Lietuviškos oikonimų lytys nelietuviškuose XVI–XIX a. šaltiniuose

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XL (1998) Vidas GARLIAUSKAS Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius LITHUANIAN OIKONIMOU LYTYS In the non-Lithuanian sources of history, there are many Lithuanian names. The Lithuanian genders of some historical ir names are recorded. The latter have already been published in various works, but they are not discussed in more detail anywhere. The article examines Lithuanian genders of historical oikonimų: they are defined, their origin, distribution, use, spelling are reviewed. J. Spruogis was the first to draw attention to the Lithuanian gender of other toponyms (not oikonyms) in 1888. In the introduction to the 16th-century dictionary of the old Žemaičių žemė, he explains that the Žemaičių and Lithuanian language are the same, and gives some examples: Zlybunwor («no pyccky, a no Aumoscky- —Oxconiocs»)’ 1595, two dr., Gaizuva, Vilkijos vls. ; Moykocs Cedevimacs («Ha3bieaema epouuwome no aumoscky- ») 1596, dr., Gaizuva, Vilkijos vls. ; [lakayne («Ha3viéaema no aumoecky- ») 1595, pv., Romainiai, Vilkijos vls. (Spruogis 1888: VII-VIII) and others. The Lithuanian gender of other toponyms was mentioned by historian K. Jablonskis even before the Second World War. He gave some examples from Žemaičių teismų knygos: J/echt 3apowonbie... epoubiujom Kazbieaembie Ilo Kenana kanny up Ilo Xeipdoc Kanny Aumnenxe Bexwcems Muuxai 1599 Pužai, Vidūklės vls. ; Huea Ilo Tpobomuc 1601 Paštuva, Vilkijos vls. ; Kepynm Anumac Ilaceduc 1607 Ganyprova, Kraziy vls. K. Jablonskis stated that “a lot of such names have survived in Lithuanian acts, only a small part of them has been registered” (Jablonskis 1937: 142). W. Fenzlau published a study on Lithuanian and German genders in the Klaipėda region name book (Fenzlau 1936). There he compared some of the 17th-18th century and 20th-century genders of the same oikonomes. Before the Second World War there was also an interest in the old church records books of Greater Lithuania. The work plan of the Lithuanian Language Department of the Institute of Lithuanian Studies for 1939, discussed by J. Balčikonis, M. Biržiška, A. Salys, Pr. Skar- | All material (individual words, phrases, texts) from historical sources is presented in italics, with the necessary examples underlined. 123 The protocol stated: "To make expeditions to the bishopric curias to obtain the old church metrics, which are particularly important for our register." Because of the war occupation, ir the church records books were not studied for a long time, the Lithuanian genders of the oikonimų there are still unknown. Classification of genders of Lithuanian oikonimai recorded in historical sources Lithuanian oikonimai are written very differently in historical sources, so it is necessary to clearly define which genders of Lithuanian oikonimai are to be considered Lithuanian. The terms ir used in the article are discussed. The concept of Lithuanian oikonimai is the totality of oikonimai of the whole (past and present) Lithuanian language area." They are discussed in this article, except Prussian, one other Slavic. The history of the family is recorded in several documents. By the way these genders are written, we try to define what they are. ir The exactly recorded genders of historical oikonimų, which are no different from those used by Lithuanians, are Lithuanian genders, for example: Aumaiimpucs 1584 (Spruogis: 5) = *Antaitris Tvėrų vls.“ ; Antatamieftis 1744 (Lkm JĮ II: 6"yY =? The Lithuanian Language Department of the Institute of Lithuanian Studies. 18 and 21 March 1939. The source is stored in the Names Section of the Lithuanian Language Institute. * Cf. the concept of Lithuanian surnames, whose “content is the totality of surnames of people of Lithuanian nationality” (Maciejauskienė 1997a: 101). * The names of historical sources are given in the following order: the Lithuanian gender of the name is given in darker italics, followed by the year of writing, in brackets — the source (for abbreviations see the list of abbreviations), in Roman numerals — the volume and after the colon the page. The reconstructed or taken from current sources gender is given in parentheses after the equal sign, written in italics corresponding to the gender of the historical source, then —localization according to the division of LATSŽ II, with the full word written Sant district, village or similar and with the abbreviation —rajon. It is not always possible to specify the exact localization, because the localization given in historical sources often does not coincide with the current one. In those cases, an effort has been made to indicate both localizations, sometimes an approximate localization, and therefore some inconsistencies may occur in the article. For example, in the 1854 Telšiai and Žemaičiai episcopate list, the location of residential places is indicated with the precision of the parish according to the LKŽ abbreviations. On the map of New East Prussia (Uznemunė) from 1807, the location of settlements is indicated in squares of the map according to the largest area of that square: Darsūniškis, Ingavangis, Liepalėtai, Meištai, Rokai, Šakiai, Ūdrija, Veiveriai, Zapyškis, etc. If the area on the map is also LATSŽ II, the localization there is also shown. The map pages are displayed as indicated on the map itself (1, 2, 2a, etc.). In some other manuscript sources (e.g., church books, some inventories, etc.) the pages are numbered and lettered (e.g., 6*, 6°), which means that only the pages of those sources are numbered and the letters refer to different sides of the same page. The localization of the settlements of Lesser Lithuania is also presented unevenly. The location of the dwelling places of W. Fenzlau’s study, if they have disappeared, is given with the precision of the parishes of Klaipėda region, and if they have survived to this day, according to LATSŽ II. Small towns in the territory of Lithuania. In the Kaliningrad region, the localization is indicated as presented in the Pėteraitis study without any changes. In cases where the residence of the Pėteraitis studio is dab. In the territory of Lithuania and if it has survived, the localization is given according to LATSŽ II. “ KI = book of baptismal records, J = book of marriage records, M = book of deceased records. The letter N next to spoken abbreviations124 *Antalamėstis, i.e. Antalamėstė Saldūtiskis Out; Zaščianek Antarastas | Wies Kiaksty | Vtosh Wydzka 1731 (Inw KZ : 15) = *Antaraštas Vidziai (dab. Belarus); de Avizieniu 1769 (Out JĮ I : 50%) = *AviZieniy, AviZiéniai Lelitinas Out; Budupis 1539 (Pėteraitis : 89) = *Biidupis in Stalupėnai, Katniava, Trakėnai; Dubinikas 1898 (Anonymous : 42) = intestine. *Dubinikas, dab. Dubininkas Merkinė (dab. Marcinkénys Al); Dumczus | P. AGE CONSCIOUSNESS 1744 (Son : 107) = * Dumčus, dab. Dumčai Pilviškiai Vlkv; Aegiethones 1898 (Anonymous : 38) = Eigelonys Butrimonys (dab. Pivašiūnai ir Jurgelionys Al); de Eyguliu 1686 (Mlt KĮ I : 14") = *Eigulių Molėtai; Rear / P. KUKUCISCENSIS 1744 (Son : 83) = *Rear, dab. Galiniškis Skudūtiškis Mlt; de Ginuciey 1741 (Lkm KI II : 8%) = intestine. *Ginu.cai., Ginūčiai Curves Ign; Gumbronas | P. ANUSYSYCENSIS 1744 (Son : 87) = *Gumbronas Onuškis Vrn; loco de Jodapurwey 1753 (Blnk KĮ II : 9*) = *Black sludge Balninkai Mlt; Kekkerfūfe 1670 (Fenzlau : 124) = *In Kekersuose, Kekersai Katyčiai SI; de Kiemieszis 1741 (Lkm JĮ II: 3*) = Kemesys Saldūtiškis Ut; Woyta Sutaicia Š: Kiemsiu 1607 (Jnš KĮ: 95*) = *Kemsių, Kemsiai Skaistgirys Jnš; Laubenskas 1807 (NO: 2a) Veiveriai; Zašcianek Lynkadaržys 1820 (WDW) = *Linkadaržis Lavoriškės Viln; de uilla Linkawa 1618 (Jnš KI: 218°) = *Linkava, dab. Linkuva mst. Pkr; City of Merecz or Mierkine 1898 (Anonymous: 42) = Merkinė Vrn; de Mefkafiadzis 1617 (Mrk KI: 101°) = tarm. *M escape, dab. Méskasalis Aluvė Al; Mefzymas | P. SVINCIANENSIS 1744 (Son: 81) = tarm. *Me.š i.mas Švenčionys; Nardgas / P. DUBINCENSIS 1744 (Syn: 48) = tarm. *Na.ragas Dubingiai Mlt; Pagi Petuodsiu 1600 (Jns CI: 14°) = *Peluodziy, Peluédziai Pašvitinys Pkr; de Villa Pietkunas 1668 (Rgv KI I: 3") = *Petkiinas, dab. Petkūnai Juostininkai An; Plunge 1854 (ED: 9) Plunge mst. ; Sarya /P. DRUIENSIS 1744 (Syn: 84) = *Sarija, Druja (Belarus); de Skaudale 1639 (Sint KI: 66") = intestine. *Skaudale, Skaudaliai Imbarė Krtn; Sodenay 1584 (Pėteraitis: 363) = *Sodénai Darkiemis, Žabynai; Zascianek soda Ganikta | Sioto Twirbuty | Woitostwo Zaniemienskie | Wotosc Wielonska 1615 (Inw VI: 24") = *Sodo (tarm. *Soda) ganykla Veliuona; de loco [zaltakieliszkiep 1757 (Bink KI II: 30°) = *Saltakeliškės, dab. Sdltakeliai Žėlva Ukm; de Villa [zlapiosios Berzies 1711 (Dt CI: 146%) = *Slapiosios berzés, dab. Slapaberzé Dotnuva Kdn; by Upeskumpas 1810 (MIt CI X: 32%) = intestine. *U.p e.s kumpas, bk. *River corner Moletai; de Utena 1741 (Ut JĮ 1: 16") = Utena mst. ; de Wayto vlicies 1709 (Ant KĮ I: 104") = *Vaito ūlytės (pronounced *w.li¢ a.s) Antalieptė Zr; Beaiona 1584 (Spruogis: 39) = Veliuona Jrb; 1575 (Spruogis: 54) = tarm. * Vilnius, dab. Vilnius mst. ; pinimy means a copy of the relevant book. For example, the lettering KI N means a copy of a baptismal record book. At the very end of the 18th century, such books of copies were copied from the originals by parish priests (clerics or vicars) on the initiative of the Vilnius bishopric authorities. 125 Wingis | P. PODBRZEZENSIS 1744 (Son : 43) = *Vingis Pabėržė Vilnius; Zascianek Zagaraitys pusty | WEOSC MASIAD ZKA 1662 (ZV Inv : 204) = *Zagaraitis Mésédis Skd kt. ir These Lithuanian genders may be dialectal to non-dialectir al. They can be written in various syllables, even somehow linked by a non-Lithuanian word combination su (text). However, in the non-Lithuanian historical iš source of the writing it must be clear that the gender of the oikonimo is truly Lithuanian, foreign to the Lithuanian language system in relation to any other language system. ir Such a Lithuanian gender in a foreign language text could be considered an unadapted loanword (Lithuanism). Be no doubt all Lithuanian oikonimai have (and have had) Lithuanian sex. The majority of these Lithuanian genders are primary, since most oikonyms are derived from other real and generic Lithuanian words and are used (or were used) in the Lithuanian language area. Only some non-Lithuanian names could have a non-Lithuanian gender at the time of their origin, if the non-Lithuanian settlers had given a non-Lithuanian name to a specific place, and the Lithuanians living around soon took over that name from them and adapted it according to the laws of the Lithuanian language. For example, the place where the tavern stood is named de Kapanauza 1792 (Mlt KI VII: 109*), de Kafenhauz 1793 (Mlt KI VII: 114%), de Kaffenauza 1796 (Mlt KI VII: 134"), dab. Kapanduza Suginčiai Mlt; Kaffeehaus, from Polish. kafenhaus,kafenhauzas“, in adaptation into Lithuanian became Kapanauza, so the latter Lithuanian gender is considered secondary. This is also the case with the bridge, which is a bridge of a bridge. Jurgenborg, and this sex from Georgenburg (Vanagas 1996: 83). In these and similar cases, we can talk about Lithuanianization of foreign-origin oikonimes, which occurred when Lithuanians became acquainted with a specific oikonime and began to use it themselves. Therefore, all Lithuanian oikonimes of non-Lithuanian origin in the Lithuanian language area have Lithuanian genders, which can also be recorded in non-Lithuanian historical sources. The Lithuanian genders of oikonimi (and other onimi) are the most valuable and reliable part of the material of the historical nomenclature. These are authentic living language facts recorded in documents, reflecting well the language of the people of specific places in the past centuries. These Lithuanian genders must be included in the etymologies of place names, although this has so far been done quite rarely." They can be used to explain various facts of language history and dialectology. In the historical sources there are also such Lithuanian oikonimų genders, which are written with obvious spelling errors. It is not difficult to repair them, it is not difficult to restore the authentic gender of the parent. If the error is obvious (for example, if a letter is omitted or the letters are replaced), the gender of the oikonimo is considered to be incorrectly spelled Lithuanian gender. Lithuanian oikonimai written with obvious error should be treated as ancient ® Another Lithuanian gender in the etymologies of city names is presented by A. Vanagas (Vanagas 1996). 126 incorrectly spelled words in Lithuanian sources. For example, in the case de Antalie-tes 1694 (Dgl KĮ II : 79%), should be *Anraliepte missing letter in p; case S: Nor- -ma-ciu 1611 (Jnš KI : 133"), should be Normans, ward. *Normally, omitted letter n. Cases de Normon-I-™ 1636 (Sin KI : 31%) = intestine. *Normonte, bk. *Norman, the letter is t written with be a slash. Cases S: 3ui-n-liu 1611 (Jnš KI : 130"), should be *Blink, unnecessary letter entered n. Sometimes the written oikonimo gender changes the letters, e.g. villa de Vntat-sk-nies 1739 (Lkm KĮ I : 105%) — probably a iš mistake tarm. *Untalks n.s. In other cases, when the letters are exchanged, there may be metathesis, so the written genders are considered Lithuanian: g-ri-butkiu de ~1711 (Lnkv KI : 2*) = *Gribudkių, i.e. Girbutkiai Linkuva Pkr; S. St-ri-peikiu 1607 (Jnš KĮ: 93*) = *Stripeikių and Sioto St-ir-peikiu 1614 (Jnš KĮ: 162*) = *Stirpeikiy, dab. The stripes are yellowish. There are also genders in the historical sources, in which some morpheme are retained as Lithuanian, while others have been changed according to the laws of foreign languages, which makes it impossible to consider the spoken genders as Lithuanian. These genders are partly slaved or hardened, but have Lithuanian endings that are not found in other languages. This is the case for the hybrids of the genus. They are intermediate, in some characteristics (especially in the retained Lithuanian ending) closer to Lithuanian, in others (changed or non-Lithuanian morphemes) — to Slavicized, Germanized genders. The content of the concept of hybrid Lithuanian oikonimo gender itself is somewhat different from that of the term hybrid —“word having morphemes of other language origin” (Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 78). A hybrid Lithuanian oikonimo gender is one in which at least one morpheme, sometimes two, sometimes all morphemes, except the Lithuanian ending, have been changed according to the laws of other languages or are non-Lithuanian. It is also possible that all Lithuanian morpheme are retained in the hybrid gender, but the phonetics is slightly altered due to the influence of foreign languages. But even in such cases, the Lithuanian ending of that gender must be retained unchanged. Cases where Lithuanian morpheme is replaced by non-Lithuanian one in hybrid oikonimų lytys. Atveju de Grzyb-eniu’ 1683 (Mlt KĮ: 3") root morpheme grybchanged non-Lithuanian grzyb-, cf. pol. grzyb „grybas”, lenk. avd. Grzybowski, but other morphemes (prefix and ending) are Lithuanian —plg. Lithuanian gender de Grybeniu 1683 (Mt KĮ I: 3") = *Grybény- ®. Lithuanian prefix replaced with non-Lithuanian case Pod-auksztoji 1901 (Volter: 176) Marijampolė —Lithuanian gender would be *Paaukstoji; from Pod-kierocio parish alone. Labanoro 1907 (Int ZK: 44%) —lietu- " Analogous genders of common Lithuanian words are also found in Lithuanian language monuments, cf. t-rz-ifdiefzimtis (three dozens) (Universitas 1991). * Due to imperfect spelling, it is not always possible to reconstruct the exact sex, especially if the oikonymia has not reached our days. In this case, it is still possible to reconstruct * Grybenių. 127 hen sex would be *Pakeročio. The Lithuanian suffix has been changed to apslavinta case isz sodz. Vaverany couple. Gierw-iat-ų 1906 (Int ZK : 42°), plg. Gervėčių, Gervėčiai (Belarus); inserted non-Lithuanian suffix in case isz Bebruset-k-as pair. Maletų 1905 (Int ZK : 41*). Cases of hybrid genders with only one Lithuanian ending: — Morning. Cozak-u 1601 (Jnš KI : 19%), plg. sl. avd. Kozak — lithuanian sex Morning. Kazoku 1600 (Jn KI: 12%) = *Kazoky, plg. lit. avd. Cossacks; from Marazéwk-a 1903 (Int ZK: 36); Nowodol-- is 1901 (Volter: 216) Kybartai; from Nowosod- -y 1910 (Int ZK: 49"); Podlubuwk-as 1901 (Volter: 128) Liubavas; isz vienasiedzia Sos- -néwk-os 1905 (Int ZK: 40°); Zasciank-- as 1901 (Volter: 188) Freda Kn. In some cases, the hybridization of oikonimų in lytyse slightly alters the phonetics. Atveju na Zascianku PA-c-iesartis nad Rzeką Cesarką | Wies Kalize | Wloszcz Malatska 1731 (Inw KZ: 119) nieunikniona obslaviona płeć polk. Cesarka (cf. lit. Siesartis river Mlt and elsewhere, LUEŽ: 145) phonetic influence. This phonetic change does not allow the spoken gender to be considered Lithuanian. The Lithuanian gender would be *Pasiesartis or *Pasiesartys. Similar are the sexes from O-rnioniai 1903 (Int ZK: 37%), plg. Arnionys Flour; from Kolokoss- -s 1908 (Int ZK: 45%), from Kollokoss- -s 1909 (Int ZK: 46") —in this case, phonetics has been exploited, geminates not characteristic of Lithuanian writing, cf. from the villages. Kotokossy 1903 (Int ZK: 36), dab. The Inquisition entered. In Prussian sources, the consonants are confused as sound and muffled. The muffled consonant [t] is marked with the letters -d in the case Wan-dt-laukey 1584 (Pėteraitis: 432), cf. *Vantlaukiai, later Vantiškiai d., k. Darkiemis, Klišiai, Vykiškiai. Therefore, in this case, there is Germanization. Similarly, the Lithuanian skardusis [d], marked with the letters -tf-(which is Germanization) in the case of Wi-tt-gerey 1583 (Pėteraitis: 444), cf. "Silver, Silver, Silver, Silver, Silver, Silver, Silver". In some cases, the lit. consonant [s] is marked by the letters sch, sz, which are read as [š]: Antrau-sch-wey 1584 (Pėteraitis: 53), cf. Antrausviai Stalupėnai; Krucki-sz 1584 (Pėteraitis: 201), reconstructable *Krukis, *Krukys, later Krukiai Darkiemis, Klišiai; de Gatakiemi-[z 1743 (Lkm KI II: 13"), dab. Gatakiemis Saldutiskis Ut and so on. Such [s] notation should be regarded as Germanization (in Prussia) or Slavification (in Lithuania). For the notation of the word end [s], see also pp. 192-193. Sometimes a non-Lithuanian consonant [h] is added before a vowel or a diphthong at the beginning of a word: H-eygirey 1785 (Pėteraitis: 114), which can be restored in Lithuanian: *Figiriai, Eigarai Ragainė, Būdviečiai —Lithuanian genders Eyggarey 1625, Eygerey 1625 (Pėteraitis: 114); de H-ellu 1735 (Ut JĮ I: 9%) —Lithuanian sex *Alių, Aliai Mockėnai Ut. In these cases, there are also hybrid Lithuanian oikonimų genders. The addition of the prefix [h] at the beginning of a word in Prussian sources is Germanization, in Lithuanian — glorification. ? Peters, W.W. sex Malviškas. But see (Razmukaitė, Vitkauskas 1994: 106). 