‘to run about’ and побегаць ‘to have a run about’. In general, verbs with the suffix -inėti, both with and without prefixes, largely coincide with the semantic structure of the primary verbs, notwithstanding certain additional meanings or nuances. This indicates that verbs with the suffix -inėti are the most commonly used and are among the oldest. However, in Lithuania, especially in peripheral dialects of the Vilnius subdialect, instances of the use of the suffix -inėti, which is not characteristic of Lithuanian, are also fairly frequent, e.g.: Toj lepioškà (flatbread) razcirinėja ** (crumbles, breaks apart), válgyc nemōžna (one must not eat) Ad. Nezvālija (does not allow) jiem grāfas atadavīnėt pjāut' pievų Aps. Sāko itai visiem itep i(š)sidavinėja (it seems, it appears) Grv. Daūgis niūkė (said, told), kad prisdavinėjo(it seemed) Aps. Prisidavinėja tį kās Brsl. Niēkas nevāikšto pirciñ, sāko susdavinėja (it appears, cf. Belarusian выдаваца, прыдаваца ‘to appear as a vision’) Pst.. Tadū atadinginēja košį Aps. Reikia gi, pademinēju (I’m helping) Ad. Vienà do nebaigia (sing), kità pradėminėja (begins) Ad. Drenažis uždėminėja (lays) Ad. Jau ateininėja namóp Lz. Anės išeininėja ir ateininėja in naktieś Brsl. Tai išeininėja (goes out, falls to one’s lot) jiem po dù gektarūs Aps. Ūpė apeininėja ratū Ad. Ānys sulānda žemėsin ir pavasarį išėjinėja (emerges) Ad. Siuvimo kūrsus praėjinė(jo) Ad. Prisejinėja (comes to be needed, falls to one’s lot) ragutėlėm maistas timpt (to pull, draw) Ad. Šaltu ūndeniu užgerinėja Str. Ažiminėja gaspadorius šienų dėl sāva kėltavų (livestock) Aps. Regy (look), ānas i(š)sijuokinėja iš tavį Str. Tai ānas mōka ažkatbinėt rōži Aps. Lenkai norėjo šitų kalnų raskasinėt (investigate) Aps. Unsikliuōdė (got tangled), arkliai, tēp va lig šiōl atsikliuotojinėjau (untangled) tį tuōs ārklius Grv. Ėjo pōnam atkurtinėt (work off) ažū žemį Nmč. Gerai ažkrucinėjom (earned), rūblis kadāibinis (old-fashioned) dideli pinigai būvo Str. Maža užkrutinėja Tyr. Vaikūs kap sugāuna [witches] tai ažkutinėja (tickles) Aps. Šeimū vienà išlaikinėjau Ad. Kai palyjinėja, tai būna grybų Ad. Then ** A. Bal priešaitis, I. Erman ytė, and K. Pakalka allowed a substantial number of examples with the suffix -inėti, recorded during the 1972 expedition, to be copied. 186 susirinkinėjom (were getting ready)razmušinėti (fight) Aps. In karvį priraudojinėjų (I weep, console myself) Pst. The beetles settle on them and keep eating the blossoms Ad. I’d like to reach out my hand so that they’d keep pushing the door open Str. She goes along, leaning on a stick. A(ž)siprašinėję (invited), sako, bus vakarėlis Grv. The little train keeps stopping and starting (stops intermittently), kap aina Utenōn Str. nyn nyn goes to town Ad. They are driving to haul wood Aps. From the examples cited here it is evident that verbs with the suffix -inėti are formed not only from past habitual forms, but also from present-tense forms, cf. dėminėti: dė́ti, dė́ma (dėma), dė́jo; eininėti: eiti, eina, ėjo; iminėti: imti, ima, ėmė. Verbs with the suffix -inėti are especially well established along the southeastern edges of the northern Vilnius subdialect, from Strūnaitis to Breslauja. The use of derivatives with this suffix is so generalized and frequent here that verbs with other suffixes cannot compete with them. This use of the suffix -inėti apparently developed during the years of forced multilingualism. During the 1956 expedition to the Breslauja district, this tendency to use the suffix -inėti had not yet been observed. Elsewhere, verbs with this suffix are much less common, and their usage differs little from that in the main dialects and the standard language. Instead, verbs of similar meaning with the suffixes -dinėti or -dyti are prevalent there. The suffix -dinėti, it is thought, is compound, formed from the suffixes -do (cf. -dyti) and -inėti (Skardžius 1943: 529). J. Otrębskis (Otrębski 1956: 414) treats such verbs as derivatives of the suffix -inėti, in which the element -d- separates the verb root from that suffix. The derivational development of verbs with the suffix -dinėti, known already from 16th-century Lithuanian written monuments, would be as follows: gauti: gaudyti: gaudinėti; gyti: gydyti: gydinėti or gydinėti; gulti: guldyti: guldinėti. Another group of verbs with the suffix -dinėti can be identified, whose formation seems to skip the middle member in -dyti, e.g.: duoti: duodinėti; stoti: stodinėti; važiuoti: važiuodinėti or