Būdvardžių reikšmė ir valentingumas

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XL (1998) Loreta VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius BŪVDARDŽIŲ MEANING IR APPROPRIACY 1. In recent decades, a lot has been written not only ne about the valency of verbs, but also of adjectives. ir Since the adjective, like the verb, is a ir semantic predicate, it can be described similarly to the verb. ir Plg. : Guests thank the hosts for už the feast (Sližienė 1994: 173). He's grateful to me for help už DZ. 1.1. In terms of valentinguma, differently described as a taric conjunction (Kopula) adjective ir relation. Alone, e.g. Helbig G. (1992: 111), J. Erben, U. Engel, W. Flamig, W. Jung (Starke 1973: 138), A. Valeckienė (1998: 41) discusses the participle conjunction be as other verbs that can join ir actants and play a sentence-forming role. Others, e.g. U. Fixas (1970: 485), K. Junkeris (1969: 111) distinguish the conjunctive conjunction from other verbs of independent meaning as semantically empty, which can only be an intermediary between the noun's predicative adjective. Helbig (1992: 111), discussing the valency of an adjective, speaks about the hierarchy of valency and distinguishes two levels. In the first case, there is an intrinsic value, and in the second case, an external value. The valence of the conjunction is in the domain ir of syntax, and in the domain of semantics it is possible to talk only about the valence of the predicative adjective, because the conjunction appears in this domain only as an intermediary. Taking the Lithuanian example: the son is similar to the father, these two stages could be depicted as follows: me ! More detailed literature on the valency of verbs is presented in N. Sližienė's "Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary" Vol. 1. (1994: 55-57). 59 There is sa = son-like grade I (is — similar) | to the parent II degree ((is) similar —to the parent) (is) similar to P aad as T son į father In the first stage, according to G. Helbig, the adjective, like the noun, is the syntactic actant of the conjunction. In the second stage, which is in the semantic domain, the adjective is a predicate. It is with it, and not with the conjunction and the adjective, that two actants are associated — the subjective noun and the prepositional construction directly dependent on the adjective. The conjunction, which cannot be a predicate in semantic terms because it has no lexical meaning (Fix 1970: 486), is only an intermediary that helps the adjective to express the relationship between its dependents (actants) (Helbig 1992: 111). The use of the adjective in the sentence attributively also shows that the connection is not significant, denoting the valency of the adjective as a predicative word. In general, the valence of the taric connection raises doubts in the field of syntax. If valence is the determining property of the verb’s meaning, and the conjunctive is “semantically empty”, what could be the basis for its syntactic valence? The fact that the adverbial conjunction is connected with the subject noun and the predicate word, probably depends on its purely grammatical ability as a verb to connect other words and their forms. This capacity is characteristic of verbs in general (see Apresianas 1974: 120). This article will focus on the investigation of the relationship between the meaning of adjectives and their valency.” 2. An adjective, as a separate part of speech, denotes a characteristic of an object which does not exist independently.’ The property belongs to the object that is its holder. Method- * The relationship of significance and valence will be examined based on the article of N. Sližienė (1986: 45-95). * This article distances itself from adjectives in the genitive form, which are “usually not associated with nouns and indicate a characteristic in a general way” (DLKG 1994: 169). There are no nouns of the infinitive genus in Lithuanian, so they cannot be combined with nouns. 60 a noun is a predicative word, which means a pozymi, attributed to an object. A characteristic is described as a property of an object or as a relationship between two more objects. ar An adjective, like a predicate, always opens one free place in the sentence for an argument, t. y. an object, which is the holder of the attribute — descriptive (D)". Most adjectives open only one free space for an argument, namely the descriptor. Such adjectives are univalent. For them, as for other ir adjectives, the realization of the descriptive is necessary, because the adjective depends on the noun, is combined with it." su There are adjectives that describe a characteristic as a relationship between two more ar things. The adjective, by opening ar two more free spaces for the arguments of the predicate, itself controls the words denoting the objects to which the attribute expressed by the predicate is — assigned, except for the su descriptive with which the adjective is combined. The number of opened free places depends on the meaning of the adjective. The meaning of the adjective also requires the use of a certain form of the controlled words (a bucket of water spreading; sondependent on parents; I am grateful to you for help). The už use of an adjective with other words in a sentence depends on its valency characteristics, i.e. on how much of the adjective- ’s meaning opens up free spaces for arguments, which are filled by words of a certain form. Valence of an adjective is the decisive property of the meaning of an adjective to open a certain number of free places, which in the sentence are occupied by words of a certain meaning and their forms or their equivalents. Valentinity is associated with three domains: the abstract domain of logical semantics and two specific domains of language—syntax and lexical semantics. 