128 Some Germanization Slavification is in those cases, where some ir oikonimo morpheme (root, prefix) has a ir monophthongized diphthong, which in Lithuanian is usually not monophthongized: Abst-e-nischkej 1540 (Pėteraitis : 55), let. should be * Abstein family, see subsequent Abstainiai Stalupėnai, Eitkūnai; Na Zascianku ... An-e-siatynis | Wieš Paszekszcie Vtosh Malatska 1731 (Inw KZ : 127) — written oikonimo Lithuanian gender would be *Ant(a)-ei-setinis (before- +Forward +-inis), cf. Aisetas ež. (LEUV : 2); siota Giedw-a-niu 1615 (Jnš KĮ : 165"), Morning. Giedw-i-niu 1599 (Jns KĮ : 5%), Morning. Gedw-i-niu 1599 (Jnš KĮ : 5*), plg. dab. Gedvainiai Stupurai Ins; error de J-o-n-i-kaiciu 1599 (Jnš KI : 3°) — lietuviška lytis *Jauneikaiciy, plg. dab. Jauneikiai Pociūnai Jnš; Ville Jurd-a-chu Aduocati Zutaičia 1599 (Ins KĮ : 1°), plg. Aduo Zutaicia Morning. Jurdayciu 1605 (Ins KI : 62*) = *Jurdaičių, Jurdaičiai Buivydžiai Jnš; de 1742 (Lkm KĮ II: 62"), plg. dab. Kirdeikiai Saldūtiškis Ut; de T-e-guilu 1673 (Lnkv KI: 40%), de [t-e-guilu 1679 (Lnkv JI: 12%), plg. dab. Steigviliai Laūksodis Pkr; de [tryg-a-liszkis 1741 (Lkm KI II: 62°), plg. dab. Strigailiskis Palūšė Ign; de Jot-e-niu 1682 (Rgv JĮ I: 126"), would be transliterated. *Jot ein u, bk. *Jotainiy, Jotainiai Ramygala Pn ir kt The underlined sexes are considered hybrids. In history, there are genders that have never been used in the living language. These are artificial genders created by mistake or for other reasons, distorting the real (authentic): de Padwadu 1685 (MIt KI I: 11"), de Padauru 1691 (Mlt KĮ I: 41*), cf. Lithuanian gender de Padwaru 1682 (Mlt KĮ I: 1*), de Paduaru 1686 (Mlt KI I: 16“) = *Padvar(i)y, i.e. Padvariai, Giedraiciai or Padvarys, Žalvariai Mlt and so on. Sometimes having a distorted oikonimo gender is impossible to determine authentic: de Brabradefiu 1683 (Mit KI I: 5"); of mieluntu 1689 (MIt KI I: 29"); de Kowasiszku 1689 (Mlt KI I: 29°); de Muginciu 1689 (Mlt KI I: 29°) et al. | Therefore, Lithuanian genders of oikonimi are considered only those that do not differ from the genders used by Lithuanians themselves or in which an obvious error has been made (they are to be treated as wrongly spelled words of the old Lithuanian scripts). Other genders of oikonimų, hybridinés’’ or unauthentic, are not considered Lithuanian, even if they have a Lithuanian ending. 19 We should not forget that some hybrid or even non-Lithuanian genders of oikonimi are now officially legalized: Abruciovka Šimėnys Kp; Aleksėjevka Laūksodis Pkr; Babiagiira Way of Prn; Budeviskas Jūrgežeriai Mrj; Chlopovka Degūčiai Zr; Čižovka Noriūnai Kp; Dambrauka Igliauka Mrį and others; Dlužniava Petriškiai Pn; Dukuvka Bukoénys Jon; Border Zalvariai Mlt; Jasnogūrka Kunionys Kdn and others; Commissioner Simnas Al; Kalinuvka Kurkliai An; Lamantaučižna Gėlvonai Sr; Michdilovka Padubysys Sl; Novogrudka Tarūškos Pn; Petrovka Daujėnai Ps; Podhaliampolis Ubiškės Trak; Ramygolka Truskava Kdn; Ribickis Čedasai Rk; Slabudka Baisėgala Rd; In the case of Kaniava Vrn; Tomiluvka Paažuoliai Mt; Veseluvka Uzusaliai Jon, Giedraičiai Mlt; Vilénka Smalvos Zr; Flights to Vandžiogala Kn; Zaūlcai Semeliškės Trak and others. 129 Most of the Lithuanian texts written in other languages ir In the documents of the history of Prussia, the Lithuanian genders of the oikonimų are enslaved, hardened, flattened. Slave sexes: Sioto Czywilowo 1554 (LA : 102), plg. dab. Čivyliai, Sugifi¢iai Mlt; Sioto Koseykovichi 1554 (LA : 101), e prices Kawetkaxs 1614 (OD IX : 130), plg. dab. Kašeikiai Suginčiai Mlt; de Mazele 1599 (Jnš KI : 17), plg. dab. Mazéliai, Juodeikiai Jnš; de Pafzkani 1683 (Mlt KI I : 3%), de Pafzkancy 1683 (Mlt KĮ I : 5%), plg. dab. Paškonys, Luokesa MIt; de Pokryza 1774 (Dgl KI III: 50), of villa Potkrzyze 1774 (Dgl KI III: 51°), plg. dab. Pakryžė, Daigailiai Ut; siota... Sakowiczow 1554 (LA: 101), plg. dab. Šakiai Skudutiskis Mlt and others. ; Aplodynated sex: de fodaliszkis 1679 (Lnkv CI: 14%), cf. tab. Sodéliskiai, Pašvitinys Pkr; de Degiafis 1678 (Lnkv JĮ: 21%), plg. dab. Burns, Guostagalis Pkr; de Girpetrif 1702 (Jnsk KI: 32%), plg. dab. Girpetria, Pusalote Ps; de Kautaakis 1690 (Mt KĮ I: 37°), pg. dab. Kaulakiai, Luokesa Mit; de Nebuvelif 1702 (Jnsk KI: 32°), lit. would be *Nebuvéliai; de Moletos 1689 (Mit KI I: 29"), plg. dab. Moletai and others. ; apvokietintos (Lithuania Minor) genders: Agminischken 1542, Agminiscken 1554 (Pėteraitis: 108), cf. lit. Akmeniškiai Įsrutis; 1554) 1558 – Peter the Great, Ottoman sultan (b. Dravininkai Stalupénai, Katniava; Trussken, Drussken 1584 (Pėteraitis: 109), plg. lit. Salty Stalupena; 1785) 1785 – Peter the Great, King of Poland (b. Įsrutis, Nemersdorff 1554, Nemerskiemen 1785 (Pėteraitis: 264), cf. lit. German Bzk. Tuber; 1584) 1555 – Peter the Great, Pope (b. Skersupėnai Stalupėnai; 108 (1995) (with 108), pp. 108. Tumaiciai k Pakalnė, Gastos; Szurlig Michel (Pėteraitis: 108), plg. liet. Ziurlikai village Klaipeda, Kretingalė, Némirseta and others. The degree of adaptation of Lithuanian oikonymy in different Saltines is not uniform: some genders are minimally adapted (changed only the word ending —the most significant morpheme), others —more, yet others —completely changed or reworked (morphologically and phonetically). The most important are the minimally adapted sexes. In the absence of any data, the non-Lithuanian genders of the names of places in old documents are the only evidence of place names that has survived to our times. So in some cases these sexes are important, in others, if they are repeated and do not provide additional information, their value is rather low. In the 13th-15th centuries, perhaps even at the beginning of the 16th century, Lithuanian toponyms were mostly written by foreigners, so almost all their genders are non-Lithuanian (apslavintos, (LATSŽ II). Such or similar oikonimai are completely foreign to the Lithuanian noun because they have not arisen on the basis of the Lithuanian language. 130 hardened, ir etc.), often distorted, although there is one other exception". However, Lithuanians used only the usual genders of be their anthroponyms in the living language. ir (plg. Maciejauskienė 1994: 27). Iš reviewed historical sources it becomes clear that Lithuanian genders of toponyms (LDK ir The history of the library is more detailed in XVI a. Dad XVI a. — a certain limit of Lithuanian historical toponyms (especially oikonimų) spelling. Gender mų gender identity gender ir identity In 16th a. century historical sources chronologically coincides with the su more frequent use of Lithuanian genders in anthroponyms? (plg. Maciejauskienė 1994: 26; 1997: 111-126). Therefore, when discussing the mų emergence of oikoni-Lithuanian genders, the emergence of anthroponymoir į us Lithuanian genders in historical documents must be taken into account, because there are certain common spelling rules. The more frequent use of Lithuanian genders in non-Lithuanian sources should be linked to the great changes in life in 16th century Lithuania and Prussia and to the more active involvement of Lithuanians themselves in the activities of various state, academic and church institutions, which required education, competence and understanding of Western European culture. After the change of the state system, Lithuanian genders of oikonimų were written in Prussian documents from the first half of the 16th century, and the Germanization tradition of Lithuanian place names, which had been established and established during the Order, was partly no longer observed. The Lithuanian genders of the oikonomes, which appeared in the first half of the 16th century in Prussian sources, are the complete opposite of the Germanized and distorted Lithuanian genders of the oikonomes in the Crusader chronicles and other sources of the early 13th-15th centuries. According to the data available now, more than a hundred different oikonimų, including Lithuanian genders, were found in Prussia (in the territory of Lesser Lithuania) in the 16th century.” These examples appear to be administrative sources. The Lithuanian names of fifteen villages from the Isrutiés, Gumbinė, Pilkalnis, Stalupėnai neighbourhoods were recorded as early as 1539-1542, i.e. before the arrival of the Prussians. In the sources of that period there are names of villages that could be considered Lithuanian, cf. the names: flappeberze 1371 (SRP II: 99) = *Slapiaberzé, i.e. Slapaberzé Dotnuva Kdn, from Werszaka to the royal court czii Cannewa 1384 (SRP II: 699), from Canewa 1384 (SRP II: 699) iš = dab. Kaniava Kaniava Vrn; hydronymus: eyn flies vnd heist Pellesa 1385 (SRP II: 703) = Pelesa Katros ds. (now in Belarus), die Katra 1371 (SRP II: 703) = Katrė Némuno or Ūlės int., die Wake 1371 (SRP II: 704), juxta aquam vulgariter Woke 1377 (SRP II: 589) = dab. Vokė Neriés dš., Mara 1462 (KD: 66), river, Lebeda 1463-1467 (KD: 58), Némuno dS., Dzisna 1498 (KD: 26) = transl. Jeans, bk. Dysna Dauguvos kr., Dzitwa 1463-1479 (KD: 26) = tarm. dz'itva, bk. Ditva Némuno dS. 12 Only those sources of the Great Dukedom of Lithuania and Prussia are in mind, which contain data from the territory inhabited by Lithuanians. These data were collected from V. Pėteraitis’ study. 131 of these records books could also have such Lithuanian genders. However, there are books where one Lithuanian nė gender is not noticed, for example, Alantos KĮ, JĮ (1656-1665 m.), Dievėniškų (1696-1717 m.), Pabėržės Vilniaus r. (residues of two KĮ remaining 1610-1612, 1709-1712), Rokiskio K.I. (1684-1706- ), Vilnius Bernardine Church J.I. (1688-1757) and others. In the 17th-18th century books of the churches of southern Lithuania (Aukštadvaris, Dievėniškiai, Merkinė, Seirijai) the oikonimes (and anthroponyms) are more glorified than those of the churches north of the Neris and Nemunas. But even in the books of the churches of southern Lithuania, although scarcely, there are oikonimų Lithuanian genders. In the books of the churches of Daugailiai, Dotnuva, Linkmenai, Linkuva, Plungė, Salantai, Vidéniskiy and other churches the Lithuanian genders of the oikonimų are written only on certain pages, after a sudden change of clerk priest or monk. In such cases, non-Lithuanian genders are used throughout the book, and one, several or several pages are full of Lithuanian genders. It is noted that such cases were somewhat more frequent around 1709, when the plague may have changed many of the scribes who wrote the church books. Apparently, this is how Lithuanian oikonimų genders appeared in the records of Dotnuva and Linkuva around 1710. In the books of Antalieptė, Alanta, Inturkės, Klėvainiai, Kūpiškis, Utena, partly Linkmenai, Plūngė and other churches, the individual Lithuanian genders of oikonimų are scattered throughout the book, and it is not so easy to notice them. It should be noted that in some church books common Lithuanian words are written: Baptisatus est Georgius Mathice Terebitda et Catharince de Tyteyki Patrini Petrus Plitnikonis de Nowosady et Elizabeth iszduktera (=iSdukteré) Jarostawa de Tyteyki 1674 (Rgv KI I: 35"); Augustus Berzdzias (=bergZdzias) Jatowy 1684 (Rgv KI I: 129%), i.e. empty month, no baptism recorded; Contraxit S. Matrimoniu’ d. 9 Adamus Gilis de feyry cu’ Mariana Keriunkieui... de Agariny Preesente testes Thomasz Gilis de Teyzow et Adamus Darbielucis [unus (=sūnus) 1685 (Srj JĮ: 12a); Nec non Gertrudis uel littuis3kai (in Lithuanian) Gendruta Jokuba s kuze uxor omnes de Janiszki 1599 (Jnš KI: 1%). Gender of the common word (borrower) is encircled, *parapija is the case De Villa dicta Petničies Paraphia Jzaukianensi 1670 (Cross Reference: 200%). In Joniškis KI (1599-1621- ), which is discussed separately below, several Lithuanian phrases were noted. At the beginning of the book, where the Lithuanian genders of oikonimų are used in full, the phrases are recorded: Nuo [enos Konarzewskienes 1599 (Jnš KĮ: 3") = *nuo senos Konarževskienės; De Onuszayciu if walsciaus vpites 1599 (Inš KI: 3") = *Onušaičių from the village of Upytės; Kuisayciu Kuniga Klebona 1599 (Jnš KI: 4*) = *Priest of Kuisaičiai (pronounced *kuniga klebona). The Lithuanian word combination is the case cu' Elisabeth Bieliczu isz Toukielu 1688 (Ant JĮ: 145") = [with] *Bielycia (pronounced *B e.lič u) from Taukeliai. 138 Also note the personal name į *Žemėpatuitis, which could be related to the name of Lithuanian su deity Žemėpatis: Infants Magdalena Stanislai 3emepatuitis de Yucie S. Girdyuny 1615 (Jnš KI : 173“). Molėtų KI VII m.) (1776-1797 48“ remains of Lithuanian text were observed on the inner margin of the page.” The church books (Joniškis KĮ, Molėtų KĮ I, JĮ IT), which are particularly rich in oikonimų Lithuanian genders, should be discussed separately, because they are very different from analogous sources. The oldest church record book in Lithuania known to kų the author of the article is Joniškio KI (1599-1621). This source is written in Latin on pages 1-80 (1599-1606) and 195-222 (1617-1618), and in Polish on pages 80-195 and 222-271. The names of the years and months are written in Latin throughout the book, as well as the Latin entries on pages 236, 269, 271 about persons who received Communion and the sacrament of Confirmation; The second sheet (1599) contains a Polish record of an aborted newborn. It is clear from the drawing that the book was written by four or five people. None of them wrote their names anywhere. The christening records themselves are very different, and their order of writing has been changed several times. In some pages of the book there are no oikonimes, in some parts of the book there are only personal names (the second members of the nominative are not written). In Joniškis K.I. (1599-1621) about 200 different oikonimi were observed, with Lithuanian genders also recorded. Almost all of these genders are presented in the plural noun vowel. At the beginning of the source in 1599 (pages 1*—6*) there are 75“ Lithuanian oikonimų genders (7096), 32 non-Lithuanian (3096), of which 27 are enslaved, 5 are aplatynintos. In 71 cases Lithuanian genders are written in plural noun vowel (Pagi Bujwidziu, de Ville Norunu, etc.), in two cases in singular noun vowel (De Skirkawa, de Norkawa“), in two cases in singular noun vowel (ville Jwoszkia, Witucia Mikucia Villce). Some oikonimų genders are glorified: de Magsele, de ayla Juskayci, Pagi Lepari, Pagi Ezeki, Pagi 2 Apparently, in order to strengthen the book, a 1 cm wide strip of blue paper is glued there, running from the top of the page to the bottom. If you turn the book vertically, you can read the following words on the strip: yr darbus musu; Think, Zadzius. The exact same blue ribbon is pasted on page 49. The tape contained a text that, unfortunately, cannot be reliably read, but it could have been part of the Lithuanian text. Both tapes are glued at the place of the book where the 1784 baptism is written. Blue paper, similar to striped paper, was used for church records books in Molėtų about 1790—1820. It is possible that this Lithuanian text was written in the late 18th-early 19th centuries, probably in Moletai itself. This is evidenced by the dialectal gender zadzius. The remaining fragments may indicate that there was a sermon here. In 1832-1833, when the church records books were being edited, the spoken text was cut out, its stripes were glued to strengthen the book and thus reached our days. *" Including the same repeating oikonymies and their repeating genders. ** See also other names in northern Lithuania: Kerava (2) k. Velžys Pn, de uilla Linkawa 1618 (Jnš KI: 218), dab. Linkuva (3") mst. Pkr. 139 Mateykow, Paga Trapaiciow, Pagi Jauneikiow, Pagi Taukunow and others. The name of the city of Joniškis is spelled 12 times (de Janiszki, de Janis3kie, de oppido Janis3ki, etc.). In five instances Joniškis is named by the ablative gender (omnes Janisc 'eses“, de Janissce'- ef, pauperum Janiscensi, ciuis Janisce'sis, ex opide Janiscensi). There is no reference to the Lithuanian gender of Joniškis in the source. In addition to the names of Joniškis, there are 75 Lithuanian (83,396) and 15 (16,796) acclaimed names. It should also be taken into account that in the same 1599 some oikonimų used both Lithuanian and Slavic genders. Thus, it can be said that in 1599 Joniškis K.I. Lithuanian genders are used in full. However, in 1607 (pages 88*—98*) the gender ratio changed to the detriment of Lithuanians: only 19 (12.7596) were found, 126 (84.5696) were slaved, and 4 (2.6896) were not quite clear (Siota Jauneikia, Wojta Dwituicia S Dweluicsia, W. Balciuna Šiota Gimineną, Woyta Kirny Siota Narbuta). In the remaining 36 cases, the name of the specific place of residence is not mentioned, but it is written that the arrivals are from the city (Z£ miasta), from the district (Zupickiego Powiatu), subjects of a lord (poddany X Biskupa, Poddany Pana Woiny, Poddany Pana Jarac3kiego, etc.), subjects of a voivodeship (Wojita Kirnaicia, Wojta Balcjuna, etc.) or their feudal affiliation is indicated (Boiarow, 3boiarow, etc.). In 1612 (pages 135-145) Lithuanian genders of oikonimi are again written more frequently: the latter are even 78 (30.95%), the enslaved — 92 (36.5096), the unclear, written with the ending -ią, (-ia), — even 82 (32.5396). In the remaining 42 cases, as discussed earlier, the place of residence is not specified. Similarly, more or less frequently, Lithuanian genders of oikonimų are used in the spoken book until 1617 (page 195). In 1617-1620 (pages 195-231) there is another oikonimas, which also has a Lithuanian gender. At the end of the book, in about thirty of the last pages (1620-1621- ), no Lithuanian gender is noted — all oikonimi are already Slavicized. Molėtų KI, JI (1682-1692) was written by Molėtų priest Jonas Kazimieras Brzeževskis, who in the spoken source signed many times in Latin Joannes Casimirus Brzezewski Parochus Malatensis. Some of the source pages contain handwritten notes by another person, but they are not many. In this book there is a clearly established order of records, all written in Latin, equally, according to the corresponding formulas of baptismal or marriage records. In Molėtų KI I, JĮ II (1682-1692) about 250 different oikonimų were observed, about 150 oikonimų were also registered with Lithuanian genders. In the linguistic source almost all Lithuanian genders, as in Joniškis K.I., are presented in the plural noun vowel. The genders of Lithuanian oikonimų are abundant in the records of each year, although in individual years some fluctuations are inevitable. 