važiuod inėti. J. Otrębskis believes that -d- arose before -inėti here to avoid hiatus (Otrębski 1956: 415), although that -d- may also have entered through analogy. Verbs with the suffix -dinėti are mostly formed from the infinitive stem, e.g.: arti: ardinėti, bėgti: bėgdinėti, duoti: duodinėti, eiti: eidinėti (rather than bėgo: bėginėti, davė: davinėti, ėjo: ejinėti). In the Zietela Lithuanian dialect, verbs with the suffix -dinėti often even retain the stress of the underlying verbs, e.g.:dailydinėti: dailýti ‘to divide’, dėdinėti: dė́ti, važiuodinėti: važiuóti. Verbs with the suffix -dinėti expressing frequentative or generalized meaning are most commonly used in the southern Lithuanian dialects. These derivatives are often used seemingly needlessly in place of frequentative verbs with the suffix -inėti or primary verbs with extended meanings. They are most often formed from prefixed primary verbs, since derivatives with the suffix -dinėti are much less common without prefixes. In addition, they usually duplicate the basic meaning of the primary verbs; less often, they denote a distinct meaning or a nuance of meaning. Their semantic system is generally poorer than that of primary verbs or verbs with the suffix -inėti. For comparison, consider the verb bėgdinėti 187 1. to run about, to dash around: He keeps running around the village, as if he had no home of his own LzŽ. We kept running here and there Zt. 2. to flow: The blood [from the legs] was streaming DrskŽ. Their children come running every day Lp. He keeps coming to that tree LzŽ. The soldier keeps coming into our hut Zt. He keeps coming from far away to work DrskŽ. He comes in—everything is scattered and the chickens have been caught Zt. Everyone ran out like rabbits Mrp. They all ran out to have a look Lp. They ran out into the street to see Lp. They ran out into the street (onto the street) to look at the old man (father) LzŽ. They ran out everywhere Zt. Potatoes also sometimes run out (run short), later Zt. He keeps running down to that tavern (to that tavern) Zt. We ran off into the woods from the front (into the forest) Rod. The sun is warming things; the snow is already beginning to melt (is melting) Pls. Why, little May, why. The blue-eyed sister has moved closer (is cuddling up) LzŽ. The little shepherd keeps running home Lp. Don't run ahead of the others—let them speak Rod. Although verbs with the suffix -dinėti do not match derivatives with the suffix -inėti in meaning, in some places they nevertheless pose serious competition to the latter. They are fairly common in the southeastern part of the Lithuanian-speaking area, as far as the line Trākai – Semeliškės – Ōnuškis – Drūskininkai. They are also often used around Gervėčiai, Strūnāitis, Adūtiškis, Kamōjis, and Brėslauja. The examples are very varied: In the old days, don't keep shelling beans Dbč. They keep stripping the ears from the rye when it is in flower DrskŽ. Where mint grows abundantly, they call it “auguliai” Arm. Weeds keep growing among the flax Nč. They settled down here (settled) ānas Žrm. The moon is already (moon) waning (waning, shrinking) LzZ. Where do you live (live)? Dv. Where they began to live, no one would settle Aps. When we started building, it was hard Str. They make the quilts beautifully Pst. The parents are already learning (getting accustomed, learning the standard language) from the children Dbč. The elderly women helped them Nč. I don't sit together with old women Brsl. She isn't dumb; she keeps pretending like this (pretends) Rod. He often keeps coming to us Dsm. The girl kept coming to the boy at the barn Trak. I kept putting on my shirt Ad. When young, we kept meeting Šlčn. The cats kept chasing (chasing) Arm. They keep taking down photographs (photograph) Azr. Your brothers kept urging (persuaded) you to work (to work) Grv. They kept putting pickles in, so they would turn sour Vrn. The guests keep sitting around the table Dv. We are still trying to resist; we haven't become accustomed to it Bn. Verbs with these suffixes are sometimes also found with two prefixes, which seem to intensify the impression of repeated action, e.g.: begins to start (begins) the garden to bloom Zt. The gentlemen keep running back home Zt. This year they also keep showing off in town Arm. Keeps dividing up the potatoes (potatoes) Zt. The land on the estates was being sold off LzŽ. They kept running around there (ran out) from the train (train) Zt. Keep turning (keep twisting) the screws (the little bolts) LzŽ. I kept forgetting (forgot, forgot) all the riddles (riddles) Dv. These verbs, apparently, are also formed from basic verbs that have two prefixes, e.g.: The trouble only just began (began) the trouble Zt. Nobody wants to help me Zt. You hardly added anything (added) Zt. Into the coffin (into the coffin) they put (put in) and bury (bury) Zt. The Lithuanians used to show off Dv. The wolf dug its way in (forced its way in) 188 into the hut Dv. I nearly forgot; it doesn't come to mind quickly (quickly) Dv. Of course, this is not a feature specific to the Lithuanian language. Verbs with the suffix -dinėti used to express repeated action are familiar in many Lithuanian dialects. However, they are used most intensively in the peripheral dialects of southeastern Lithuania, which are in close contact with Slavic languages, around Dubičiai, Nočia, Pelėsa, Rūdinė, Ašava, Armoniškės, Dievėniškės, and Zietela. The suffix -dyti is used in Lithuanian dialects to form frequentative and causative verbs, such as: ardyti (to tear), gaudyti (to catch), girdyti (to give to drink), guldyti (to lay down), spardyti (to kick). However, in the southeastern peripheral dialects many verbs with the suffix -dyti have become widespread to express repeated or continuous action, although they are absent from the main Lithuanian dialects. Derivatives with the suffix -dyti express actions that are more complex in temporal terms than their base verbs (Naktinėnė 1997: 159). They are, as it were, peculiar shortened forms of the suffix -dinėti, whose roots most often have prefixes, e.g.: You need to peel the beans Grv. The magpies didn't go anywhere Grv. The queen bee laid eggs in the new hive Grv. Who helped you there? Grv. If they had seen it, they would have put it on their heads Grv. And it began to haunt them (to appear like a ghost) Grv. He is already denying it, that he has nothing to do with it Grv. They are buying up flax Dv. Floodwaters have cracked open Vrn. Don't cover it up Rod. The kitten went to graze, while the cockerel stayed home Grv. I stayed with the small children Dv. After washing, she gets out of the water Dv. The stones need to be picked out (picked through) LžŽ. There is no one to moisten the thread with Str. There used to be water everywhere, but now it has run off Zt. When it gets dark, you can come Pls. He is chasing after him and wants to catch up with him Pls. Verbs with the suffix -dyti in its frequentative meaning are used mostly alongside verbs with the suffix -inėti or -dinėti, generally only in the far southeastern periphery. This suffix has become most firmly established in the Gervėčiai dialect. Here it has eclipsed all derivatives with the suffixes -inėti and -dinėti. Sometimes it is even added to suffixal derivatives, e.g.: Why haven't you opened the door? Grv. There, the goat kept appearing (haunting) Grv. They grew lots of rye on the land Grv. The suffix -dyti is also used from time to time elsewhere, though not uniformly. For example, around Rodūnia, where this suffix is used alongside -dinėti, individual younger families much prefer using the suffix -dyti. Elsewhere it is rarer. The suffix has also been recorded in a few words around Druskininkai, Dubičiai, Butrimonys (Šalčininkai district), Valkininkai, and Marijampolė (Vilnius district). Instead of conclusions. In the peripheral areas of the Lithuanian-speaking region in the southeast, where the use of the past frequentative tense forms has weakened, verbs with the suffixes -inėti, -dinėti are most widespread, and those with -dyti are less common. Their primary function is to express repeated action. In the main Lithuanian dialects, verbs with -inėti and -dinėti are generally used only with this meaning. Verbs with the suffix -inėti best preserve their traditional system of meanings in all dialects, including the southeastern ones. Only in individual dialects is the use of this suffix restricted by the prevalence of verbs with other suffixes, e.g., Žie- 189 …telos and sometimes in other dialects on the fringes of the Southern Aukštaitian dialect area, with the suffix -dinėti, while in the Gervėčiai dialect—with the suffix -dyti, and so on. Because of the increase in people’s bilingualism and multilingualism, in the peripheral dialects verbs with the suffixes -inėti, -dinėti or -dyti now express not so much repeated action as a generalized, unitary, ongoing action. With this meaning, verbs with