2.1.1. The method of predicative analysis in the abstract field of logical semantics determines how much an adjective, being a predicative word, opens up free spaces for arguments (i.e., for certain units or individuals in the real world) (Tekorienė 1982: 135). Depending on whether the adjective opens one or more places, there are univalent and multivalent adjectives. If the adjective describes the property F of the object x, it opens one free place for the argument — the owner of the property, i.e. the descriptor (the sky is blue, the flower is beautiful). They are single-valent adjectives. If an adjective denotes a relationship between two or more objects, its statement function is R(x, y...), where between the objects x and y... there is a relationship R (e.g., son resembles father). These adjectives are divalent or polyvalent, e.g. I owe my neighbour money for the trees he felled. The predicative adjective indebted,,- without paying with whom“ opens four free places for arguments: I [x], neighbor [y], money [z], trees [0.). The adjective represents the ratio of these four arguments (R) and is tetravalent. | Decryption of the term by D. Tekorienė (1983: 97-107) and E. Jakaitienė (1988: 62). “ The descriptive realization in the syntactic domain corresponds to the descriptive word (i.e. noun) - For example. 61 2.1.2. In logical semantics, the semantic functions of arguments are also determined by the relationship between the predicate jų and other su arguments. Arguments named semantic functions are semantic su actants. The most common are the following functions of adjective semantic actants: 1. Descriptor [D] generalized — function of the possessor of the ar attribute, which can be detailed as agent, patient, percepient, beneficial, contentive when analyzing the valence of ma specific adjectives. 2. Agent [A] action — performer function inherent in living things (going genius geese man). 3. Patients [P] the — function of the recipient of the effect of the action or the holder of the state, inherent in both living and inanimate objects, as well as abstract things (free people, eyes full of tears, the horrors of war are contrary to human nature). 4. Recipients [Pcp] the — function of the experiencer of the mental state, characteristic of living beings, perceiving things of reality, having a certain attitude towards them, psychologically reacting to them (it is permissive to all). 5.Beneficial [B] —the function of the addressee, the holder, is characteristic mainly of living beings, especially of persons, for whose benefit or disadvantage what is (John owes to his father, Josepha is rich in needles). 6. contentive [Con] — function of the content of a state or characteristic, characteristic of various objects and phenomena (the superior is greedy for honor, the book is worth a hundred litas). Comparative [Comp] — the function of the standard of comparison, which occurs next to the patient of the state and is characteristic of the object with which something is compared, equals (the son is similar to the father, the translation is close to the original). 8. Cause — the function of the cause of the state (Adam is innocent of Isidor’s trouble). 9.Motive [M] – the function of motivation, characteristic of objects, phenomena, which are perceived as the basis of the state (children are grateful for help). The finite [Fin] is a function of purpose, purpose, characteristic of the objects and phenomena that are being pursued, for which something is intended, suitable (a chair is comfortable to sit on, a blanket is necessary to put on, pigs are also necessary for Seris). The semantic functions of the adjective actants are the semantic valence of the adjective, which can be represented by the semantic valence structure of the adjective (SemVS). In the sentence, it is realized by a certain structure of syntactic valence. * The names of semantic functions are given here based on the works of N. Sližienė (1994: 20) and E. Jakaitienė (1988: 62). 62 2.1.3. In the syntax, the form of the word determines the semantic actants that are realized. The requirement of an adjective for a certain form of words or equivalents is called the syntactic valence of jų the adjective, which can be represented by a certain structure of syntactic valence (SinVS).” Bidvardzi's syntactic actants have support in the field of logical semantics, because they are linguistic (syntactic) implementations of semantic actants. Both the predicate adjective — has arguments semantic — actants, as there are syntactic ir actants. 