1683 christening = T.y. Janiscenses. 140 in records (Pages of 2*—7*) oikonimų Lithuanian genders found 117“ (53,4296), broken up — 98 (44,7596), iš jų The name of Molėtų, written de Malaty 28 times (12,7896), two hybrid sexes for (0,9196), see. jų p. 5—7, (from Sumunciu, de Mandunu), two unclear (0,91%) (from Joden... broken ending, Brabradesiu de —uncertain authentic gender), six cases do not indicate a specific place of residence (de districtu Uilcomirienfi, de Palatinate You're ir blinking. ). 1686 m. In the baptismal records (pages 13*—-18*) of Lithuanian oikonimų genders 50 (41.3296) were found, of which the name Molėtų was written de Malaty 27 times (23.31% of all genders recorded in that year), one unclear case —unreadably faded oikonimas (0.8696), in three cases not a specific place of residence but a village or voivodeship is indicated. In the 1689 baptism records (pages 28"-35) of Lithuanian oikonimų genders 77 (38,896) were found, 96 (48,8%) were enslaved, of which Molėtų name was written de Malaty 27 times (13,696), 3 (1,596) were aplatyninti (de Moletos), 22 (11,196) were unclear (the edges of the sheets were gnawed by mice, in some places rotten, so it is not possible to read all oikonimų; it is impossible to determine the authentic gender in the cases de mieluntu, de Kowasiszku, de Muginciu- ), 14 cases indicate not a specific place of residence, but a village or voivodeship. In the 1690 baptism records (pages 35*—38) 84 (51.85%) of the Lithuanian genders of the oikonimes were found, 75 (46.2996%) of them were enslaved, of which Molėtų name was written de Malaty 30 times (18.5196), aplatynintos — 1 (0.6196) (de Kautaakis), unclear — 2 (1.23%) (one oikonime faded; it is not possible to determine the authentic gender in the case of de Larzadyszku), in two cases not a specific place of residence but a village or voivodeship is indicated, once it is written that the person is from Russia (de Ruthenia- ). In the four-year records, the genders of the acclaimed oikonimų have a minimal prevalence: there are 329 (49.7796), Lithuanian — 328 (49.6296), aplatyninti — 4 (0.6096). If we exclude all de Malaty cases, which are 102 (15.4396) in the year under consideration, the ratio of Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian genders changes considerably: 328 (59.09%) Lithuanian genders, 223 (40.1896) enslaved, 4 (0.72%) enslaved. There is a noticeable tendency, as shown by Joniškis KĮ and Molėtai KĮ I, to write non-Lithuanian genders of the names of parish centres. For example, in Molėtų KĮ I, JĮ II (1682-1692) the Slavic genders of the name Molėtų are written de Malaty about 250 times, aplatynintos de Moletos —three times, Lithuanian —de Malatu 1691 (Mlt KĮ I: 39°), de Maletu 1691 (Mlt KĮ I: 41%) = tarm. *Ma.l étu. —only twice. As already noted, the Lithuanian gender of the name Joniškis is never recorded in the Joniškis CI. It is obvious that the parish centre had a different status than other localities, and the traditions of using its name were different. Also, in Molėtų KĮ I, JĮ II (and other sources) there is a marked tendency to write only the names of towns and towns, larger cities and towns (with very rare exceptions). ** Including the same repeating genders. 141 rų Gender: de Vciany — Utena, De Kurkli — Kurkliai village, de Jnketry — Inkeétriai dv., from Lobonary —Labanoras mstl., from Antopunci —*Antapuntdv., from Eowmiany — Laumėnai dv., from Lelifzki de — Liliškiai d., Vntanifzki de — *Untaniškplv., de Ouanty —abd. Alanta mstl., dv. and others. The villages, especially the more remote, less known or newly created ones, located in neighbouring parishes, are usually written with Lithuanian genders. Joniškis KĮ, Molėtų KI I, JĮ II shows that in some of the provincial churches books were written many oikonimų Lithuanian genders. It may be assumed that in the late 16th-early 17th centuries there were more record books written in this way or similarly. Unfortunately, many of the church metrics of that time have not survived to our days. Inventories of manors and estates Attention should also be drawn to the fact that some of the Lithuanian genders of oikonimų are also present in the documents of Lithuanian manors, usually in inventories. However, there are fewer of them than in the church records. There are many documents of manors, but in each individual document only the names of the localities belonging to a particular manor are recorded. In the case of the manor boundaries, the names of other nearby manor locations are also written. It was noted that the names of the church books and manor inventories of the same territory do not coincide. The names of single-family farmers, whose Lithuanian genders are recorded in the inventories of manors, often do not appear in the church books of the same period (for example, in the parishes of Molėtų, Kūktiškiai, etc.). Inventories of Lithuanian manors were found, which are also distinguished by the abundance of Lithuanian genders of oikonimų. In the inventory of Užnerio manors (1731) of the bishop of Vilnius, more than 100 Lithuanian genders were found. "All the names of the peoples". The names of the villages are glorified in the spoken source, even those whose Lithuanian genders are found in various church books of Aukštaitija. The same is true of the 1662 inventory of the Žemaičių bishop's estates. It contains 25 oikonimi, names of single-family households with Lithuanian genders. The names of the villages in this source are Slavicized, although the Lithuanian genders of the same village names can be found in the church books of Žemaitija. There are oikonimų in Lithuanian genders and in inventories of 17th-century royal estates. All oikonimai, as in the inventories of church estates, are names of single-family farms. Around 20 Lithuanian names of single-farm families were found in the inventory of Vilnius landlordship (1636), which includes the estates of Linkmenų, Nemenčinės and Švenčionių manors. About 10 names of single-house Lithuanian genders were noted in the inventory of Veliuona and Baisėgala (1615). *7 The linguistic source contains many other Lithuanian genders of toponyms: hydronyms (especially lakes), several dozen geographical names. 142 Interesting Lithuanian toponyms (possible oikonimų) genders, which are written here about 80, "Daugų seniūnijos inventoriu- (1719 s" (in Lithuanian). However, only in four cases the name of the place is clearly written that it is a single (Zafcianek), in other cases there are empty plots (Wfoki Puste) in the forest (puscie). (w Almost all names of empty plots are of anthroponymous origin. At least some of jų them could have been villages whose inhabitants died 1709 m. The names of the characters do not differ from the to names of ar the characters in the — other series. Iš of the fact that in the inventories of manors only Lithuanian genders are recorded in some of the names of the single-family villages, it can be concluded that these single-family villages are as old as the villages whose names are ne Slavicized. In the 17th century, the old village names may have already had a non-Lithuanian tradition of use. A lot of the material of the register (of course, and oikonimų) is in the books of the local courts, which are very large in volume, and the material has not been collected. The article presents examples from Spruogis (Spruogis 1888), Jablonskis (Jablonskis 1937) already discussed positions, as well as from the only reviewed court book of Ukmergė castle (1597). In these sources several dozen oikonomical Lithuanian genders have been found. The Lithuanian Metric of the first half of the 15th-16th centuries is distinguished by a highly ecclesiastical Lithuanian nomenclature. In the books of this source, the Slavic genders of Lithuanian oikonimes (and partly anthroponyms) are written entirely. From the 16th century onwards, especially in the 17th century, Plg. Juszkaliszkif, Vrbanifzkif, Paczkali(sz)kis (19°, visi Wies Arciuny); Arminiszkif, dziewonifzkif, Makaliszkif, Weyciuliszkif, Pikluszkif (23°, visi Wies Konczany); Budryniszkis, Bafiuliszkif, Vrbaniszkif, Szabliszkif, Kowaliszkis, Kurmeliszkif, Stelmaciszkis, Jekuniszkif, Szukieliszkis (24%, visi Wies 3wirzdany); For Marguliszkis, f.awryniszkif, Matuliszkif, Szarniszkif, Grykiszkis, Staniszkif (26°, visi Wies Woykontany); Jurgiszkif, Zemaytiszkif, Podziukiszkis, Czokiszkis, Marcinkiszkif, Juryfzkis, Stegiszkis, Rukiniszkis (27°, all Wies Skobeyki); Lawryniszkif, Weiciszkif, Matuliszkis, Mielunifkiey, Rymuliszkis, Vrbaniszkis, Pietryszkif (31°, all Wies Mieluny, some unread because of the Rotten page); Balkifzkis, Stulgiszkif, Tomackiszkif, Suniszkif, gudziszkis (32°, all Wies Cizuny); Rymikiszkis, Struciszkif, Poiawiszkis, Marciniszkis, Kier[zuliszkis, Biebieliszkis, Marciuliszkis (35°, all Wies Podawgi); Trunkiszkis, Szyrwekszys, Dukiszkis, Czapukiszkis, Czafuszyszkis (35°, visi Wies Andrunce); Masniškif, Ravoniškis, Gudžiškis, Petriškif, Stanieškis, Janiškif, Gryškif. fiedoriszkis, Tuniszkis (36°, all Wies Wieciuny); Karniszkis, Kienuciszkis, Platukiszkis, Glinfkiszkis (37°, all Wies Wieciuny); Playkiszkis, Jurgaliszkis, Jakubiszkis (38°, all Wies Meszkucie), Marciniszkis, Kreykiszkis, Bredziszkis, Czapiszkif, Rumaciszki), Jgnaliszkif, Wilkiszkif, Szuciszkif, Mifiszkif, [wirkiszkif, Pakiszkis, Abramasiszkif (38°, all Wies Meszkucie). Some plot names are repeated, it is possible that the same object is named. 143 In the 18th century, the writing of Lithuanian ir oikonimų anthroponyms in Lithuanian Metrics changed. But this is a separate matter. Ar Lietuvos There have been some Lithuanian genders in the metric, but at the moment it is not possible to say. In some of the reviewed XVXVI a. The author of the article did not notice such genders in Lithuanian Metrics books. Lists Some of the Lithuanian genders of oikonimų are listed in various ir lists. From In the 16th century, there are lists of households in Lithuania. The resolutions of the Vilnius Diocese Synod (1744) contain lists of the places of residence of many parishes of the Vilnius Diocese. The lists are incomplete and some of the places of residence are omitted. Some parishes have only the boundaries, without listing the places of residence or listing only a few. The source contains about 30 oikonymies with Lithuanian genders. A few of them are from eastern and southern Lithuania, two from Druskininkai parish (now Belarus). It seems that the majority of the oikonimų, whose Lithuanian genders are documented in this source, are names of single-householders. Similar, but more detailed, lists of residential places of the Vilnius Diocese were compiled later on the initiative of Bishop I. Masalskis, but they were not published. The material from these lists is not selected for this article. From the beginning of the 19th century, the lists of parish residences, recorded in the parish visitation acts, are very detailed. This is an important source of information, because in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a number of new settlements appeared, which are already recorded in these lists. At the beginning of the 19th century, there were only a few small villages in the area. One of the largest and most interesting lists from the middle of the 19th century is the manuscript list of place names of the Diocese of Telšiai and Zemaičiai (1854 and later). It is discussed in Lithuanian sources, see pp. 146-147. "There is a difference in the genders of the male and female characters". German in 1807. In the map of the New East Prussia, which also includes the Lithuanian part of Užnemunė, hundreds of villages and single-family names of Lithuanian origin are recorded. Until other sources of similar nature are found, it can be said that this is the first map, in which so many Lithuanian genus names are published. Some of them are also found in Russian maps published in the czarist era, covering the territory of Lithuania, but the nomenclature of the latter sources has not been studied so far. * For detailed information about old maps of Lithuania see. Vaitiekūnas 1994: 32-42. * After the collapse of the Polish-Lithuanian state, the region belonged to Prussia for several years (1795-1807). 144 References and encyclopedias Oikonimų Lithuanian genders are also presented in Polish and Russian encyclopedias of the 19th century!” in the manuals. In the reviewed Polish encyclopedic dictionary “Slownik geograficzny- ”* (1880-1902) the Lithuanian genders of oikonimų are noted from various places of Lithuania (Žemaitija, Aukštaitija, Užnemunė, except Dzūkija). In various SG volumes, the Lithuanian gender is presented in addition to the Polish (ignored) gender for the most important Lithuanian cities and some towns. However, this is only the case for the areas north of the Neriés and the Némunt. The Lithuanian genders of the names of the cities of southern Lithuania, even the larger, more important ones, such as Alytus, Daugai, Trakai, etc., are not given. It is true that in various SG volumes, especially supplements, there are many cases where only Lithuanian genders of single or newly created manors are presented. In addition, the supplementary volumes contain a larger range of oikonymies from some parts of Lithuania, which are presented only in Lithuanian genders. In more detail, the Lithuanian gender of SG oikonimų should also be discussed separately. Research Some Polish historical and ethnographic studies also contain Lithuanian names of Lithuanian genders. ** In the publication of the Krakow Academy of Sciences, written anonymously, published in 1898, the Lithuanian genders of the following village names are given: Butrimoniai, Daugėliškio, Dubingių Giedraičių, Jiezno, Krūonio, Kūktiškių, Linkmenų, Mielagėnų, Merkinės, Švenčionių, Onuškio, Tverėčiaus, Valkininkų, Varėnės, Žiežmarių. However, this source does not provide Lithuanian genders of all oikonimų; in some places both Lithuanian and Polish are presented for interchange. In some Lithuanian-speaking villages (Molėtų, Vievio) only a few Lithuanian genders of oikonimų are presented. Other Lithuanian-speaking villages (Adūtiškis, Aukštadvaris, Dievėniškiai, Mūsninkai, Semeliškių Širvintos) have all their names Slavicized. There are also incorrect, distorted genders. The Lithuanian genders of Lithuanian small names were chosen for this article from V. Pėteraitis' study "Lithuanian small names and local names of Tvanksta" (Vilnius, 1997). The material from non-Lithuanian sources presented there covers the region of Lesser Lithuania and represents it fairly well. Many of V. Pėteraitis’ examples are not from church records books, but from documents of an administrative and legal nature. 32 Hereinafter referred to as ‘SG’. 3 Plg. Wilja itself is called Neris in Lithuanian (hence Po-neris, Ponary) (Vilnius 1841: 339). 145 of those.” * It is noted that the author simplifies the spelling of some historical place names. Therefore, part Historical names of Klaipėda region for this article are taken iš W. Fenzlau studies (Fenzlau 1936), where the material is recorded more reliably. W. Fenzlau provides oikonimų iš Katyčiai, Klaipėda, Vėrdainė church records books, one other case elsewheriš e. All groups of non-Lithuanian sources are valuable, ir they may contain important data of the Lithuanian nomenclature not found elsewhere. According to the reviewed material, it seems that the majority of the Lithuanian namebooks of the 15th-16th centuries are in the Lithuanian Metric, the latter part of the 16th-18th centuries — in the church metrics and local court books, partly in manor documents.” The most reliable of all sources are the church records booksTM, because in them the material of the name book (oikonymi and anthroponyms — the second members of the name, from which the surnames were formed), at least in the territory of the LDK, is best recorded. There are much more non-Lithuanian sources in which Lithuanian genders can be found. It is not possible to cover all. In this review, which is certainly not complete, we tried to show in which groups of sources these Lithuanian genders can be found. There are historical sources where the names of the villages are written in Lithuanian. This article is limited to Lithuanian genders of non-Lithuanian historical sources, but some examples are also given from Lithuanian sources, so that the genders of Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian sources can be compared. Since these Lithuanian sources are unknown, it seemed appropriate to introduce them in this article. In Lithuania, only sources of Lithuanian history from the early 19th-20th centuries have been found. They can be called Lithuanian only in part, because not all the oikonimai are presented here in Lithuanian. One of the most important such sources —I. Hotowinski’s manuscript list of place names of the Telšiai and Žemaičiai bishopric, compiled in 1854 and later (at the end of the 19th century) supplemented. Some of the parish names are written in Lithuanian, others in Polish, so this source can be considered partly Lithuanian. V. Drotvinas (Drotvinas 1997: 81-87) has written about the sources of the Lesser Lithuania namebook, including those from which material has been included in V. Pėteraitis’s study. 3 Many of the manor documents are also in the local court books, if they have survived. Therefore, the documents in the local court books and in the archives of individual manors partly coincide. However, there are far from all and not all manors documents, for example, there are no documents of church manors at all. 3 The whole of the books of the churches is meant. In individual books Lithuanian names (ikonai and anthroponyms) can be written very poorly, much worse than, for example, in manor documents. 