the suffix -inėti began to gain ground in the southeastern peripheral areas of the northern Vilnius dialects of Eastern Aukštaitian, around Apsas, Breslauja, Vidžiai, and the Adutiškis area, as well as around Ažudievys, Kamojis, Lentupis, Kliukščionys, and in the southeastern part of the Strūnaitis area, where the population is mixed. Derivatives with the suffix -dinėti are most widespread in southern Lithuania, around Dieveniškės and Butrimonys, sometimes around Dubičiai and Druskininkai, and in all the surrounding areas lying beyond Lithuania’s border: around Ašiūža and Pėrvalka (Gardino District); around Armoniškės, Ašava, Bālātņa or Varenāva, Benekainis, Kaulėliškės, Nočia, Pelėša, Rodūnia, and Žirmūnai (Varenavo District); Lazūnai (Vijos District); and Zietela (Diatlovo District). Verbs with the suffix -dyti are used in peripheral parts of southern Lithuania, especially around Gervėčiai. Received 1998 03 25 LITERATŪRA Bezzenberger A. 1877: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Litauischen Sprache, Göttingen: Verlag von Robert Peppmüller. DLKG 1994: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. DLKŽ 1993: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Kabelka J. 1964: Kristijono Donelaičio raštų leksika, Vilnius: Mintis. Kudzinowski Cz. 1977: Indeks - słownik do „Daukšos postilė“, Poznań: Wydawnictwo naukowe uniwersitetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Lyberis A. 1980: Sinonimų žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas. LKA 1977: Lietuvių kalbos atlasas 1, Leksika, Vilnius: Mokslas. LKA 1982: Lietuvių kalbos atlasas 2, Fonetika, Vilnius: Mokslas. LKA 1991: Lietuvių kalbos atlasas 3, Morfologija, Vilnius: Mokslas. LKG 1971: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 2, Morfologija, Vilnius: Mokslas. Naktinienė G. 1997: Pietų aukštaičių ir rytų aukštaičių vilniškių priežastiniai veiksmažodžiai žodynuose. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 37, 154–162. Otrębski J. 1956: Gramatyka języka litewskiego 3, Warszawa: Panstwowe wydawnictwo naukowe. Roszko R. 1996: Litewskie formy krotne typu eidavo (na przykład z gwary puńskiej).– Acta baltico – slavica 23, Warszawa: Slawistyczny ośrodek wydawniczy, 51–62. Skardžius P. 1943: Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius. Smoczyński W. 1989: Studia bałto-słowiańskie 1 (Prace komisji językoznawstwa 57), Wrocław – Warszawa – Kraków – Gdańsk – Łódź: Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii nauk. Urbas D. 1996: Martyno Mažvydo raštų žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Vidugiris A. 1961: Veiksmažodžiai su priesagomis -inėti ir -dinėti Zietelos tarmėje. – Lietuvos TSR MA darbai, Serija A, 2 (11), 219–231. Zinkevičius Z. 1981: Lietuvių kalbos istorinė gramatika 2, Vilnius: Mokslas. 1996 – 1998. 02. 10. 190 ÜBER DIE AUSDRUCKSMÖGLICHKEITEN DER FREQUENTATIVEN HANDLUNG IN DEN SÜDÖSTLICHEN LITAUISCHEN DIALEKTEN Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung der südöstlichen litauischen Dialekte haben wir festgestellt, daß der Gebrauch der Formen des sog. frequentativen Präteritums (būtasis dažninis laikas) zum Ausdruck der frequentativen Handlung allmählich abnimmt. Ein wenig häufiger liegt als eingeschaltetes Wort die Form būdavo, manchmal būlavo oder ihre Kurzformen būdau, būdo, būlau, būlo vor. Indessen jedoch wächst die Zahl der Verben mit den Suffixen -ineti, -dineti, -dyti, die eine iterativ-durative Bedeutung haben. Am besten ist das System der traditionellen Bedeutungen bei den Verben mit dem Suffix -ineti erhalten geblieben, die sich aus den Formen des Präteritums (būtasis kartinis laikas), seltener aus denen des Präsens entwickelt haben. In den eigentlichen Dialekten des Randgebietes wird der Gebrauch dieser suffigierten Ableitungen durch die aus dem Infinitiv gebildeten Verba mit dem Suffix -dineti oder -dyti eingeschränkt, die größtenteils von präfigierten Verben stammen. Wegen der sich verbreitenden Zwei-bzw. Mehrsprachigkeit in den Randgebieten bezeichnen die Verba mit den Suffixen -ineti, -dineti oder -dyti häufig keine mehrmalige, sondern eine verallgemeinerte einmalige, sich fortsetzende Handlung. Verba dieser Bedeutung sind in dem Ostaukštaitischen der Vilniuser Randgebiete mit dem Suffix -ineti verbreitet, während solche mit dem Suffix -dineti in den südlitauischen Mundarten und nicht allein in diesen letzteren, sondern vor allem in dem Dialekt von Gervėčiai (am Mittellauf der Ašmena) gebräuchlich sind. 191