146 The names of the villages of the following parishes are written in Lithuanian: Ariogalos, Baisogalos, Biržų (list compiled after 1888), Čėkiškės, Dotnuvos, Efžvilko, Gaūrės, Gitkalnio, Grinkiškio, Gruzdžių, Joniškėlio, Jėsvainių, Jūrbarko, Kamajū, Kelmės, Krūkių, Krekenavos, Krinčino, Labūnavos, Lyduvėnų, Lygumų, Linkuvos, Liolių, Mosėdžio, Pakrūojo (list compiled after 1888), Pasvalio, Pašušvio, Pavandenės, Radviliškio, Rozalimo (list compiled after 1888), Salėčių, Skirsnemunės, Skuodo, Smilgių (near Panevėžys), Surviliškio, Svėdasū, Šeduvės, Šiaulėnų, Šiluvos, Tauragės, Užpalių, Vaškų, Viekšnių, Viešintų, Vilkijos and one more. There are parishes whose names are in two languages (Polish and Lithuanian) or corrected from Polish to Lithuanian. These are the parishes of Akmenė, Anykščiai, Betygala, Debeikiai, Joniškis, Kavarskas, Kūpiškis, Kurklią, Pūšaloto, Raguva, Subačius, Traūpis, Troškūnai. Not only the oikonimai of the parishes of Pabiržės and Rasčiniai are written in Lithuanian, but also the saraseliai of 10-20 other toponyms. In the Lithuanian lists, the names of the places of residence are accompanied by brief notes written in Lithuanian about those places. Although the lists of other parishes are written in non-Lithuanian, there are some Lithuanian names. Another similar source, part of which is written in Polish and part in Lithuanian, is the draft book of marriage records of the Inturka church (Zapowiedna księzka Inturskiego, 1891-1910 — ZK). There is one Lithuanian entry from 1895, the Lithuanian-language part of the book covers the years 1900—1910. There are also Polish records in Lithuanian. This part of the book goes beyond the 19th century limit set in the title of the article, which is indicative." However, the source in question is important because its Lithuanian part continues the history of Molėtų from the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 18th century, and of Vilnius from the 18th to the beginning of the 19th century. The tradition of writing oikonimi and anthroponymi in the church books of Inturkės. Based on Lithuanian records from the beginning of the 20th century, it is possible to explain several cases of spelling of oikonimi from earlier centuries. The Lithuanian part of the Inturkės church book shows how the spelling, whose tradition comes from the 17th century and is evident in the early 20th century Inturkės oikonimų and anthroponyms, gradually transitions to the approximately current spelling. In addition, important in this source are the Lithuanian genders of some of the villages of the Vilnius area (Lavėriškiai, Pabrada, Sužioniū) from the beginning of the 20th century. There should be more manuscript sources similar to the Inturkės Book. Another important source of Lithuanian names, which can be considered partly Lithuanian, is E. The list of places of residence in the Suvalki province compiled by Voltaire, 37 The Inturkės dialect book shows that the “Varpo” spelling, i.e. the current spelling, was adopted around 1905 after the ban on printing was lifted. Until 1905, when Lithuania had no Lithuanian press, there was no uniform spelling. This is reflected in the records of oikonimų, (Volter 1901). 147 Jtem Bapt' e. Anoftofia figifmu'di de Pago Ziokiej et Agnetee. Prin Cryptophoros Grobajts ex Pag. Klepsciu cu’ Anna de Narvajfe Waluzajte 1635 (Pln UU: | 12") Jtem Bapt: e' Susanna Cryptophore Dewutis et Giertrudis Prin' Stanislau/ Wienekajtjs ex Sm[i]lgiey cu’ Criftina Lajgie de Pamiedey 1635 (Pln KI : 102") Jtem Bapt’ es’ Criftoforu’ Stephani Buciuf de Seleniey and Annee legit Coniug Priini Zachariaf de Leplawkalu cu’ Dorothea Pietrikayte de Sieleniey 1635 (Pln KI: 103%) January 24 Bap ta Caterina Joannif Czaponajtjs de Skroblu and Polonice Coniug. Legit. Prini Michael Szytajtjs de Pago Szjtofodof with Marina Montkayte by P. Sitosodof 1636 (PIn KI : 103") Eode' die Anafiafia Bapt: Mathie Gienbutaytis de Gienbutey. Cathanif [ierweteyti de Wytkaytey legit: Cong. lauantes Albert[us]| Wectowaytis de Duowenej cu’ Anna Gienbutajti de Gienbutej 1643 (PIn KI : 161°). 28 huius”* Baptiz. is Georgifus] son of Stanislai Zebytaitis and Zophice ei[us conjugis ex pago Zeymiej dicto. Leuantes Vencelaus Zebytaitis and Barbara Zutaite 1639 (SInt KI : 60°). item’ ead’ die B. est. He was the son of Gregory Vrbonaitis and Euce Coniugis. ex uilla Seleney dicta Leu: Stanisla[- us] Balcius. and Catharina Lulajte 1639 (Sint KI: 60"). 24 Contraxit matrm’ Adam[us] Vmbrasonis de Limeykie cu’ Marina Kozakaycie de JackasodZia Test: Valentin[- us] PuodZiunas de Limeykie et Martinus Kazokonis de Jackasodzia 1672 (Rgv JI 1: 111°). Eod“" Bapt[us]’ e' Stanislaus] Andree Krysztaponis et Euce [ieSietayéia de TumasodZio Patr: Nicola[us] Rudžionis et Dorothea Rudyéia de eade’ villa vterg’ 1673 (Rgv KI I: 29). |.y. April. “ T.y. prima die Maij. ** T y. Januarius Die 22. 154 4 Bapt'[us] e' Joannes Josephi Terbium et Anne Martinayčia de Kuglasodzio leg’ Patr. Joannes Siaduykis of Nowosady and Heduigis SzcZesneliene of Kuglasodzio 1673 (Rgv KI I: 46"). Bapt. Dorothea Thomce Bakiuno et Catharine Wertakaycie LC. Patrini Georgios Philippaytis et Anna Deluna o'nes de Atanta 1682 (Rgv KĮ I : 87°). On 3 January 1683, I Joannes Casimir Brzezewski Paroch[us] Malacenfis Baptizaui Christophorum Patris Geczelis de Gieciu Matris Anne Patrini Petrus Getezenas de [uginciu et Agnef funktadynie de funktadu. 1683 (Mlt KĮ I: 2%). 21 Martii Ego Idem q sup Bap Zophia’ Patris Georgii Puciata Matris Zophice de Eydeciu Patrini Christophor[us] Zetenas de Czuteniu et Catharina Arelenia de Geciu 1683 (MIt KI I : 3"). 24 July Bap Dauidem Patris Thomce Tumelis [zatrelis Matris Agnetis de Bebrufu Patrini [tephans Mifsunas de Vndre[zunu and Catharina Douacicie de Douiociu. 1683 (MIt KI I: 4°). Eode’ die Bap Michaele’ Patris Casimiri [zaykis Matris Christine de [zayku Patrini Kardy|zus de [zayku et Margarita Krysiuwenia de Hmadu 1683 (MIt KĮ I: 6°). Sta 10bris Bap Andream Patris Thomce Jufzkielenas Matris Margaritce de Eatuyciu Patrini Antonius Getezecis de [uginciu et Magdalena Kielewifzenia de Letuyciu 1683 (MIt KI I: 7%). 2 Bap Jozephu’ Patris Jacobi Kiemieykis Matris Agnetis de Kiewialu Patrini Michael [iemieneuicz of Zamoku and Eua Pufzynienia of Pufynu 1684 (Mlt KI I: 8"). 19 Augus. Ego Idem Georgium Medeykis de Gudelu Cum Anna [zawk|zczieliciu de [zawk(zczelu coniunxi et benedixi p’sente Cristophoro Kozak et aliis 1683 (MIt. J11: 35). Die 21 9bris contraxit Matrimonium Georgius StrzelcZunas de Dougale cu’ Elisabeth Bielicziu isz Toukielu Testes Martinus Tabalkis de Dougale et Casimirus Gierwis de Tateykie 1688 (Ant J] I: 145%). 155 Eodem Die et Baptizatus eft Filius Mathceus Patris Joannis fzykinow[kas Matris Vero Euce Biguzaycia Leuantes Jacobus Mazgialis de Villa Bikunay cu’ Anna Miegu[tiene?] De Villa Bikuny 1706 (Ant KĮ I: 170%). Eodem Die Baptizata eft Filia Nomine Lucia Patris Jacobi Junkitas de Villa Totaykiey Matris Vero Anne Junkiena Leu’ Staniflaus Zapszys de Villa Tolaykiey Cum Anna Czeputeneycia Alter Stephanus Szymanfki De ofzmianefi 1706 (Ant. KI I: 171%). Eodem Die Baptizata eft Filia Nomine Sophia Patris Stephani Grygalunas de Villa Naruidzie Matris Vero Lucife] 172°/173"- ...kaycia de Villa Plupay Leua’ Stephanus Slepetys De Villa Naruidzie. Cum Lucia Grygalucia De Villa Plupay 1707 (Ant KĮ I: 172°-173- %). Eodem Die Baptizatus eft Filius Nomine Casimirus Jacobi Ramelis de Villa Rukle Matris Vero Sophie Dapszycia de Villa Zabicunay, Lau’ Andreas Jonufzka De Villa Rukle Cum Maryanna Plekiowa De Villa Nuodegule 1707 (Ant KI I: 173%). Die Ima eiusdem- ®’ Baptisata eft Judith, Filia Patris Joannis Bartkus, Matris uero Anne Dowmaytaycia L. Th: de Loco Motienay. Read: Elisabeth Rakauskienie de Loco Motieny cum Joanne Matuzaytis de loco Dowmanty 1709 (Dt KI: 141"). The 22nd of the same month was baptized Andreus, son of father Ioannis Warpaius, mother Zophice Macanawiczaicie L. Th: de Loco Rominiey Lev: Ioannis Rafzczauskas cu’ Eua Raczauicienie de loco Reminiey 1709 (Dt KI: 141%). Eode’ die Baptisatus est infans Mathias Casimiri [roba et Matris Cristince Legitimoru’ Parentu’ Levantes Nicolaus Ziamaytaytys cum Elisabeth Balciunaycia Ompnes de Villa [zlapiosios Berzies 1711 (Dt KI: 146%). Die 11 10bris Copulaui pre’ mifsis 3bus Bannis Petrum Rukianas de Mackiany cu’ Anna Wilunicza iz Radziunu Testes Christophorus Rukianas de mackiany 2dus Czapulis Daniufis iz Radziunu 1702 (Dgl JĮ II: 88)". *7 November. “8 In this source, the baptismal records are mixed up with the joinery records. 156 Copulaui Laurentiu' You're iz leaving, little boy. Krzystyna Dawbarycia yz Wadeyniu Testes Casimirus fiazin cu' Chrystophoros Dawbaras de Yakshty 1703 (Dgl JĮ II : 88“) Eodem anno et mense" die vero baptizatus 8. infans e’ nomine Andreas PP: Mathiace Kuzelis and Marianne Lazinskicia of Rukfzany: LL: Joannes Powkstie of fziskiniey, Marianna et Rukfzicia de Rukfzany 1739 (Lkm KĮ I : 106%) The year is 21. Baptizatus e' n'e Cristina PP: Joannis Kiszkis et Matris Magdalence Traszikicia de villa Patisziey: LL: Christophorus Romanowskas de Akriemiey, et Regina Bilinska de villa [tagulany 1739 (Lkm KI I: 106") Eodem anno et menseTM d 24. Baptized and infant in Mathias PP: Andrece Balunas Matris Marianne Naslicia de Weysniuney: LL: Ladislaus Batawecki de Wituniey, et Marianna Batawecka de Wituney 1740 (Lkm KI I: 107%) Eodem anno et mense”' die 29 Baptized and infant in Franciscus PP: Josephi Alekna Matris Catharinnce Pipiricia de Ripayciey: LL. Georgius Wasilewicz of Ripaiciey. and Catharina Powkstienie de Kirdeykiey 1740 (Lkm KI I: 109") Eodem An'o et mense die 30. "Baptised and infant in Magdalena PP. Andrece Jowniszkis Matris Magdalenc¢ Obielicia de Patusziey: LL. Thomas Kardelis from Lyngmiany. and Catharina Kindurienie de Kinduriey 1740 (Lkm KI I: 109%) Die 3 AprilTM Baptizatus e’ infans n'e Georgius PP: Alexandri Lechowicz Matris [ophia [akatowskicia de Lamiestagalis: LL. Georgius Danieykis of Plowciszkiey. and Marianna Janielicia of Kukutiszkies. 1740 (Lkm KĮ I: 110%) On 26 September 1740, the Benedictine monastery of Marimon was founded by the marriage of George Kurpe de Garbunay and Anna Kinduricia de Gieytoni. Tests. Mathias Waszkielis de Garbunay and Thomas Kinduris de Pabirziey 1740 (Lkm JI II: 2%) Eodem d Benedixi matrimonium expletis trib bannis inter Georgium [tapulenas de Kolwiey cum Anna Jociucia de Peteniey Testes Andreas fzatna de Patuszie and Georgius Zitena de Weyszniuney 1740 (Lkm JI II: 2%) “ T y. MENSIS. Xber Annus 1739. ‘0 T.y. The month of January 1740. 3! You. THE MONTH OF MARCH. 32 T.y. April 1740. 157 He was baptized on the same day as the child of Christina de Piedroniszkiey PP. Georgij Marufzka and Anne [zukicia LL: fiman Cieykowszkas of Makszieniszki cum Cristina Cooking de feliszkiey 1741 (Lkm KĮ II : 4*) He was baptized and raised as a child by Marianna de Apidwariszkiesz PP. Martini Rukas and Cristine Muknicia LL: Nicolaus Muknisz of Untotksznie and Sophia Kirkienie de Kirdeykiey (Lkm KI II : 5*) d 24.’ He was the son of Marta de Ripayciey PP: Georgij Urbanas and Catharine Alaknicia LL. Jacobus Alekna and Cathrina Aleknienie of Ripayciey 1741 (Lkm KI II : 5%) d 21. Maj Baptizatus e’ infans n'ne Regina de Peleniey PP: Petri Petenis et Christine Walukicia LL: Cafimirus Mazieyka de Lowciszkiey et Anna Obelienie de Kowaley 1741 (Lkm KI II: 7%) d 22. eiusdemTM Baptizatus e’ infans n'ne Marianna de £amiestagalis PP: Thome Winctawienas et Catharine Pawksticia LL: Michael Winctowas de [zikuntifzkies et Catharina Umbrasienie de Gieniszkiey 1741 (Lkm KI II: 7%) From these examples it is obvious that where Lithuanian genders of place names are used, Lithuanian genders of the second members of personal names are also very often written. In these cases, oikonymes and anthroponymes are unadapted Lithuanian borrowings in foreign texts, into which they are intertwined only according to the laws of Lithuanian language. When comparing the Lithuanian texts of the (unofficial) register of young people of the Inturkės church with the previously presented, i.e. the Latin texts, a certain similarity of the writing of oikonimes and anthroponyms falls into sight. The following is a list of some of the most famous examples: Antanas Laukif isz ulicz. Simmons Parr. Inturkiu Su Pannu Antalu'' Imbraszicziu isz uliczios Jodenu parf. Maletu —1895 (Int ZK: 18*). “* T.y. January 1741. ** I.e. d. 5. March. 5th April. “* MAIUS. “" Not quite clear sex, but so it is written. 158 Bolesław Weryk, a bridegroom from the parish of Miszkiszki Malet, married Marianna Noviuniute. isz Bambioniu parap. [zitos. 1900 (Int ZK: 32%). Jona Sirewiczius nasz. Dubinku par. isz Meszkalidimio su Agnieszku £amanauckicze merg. You're in Vienna. St. Stephen's Parish. szitos 1900 (Int ZK: 32%). Ignasius Sklaustis naszlisz street. Ruteniu su Razaliu Tumieniuti mergaitiu isz wien. [tanuliszkio abu parp. szitos 1900 (Int ZK: 32%). Adolfas Kilczauskas is a bridegroom from Wilkorejsczio parish. John and Marianne Kieruliczi isz Geiziunu mergajtie parp. szitof. 1900 (Int ZK: 32°). Antanas Šurwelis naszlis isz Szniuru su Mariannu Gobieniu naszle isz Dudanosiu abi parpios šitos 1900 (Int ZK: 32°). Ignatius Zajeczkowskis naszl. "I'm going to be with you," he said, "and I'm going to be with you," he said. The suitcase. 1900 (Int ZK: 32%). The principles of spelling Lithuanian names and surnames of the early 20th century in this Saltinys, it can be said, do not differ much from the corresponding sources of the 17th-18th centuries. Only the spelling of the early 20th century is perhaps more standardized, there are not so many different scripts. In the future, such Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian sources should be compared in detail, then many spelling rules of 17th-18th century place names and personal names would be clarified, it would be possible to better understand some dialect phenomena, as well as some cases of glorification. The Lithuanian genders of oikonimų in spoken sources are presented in the singular noun, genitive, pronoun and plural noun, genitive, pronoun. The genders of verbs are presented according to the following formal criteriaTM: a separate section shows the genders of the various endings of each verb; in a separate paragraph, the sexes with the same ending are written equally; the sexes are given in separate paragraphs with the different endings written equally; genders with the same ending written differently in separate paragraphs. 5. . .. ‘a. sa = wow *8 One of the most important criteria is the Lithuanian ending. 159 The genders of the singular nominative are often found in manor inventories, rather rarely in church books. The names of the villages are written with small letters. A new name, having a singular gender, was often ar accurately written with a Lithuanian ending even su ir In the first a. half of XIX. Lithuanian genders, written in the singular noun, have been noted in the inventory of Veliuona and Baisogala manors (1615), in the inventory of Vilnius tijūnyste (1636), in the inventory of the manors of the Žemaičių bishop’s table (1662), in the inventory of the manors of Vilnius bishop Užnerio (1731), in the resolutions of the Vilnius bishopric synod (1744) and others. Some of them later appeared in the records of Kūktiškiai, Linkmenai, Raguvos, Balninkai, Inturkės churches, etc. Gender of the singular denominator de Ablinga 1638 (Pln CI: 131°) = Ablinga Antkoptis Klp; Ackmena 1576 (Pėteraitis: 47) = Akmena Pakalnė; 1900 (SG XV/1: 13) = *Akmena dv. Kvetkai Brz; de Atanta 1682 (Rgv KI I: 87“) = Alanta Velykiai Pn; Sioto Armena 1615 (Inw VI: 15") Veliuona, Armena 1807 (NO: 1) = *4rmena Serédzius, plg. Armena up. Veliuona (LUEZ: 8); Army /P. DRUIENSIS 1744 (Syn: 84) = *A4rmija Druja (Belarus); Beisogala mestelis 1854 (ED: 52), Beisogata 1880 (SG I: 125) = tarm. *Beisogala, dab. Baisogala Rs; BerZija 1898 (Anonim: 60) = *Berzija Linkmenys Ign; Brazdygata 1900 (SG XV/I: 229) = Brazdigala Pumpénai (now Pasvalys Ps); ex Gondjinga 1626 (Pln KI: 36), de Gondinga 1631 (Sint KI: 3%) = tarm. *Gon d inga, Gandinga Nausodis Pin; 1731: Gielzyngata | Wies Rymucie | Wtoszcz Malatska (Inw KZ: 120) = *Gelzingala Molėtai; Gubesa 1898 (Anonim: 22) = Gubesa Giedraičiai Mlt; de Izita 1687 (Ant KĮ I: 7°) = *Izita Antalieptė Zr; Klaipeda 1900 (SG XV/II: 88) = Klaipeda city. ; Kupra 1900 (SG XV/II: 197) = *Kupra Szémai Rd; de Kretynga 1633 (Pln KI: 86“) = Kretinga mst. ; de Kunciagata 1675 (Rgv JI I: 40°) = *Kun c agala, dab. Kuciagalys Miežiškiai Pn; Melnicza czyli Zakowale 1898 (Anonymous: 42) = *Melnycia Merkinė Vrn; Luszna 1807 (NO: 2) = *Lisna Meistai (now Biibleliai Sk); de Nendrya 1687 (Ant KĮ 1: 9°) = *Nendrija Antaliepté Zr; Pagi Norkawa 1606 (Jnš KĮ: 74°) = *Norkava Joniškis; Zascianek Pagrunda za dworng paszniq | Miafteczko £.yngmiany 1636 (Inw WC: 17) = tarm. *Based on, plg. Pagranda vs. Saldutiskis Ut; Punia 1595 (CB: 4%) = Punia Punia Al; Miasteczko Ratnicza 1898 (Anonim: 42) = Town of the Warriors Merkinė Vrn; de Rudesa 1779 (Int JI I: 15%) = Rudesa Inturkė MIt; Sarya /P. DRUIENSIS 1744 (Syn: 84) = *Sarija Druja (Belarus); Szetekfzna /P. KOMAYSCENSIS 1744 (Son: 79) = *Seteksna, dab. Séteksnos Pūožas Kp, 160 Séteksnos Panemunėlis Rk; Udrya 1807 (NO : 2a) = Udrija Al; loco de Uta 1778 (Int JI I: 14°) = Uta Joniškis Mlt; de Utena 1741 (Ut JĮ I: 16%), de Utena 1760 (Ktk KI N: 48%) = Utena mst. ; Waiguva 1854 (ED: 37) = Vaiguva Kim; de Welona 1699 (Dt KI: 35") = Veliuona Jrb; Aabaksna 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Zlabaksna Darsūniškis et al. ir Untanawas or Antonowo 1898 (Anonymous: 60) = tarm. *Untanavas Kaltanénai Svne; Zaséianek Antarasztas | Wies Kiakszty | Wtošč Wydzka 1731 (Inw KZ: 15) = *Antarastas Vidziai (Belarus); na Zasc: Anteysiatas | Wies Gadakiemie | Woytowstwo t.abonarskie 1731 (Inw KZ: 103) = *Anteisiatas Labanoras Svné; Apuszotas 1900 (SG XV/I: 46) = *Apusotas k. Ramygala Pn; 1900 (SG XV/I: 46) = *Apuszotas dv. Crayfish Kdn; Augustawas 1898 (Anonymous: 69) = Augustavas Švenčionėliai Svné; Dragunas 1807 (NO: 1) = *Dragiinas Serédzius; Dubinikas 1898 (Anonim: 42) = *Dubinykas, dab. Dubinirikas Merkinė (now Marcinkonys Al); Endrikawas 1898 (Anonim: 62) = *Endrikavas Daugėliškis Ign; Erzwetas | Orweta® /1898 (Anonim: 68) = Erzvétas Tverėčius Ign; Geibonas 1898 (Anonim: 50) = *Geibonas Viévis, plg. Geibonys Ausiéniskés Trak; Gumbronas | P. ANUSZYSCENSIS 1744 (Syn: 87) = *Gumbronas, Onuškis Vrn; Gudas 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Gudas Veiveriai; Kalwinas 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Kalvinas Darsūniškis; Zascianek Kapurnenas nad Jeziorem otkszniem | Sioto Ofttuksznie (?) /Woytowftwo £.ygmianskie 1636 (Inw WC: 26") = *Kapurnénas Linkmenys Ign; Kazimierawas 1898 (Anonim: 43) = Kazimieravas Varėna (now Nedingé Vrn); de Kuczkas 1681 (Rgv KĮ 1: 77%)" = *Kuckas, dab. Kuckai Raguva Pn; Zascianek Kulnikas... pokoniec rez nad jeziorem Birzuliq | Wies KVIAKIE | WEOSC WORNIENSKA 1662 (ZV Inv: 120) = *Kulnikas Varniai Tl; Laubenskas 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Liaubenskas Weivers; Ice 1902 (SG XVIII: 215) = *Ice J6svainiai Kdn; Lukas 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Lukas Veiveriai; Melekas 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Melekas Veiveriai; Mefzymas / P. SVINCIANENSIS 1744 (Son: 81) = tarm. *M e.§ i.mas Švenčionys; Ndrdgas /P. DUBINCENSIS 1744 (Syn: 48) = tarm. *Na.ragas Dubingiai Mlt; de Villa Pietkunas 1668 (Rgv KI I: 3*) = *Petkiinas, dab. Petkūnai Juostininkai An; Polymas 1898 (Anonim: 60) = *Polimas Linkmenys Ign; Rokas 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Rokas Weiveriai; Rugenas 1807 (NO: 2) = *Rugénas Liepal6tai (now Lukšiai Sk); Ckpobaunacs 1597 (Spruogis: 293) = *Skroblynas k. Medingėnai Pln; Spirgas 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Spirgas Darsūniškis; de Pago Stalgas 1639 (Pln CI: 136%) = Stalgas Stalgėnai Pln; Szakimas 1898 (Anonymous: 24) = Sakimas Dubingiai Mlt; Tartakas 1898 (Anonim: 71) = tarm. * Tartakas, dab. Tartokas Sariai Svnč; Urban /P. SVINCIANENSIS 1744 (Son: 81) = tarm. * Urban of Švenčionys; Wilkas 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Vilkas Veiveriai et al. “ This eslaved gender is presented next to the Lithuanian one. 161 de Antalepte 1687 (Ant KĮ I : 9") = Antalieptė Zr; de Untalamiestie 1742 (Lkm JI II : 4°) = *Untalameste., dab. Antalamésté Saldūtiskis Out; de Berze 1693 (Dt KI : 2), de Berže 1711 (Dt KI : 147") = *Berzé Dotnuva Kdn; City Merecz Mierkine 1898 (Anonymous : 42) = Merkinė Vrn; Patufze | P. EYNGMIANENSIS 1744 (Son : 82) = Palūšė Ign; de Pokryze 1770 (Dgl KI III : 41%) = Pakryžė Daugailiai Out; Plunge 1854 (ED : 9) = Plunge mst. ; Rauswe 1539 (Pėteraitis : 329) = Pink || Fireworks Stalupenai, Bildvieciai; de girls 1741 (Ktk JĮ I : 59%) = *Salle Kuktiskes Out; de Sienowe 1682 (Vdn KI III : 3") = *Antiquity Vidėniškiai Mlt; de loco phenobe 1760 (Blnk KI II : 49") = *Senobie Vidéniskiai Mlt; ex Slapiabrze 1715 (Dt KI : 166%) = *Šlapiaberžė, de Sztapabierze 1740 (Dt KĮ : 390°), de fztapaberže 1761 (Dt KĮ : 369") = Slapaberzé Dotnuva Kdn; Schunede 1564-1565 (Pėteraitis : 396) = Šunėdė || Šunidė, Darkiemis, Balėtai, Lenkimai; Tarpupe 1542 (Pėteraitis : 401) = *Tarpupė, Tarpupenai, Įsrutis, Kumečiai; de Villa Vlic3ete 1684 (Vdn KI III: 10%), de Vliczete 1688 (Vdn KĮ III: 35*) = Ūlyčėlė Žalvariai Mlt; Warrupe 1590 (Pėteraitis: 456) = *Varupė, later Vorupėnai Gumbinė, Nybudziai, Springiai and others. de Untatksnie 1740 (Lkm KĮ I : 106°) = intestine. *Untalksne., Antalksnė Linkmenys Ut; Pakrižie 1898 (Anonym: 64) = tarm. *Pakri.žie., bk. * Crossing Daugėliškis Ign; Papasztie 1898 (Anonim: 67) = *Papaštė Kūktiškės (now Mindūnai Mit); You're in Vienna. Autumn 1903 (Int ZK: 37") = *Rūdynė Inturkė MIt; de ftapeberzie 1695 (Dt KĮ: 12%), de flapieberzie 1695 (Dt KI: 12%) = Slapaberzé Dotnuva Kdn; in Folwarku Wactawinie 1829 (Ktk KI VIII: 32%), in Folwarkie Waclawinie 1827 (Ktk KI VIII: 4°) = tarm. *Va.cla.vine., bk. *Vaclovyné Kuktiskés Ut; de Wanaginie 1780 (Aln KI XVIII: 16") = *Vanagine or *Vanagynė Alanta MIt, Witkamergie, Witkmergie 1893 (SG XIII: 535) = *Vilkamerge, *Vilkmerge, dab. Ukmergė mst. and others. Azubala 1898 (Anonymous : 60) = intestine. *4Zu.bala., AZubalé Kaltanėnai Švnč; de Uliciela Par’ Malatensis 1788 (Int JĮ 1: 16), de Uliczeta 1797 (Int JĮ I: 39*) = tarm. *U.li.čėla., Ūlyčėlė Žalvariai Mt; 1898) 1960 – Ansel Adams, American singer (b. *Pogaigala., Pagaigalé Labanoras Svnč; Poszyta 1898 (Anonymous: 22) = tarm. *At the shop, Pašilė Giedraičiai Mlt kt. ir Alsodia 1898 (Anonym: 60) = tarm. *Alsod e., bk. *Alsodė Kaltanėnai Church; de Villa Untatamiestia 1745 (Lkm KĮ II: 22") = tarm. *Untalame.ste., dab. Antūlamėstė Saldūtiškis Ut; 1798) 1798 – 1799: Otto I of Bavaria (b. *Blu.sine., bk. *Blusynė Inturkė Mlt; 1898 (Anonymous: 62) = tarm. *Daubariške., bk. Daubariské Daugėliškis Ign; Wasiuliszkia 1898 (Anonymous: 60) = tarm. *Vasuliške., bk. Vasiuliske Linkmenys Ign; Pušnia /P. GIEDROYCENSIS 1744 (Syn: 48) = tarm. *Pu.s n e., bk. Giedraičiai Mlt; Warlinia 1791 (Int JI I: 29) = tarm. *Varline., bk. *Varlyne Inturkė MIT and others. 162 In Loco Abugalifzkis 1784 (Ktk MI N: 183") = * Abugaliskis, dab. Bugaliskis Suginčiai Mlt; Aumatimpucs 1584 (Spruogis : 5) = *All of you. Tver Pln; de Untotamiestis 1740 (Lkm KI II : 2") = intestine. *Untolame.stis, de Villa Antamamiestis 1744 (Lkm KI 11 : 19%) = *Antalamestis, dab. Antalamesté Saldutiskis Out; Zascianek apidemis | Sioto Woyszniuny | Wojtow[two Eyngmian 1636 (Inw WC : 25%) = *Apydemis Palūšė Ign, plg. Apydemis Saldutiškis Out; Auksztadwarys 1784 IVK = Aukstadvaris Avizenians Vilnius; Auksztakalnis 1898 (Anonim: 54) = Aukstakalnis Valkininkai (now Jakénai Vrn); Avilaitis 1900 (SG XV/1 : 54) = *Avilaitis Antazavė Zr; loco de AZufienis 1754 (Blnk KI II : 14%), de loco Azusienifp 1757 (Blnk KI II : 34") = intestine. *Ažu.s e.n is Balninkai MIt; Ažubalis 1900 (SG XV/1 : 56) = *Azubalis vs. TveréCius Ign; w zascianku AZustrupis 1831 (Ktk KI VIII : 82%) = *AStrip Kuktiskes Out; w Zascianku Azuwizyntis 1829 (Ktk KĮ VIII: 30") = *Azuvyzintis Kuktiskés Ut; Baltuwis 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Baltuvis Weiveriai; Batnupis 1900 (SG XV/1: 77) = *Balnupis dv. Raséiniai; Beynafzylis 1802 (Int CI: 16") = Beinasilis Inturkė Mlt; Zascianek Blakiszkis | Miasteczko Swienciany 1636 (Inw WC: 34") = *Blakiskis Švenčionys; Budwietys 1880 (SG I: 442) = Budwietis Zypliai (now Jankai Sk); Diczpalis 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Didzpalis Ingavangis Prn; 1594 (Spruogis: 105) = *Dubupis plv. GintiliSke; Dydwalis | P. WIEKOWISCENCIS 1744 (Syn: 107) = *Didvalis Vilkaviškis; Dumsis 1898 (Anonim: 47) = *Dumsis Žasliai KS; Gieguzynis 1898 (Anonim: 50) = May Crown (now Vilunai KS); de Genakalnis 1760 (Lkm KI II: 73%) = Géniakalnis Saldutiskis Ut; Gervis 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Gervis Rokai Kn; Zascianek Jurgiszkis /Sioto Girminie 1636 (Inw WC: 38%) = *Jurgiskis Vidiškės Ign; de Gudakiemis 1606 (Mrk KI: 13") = Gūdakiemis Merkinė Vn; Zascianek... Gulbinis | Wtošč Wydzka 1731 (Inw KZ: 13) = *Gulbinis Vidziai (Belarus); Jodupis or Czarny Ruczaj 1898 (Anonymous: 69) = *Juodupis TveréCius Ign; You're in Vienna. Jodapurwis f.abanoro parap. 1901 (Int ZK: 35") = Black-throated Labanor; Jakubcezonis 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Jakubcionis Darsūniškis; 1902 (SG XVI/II: 44) = *Kalnelis dv. Pumpénai Ps; Katnelis 1902 (SG XV/II: 45) = *Kalnelis dv. Aknysta (Latvia); 1854 (ED: 5) = Kentrakalnis Tvérai (d. Medingėnai Pln); Kieturkalnis 1902 (SG XVIII: 75) = *Keturkalnis Skaudvilė Trg; Zascianek Kimienianiszkis | Sioto moyzyiny | Woytowfiwo Ozwinskie 1636 (Inw WC: 27") = *Kiméneniskis Kazitiškis Ign; de Kriwafalis 1743 (Lkm KI II: 14) = Krivasalis Linkmenys Ign; de £amiestagalis 1760 (Lkm KI II: 75%) = *Lameéstagalis; de villa Lapiekalnis 1757 (Lkm KI II: 56") = Lapiakalnis Linkmenys Ign; Zascianek Laudupis | Sioto Skiemie | Woitostwo Zasieckie | Wolosc Boisagolska 1615 (Inv VI: 38") = *Liaudupis Skémai Rd; Zascianek Eynkadaržys 1820 (WDW: 82") = *Linkadarzis Lavoriskés Viln; 1898 (Anonim: 49) = Lukiskis Kruonis KS; 1898 (Anonim: 49) = Lukiskis Kruonis KS; 1898 (Anonymous: 62) = *Maknialaukis 1898 (Anonymous: 62) 163 Because the ending of the word varies, it is not quite clear how to read the ending of the word in cases where the last letter is -ą or -ą. If those letters represent the Lithuanian dialect [a(.)], then the Lithuanian singular genitive genders are possible. In explaining the Lithuanian gender of the various dialects of oikonimi, we must also take into account the analogous Lithuanian genders of anthroponyms, their spelling in the same source. In Joniškis K.I. there are three unquestionably clear cases, when the gender of the oikonimo, written with -a, is to be considered Lithuanian, since in the same entry the genders of the anthroponym and oikonimo singular ancestors coincide”- *: Aduocat: Balciuna Filius. Balcius Battuszkaitis Pat: Matulis Wiluns cum Eluta Bariuna Pagi bariuna 1600 (Jnš KĮ: 13"). In addition, the town of Jwoszkia claimed: Stafiula Benuraicia Marta Gryciaus viwalinaicia and Gendrutę filia leauta is from the source for Compatres Mikaloius 3°/4* Rymkunum and Kafziutam Mikatoiaus Jwoszkia filiam both of them vt father. 1599 (Jnš KĮ: 3°/4%). In these entries, the genders of oikonimy and anthroponimy are identical: cum Eluta Bariuna Pagi bariuna —t.y. “with Eliule Bariūno (pronounced *El'ula Bar'wna) (from) the village of Bariūno (pronounced *Bar'una)- ”, ville Jwoszkia- ... Kafziutam Mikatoiaus Jwoszkia- ... —“i.e. kaimo Ivoskio (pronunciation */voš'k'a)- ... Mikalojaus Ivoskio (pronunciation */Ivoš'k'a- )'. The following genders of anthroponyms indicate that there may be a Lithuanian singular originator: Aduocat: Balciuna, Aduocat: Stafiula Benuraicia, Marta Gryciaus viwalinaicia. In another case, we also have the unambiguous gender of the singular noun: Eadem Wituicia Mikucia ville Aduocat: Dwituycia Jurgia leuauerunt de fonte Auguftinum Jonela Bartoszaycia et Agnieszkas filium Grycus Buczkaytis Balcius "Norvidaitis nec non Zaputa filia Jonela Za[fsajcia omnes de eadem vt puer. 1599" (in Italian). (IC: 4%). In the case of Wituicia Mikucia ville *Viluicio mikucio (pronounced *V'iluic¢'a M'tkuc'a) is the origin of the personal noun (binary noun). This is not a real oikonimis, but a personal name, not yet converted to oikonimis. This case shows the very beginning of nomenclature. On the other hand, it may be that the village had a name (similar or different), but it was named in the record by the name of a person. Pagi bariuna, vilS: Titaicią 1609 (Jnš KI: 111°); Woyta Jurgiela Š: Trumpaicią 1609 (Jnš KI: 115*); Woita Biwoinia S: Tubiuną 1609 (Jnš KI: 112°); Goodbye. Balciuna... pagi uGtupią 1600 (Jnš CI: 14°); Aduo: Budrayc.... Pagi Waydminią 1600 (Jnš KI: 17*); Woysta Dwila S: Waidminig 1609 (Jnš CI: 111%); Pagi Vaguna 1604 (Jnš CI: 54°); Wojita Balciuna S Waifinora 1610 (Jnš CI: 121°); Woita Kirny Siota Wanaga 1609 (Jn KĮ: 113%); Ad Jurdas... Pagi Wiknora 1600 (Jnš KĮ: 8%); W: Benoraicia S: Wetnora 1612 (Jnš CI: 140°); Woita Jurgiela S werbuszaicig 1612 (Jn§ KI: 143°); Woita Ambrofa S: 3adwainią 1609 (Jnš CI: 111%); Wojitata (error, should be Wojta) Biwoinia S: 3elcig 1611 (Jn CI: 126%); Wojita Sebestiana S: 3mirklg 1609 (Jnš KĮ: 111°) and many others. % In the examples the Lithuanian anthroponym singular adjective gender is underlined. 170 le Jwoszkia, oikonimes of personal noun origin, also indicate that the names of these specific places are recent because they are singular. But in these cases, the name written by the nobleman's gender can already be considered a true oikonimi, cf. more masculine singular oikonimi (see section 4.4). p. 161, 163-164, 166). It seems that the gender of the Lithuanian singular noun of oikonimi could be in those cases where the Lithuanian language changes the word order in the phrase (as in the already discussed case of Wituicia Mikucia ville), where there is oikonimi, e.g.: de Gitena Villa 1679 (Rgv KĮ I: 46") = tarm. *G'it'ėna (unspecified origin), plg. Gitėnai Miežiškiai, Pn; ex kuteno pago 1613 (Mrk KĮ: 79%) = *Kutėno (internal origin), dab. Al and so on. This Lithuanian singular originator is possible because of the Lithuanian word order. Also see the case Walunu ville 1599 (Jnš KĮ: 4%) = *Valiūnų village, Valiūnai Buivydžiai, Pociūnai Jnš. The fact that Joniškio K.I. has a Lithuanian origin in the singular of oikonimo in many cases is shown by the analogous genders of the anthroponyms written with this syllable. Thus, such genders of oikonimų as Pagi Kipsčią 1600 (Jnš KĮ: 8), Pagi Sargą 1601 (Jnš KI: 21), Pagi Sztapakią 1601 (Jn KI: 24), Pagi Skribakig. 1601 (Jns KI: 24") and many others, especially those that are in the Latin inscriptions, could perhaps be considered Lithuanian, because their Lithuanianness is as if supported by other data of the spoken source. However, it should be noted that in the endings of anthroponyms written by the genders of the singular nobleman almost in all cases (with rare exceptions) the letter -a is found (Jurgaicia, Jwoszkia, Sietona, Staniula Kuisaicia, Jonula Petros3aicia, Jona Barthuszaycia, etc.) and rarely other letters (-ą, -ę, -ą). The author of the Joniškis K.I. article has not written out all the anthroponyms, so it is difficult to say how many cases of anthroponyms there are where the singular noun is written -ą, ¢, 4, etc. In some cases, Gediig, Matetę (= pronounced *G'edž'a, *Mat'el'a): Aduo: Stafiula Pagi Gafciunu Fil. Anna Stephani Mixaytis Pat: Thomas Mikatoiuns cum Baniuta Gedsig 1601 (Jnš KI: 20°). Abu Dhabi: Bayt. Good morning, Eiktaycia. Fil: Magdalena Matetę Kuxaitis Pat: Laurentius Stanaytis cum Jedwiga Jonufzaytis 1601 (Jnš CI: 20%). This suggests that the nosines and letters with a dash could have marked long vowels. However, in the singular noun vowel, anthroponyms are almost always marked with a letter with -a, and oikonyms, whose vowel could be the same, are most often marked with -ą, much less often with -ą or -a (see examples in footnote 63). Therefore, it is not quite clear whether it is possible to assume that those differently spelled letters at the end of the word reflect the same sound (or sounds), e.g. whether in the cases Pagi Kipsčią 1600 (Jnš KI: 8), Pagi Sargą 1601 (Jnš KĮ: 21°), Pagi Sztapakig 1601 (Jnš KĮ: 24") -ą, -ą should be read the same as -a in the cases Jurgaicia, Jwoszkia, S3etona, etc. It should be noted that in Plungės KI, JĮ (1615-1660) there are oikonimų written with the letter -ą4, for example, ex Kapstatą 1628 (Pln KI: 51%), but it is not quite clear how to interpret 171 - Oh, yeah. Some examples show that in similar cases the letters -ą, could -ą mark liet. [-a], e.g. Witkgfodos de 1639 (Pln KI : 135%) = intestine. *V'ilka soda. It appears that formally ir oikonimi, ir anthroponimi Joniskio KI, written at the end of a word su -g, -ą, could -¢, be the ¢, singular genitive of the verb, but in all cases. ne When similar genders are used in Polish nomenclatural su words, such as the word siofo, they can hardly be considered Lithuanian: S: su Mietaicią 1609 (Jnš KI: 114%), S: staniulg 1610 (Jnš ar KĮ: 115%), Siofa Jakiskig 1612 (Jnš KĮ: 135%) and others. Thus, the genders of oikonimes in Joniškis KI, written with -q, -¢, -4, ¢ at the end of the word, are not quite clear and should be studied in the future. Formally no different from such genders as Pagi Batkaicia, the genders of many other church records books ending in -(i)a (except for the discussed cases of Lithuanian word order in a Latin phrase) are not to be considered Lithuanian, because the material of those sources does not support Lithuanianness. In the cases de Katnaberza 1724 (Dt KĮ: 199), de Maciana 1724 (Dt KĮ: 200%), de Daržinia 1770 (Dgl KĮ III: 37), de Gornia 1771 (Dgl KĮ III: 43*), de villa Narwidzia 1775 (Dgl KĮ III: 53%), de villa Szyrwidzia 1775 (Dgl KĮ III: 54%), de Pumpucia 1770 (Vdn KĮ II: 16%), de Sauginia 1771 (Vdn KĮ II: 17"), de Villa Kaironia 1771 (Vdn KĮ II: 18%), Szlawanta 1807 (NO: 2a) Ingavangis, Obszruta 1807 (NO: 2a) Ingavangis, etc., various Lithuanian endings of the names are Slavicized. de Miliaus 1684 (Mlt KĮ I: 9*) = *Miliaus, dab. Mills Mills Mills Mills In Lithuanian non-Lithuanian sources, the singular pronoun has been observed only once: Wilniuja 1893 (SG XIII: 492) = *Vilniuje, Vilnius. As already discussed, this gender was created because the non-Lithuanian editors of the publication did not know the gender of the noun of this oikonimo. In the book of Katyčiai church there are also oikonimų written in singular local dialect. In the 20th century, the number of spoken languages has increased significantly. It is possible that it may have been an amphitheatre. dgs. ward. *M'eišlauk'e "Meišlaukiai", which could be perceived as mot by the representative of another dialect or by a non-Lithuanian scribe (priest). g. singular noun *Meišlaukė. Therefore, apparently, such artificial genders as *Meišlaukėje *Uostiškėje, *Šilgalėje could have appeared (cf. locality): Meifzlaukeje 1669 (Fenzlau: 122), cf. 1669) 1669 – Adolphus II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1669) 1669 – Szilgalleje Shu, Polish poet (d. Šilgaliai, Pagėgiai, Rukai, Stoniškiai and others. It is hard to believe that in the 17th century these oikonimes would have been only singular, and in the 20th century only plural. 172 There are many genders of the plural denominator Mažojoje In Lithuania (determined by the nature of the sources — ne church books), maps, lists and guides; somewhat more abundant in the books of the churches jų of Balninkai, Klovainiai, Linkmenai, Linkuva, Salantai, Utena, Vidėniškiai. Gender of the plural denominator de Akriemiey 1739 (Lkm KĮ I : 106") = Akriemiai Kazitiškis Ign; Alsintiszkey 1807 (NO : 1) = *Asphyxiation Serédius; Andrushey 1590 (Pėteraitis : 51) = Andrews | Andrews Darkiemis, Žabynai; de Antamakey 1691 (Vdn KĮ III: 50") = Antūmakiai Balninkai Mlt; Asmuchey 1807 (NO : 2) = *Persons in Šakiai; de loco Ažufiley 1754 (Blnk KĮ II : 17%), de loco azuszyley 1754 (Blnk KĮ II : 15*) = Ažūšiliai Vidėniškiai Mlt; de Azutrakiey 1743 (Lkm KI II: 14°) = *AZutrakiai Linkmenys Ign; de Bernatifzkiey 1743 (Lkm KI II: 16%) = tarm. *B'erna.- t'iš'k'ai, dab. Bernotiškis Tauragnai Ut; Bredzey 1807 (NO: 2) = Moose forks; Buley 1807 (NO: 2) = *Buliai Liepalėtai (Lukšiai Šk); Buszkepeley 1807 (NO: 2) = *Buškelpeliai Šakiai; de Dayniey 1743 (Lkm KI II: 14%) = Dainiai Zūikos Ign; de Dienawagiay 1777 (Vdn KĮ II: 67") = Dienavagiai Giedraičiai, Žalvariai Mlt; Daney 1807 (NO: 1) = *Danai Seredzhius; Zulkyney 1584 (Pėteraitis: 95) = Chiulkiniai Gumbinė, Nybudžiai, Gerviškėnai; de Vila Daubarifzkiey 1691 (Vdn KĮ III: 50%), de Vila Dawbarifzkiey 1691 (Vdn KI III: 50%) = *Daubariskiai Vidėniškiai Mlt; de Daugieliszkiey 1740 (Lkm JĮ II: 1°) = *Daugėliškiai, dab. Multiple Ign; Degelgirey 1584 (Pėteraitis: 100) = *Degelgiriai, later Deglagiriai | Raubai Darkiemis, Balétai; Dirsey 1807 (NO: 2) = Dirsiai Liepalėtai (now Lukšiai Sk); de Gayweniey 1742 (Lkm KĮ II: 12*) = Gaivėniai Saldūtiškis Ut; Graszgirey 1584 (Pėteraitis: 142) = *Gražgiriai (?), later Grisgiriai Darkiemis, Žabynai; de Vila Grodziey 1691 (Vdn KĮ III: 50°) = Grūodžiai Pažžuoliai Mlt; Kalwey 1807 (NO: 1) = Kalviai Veliuona Jrb; Kalwey 1807 (NO: 2a) = Blacksmiths Squirrels (now Ašminta Prn); Klewiney 1807 (NO: 2) = Kleviniai Liepal6tai (now Lukšiai Sk); Kreiwey 1807 (NO: 1) = Kreiviai Liepal6tai (now Kriūkai Sk); Kruckey 1584 (Pėteraitis: 201) = Krukiai Darkiemis, Klišiai; Kubiley 1584 (Pėteraitis: 201) = Kubiléliai || Juodeliai Galdapė; Kujey 1807 (NO: 2) = Hammersmith (now Kazlų Rūda Mrj); ex uilla Kuley 1639 (Sint KĮ: 60%), de kuley 1639 (Sint KI: 64") = Kuliai Kuliai Pln; Kumpupey 1807 (NO: 2) = Kumpupiai Šakiai; Pagi Mickey 1597 (Pėteraitis: 246) = Mickey || Mekai Stalupénai, Bildvieciai; de loco Miley 1733 (Aln KĮ IV: 1%) = Miliai Mindūnai Mit; de Nameykszcey 1765 (Ut JI I: 44%) = *Nameiksciai, dab. Nemeiksciai Mockėnai Ut; de Naszteikiey 1784 (Dgl KI III: 86") = tarm. *Naslaik'- ai, dab. 173 Nasloniskis Spitrėnai Out; Ratkemey 1584 (Pėteraitis : 322) = *Radkiemiai, Radokiemiai Darkiemis, Žabynai, Balupėnai; Ratadeilej 1539 (Pėteraitis : 321) = * Wheel parts Pilkalnis, Kusai; de feliszkiey 1741 (Lkm KI II: 4*) = *Seliškiai, Sėliškės Saldūtiškis Ut; ex uilla feleney dicta 1639 (Slnt KĮ: 60") = Sėlėniai Šateikiai Pln; ex friebaléy®® 1643 (Pln CI: 161°) = *Srēbaliai Plūge; Schepetzei 1584 (Pėteraitis: 384) = Šepečiai Įsrutis, Didlaukiai, Žvirbliai; 19th century a.d. (ED: 40) = Šiauliai mst. Shl; de villa frytaykey 1776 (Dgl KĮ III: 61") = tarm. *S'i'ilaik'- ai, i.e. Šileikiškės Magūčiai Zr; Szylgaley 1807 (NO: 2) = Szylgaly Shaki; de villa Šiožiniey 1782 (Dgl KĮ III: 84") = Šidžiniai Daūgailiai Ut; Schuppinej 1557, Schuppeney, year not specified, (Pėteraitis: 397) = Šupiniai || Šiupiniai Ragainė, Kraūpiškas, Girėnai; de Villa Tareyley 1737 (Aln KĮ IV: 11*) = Tarailiai Suginčiai Mlt; Teipeney 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Taipėnai, *Teipėnai (?) Ūdrija Al; Telszei 1854 (ED: 2) = Telšiai mst. Tl; de villa uziemiszkiey 1741 (Dgl KĮ III: 88"), de villa Uziemifzkiey 1785 (Dgl KĮ III: 88?) = *ūžėmiškiai (?), dab. Ūžėniškės Baibiai Zr; Ussescherey 1590 (Pėteraitis: 423) = Lakes Galdapė, Dūbininkai, Ežergaliai; de Warkaley 1689 (Vdn KI III: 39%) = *Varkaliai Vidėniškai Mlt; Warneteckey 1591 (Pėteraitis: 218) = *Varnatekiai, later Laukiai || Vainotai Stalupénai, Bildviečiai; de Wieteykiey 1689 (Ant KI: 16") = Veleikiai Antalieptė Zr; de Wijeykiey 1760 (Ut JĮ I: 36") = Vijeikiai Mockėnai Ut; de Wyf/kintay 1643 (Pln KĮ: 161") = *Wiskintai Plūngė et al. ex uilla Bajdotaj 1639 (Slnt KĮ: 60") = Baidotai Notėnai Skd; de Garbunay 1740 (Lkm JĮ II: 2*) = Garbinai Zūikos Ign; Goczukay 1807 (NO: 2) = *Goč(i)ukai Šakiai; Jessai 1590 (Pėteraitis: 154) = Jessai Įsrutis; Krikschtenay 1577 (Pėteraitis: 199) = Krikštenai Darkiemis, Žabynai; Kurszenai 1854 (ED: 32) = Kuršėnai mst. ; de Mielnikay 1761 (Ktk KĮ N: 49*) = in people's language Melnikai, of. Melninkai Suginčiai Mlt; de villa... mamenay 1769 (Ut JI: 50%) = tarm. *Ma.m'ėnai, i.e. Momėnai Kūktiškės Ut; de Loco Motenay 1709 (Dt KĮ: 141") = *Motėnai Dotnuva Kdn; de Pikczunay 1691 (Vdn KĮ III: 50°) = Pikčiūnai Vidėniškiai Mlt; de Pikcunay 1776 (Dgl KĮ III: 61") = Pikčiūnai Daūgailiai Ut; de villa Radziunay 1782 (Dgl KĮ III: 84") = Radžiūnai Spitrėnai Ut; Rokay 1807 (NO: 2a) = Rokai Kn; Sodenay 1584 (Pėteraitis: 363) = *Sodėnai, later Sodariai Darkiemis, Žabynai; de Villa Spitrenaji 1707 (Dgl JĮ II: 216*) = Spitrénai Spitrėnai Ut; /traupay 1642 (Pln JIS: 222%) = *Straupay Plough; Twerai porokvije 1854 (ED: 5) = Tvėrai Pln; de Wyfkintay 1638 (Pln KĮ: 161") = *Wiskintai Plūgė; de villa Wytkienay 1769 (Ut JI: 50%) = *Vitkėnai, cf. dab. Vitkūnai Pakalniai Ut; de Vila Zwinenay 1691 (Vdn KĮ III: 50") = Žvynėnai Zélva Ukm; de Zlybinay 1642 (Pln JĮ: 221°) = Žlibinai Žlibinai Pln et al. % The dot on the letter ė may be a random ink stain. 174 Cases where the plural ending [-ai] is marked with the letters -(i)ei: Ackmeninei 1564 (Pėteraitis: 47) = Akmenynai || Akmenynė Stalupėnai, Pilupėnai; Meystey 1807 (NO: 2) = Meistai Meistai (now Būblėliai Šk); Mielkintey 1584 (Pėteraitis: 53, 250) = Mielkintai || Antrudupėnai Stalupėnai, Enciūnai; Starkey 1807 (NO: 2) = Starkai Šakiai (now Sintautai Šk); de Villa Wanagiey 1734 (Aln KĮ IV:3*) = *Vanagai Kurkliai An; Witkey 1584 (Pėteraitis: 444) = *Vitkai (?), Vidkampiai Stalupėnai, Katniava, Jenkutkampiai, Tučiai and others. In the sources of Žemaitija —in the books of church and local courts —there are many cases where the Žemaitija genders of the plural noun are recorded: de Brukale 1658 (Krž KI: 28*) = tarm. *Brukal'- e, Brukaliai Kraziai Klm; de Dylpfze 1616 (Pln KI: 2%), ex Dilpfe 1629 (Pln KI: 56") = tarm. *Diilp'š'e, Dilbsiai Paukstakiai Pln; de Giedminale 1671 (Krz KĮ: 214%) = tarm. *G'ed'm'inal'e, dab. Kim's Backyard; 1585 (Spruogis: 127) = tarm. *Kapsud'- e, Kapsūdžiai Gandingos vls. (now Žlibinai Pn); de Kaupale 1657 (Krz KI: 6“) = tarm. *Kaupal'- e, dab. Heaps in Kražiai Klm; de Kumzayte 1636 (Pln KI: 104%), ex Kom3aite 1629 (Pln KI: 56°) = tarm. *KomZait'e, Kumžaičiai Kuliai Pln; de kule 1632 (Pln KĮ: 75%) = tarm. *Kul'e, Kuliai Kuliai Pln; ex Lipgire 1629 (Pln KĮ: 55%) = tarm. 1633 (Pln KI: 87") = tarm. *L'ep'ger'e, Liepgiriai Šateikiai Pln; de liplaukale 1636 (Pln KI: 105%) = intestine. *L ‘iplaukal’- e, bk. * Lieplaukaliai Plunge; de moncze 1618 (Pln KI: 5) = tarm. *Mon'č'e, Mančiai Grušlaukė Krtn; de MaZunale 1659 (Krz KI: 48") = intestine. *Mazunal'e, dab. Maziinai Kelmė Kim; de Narwayfze 1616 (Pln KI: 1°), ex Norwaifie 1628 (Pln KĮ: 44"), de Norwaysze 1636 (Pln KI: 104") = tarm. *Narva§'- e, *Norvai§- 'e, Narvaisiai Šateikiai Pln; 1590 (Spruogis: 226) = tarm. *P'eldait- 'e Gandingos vls., plg. Peldžiai Kiaunoriai Klm; de Pago Rapsajte 1633 (Pln KI: 84") = tarm. *Rapšait- 'e, Rapšdičiai Stalgėnai Pln; de Rezgale 1658 (Krž KĮ: 23") = tarm. *Riiezgal- 'e, Rēzgaļi Kražiai Klm; 1589) 1590 – Richard II, Duke of York (b. *S'irait'e, Siraičiai Kiaunoriai Klm or Gadūnavas TI; of frebale 1616 (Pln KĮ: 2"), of payment Srebale 1632 (Pln KI: 78") = tarm. *S r'iebal'e Plungé; ex Stanele 1629 (Pln KI: 57°) = tarm. *Stan'el'- e, Stanėliai Pln; 1598 (Spruogis: 300) = tarm. * s't'irbait- 'e, de Stirbate 1636 (Pln KI: 105%) = tarm. *S't'irbat'e, Stirbdiciai Plateliai Pln; de Tabale 1660 (Krz KI: 71°) = tarm. *Tabal'e, Tabaliai decreasing Klm; 1590 (Spruogis: 36) = tarm. *Varnait- 'e, Varndiciai Žarėnų vls. (formerly Médingénai Pln); 1595) 1596 – Richard II, Duke of York (b. *Žad'eikait'e, dab. 2012. "Žadeikiai Padievytis Šll; de Zebre 1664 (Krz CI: 117%) = intestine. 1636 (Pln KI: 104") = tarm. * Kumzai¢'- a, KumZdiciai Kuliai Pln; de Rapszaycia 1636 (Pln KI: 105%) = tarm. *Rapšaič- 'a, Rapsdiciai Stalgėnai Pln and others. 175 Diedey 1584 (Pėteraitis : 99) = intestine. *D'ėd ei, Dėdžiai, Galdapė, Tolminkiemis; Kaasnuue xarnbnaco Epuixemeū XVI a. pab. (Spruogis: 126) = tarm. * Kal'n'ič'e mountain Er'š'k'ėt'- ei, bk. * Kalnytis mountain Erškėčiai vs. Treigiai village Šiaudų vls. (formerly Laūkuva SII); de Kaczeytey 1638 (Pln KI: 161") = tarm. *Kači'ait'- ei, Kačaičiai Žalgiris Ktrn; de Kapfudey 1638 (Pln KĮ: 163") = tarm. *Kapsud'- ei, Kapsudžiai Žlibinai Pln; de Klepsztey 1638 (Pln KĮ: 162") = tarm. *K'l'ep's't- 'ei, Klipščiai Sėndvaris Klp; de Moftaytej 1638 (Pln KI: 162") = tarm. *Mostait'- ei, Mostaičiai Lapiai Ltd.; de Pamiedey 1634 (Pln KI: 102") = tarm. *Why not, bk. * PamedZziai Pliinge and others. Cases with plural ending -ys: Ejgiefonis 1898 (Anonim: 38) = Eigelonys Butrimonys (now Pivašiūnai and Jurgelionys Al); Wiezonis 1898 (Anonim: 35) = Kėžionys Alovė (now Datigai Al) and others. In the sources of the genders of the plural noun of the feminine genus there is only one other: de Kukutiszkies 1740 (Lkm KĮ I: 110%) = tarm. *Kukut'iš'- k'e.s, Kūktiškės Ut; 1854 (ED: 36) = *Užkarklynės Uzventis Klm; de Wesalkiszke 1678 (Lnkv KI: 18%) = tarm. *V'esalk'iš'k'es, dab. Vesélkiskiai Linkuva Pkr kt. ir Norgieliszkias 1898 (Anonim: 38) = Norgeliskés Butrimonys (now Punia Al); de Villa Vefelkiskas ~1711 (Lnkv KI: 4°) = tarm. *V'esel'k'iSkas, dab. 2000. pp. 10. Linkuva Pkr et al. In non-Lithuanian historical sources it is difficult to distinguish the genders of the plural nominative and singular genitive, see pp. 167-168. The genders of the plural nobleman are written in the books of Joniškis, Molėtų (about 350 different oikonimų). They can be found in the records of the churches of Alytus, Daugailiai, Klovainiai, Linkmenai, Linkuva, Raguva, Utena, Vidėniškiai and others. Some of these sexes are also found on the map of New East Prussia (1808). Plural nobleman's gender de Antapunciu 1692 (Mlt KĮ I: 45*) = *Antapunčių Molėtai; de Eydeciu 1682 (Mlt KI I: 1*) = *Eidieciy, dab. Aidiėčiai Čiulėnai Mlt; de Eygiatu 1683 (Mlt JI II: 3*), de Eygietu 1687 (Mlt JĮ II: 7*) = *Eig'e.lu-, dab. Aigėlai Ciulénai Milt; de Eysietu 1689 (Milt JĮ II: 5°) = *Eisetų Molėtai; de Akmeniu 1683 (Mlt KI I: 7*) = *Akmenių, Akméniai Čiulėnai Mlt; de Vndreykieniu 1683 (Mlt KĮ 1: 5") = tarm. *Un'd r'eik'ėnu., Andreykienu 1827 (Ktk KĮ VIII: 5*) = *Andreikėnų, Andreikėnai Kūktiškės Ut; de auxtkatniu 1715 (Dt KĮ: 166) = *Aukštkalnių Dotnuva Kdn; 1683 (Mlt KĮ I: 3°) = *Eivilčių, dab. Avilčiai Alanta MIt; 176 de Avizieniu 1769 (Out JĮ I : 50“) = *Oatmeal, Oatmeal Tauragnai Out; de Azaru 1683 (Mlt KĮ I: 4“) = intestine. *4Zaru-, bk. *EZery, Lakes Molėtai; de Azubelu 1684 (MIt KĮ I: 9*) = *Ažubalių, Ažūbaliai Molėtai; de Balizzkiu 1672 (Klov KĮ III : 61") = *Baliskiy, Bališkiai Rosalim Pkr; de Bolszyszkiu 1672 (Klov KĮ III : 88") = *Balsiškių, de Balfu 1677 (Lnkv JĮ: 21%) = *Balsių, dab. Balsiai Klėvainiai Pkr; ex Bernataiciu 1618 (Pln JI : 178") = *Bernataičių Plunge; Morning. Berzenu 1600 (Jn$ KI: 10%), Pagi Berzeniu 1604 (Jnš KI: 55%) = *Berzeny, Bérzénai Rudiskiai Jnš; de Villa Berzensku 1711 (Dt KI: 145%) = *Berzinsky Dotnuva Kdn; 1807) 1807 – 1808: Charles II of France (b. Lukšiai Sk); de Dauciunu 1685 (Mlt KĮ I : 13"), Dowciunu 1684 (Mlt KĮ I : 7°), Dowczunu 1689 (MIt JI II: 10*) = *Daučiūnų Molėtai; Pagi Daugataiciu 1600 (Jnš KI: 16") = *Daugalaiciy, Daiigalaiciai Stupurai Jn; Pagi Daugielu 1603 (Jns CI: 45°), $: Daugieliu 1610 (Jnš CI: 119°), Sioto Daugielu 1613 (Jnš CI: 155%) = *Daugéliy, Daugėliai Kužiai S| or Daugėlaičiai Meškūičiai SI; iff Degiesiu 1676 (Lnkv KI: 69") = *Degésiy, Degėsiai Guostagalis Pkr; Pagi Donilu 1600 (Jnš KI: 14%), S. Donilu 1616 (Jnš KI: 192%) = *Donyliy, Donyliai Skaistgirys Ins: de uilla Dauidu ~1711 (Lnkv KI: 4°) = *Davydy, dab. David's Grain Ps; Pagi Drabayciu 1600 (Jnš CI: 17°) = *Drabaiciy Joniškis; Pagi Drqsutaiéiu 1600 (Jnš KI: 12%), Siota Drasutaicziu 1613 (Jnš KI: 146") = *Drąsutaičių, Drąsutdiciai Satkūnai Jnš; 1615 (Jnš KI: 172") = *Drgsuciy, plg. 2017-01-01 - Drąsūčiai Kuršėnai Sl; Siofo Draseikiu 1613 (Jnš CI: 153%) = *Drgseikiy, Drąseikiai Buivydžiai Jnš; Pagi Gafciunu 1599 (Jn$ KĮ: 6%) = *Gasčiūnų, Gasčiūnai Stupurai Jnš; Gribu 1807 (NO: 1) = *Gryby Kaunas; z grudziu 1683 (Vdn KI III: 5"), de Grodziu 1692 (Mlt KI I: 44), de Grodziu 1777 (Vdn KĮ II: 69°) = *Gruodziy, Gruodžiai Paazuoliai MIt; Janiszkeliy or Janiszkiy porakvije 1854 (or later, 2nd half of the 19th century) (ED: 105) = transl. *Jan'iS'k- 'él'u, *Jan'iš'k'- u, dab. Joniškėlis Ps; de villa Juszkayciu 1599 (Jnš KĮ: 3%) = *uskaiciy, Juškaičiai Juodeikiai JnS; 1631 (Pln KI: 73) = tarm. *Komzaic'u, Kumzdiciai Kuliai Pln; de kulu 1637 (Sint CI: 40%) = *Kuliy, Kuliai Kuliai Pln; de Leplawkalu 1635 (Pln KĮ: 103%) = *Lieplaukaliy Plunge; de Lukostawkiu 1643 (Pln KI: 156°) = *Lukoslaukiy Plunge; de... Mazielu 1599 (Jnš CI: 1%) = *MaZeliy, Mazéliai Juodeikiai Jnš; de Mazrimu 1636 (Pln KĮ: 105%) = *Mazrimy Plunge; 1584) 1592 – Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian painter (b. Mickavieciai | Zaibai, Puodžiūnai; de nefzukuéiu 1643 (Pln KI: 159%) = tarm *N'eSukuc¢'u, Untwisted Birds Pln; De petrafayéiu 1631 (Pln CI: 73%) = *Petrasaiciy Plūngė; ex pago puskarayciy 1631 (Pln KĮ: 73%) = *Puskaraiciy Plunge; De purwajciu 1631 (Pln CI: 74%) = *Purvaiciy, Purvaičiai Žlibinai Pln; ex pago Rapfayciu 1631 (Pln KI: 68") = *Rapsaiciy, Rapsdiciai Stalgėnai Pln; de ferayciu 1631 (Pln KĮ: 71%) = *Seraiciy Plungé; de Radziunu 1682 (Milt JĮ II: 2°), ij Radziunu 1702 (Dgl JĮ II: 88%), iz Radziunu 1702 (Dgl JĮ II: 88%) = *Radžiūnų, 177 Radziiinai Spitrėnai Ut; Siota Raibiu 1614 (Jnš CI: 161%) = *Raibiy Joniškis; de Rakieciu 1690 (Ant KĮ: 25") = tarm. *Rak'eč'u. Antalieptė Zr; Pagi Ramoszkiu 1601 (Jnš KI: 22*) = *Ramoškių, Ramėoškiai Skaistgirys Jnš; de pago Repfiajciu 1633 (Pln KI: 83"), de repfaycių 1631 (Pln KI: 71°), de repfaycių 1631 (Pln KĮ: 72*) = *Repšaičių, dab. Rapsdiciai Stalgėnai Pln; 1640 (Slnt KĮ: 70") = *Reketaičių, plg. Rekėtė Imbarė Krtn; 1540) 1541 – Peter the Great (b. *Saba(i)čių, Sabaičiai Stalupénai, Miélkiemis; Siofa Salgieikiu 1609 (Jnš KI: 114“) = *Salgeikių Joniškis; de fakotu 1675 (Lnkv JI: 100%) = *Sakalų, Sakalai Stačiūnai Pkr; de fangawifkiu 1679 (Lnkv JĮ: 12") = *Sangaviškių Linkuva Pkr; iz fialenu 1711 (Dt KĮ: 297%) = *Seleniy Dotnuva Kdn; de Skroblu 1634 (Pln KI: 102") = *Skrobliy, dab. Skréblis Bubénai Pln; de Skruzdienu 1638 (PIn CI: 128%) = *Skruzdény Plungé; de Gukftyfkiu 1619 (Pln JĮ: 179") = *Siukstiskiy, de Sandwaro Szukxtixkiu 1619 (Pln JĮ: 179") = *sendvario (tarm. *sandvaro) Siukstiskiy Plungé; de Wiezelu 1689 (Vdn KĮ III: 39") = *Turželių, Turėžėliai Luokesa MIt; de Pafzkaniu 1682 (MIt JI I: 1°) = tarm. *Paska.n'u., de Pafzkoniu 1691 (MIt KI I: 42") = *Paskoniy, Paškonys Luokesa Mit; Telsziu parakvije 1854 (ED: 2) = *Telsiy, Telšiai; de Vliczeliu 1689 (Mlt JI II: 10°), de Viicieliu 1691 (Mlt KI I: 41%), de Vliczelu 1685 (Mlt KI I: 12%) = *Ulyceéliy, Ūlyčėlė Žalvariai Mt; Usu 1807 (NO: 2) = *Usy, Ūsai Šakiai (now Lukšiai Sk); de Vadoktu 1678 (Rgv CI 1: 119%) = *Vadokliy, Vadokliai Vadokliai Pn; Ville Waydminiu 1599 (Jn KĮ: 4*), S: Waidminiu 1613 (Jnš KĮ: 148") = *Vaidminiy, Vaidminiai Skaistgirys Jnš; Willuszu 1807 (NO: 2) = *Viliasiy Meistai (now Viliūšiai Jankai Sk); Virbaszu 1807 (NO: 2a) = *Virbas(i)y Katinas et al. In the church book of Katyčiai (former Klaipėda region) oikonimes are written in the plural of the place name: Kubs Krauleidys... Krauleidžūfe 1670 (Fenzlau: 124) = *Krauleidžiuose, Krauleidžiai Katyčiai Šlu; Agutte Ulloszaite... Ulloziise 1669 Fenzlau: 124) = *In Ullos, Ulozai Katy¢iai Šlu; Tumosas Waidientaitis. 1672 (Fenzlau: 124) = *Vaidženčiuose, dab. Walking Cats Schlu and others. In Lithuanian sources, the plural pronoun is observed only once: de Rakieciosie 1694 (Ant KĮ: 41°) = tarm. *Rak'e-č'a(.)- s'e Antalieptė Zr. Cases when the oikonyme is written in two words: Ant Escherelle 1539 (Pėteraitis: 92) = *Ant Ežerėlia, *Ant Ežerėlio | Bumbulai, Gumbinė, Nybudžiai; Eūmpacs Buneucs 1591 (Spruogis: 110) = *Eitros (interm. *Eitras) Vingis dv. 178 at the Eitra river Tvėrų vls. Pln; Parph: Surwilifcensis de Villa Kalnu berze®® 1713 (Dt KI: 156") = *Kalny Beržė, dab. Kalnaberzē; de Kula soda 1634 (Sint KĮ: 13%), de Kule soda 1631 (Sint KĮ: 5°), de Kule foda 1634 (Sint KI: 15°) = *Kulio (tarm. *Kul'e) soda, de Kulef [oda 1640 (Sint KI: 80%) = *Kulės (tarm. *Kul'es) soda Salantai Krtn; Zascianek Soda Ganikia | Sioto Twirbuty | Woytostwo Zaniemienskie | Wotosc Wielonska 1615 (Inw VI: 24°) = *Sodo Ganykla Veliuona; de Stalga sodos 1638 (Pln KI: 128%) = *Stalgo (tarm. *Stalga) sodos, dab. Table top Stalgėnai Pin; de fito sodu® 1616 (Pln CI: 2*) = *Silo garden plunge; ex sito fodos 1625 (Pln CI: 35°), ex stó sodos 1628 (Pln KĮ: 45%), ex fzjito sodos 1628 (Pln KĮ: 45%), ex silo sodos 1628 (Pln CI: 47°) = *Silo sodos Plungé; de Szilo fodos 1639 (Pln KĮ: 135%), de Sztapia bierzie 1758 (Dt KI: 339") = *Slapia Biržė, de Villa [zlapiosios Berzies 1711 (Dt KI: 146°) = *Slapiosios Beržės, dab. Slapaberzé Dotnuva Kdn; de Witkgfodos 1639 (Pln KI: 135") = *Vilko (tarm. *Vilka) sodos Plunge; de Wayto vlicies 1709 (Ant KĮ II: 104%) = *Vaito ūlytės (pronounced *u.l'ič'a.s) Antalieptė Zr. Often the elements of the compound oikonimo are written together: de Kulasoda 1631 (Slnt KĮ: 4?) = *Kulio (pronounced *Kul'e) soda Salantai Krtn; Liepu kalnas 1854 (ED: 3) = *Liepų kalnas Telšiai; de Preyfąfodof 1635 (Pln KĮ: 103*), de Prejfofodos 1635 (Pln KI: 103%) = *Preišo (pronounced *P'r'eiša) sodos Plunge; Michael [zytaytys de Pago Szjtofodof 1636 (PIn KĮ: 103"), de Pago Sitosodos 1636 (Pln KI: 103") = *Silo sodos (vns. kilm.) Plunge; De Upeskumpas 1810 (Mlt KI X: 32%) = intestine. *U.p'e.s Kumpas, bk. *Upés Kampas Molėtai and others. It seems that in all cases the second part of the compound oikonimo démenj soda can be considered a nomenclatural word, cf. variants: de Stalga sodos 1638 (Pln KI: 128“) = tarm. *Stalga soda, bk. *Stalgo sodos ir de Pago Stalgas 1639 (Pln KĮ: 136*) = Stalgas (nom.) Pln; ex Stalga 1639 (Pln KĮ: 136") = tarm. *Stalga (v.s. kilm.), dab. Stalgas Stalgėnai Pln. In some cases, the nomenclatural word designating the place of residence is written in Lithuanian (sodos), in other cases — in Latin (Pago). There are more similar examples, cf. de fukftifkiu 1619 (Pln JĮ: 179") = *Šiukštiškių and de Sandwaro Szukxtixkiu 1619 (Pln JĮ: 179°) = *sendvario (pronounced *sandvaro) Šiukštiškių Plungė. A similar case, apparently, is de Wayto vlicies 1709 (Ant KĮ II: 104*) = *Vaito ūlytės (pronounced *u.l'ič'a.s) Antalieptė Zr. Such a combination of factors is not likely to be true. 1694) 1694 – Henry IV of France (d. 87 It may also be soda. 179 ka 1615 (Inw VI: 38") = *L(i)audupis Skėmai Rd; de £-au-ksteniey 1742 (Lkm JĮ II: 4°) = Laukstėniai Kazitiškis Ign; Zaščianek Lepat-au- -kis | Wies Andrzeiuny | Wtoszcz Ježioroska 1731 (Inw KZ: 47) = *Liepalaukis Zarasai; de Mil-iau-s 1684 (Mt KI I: 9%) = *Miliaus (international origin), Miliai Mindūnai Mlt; Gregorij [kawdaijtis... de Sk-au-dale... Catharina [k-au-dayte 1639 (Sint KĮ: 66) = tarm. *Skaudal- 'e, Skaudaliai Imbaré Krtn and others. Quite often diphthong [au] Significance of the letter (i)aw: de Antak-iaw-nia 1757 (Lkm JĮ II: 17%) = tarm. *A4ntak'- aun‘a., bk. Antakiaunis, plg. Kiauneliškis Linkmenys Ign; Inclinations Ign; de Vila D-aw-barifzkiey 1691 (Vdn KI III: 50%) = *Daubariskiai Vidéniskiai Mit; D-aw-ksze 1639 (Sint KI: 59°), de D-aw-ks3ze 1637 (Sint KĮ: 35), de D-aw-kfe 1640 (Sint KĮ: 79°) = tarm. *Daukš'e- ,, Dauksiai Skd; 1731 (Inw KZ: 47) = *Juodalaukis, plg. Juodalaikiai Kavoliskés Zr; de Jad-aw-glu 1696 (Ant KI I: 52%) = tarm. */a(.)daug'l'ai, bk. would be *Juodaugliai, dab. Iodide Žūkliškės Zr; de Kr-aw-ieliu 1686 (Milt KI I: 17%) = *Kraujeliy, Kraujéliai Mindūnai Mlt; de Sk-aw-dale 1634 (Sint KĮ: 14°), de sk-aw-dale 1637 (Sint KĮ: 34") = tarm. *Skaudal- 'e, Skaudaliai Imbarė Krtn; de f-aw-kle 1636 (Sint KI: 32°) = intestine. *Call:, Calls Mésédis Skd and others. The diphthong [au] after a palatalized consonant is sometimes (but not always) denoted eu, (i)ew, for example: de K-ew-fzyniu 1684 (Mlt KI I: 8%) = *K{(i)ausiniy, dab. Kausiniai Inturkė Mt; de Kr-eu-ielu 1684 (Mlt KI I: 8%) = *Kraujeliy, Kraujéliai Mindūnai Mit; de Pak-iew-- nis 1740 (Lkm KĮ II: 3*) = Pakiaunys Linkmenys Ign kt. ir Such spelling of the diphthong [au] with the letters aw, ew, etc., if the Lithuanian morpheme of the oikonimo gender is preserved, is to be considered only as a matter of spelling and, apparently, in most cases not to be treated as glorification. This is how the Lithuanian diphthong [au] is written in many written and printed Lithuanian sources from the 17th to the 19th centuries. In the oldest manuscript of the Lithuanian text of the Sedas schnektas (1771)*, the diphthong [au] is consistently written as aw, but in the printed version — everywhere as au: Kuniga Jona Domafzewicz-iau- -s Pifzor-iau-s, JEZ-AU Chrift-au Swenc-iau-fiami Sakramenti, Tą Szwec-iau: Sakramenta, noredams T-au wisu ger-iau-s tarn-au-- t, etc. It is therefore obvious that the writing of the diphthong [au] as aw or au is a matter of spelling tradition. And in some other manuscripts, for example in the 17th century Lithuanian oath % published by K. Jablonski Plg. Priest Jona Dēmaszewič-iaw-- s... Piszor-iaw-s, Jez-aw Christ-- aw Swenc-iaw-siami Sakramenti, Tą Szwec-iaw-si Sakramenta, ku ger-iaw-- sey T-aw stužity, Sp-iaw-dimus (spittings), Kunas Brgng-iaw-sis, Jžganitoj-aw, par Szwencz- -iaw-si Kuna i Kr-aw-ij, prasz-aw, o Jez-aw mil-aw- -sis, ant To Altor-iaw-s Szwenc-iaw-siami Sakramenti, patr-aw-k širdis musu, ing Karaliste Dang- -aw-s (Saturday 1997). 186 In texts from the local court books of Ukmergė and Upytė the diphthong [au] in Lithuanian words (general and specific) is usually marked with aw, sometimes —au: d-aw-g (many) 1624 Upytės žemės teismas; miestali Puszotota un turg-aw-s, prie s-aw wirwe suryst liepies, teyp d-au-gal 1653 Upytės žemės teismas; Asz Iozephas Kazt-aw-skas, ia milistas pana Kasak-aw-- ska panas P-aw- -sza, mana Tamasz-aw-s kumety 1669 Ukmergės capture court; with a big dr- -aw-gia man, io milista ponas t-aw-czus 1675 Ukmergės captur court (Jablonskis 1937: 146-148). In other printed Lithuanian sources —in the anonymous Lithuanian grammar "Universitas Lingvarum Litvania" (1737), which reflects the dialect of central Lithuania, in the oldest monument of the Žemaičių dialect "Ziwate" (1753), in A. Strazdo poetry booklet (1818) "* which represents the eastern Highland Kriaunų dialect —the diphthong [au] is also marked with the letters au and aw. The anonymous grammar “Universitas” had a considerable influence in the LDK (Subačius 1998: 40) and may have contributed to the consolidation of the Lithuanian tradition of bivowel [au] spelling with the letters aw, especially in the first half of the 18th-19th centuries. The diphthong [au] is also denoted by the letters ow: de D-ow-ciunu 1684 (Mlt KI I: 7°) = *Daučiūnai Molėtai; de D-ow-iociu 1689 (Mlt KĮ I: 10%) = *Daujočių, Daujočiai Giedraičiai Mlt; de Pt-ow-ciszkiey 1740 (Lkm KI II: 2%) = *Plaučiškiai, dab. Plaūčiškės Saldūtiskis Ut; isz T-ou-kielu 1688 (Ant I: 145") = *iš Taukelių, Taukėliai Daūgailiai Ut ir pan. "" Letters (i)au are written in cases P-au-kfztis, Križ-iau-- s, Sk-au-dus, didz-iau-- fias, brang-iau- -sias, Au-kfzcz- -iau-fias, D-au-g, d-au-gumas, [p-au-dziu, kt-au-fiu, du-ginu, kt-au-piu, r-au-ginu, t- -au-ziu, pt-au-dziu, pt-au-kiu, b-au-biu, d-au-ziu, au-gu kial-au-dawaw, kial-au-k, kial-au-jas (traveller), /k-au-da, [k-audejo and so on. ; in the letters (i)aw —K-iaw-[zinis, J-aw-tis, Kriz-iaw, ger-iaw-[- ias, Katba... brang-iaw-fia, Saldz-iaw-fias, Taw, Saw, d-aw-gio, ki-aw-fineju, Gir-iaw (greater), Gir- -daw-aw, di-iaw-gios, t-aw-kiu, tr-aw-kiu, j-aw-cziu, [n-aw-dziu, ki-aw-fiu, Medziodaw-aw, Kial- -iaw-ju, kialaudaw- -aw, kel-aw-k, kel-aw-janti, r-aw-nu, dz-iaw-nu, mok-aw, mok-iaw, mokidaw- -aw, regiej-aw- -s, etc. (University 1991). "1 Ziwate* lit. [au] is successively denoted by the letters (i)aw: atfyg-aw-- ty, Aw-kscé-iaw-fis, b-iaw-ribe, d-aw-g, d-aw-gibe, d-aw-gumas, g-aw-ty, g-aw-na, k-aw-tas, k-aw-lelus, kt-aw-pies, kr-aw-jes, kraw-ies (singular), kr-aw-je (singular plural), kr-aw-jeys (singular plural), puyk-iaw-[- is, r-aw-donas, r-aw-doty, r-aw-doj-- aw, [-aw-le, Zyn-aw and others (Girdenis, Girdenien¢ 1997). 2 The letter (i)au is written in the cases pl-au-kitie (to swim), nieuzj-au-- czie (does not feel), Sz-au- -ksiu, au-kszcz-iau-sis, Prigl-au-sk, nupi-au-tas, tab-iau, au-ksa (gold), au-kszcz-iau-sia, pranasz- -au-iu, s-au-tete, p-au-ksztielis, maz-iau-sia (the smallest), Kl-au-sik mietas Artai-au (listen, dear artist), Jez-au-s, Jez-au, cziszcz-iau-s, J-au-tielis, J-au-czias, Au-szra, b-au-bdamas; and Others. ; DRAZD-AW-SKA, j-aw, g-aw-ni (you get), s-aw (you know), mat-aw (you see), t-aw (you have), ugin-aw (you grow), brundin-- aw (you brew), sirpin-aw (you sizzle), n-aw-iu (you have a new one), Niekam szkadas nie dar-aw | Miszkan j-aw-cziu nie war-aw (I do no harm to anyone / I don’t hunt goats in the woods), suktai-aw (I put together), s-aw-feta, cud-aw-nam, Prasz-aw (please), f-aw-kan, i-aw (I have). 187 This lit. [au] spelling in oikonymes (and anthroponymes) can be explained not only by Slavification. In Lithuanian [au] is marked with the letters (i)ou, ow in the following sources: quite rarely in K. Sirvydo „Punktų sakymų“ second part (1644)“, quite often, but not in all cases in M. Smolskio (Smalsčio) „Uwogose“ (1823)“. The diphthong [au] is also represented by the letters (i)ou in „Universite“ (1737)". In addition, such cases occur in some manuscript texts (Jablonski 1937: 148, see. continue. Some authors who wrote in the Altay dialects perceived the first sand of the bivowel [au] in the pronounced position as [0] and wrote it with the letter o": Neizpajin-- ou (neišpažinaū), nepadar-iou (nedar-iou), buw-ou (buvaū), tol-ou-s (tol-ou-s), med-ou-s (med-ou-s), etc. (Širwids 1929); sak-ou (sakaū), Dung-ou-s (heaven), atskt-ou-pus (kneeling), žmog-ou (man), d-ou-gumas (dazzling), par s-iou-ru bromu (narrow), o keyp s-iow-ras and unksztus and kelas (narrow); atn-ou-jinou (I revived) and others (Uwoga 1823). 1740 (Lkm KĮ II: 2°) = *Plaučiškiai, dab. The sweetest of sweets. Similarly, some authors who wrote in Altay dialects understood the first sand [a] of the diphthong [au] in the unpronounced position and therefore wrote the letter o as if it were a strong prefix "": sweyks karal-ou, Izrael-ou-s, Jazaus Chryft-ou- -s and others (Širwids 1929); daw-iow kap asztonaliku, mana Mikatoi-ow- -s arkli, daw-iow kap dvidesimt 1669 Ukmergės kaptūro teismas and others (Jablonskis 1937: 148); Viln-ou-s, atnoujin-ou et al. (Uwogos 1823). 1689 (Mlt KĮ I: 10%) =*Daujočių, Daujočiai Giedraičiai Mlg. Therefore, to assume that there is glorification in such cases is inappropriate. Numerous examples show that in Lithuania, at least in the 17th-19th centuries, the diphthong [au] was not marked equally in different Lithuanian sources. Įvai3 Nei agn-ou, nepadar-iou, turei-ou, sweyks karal-ou, daug-iou-s, buw-ou, tol-ou-s, Izrael- -ou-s, Jazaus Chryft-ou-- s, ir kori med-ou-s ir kt. (Sirwids 1929). 1 Plg. Viln-ou-s, sak-ou, Dung-ou-s, atskt-ou-pus, žmog-ou, d-ou-gumas, par s-iou-ru bromu, o keyp s-iow-ras ir unksztus ir kelas, lab-iou-s, be skeycz-iou- -s ira mana griekay, j-ou, diel Dung-ou-s kr-ou-ju sawa prateja, unt kriz-iou-s, bi-ou-ribes, greicz-iou-- s, kas j-ou-czias unt grieku skausmlnu, tunk-iou-s, Karal-ou-s, Nutrotij-- ou wisa ir sau pati prapuldz-iou unt amžiu, rona j-ou-czias, dz-iou- -gias, niesij-ou-cziu, teyp d-ou-gal, musz-iou, dar-iou, atn-ou-jin-- ou, g-ou-tumem ir kt. However, there are many instances where [au] is written with the letter (i)au: r-au-da, apr-au-dot, Gier-iau-s, s-au, nesis-au- -gam, sunk-iau-sioj, didz-iau-sias, d-au-gina, miel-au-sia, razumn-iau- -sias, Ape Szwincz-iau-siu Kamuniju, t-au-kia, ale tu nie j-au-czias ir nie arklis, s-aule, visu tawa kr-au-ju, maton-iau-- sias and others (Uwogos 1823). Kiecz-iow (kenciau), kigfdaw-ow (kesdavau) (University 1991). 761 this article author's attention was drawn by V. Mažiulis. "" Plg. A. Laigonaitė- 's statement that "unpronounced long syllables in common Lithuanian are pronounced essentially according to one model. And although they are perceived as strong... to say that they have a whim would not be appropriate..." (1978, 1979). 188 riai jis In: Anthropologie. ir ir If the Lithuanian morphology of oikonimo is preserved in the historical source, the diphthong [au] representation of the letters aw, ew, ou, ow ir etc., apparently, not to be regarded as glorification. It is a kind of spelling tradition, which arose as a result of the influence of Slavic, especially Polish, spelling. It should be noted that ir į analogously varies the Prussian ir [au] spelling in common words in toponyms. ir There, the spoken diphthong is also marked only by the letters au, ne but ou, ir ew ar Mr. : cr-au-yo E 160, kr-aw-ia III 7314, kr-cew-iey II 1313, kr-aw-ian III 75;, (Mažiulis 1981: 281), D-au-ben 1346 ir D-ou-ben 1340, D-aw-gayn 1405; Blendel-au-k 1423, Bolel-au-cs 1342, Gunel- -au-ken 1331 and Bogel-aw- -ken 1419, G-aw-sisl- -aw-ks 1339, Gunl-aw-- ke 1349; K- -au-caliskis 1331 and K-aw-kowangen 1314; K-au-then 1404, K-iau-te and K-ew-te, K-eu-the, K-yaw-te 1258, Gertep-eaw-ne 1406; Cr-au-neynen 1426 and Cr-aw-ne- -ynen 1411/1419, Cr-aw-nen 1419 ir Sir. (Gerullis 1922). Diphthong [no] On the diphthongs [no] ir [ai] Zr. p. 173-175. Bivowel [uo] Bivowel [uo] is denoted by the letters uo in cases de Az-uo-zeru 1688 (MIt KI I: 23%), cf. Lakes in Inturkė Mit; 1612 (Jn§ KI: 137), plg. Duobédziai Saugélaukis Ins; 1601) 1601 – John I, Pope (b. Juodieji Gataūčiai Jnš; de Villa Kr-uo-peley 1706 (Dgl KĮ II: 218%) = Kruopéliai Baibiai Zr; ex L-uo-ma 1673 (Rgv KI I: 29°) = *Luoma Raguva; de Pabat-uo-sze 1757 (Lkm KI II: 57°) = *Pabaluosé Svné; Pagi Pel-uo-dziu 1600 (Jn KĮ: 14"), Pagi Pel-uo-dziu 1605 (Jns KĮ: 62°) = Peluodžiai Pašvitinys Pkr; 1604) 1604 – John II, Pope (b. 2000. J.S. Bach and Others. In Joniškio KI, Datigailiy KI, JĮ there are a number of cases where the diphthong [uo] is also noted in the Lyty: Pagi D-uo-bedsiow 1606 (Jn$ KI: 74%), Sioto D-uo-bedsie 1614 (Jnš KI: 162%), cf. Saugėlaukis Ins; de D-uo-bie 1707 (Dgl KI II: 179%), plg. Duobiai Datigailiai Ut; S. j-uo-deikiow 1615 (Jns KI: 170%), plg. Juodeikiai Juodeikiai Jnš; S. J-uo-dzig 1611 (Jns KĮ: 130%), S. j-uo-dziow 1616 (Jnš KI: 191%), plg. Juodieji Gataūčiai Jnš; de Kr-uo-pele 1712 (J) (Dgl KI II: 205%), plg. Kruopéliai Baibiai Zr; de N-uo-degule 1707 (Dgl KI II: 180%), plg. Nuodéguliai Sudeikiai Ut; Pagi P-uo-dziunow 1605 (Jn KI: 73%); S. P-uo- -junj 1615 (Jn KI: 173%), plg. Kissing in the rain; S. sl-uo-stikig 1612 (Jnš KI: 144%), plg. 2000. J.S. Bach and Others. There are many similar examples of anthroponyms in the same sources. Monophonic (in unpronounced position) diphthong [uo>a] in the Utenis schnekt area sources is noted with the letter a: de J-a-dawglu 1696 (Ant KĮ I: 52*) = dialect. *Thank you, bk. would be *Juodauglių, dab. Jodaūgiai Žūkliškės Zr; de Villa I-a-defzkielu 1733 (Aln KĮ IV: 1°) = tarm. *Ja(.)d'iš'k'- ėl'u., bk. *Black pepper, dab. Jūodiškiai Alanta Myth. 189 Similar cases of anthroponyms: Nicolaus Gr-a-dis de Dusiaty 1704 (Ant JĮ I: 160%) = tarm. *Gra(.)d'is, bk. * December; Michaél K-a-litis"- “... from Villa Podkrzyze Parochie Dusiat. 1780 (Dgl KI III: 76°) = tarm. *Ka(.)l'it'- is, bk. *Diolytis. The diphthong [uo], which is now monophthongized in the unpronounced position in the Utenis dialect, is usually denoted by the letter 0: iz D-o-biu 1702 (Dgl KĮ II: 57°) = tarm. *Dab'u, Duobiai Daūgailiai Ut; de Grab-o-stu 1689 (Mlt KĮ I: 34") = tarm. *Grabastu“, plg. Gabudstas (2) ež. (LUEZ: 51); de J-o-ciu 1683 (Mit KI I: 6*) = *Jač'u, Juočiai; de J-o-daku 1682 (MIt JĮ II: 44°) = *Jadak'u, Juodakiai Zélva Ukm; de J-o-daniu 1683 (Mlt KI I: 3*) = tarm. *Ja(.)d'ėnu., Juodėnai Ciulénai MIt; 1731 (Inw KZ: 36) = tarm. *U.Zal'ini- .s Salakas Zr; de villa N-o-deguley 1782 (Dgl KI III: 85%) = tarm. *Nad 'égul'ai, Nuodéguliai Sudeikiai Ut; de Pagrab-o- -sciu 1692 (Mlt KĮ I: 44°) = tarm. *Pagrabas'¢'u., Pagrabuosciai Vidéniskiai Mlt; de Pauai-o-nis 1743 (Ktk KI I: 37%) = tarm. *Pavajan'is, Pavajuonis Suginčiai Mlt and others. ; 1731: Zascianek J-o-dela / Wtoszcz Szeszolska (Inw KZ: 156) = tarm. *Ja.d'ela Umbrellas Ukm; 1599 (Jnš KĮ: 2?) = tarm. *Paj'unu, Potted Kisses Jnsh; Pagi fi#-o-Jtikiu 1603 (Jnš KĮ: 44%) —or the letter e, i.e. [a] after the solid [t]: ville Szt-e-stykiu 1599 (Jnš KĮ: 2°) = tarm. * Glass, dad. Shiostikiai Buivydžiai Jnš. In the area of the Kaunas Schneckt: de Wel-0-na 1699 (Dt KĮ: 35") = Veliuona, Prabaszciu Wel-o-nos 1823 (Nezabitauskis 1996: 54) = Veliuona Jrb. Diphthong [uo], not monophonic in the pronounced position, denoted by the letter o, in the area of the Utenis dialect: de Az-o-zeru 1683 (Mlt KĮ I: 7“) = Ažuožeriai Inturkė Mit; de P-o-dziu 1769 (Ut JĮ I: 50*) = *Podzių, Potties Mockėnai Ut; in the area of Panevėžys schnets de K-o-lingu 1669 (Klov KĮ III: 41%) = *Kuolingų, Kuėlingai Pūšalotas Ps; in the area of the Šiauliai Schneck: de Pakr-o-fte 1700 (Dt JĮ: 68%) = Pakniosté Surviliškis Kdn etc. In the Žemaičių dialect area, the diphthong [uo] is monophthongized into [u] with the letter u: de neszuk-u- -čiu 1643 (Pln KĮ: 159%) = tarm. *N'ešukuč'u, The Uncombed Birds Pln; Thus, the notation of the diphthong [uo] with the letter o can by no means be considered only as Slavification in all cases, especially where the mo78 reflected in the dialectal oikonimų lyty is used. However, spoken anthroponyms may be associated with kuol-, plg. Agata Kuoloua de Czyzyki 1708 (?) (Dgl JĮ I: 202°), Stobodnik Jakub Kolunas... Zaščianek Birzuny | WEOSC SOLOCKA 1731 (Inw KZ: 43). Anthroponym Kalita was found in the inventory of Dražkių key: Stas Kalita, Krzystoph Kalita, Jan Kalita, Piotr Kalita —all from Didzi kalitowie village 1682 (Inw KD: 45%). 190 noftonged diphthong [uo]. In addition, there is not one Lithuanian source where the Lithuanian diphthong [uo] represented by a o letter ir even in positions where in dialects it is pronounced [uo]. Plg. kuk-o-i (cocoons- , ), d-0-du (snoring), P-o-tam (pūolam) ir et al. (Scraps 1991); su sousu d-o-nu (dūona), uszp-o-ta (užpūola), n-o-g wisa nupteszia apn-o-gina ir (nudg, apnūogina), Kam-o-jas (kamūojas) ir et al. (Uwogos 1823). In the Lithuanian forms of Latin text oikonimų lit. afrikatos [č], [dž] are often marked with the letters d3, c: Pagi Bujwi-d3-- iu 1599 (Jnš KĮ: 5*) = *Buivydžių, Buivydžiai Buivydžiai Jn; Dow-c-iunu 1684 (Mlt KĮ I: 7°), de Dau-c-iunu 1685 (MIt KĮ I: 13%) *Daučiūnų Molėtai; 1604) 1604 – John II, Pope (b. Dvelaičiai Skaistgirys Jnš; de Jokubay-- c-iey 1705 (Dt KĮ: 94%) = *Jokūbaičių, Jokūbaičiai Gudžiūnai Kdn; de maney-c-- iu 1694 (1695?) (Dgl JĮ II: 63*) = *Maneičių, Maneičiai Sudeikiai Ut et al. However, there are a number of cases where the Afrikaans [č], [dž] are represented by the letters dž, c3, cz, €, etc. : Pagi Dwilay-č-- iu 1601 (Jnš KĮ: 21°), Woyta Dwituicia S. Dwelai-c3- -iu 1606 (Jnš KĮ: 87"), Woyta Dwilia... Sioto Dwetai-c3-iu 1613 (Jnš KĮ: 148?) = *Dvelaičių, dab. Dvelaičiai Skaistgirys Jnš; Dow-cz-unu 1689 (Mlt JĮ II: 10*) = *Daučiūnų Molėtai; de Jackaso-- dž-ia 1672 (Rgv JĮ I: 111?) = tarm. *Jackosoge. (vs. kilm.), dab. Jackaloid tapeworms An; jascianek named Kan-c3-upis | Sioto Skiemie | Woitostwo Zasiečkie | Wolosc Boisagolska 1615 (Inv VI: 38%) = *Kanciupis Skémai Rd; de Tumaso-dz-io 1673 (Rgv KI I: 29") *Tumasodzio (vs. kilm.), de Tumaso-dé-ia 1673 (Rgv KI I: 31*) = tarm. *Tumasodz a. (vns. kilm.), dab. 2000. pp. Pn and others. It is assumed that in Latin texts there are no (or inconsistent) afrikatas, because Latin does not have them. In Polish written texts, the Afrikaans [¢] is represented quite consistently, and [dž] — inconsistently. Raguvas KI (1668-1688) uses the afrikatas [¢], [dz] quite consistently. Latin texts. Verbal consonants [§], [Z] are often marked with the letters /, s, z, 3, etc.: de Joway-s-u 1671 (Lnkv KI: 26%) = *Jovais(i)- y, Jovaisiai Laiksodis Pkr; S: s-fapiakiu 1607 (Jnš KI: 94°) = *Slap(i)akiy, dab. Slapukai Kepaliai Jnš; de f-tapeberzie 1695 (Dt KI: 12°), de [-lapieberzie 1695 (Dt KI: 12*) = Slapiaberzé Dotnuva Kdn; ij [-iaziniu 1703 (Dgl JI II: 88") = tarm. *Š'ažiin'u., SiéZiniai Datgailiai Ut; fioto wikie-3-erif 1597 (Ukm PTA 13879: 228") = *Vikezeris Dusetos Zr; Siota 3-mirklu 1616 (Jnš KI: 193°) = *Zmirkliy, Zmirkliai Rudiškiai Jnš, de Z-uru 1683 (Mt KI I: 3°) = *Žiūrų, Žiūrai Luokesa MIt; de villa 3-uilu 1599 (Jnš KI: 3%), Wojita Balciuna S: 3-uilu 1611 (Jns KI: 130?) = *Zviliy Joniškis; de Vila Z-winenay 1691 (Vdn KI III: 50°) = Žvynėnai 191 Žėlva Ukm kt. ir This is the case of the stirrups. The absence of diacritics for [š], [ž] and [š] may have been due to the influence of Latin spelling, sz since Latin does not have fricatives. Liet. fricatives [š], [ž] are represented by f, the letters sz, Z, ir Sir. : A-Z-ubalis 1900 (SG XV/I : 56) = *Azubalis Tverėčius Ign; Morning. 5-tapakiu 1600 (Jnš KĮ : 6"), Morning. S-tapakiu 1603 (Jnš KĮ : 45%) = *Slapakiy, Slapakiai Kepaliai Jnš; ex Jz-lapiabers 1715 (Dt KĮ : 166%) = Šlapiaberžė Dotnuva Kdn; U-Z-Reverse 1854 (ED : 36) = *Uzalksninis Uzventis; U-z-usamanis 1898 (Anonymous : 65) = *Uzusamanis Ceikiniai Ign; ex payment Zeymej dicto 1639 (Sin KI : 60°) = Zeimiai Imbarė Krtn kt. ir It is believed that those oikonimų genders, in which there are noZymimos afrikatas ir Zvarbieji priebalsiai, laikytinos lietuviškomis, nes esama lietuviškų ir teksty, kuriuose jie taip pat nežymimi, plg. patrawk s-heart of us, S-wen-c-eastmi (Subačiu1997) s, etc. Liet. consonant [k], apparently, due to the Latin orthography tradition sometimes marked letterde c: ex uilla C-alauu ~1711-1712 (Lnkv KI : 7“) = *Kalevų, Kalevai Pakrūojis Pkr; C-olauckis 1556 (Pėteraitis : 195) = *K(u)olaukis || Koliškiai Įsrutis, Didlaukiai; de C-ubilium 1679 (Rgv KĮ I : 63*) = *Kubiliy Raguva Pn; Shiota C-utayc3iu 1606 (Jnš KĮ : 87°) = *Kutaičių, Kutaičiai Stačiūnai Pkr; Taur-c-alnis 1539 (Pėteraitis : 403) = *Taurkalnis, later "Stalupenai, Pilupėnai, Puodžiūnai- ". In the DDR sources, following the Polish script, lit. consonant [I] is marked with a 4, letter, although not always, [1] with a letter I: Woyta Dwi-l-ia... Sioto Dwe-t-aic3iu 1613 (Jnš KĮ: 148) = *Dvelaičių, dab. Dvelaičiai Skaistgirys Jnš; Pagi Ė-t-apakiu 1600 (Jnš KĮ : 6°) = *Šlapakių, Šlapakiai Kepaliai Jnš; ex uilla Ca-l-auu ~1711-1712 (Lnkv KĮ: 7*) =*Kalevy, Kalevai Pakrūojis Pkr; de Cubi-l-iu 1679 (Rgv KĮ I: 63%) =*Kubiliy Raguva Pn; de Napra-l-- ey 1696 (Ant KĮ I: 51°) = tarm. * Napral'ai, bk. Napréliai Zukliskés Zr ir kt There are cases where the lit. consonant [s] at the end of a word is marked with the letters Jz, sz, etc. : Antmeschkera-sz 1564 (Pėteraitis: 53) = *Antmeškeras, later Anitmeškiai Darkiemis, Žabynai; de Apidwariszkie-sz 1741 (Lkm KĮ II: 5%) = *Apidvariskes (J) Linkmenys Ign; de Gieytonifzkie-sz 1740 (Lkm JĮ II: 2%) = *Geitoniškės Linkmenys Ign. There are many more personal nouns in which [s] is also marked at the end of the word. Similar cases can be found in Lithuanian texts: Ganit karwies aszka-sz, kiawtes, ir pitkas awietes 1818 (Strazdas 1991); Ignasius Sklaustis naszli-sz street. Ruteniu 1900 (Int KZ: 32°). It is believed that in cases where there is [§] in the root of the word, the notation of [s] with the letters sz could have arisen as a result of some distant assimilation and therefore should not be considered as Slavification. However, in cases Krucki-sz 1584 (Pėteraitis: 53) = *Krukis, *Krukys or later Krukiai Darkiemis, Klišiai; de Gatakiemi-fz 1743 (Lkm KĮ II: 13") = Gatakiemis 192 Saldūtiskis Ut etc. such [s] notation should be considered as Germanization (in Prussia) or Slavification (Lithuania), see p. 128. From this fragmentary overview of oikonymic spelling it becomes clear that when comparing the spelling of words in ancient Lithuanian scripts and oikonymic Lithuanian genders, common patterns have been observed. These laws allow us to say that in many cases, what was previously explained (or tried to be explained) as Slavification"* when discussing oikonymies and especially anthroponymies, can be treated as a certain tradition of spelling, dialectal things even in a different way. It should be ar noted that the historical oikonimes and anthroponyms recorded in non-Lithuanian sources cannot be separated from the ancient Lithuanian writing monuments. By comparing the data of the nomenclature of historical sources and ancient writings, it can be stated that the facts of the nomenclature recorded in the historical sources are a certain part of our ancient language monuments, having common orthographical laws, characteristic of other ancient monuments of our writing, but distinguishing and a certain specificity. The Lithuanian genders of historical oikonimes (as well as the numerous Lithuanian genders of anthroponyms) are usually recorded in such historical documents, which were intended only for practical purposes. These documents were not intended for the press. This is one of the reasons why the spelling of both oikonymes and anthroponyms varies so much. No one cared to accurately record the facts of the census, it was not relevant at that time." It was difficult to identify the exact date of the discovery, as there were no clearly defined criteria. If we compare the spelling of words in the few Lithuanian manuscripts of the 17th-18th centuries and the writing of oikonyms and anthroponyms in non-Lithuanian historical documents on the territory of the LDK, we will see more or less the same picture: the spelling of diphthongs [au] and [uo], diphthong [ie] and vowels [e], [ė], sometimes vowels [a] and [0], etc. varies. Having a manuscript Lithuanian text, in which the Lithuanian words are not perfectly written, we do not doubt that they are Lithuanian (unslaved), and we try to determine what is the spelling, what are the rules of that spelling. In the same way, we should look at the varied, often imperfect, spelling of Lithuanian genders of oikonymes and anthroponyms not from today’s point of view, but taking into account the perception of that time (i.e., the 16th-18th centuries- ). The scribes of that time —priests, monks, even officials of manors and courts—perhaps in many cases very accurately recorded the Lithuanian genders of both oikonimų and anthroponyms, but they did so on the basis of the script of other languages. a Plg.:,.... The forms of personal names varied considerably, even when naming the same person” (Zinkevičius, 2000, p. 1991: 19). 193 Be to, XVIXVIII, net The a. 19th-century Lithuanian script monuments are very diverse. There is a slightly less variety of spelling in the old printed Lithuanian scripts, where more pronounced efforts to organize the written language are noticeable. In manuscript sources, especially non-Lithuanian ones, which contain a lot of material from the namebook, it is difficult to observe a more uniform writing of Lithuanian oikonimų anthroponyms. Many of the ar scribes who have written Lithuanian genders of oikonimes and anthroponyms can be compared to elementary school pupils, who, having barely learned to write, make a su lot of mistakes, spelling the same words one time better, the next worse. ir — Therefore, we can talk about certain manifestations of agraphy lack of ability to — accurately, adequately write certain facts of Lithuanian language. Conclusions The article deals with a previously unexplored topic of Lithuanian gender in historical housing. The — topic is important in several respects: for the first time the oldest written Lithuanian genders of oikonimų are published and discussed, the whole of those writings being perceived as a system; for the first time, it is attempted to define, according to the writing, which genders of non-Lithuanian historical sources should be considered Lithuanian, and the difficulties encountered in order to determine the Lithuanianness of some of them are shown; reveals some parallels in the use and writing of oikonymes and anthroponyms; for the first time, parallels between the spelling of Lithuanian genders in historical documents and the spelling of ancient Lithuanian words are revealed and recurring patterns are discussed. | Historical sources of Lithuanian genders of oykonims exist since the 16th century: in Prussia (since 1539), in Lithuania (in the last quarter of the 16th century), although it is possible to assume that they began to be written somewhat earlier. It should be noted that these genders appeared in both Lithuanian and Prussian history sources before the first books were published. This supports the argument that even before the first Lithuanian books, there were Lithuanian writings in both Prussia and Lithuania. Thus, the earliest facts of writing Lithuanian genders in oikonymes and anthroponyms are to be considered as one of the first attempts to create their own Lithuanian writing. It should be noted that since the beginning of the 16th century Lithuanian genders of anthroponyms have been written more frequently in documents of Lithuanian history. They are particularly abundant in the historical sources of the second half of the 16th century, when Lithuanian genders of oikonimų were also written. The spelling and use of Lithuanian genders of anthroponyms and oikonyms are inseparable for many reasons and especially because a large part of oikonyms are of anthroponymic origin. Due to the limited available material of the Lesser Lithuania namebook, it is not possible to provide more detailed conclusions about the relationship between the use and spelling of oikonyms and anthroponyms in that region. 194 It can be said that in the 16th century, a real revolution in the notation of the genders of oikonomes took place in both Prussian and Lithuanian historical documents: the solid tradition of notation of oikonomes, which had been established for about three and a half centuries on the basis of German (in Prussia) and East Slavic (in Lithuania) languages, was partially broken and Lithuanian genders of oikonomes and anthroponyms began to be written. One of the most important reasons for this change was the arrival of Lithuanian scribes in the 16th century. They gradually abandoned the Lithuanian orthographic traditions of oikonimes and anthroponyms, which had been formed until the 16th century and were essentially foreign to the spirit of the Lithuanian language, following the example of Germans (in Prussia) and East Slavs (in Lithuania). In Lithuania, the recording of Lithuanian genders of oikonimų was influenced by the Latin-language church metrics books that began to be written in the second half of the 16th century. In a large part of them (but far from all) the East Slavic tradition was abandoned when writing Lithuanian oikonimus, while other traditions (based on the Polish language) were still forming. Lithuanian genders show that in the 16th-17th centuries in Greater and Lesser Lithuania the tradition of using Lithuanian oikonimų in Polish and German was not yet established. The abundance of Lithuanian genders testifies that in certain cases the writers only knew the genders used by Lithuanians themselves. Therefore, only Lithuanian was spoken in the places from which they were written. In the 16th century sources alone, the Lithuanian genders of two hundred different oikonimų are recorded. In non-Lithuanian sources of the 17th and 18th centuries in Lithuania and Prussia, about a thousand of them have been found. Most of the historical Lithuanian genders are found in Lithuanian Catholic church records of the 16th-18th centuries, where many Lithuanian genders of village names (about 800) are recorded. Especially abundantly they are written in Joniškis KĮ (1599-1621), the oldest surviving source of this kind in Lithuania, Molėtų KI, JĮ (1682-1692). The inventories of Lithuanian manors record many single-family Lithuanian names (about 180). Since the 18th century, the names of Lithuanian genders have appeared in lists, and since the 19th century — in other sources (maps, guidebooks, studies, etc.). The earliest known map with a lot of Lithuanian genders is the map of New East Prussia (Uznemunė) (1808). It is believed that hundreds of such genders may exist in unreviewed non-Lithuanian sources from the 17th to 19th centuries. The Lithuanian genders of Oikonoma have been found in Latin, German, Polish, Russian and Slavonic texts. Each language text adhered to different spelling traditions, and in many cases problems arose with the Lithuanianness of some of the genders of the names. Based on the observed writing patterns, we try to establish criteria for allocating Lithuanian genders to oikonimų. It is believed that Lithuanian genders of oikonimi are genders used by Lithuanians themselves, accurately recorded in historical sources, without distorting their morphology, reflecting sufficiently well the phonetics. One of the criteria is not to consider as Slavification, Germanization, etc., those things which can be explained by the tradition of spelling or which can be explained by 195 IA — History archive. Inventories of Lithuania in the 16th century 1. Collected by K. Jablonskis. Kaunas, 1934. Jablonskis K. 1937: Several 17th century Lithuanian oaths and other remains of Lithuanian language in the acts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. —Archivum Philologicum 6, Kaunas, 142-148. JablonskisK. 1941: Lithuanian words in the old Lithuanian rastiniy language, Kaunas. JablonskisK. 1979: History and its Sources, Vilnius. 1996. pp. 12. Martins, M. KD -Diplomatic Code of the Cathedral and Diocese of Vilnius (1387-1507- ). Indexes, 1, Kraków, 1996. Laigonaitė A. 1978: Lithuanian Language Accentology, Vilnius. --- LATSŽ II —Administrative-- territorial division of the Lithuanian SSR 2, Vilnius, 1976. Lebedys J. 1976: Lithuanian language in public life XVII-XVIII a., Vilnius. LI —Lithuanian inventories of the 17th century. Compiled by K. Jablonskis and M. Jučas, Vilnius, 1962. LM 224/4 —Lietuvos Metrika (1522-1530) 224/4, Vilnius, 1997. LUEŽ -Lithuanian Rivers and Lakes Directory, Vilnius, 1963. Maciejauskienė V. 1993: XVII-XVIII a. asmenvardai Kriaunų parapijos. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 32, Vilnius, 34-99. MaciejauskienéV. 1994: The Origins and Development of the English Language. Habilitation thesis submitted for the degree of doctor of humanities, Vilnius. MaciejauskienéV. 1997: Monophyletic names of Lithuanian origin in the 16th century. —Works and Days 4(13), Kaunas, 111-129. MaciejauskienéV- .1997a: On the classification of Lithuanian surnames. —Baltistica 38(1), Vilnius, 101-109. Mažiulis V. 1966: Monuments of the Prussian language, Vilnius. Mažiulis V. 1981: Monuments of Prussian language 2,Vilnius. Mažiulis V. 1988: Etymological Dictionary of Prussian Language 1,Vilnius. Nezabitauskis K. 1996: New science of reading for young children in Žemaitija and Lithuania, Vilnius. NO -Topographical-Military-Map of the former Neu Oft Preuffen or the present Northern part of the Duchy of Warsaw, along with the Russian district... Berlin, ed. by D. F. Sotzman, 1807. MAB RS K-1203. OD -Onucs dokymenmos Bunenckaezo Ilenmpanbpazo Apxusa Ope6Huxs aKmMoBbIXd KHU2H 9, Bupha, 1912. Palionis J. 1995: History of Lithuanian Written Language, Vilnius. Pėteraitis V. 1997: Placenames of Lesser Lithuania and Tvanksta, Vilnius. Pospiszylowa A. 1983: Prussian names on the map of Olsztyn bailiffship from the 17th century. —Acta Baltico-Slavica 15, Wroctaw etc., 243—269. 1994: Dictionary of Pronouns, Vilnius. SG —Synodus diocesana Vilnensis Ab Illuftri[fimo, Exellenti- [fimo ac Revendiffimo Domino D. Michaele Joanne Zienkowi1880-1902. cz Dei & Apostolice Sedis Gratia Episcopo Vilnensi In —Synodus diocesana Vilnensis Ab Illuftri[fimo, Exellenti- [fimo ac Revendiffimo Domino D. Michaele Joanne Zienkowicz Dei & Apostolice Sedis Gratia Episcopo Vilnensi In —Synodus diocesana Vilnensis Ab Illuftri[fimo, Exellenti[fimo ac Revendiffimo Domino D. Michaele Joanne Zienkowicz Dei & Apostolice Sedis Gratia Episcopo Vilnensi In Ecclefia Cathedrali Sua, Vilnz, 1744. SPR II: —Scriptores rerum Prussicarum 2, Leipzig, 1863. Spruogis J. 1888: —leocpagpuueckiii cnoeapo Opeeneiū XKomoumckou semau XVI cmoatmis, cocTtaBjieHHBIN 10 40 aKTOBLIMb KHHraMb POCCieHCKaro 3eMcKaro cya ApxuBapiycoMb Bujiekckaro IleHTpanbHaro ApxuBa JIpDEBHHXb AKTOBbIXb KHHTbrybepuiit Bujiexckož, KoBenckož, I'pomHeHckoit-u Munckoit MHBaHoM5 SIKOBJIEBHYUEMb Crnporucoms, BuibHa. Strazdas A. 1991: Giesmės šviestiškos ir šventas. Facsimile publication, Vilnius. 202 1997: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The 18th century Lithuanian text by Jonas Domaševičius. — That. The past of Žemaičiai 5, Vilnius, 64—71. Subačius G. 1998: Ideas for a common language in Samogitian Vilnius. 1929: The Shire. Punktay sakimu (Punkty kazan)... by Dr. Franz Specht, Göttingen. University 1991: Universitas Lingvarum Lithuania, Vilnius city. Uwogos 1823: Uwogos ape ižganimu duszios katras unt garbes Pona Diewa ir pažitka dwasiszka iždawie Jo milsta® Priest Mikota Smolski Canon Wilnious, Deacon, Reverend Swedasu, Vilnius. VaitiekinassS. 1994: The history of Lithuanian cartography. —Lietuvos mokslas 32-42. 2/1(2), Vilnius, Vanagas A. 1996: Lithuanian town names, Vilnius. Wilno 1841: —Wilno od początkow jego do roku 1750 3, By J. 1. Kraszewskiego, Vilnius. Visitation 1998: —Visitation of the Diocese of Žemaitija (1579), Vilnius. Volter E. 1901: —Cnucku nacenennbix> memes Cysaskckou eybepnuu Kak mMamepians Ona ucmopuko-amuozpagpuueckol eeoepaguu Kpaa, Caukrnerepoyprs, 1901. Zinkevičius Z. 1977: Lithuanian Anthroponyms, Vilnius. Zinkevičius Z. 1987: History of the Lithuanian language 2, Vilnius. Zinkevičius Z. 1988: History of Lithuanian Language 3, Vilnius. Zinkevičius Z. 1990: History of Lithuanian Language 4, Vilnius. LITHUANIAN FORMS OF OIKONYMES IN NON-LITHUANIAN WORDS OF THE 16TH-19TH CENTURY Summary In this paper, the oiconyms in the non-Lithuanian dialects of the 16th-19th centuries are examined. Jh. their origin, distribution, writing and their use. In PreuBen such forms are already documented around 1540. In Lithuania they are found in documents from the last quarter of the 16th century. Jh. before. In the Prussian and Lithuanian sources of the 16th century. Jh. you. cca 200 different Lithuanian forms of the oikonymes, which were in those of the 17th-18th centuries. Jh. to 1000. Even richer in evidence is the 19. Jh. Numerous Lithuanian forms are documented in the registers of the Catholic churches (about 800 different oikonymes). Lithuanian forms of oikonymes are recorded in all areas where the Lithuanian language was used in the past. The Lithuanian forms of oikonymes are closely related to those of anthroponyms, which were already used in the 16th century. Jh. frequently recorded. It is assumed that the presence of Lithuanian forms in the non-Lithuanian sources of the 16th century Jh. which can be explained by the activity of Lithuanian clerks in the courts. The 16th. Jh. means a change in the spelling of the oikonymes, because at that time the 250-year-- old traditions of Germanization (in PreuBen) and Slavification (in Lithuania according to the East Slavic model) of Lithuanian oikonymes and began to record the common forms of oikonymes among Lithuanians. The article sets out the criteria for Lithuanian oikonym forms: it is important that the morphology of the recorded form is maintained, that there are no letter combinations in the recorded form that do not correspond to the Lithuanian phonetic system, and that the Slavification or Germanization of the recorded “ Turbūt korektūros klaida. It should be milysta or milista. 203 Reflect shapes. Lithuanian forms of Oikonymes lie in following Fill in before: Anmaiimpucs 1584 = *Antaitris; Zaseians Antarastas 1731 *Antarastas; de Avizieniu 1769 = *AviZieniy, AviZiéniai; Budupis 1539 = *Biadupis; Dubinikas 1898 = *Dub'in‘i-kas, Dubinifikas: Dumczus 1744 = *Dumcus, Dumcai u. a. Some phonetic peculiarities of the Lithuanian reflect the Lithuanian in Forms of Oikonyme not contrary because of the imperfect Spelling. The Lithuanians Forms of Oikonymes, which are in present in the historical documents, are compared with words from some ancient Lithuanian writings and common customs of the Spelling found. Of these Starting from geometry, certain writings of the Oikonymes that were previously considered Slavic, from another Look at view. The Lithuanians Forms of Oikonymes are important for the History of Lithuania Language and the historical Dialectology, because they oral Peculiarities of Lithuanian Areas that have no old Possess, fix writing monuments. 204