2.1.3.1. In the syntax, the necessity and optionality ir of syntactic actants are determined. These actants can be separated by an elimination test. The necessary actants cannot be omitted in the sentence, because then the sentence would be ungrammatical and incomprehensible. ir For example: : Loyal to the government DZ. Subordinate to the Ministry DZ. "Jislojalus. * [stunned. Optional syntactic actants can be omitted in the sentence, and the sentence remains grammatically understandable. ir For example: : Science is necessary for everyone DJ. She was obedient mothers DZ. Plg. : Science is necessary. She was an obedient girl. 2.1.3.2. In addition to the syntactic actants (necessary and optional), the adjective may be joined by other words, which are called free members. Free members do not belong to the adjective's syntactic valence structure, because they do not realize any semantic actants in the logical semantic domain. Therefore, they are free and,'SinV structures are patterns of syntactic use of adjectives, which are denoted by the following symbols: Np —descriptive word, Adj —adjective, Pron —pronoun, Inf —common, Part —participant, SD —subject of a compound sentence, Gen —pronoun, Dat —noun, Acc —adjective, Instr —subjunctive. For example, the adjective laisvas "not bound to follow what, untouched" SinVS is Np — Adj — from Gen (children free from taxes). * The use of the elimination test for determining optional syntactic actants has been interpreted differently. According to K. Junker (1969: 292), the first free argument space of all adjectives must be occupied, and the occupation of other free spaces may be optional. K.-E. Sommerfeldt (1971: 115) argues the opposite, saying that almost all adjective partners are necessary [in the logical semantic domain], and the omission of such a partner is related to the actualization of another variant of the adjective’s meaning. * G. Helbigas (1992: 106) discusses K. J. Saebo’s definit and indefinite optional actants. They depend on the context. For example: : Peter can't find the dictionary. He's been looking for a long time, but in vain. It is about the omission of the definite act; listener can directly from the context fill the looking argument vacant space. For example. : Peter is sitting at the radio. It's r u k o. Context doesn't help here. To fill the void of the fog argument requires the speaker’s general knowledge of the world. 63 as stated D. It is not (1983: 106), necessary to define the adjective's meaning. In the predicate structure, free members correspond to the arguments ne of the predicate, individual o predicates (Helbig-Schenkel 1973: 38; Helbig 1982: 24; Sližienė 1994: 35). Free members can be understood as reduced sentences (Helbig 1982: 24). For example: : The man found this afternoon a comfortable place to lie down bk. Plg. : The man found a comfortable place to lie down, which was good for this afternoon. Free members can sometimes replace the syntactic actants of the adjective. However, in such cases, free members are not drawn ir į SinVS. For example: : He is sad also because [...], that a stranger has become his home (cf. namas) Smn. You are a public figure, and I am asking you about something that interests the public tą Knd. And I am only an outsider, completely unnecessary in his life (cf. In the sentence, free members can be added or deleted. However, it cannot be denied that in certain contexts the free members (freie Angabe) may be the most important and necessary for the communication of the sentence. Such communicational necessity of free members is not related to their syntactic- -semantic status (as free members) (Helbig 1992: 92). As H. Bluhm (1978: 13) states, communicative necessity is a criterion of language usage, not of grammar. For example: : Surprisingly, Leonard this time was not at all needed that persuasion convincing ar jo St. The free member this time is necessary from a communication point of view. If it were omitted, the sentence would be misunderstood. Plg. : Leonard was not needed for that talk or his persuasion of St. It would appear that Leonardo does not need to be persuaded not only once, but all the time. And the sentence was just meant to say that this talk or belief is not needed only this time. 2.1.3.3. The omission of free members is different from that of optional actants. If by omitting the free members we lose all information about the facts presented by them, then sentences without optional actants (satellites) mean about the same as with them, because they describe a certain part of the situation we perceive (Sližienė 1995: 61). For example: : Father owes to neighbor bk. It can be assumed that the father owes a certain amount of money, which in this situation (as less relevant information) is not stated. 2.1.3.4. As free members may be communicatively necessary, so necessary actants may be omitted in order to avoid communicative redundancy. 64 For example: : Here Severya, having squeezed a full spoon, looked into the distance for a long long time. į Vz. The biting actant can be omitted in dialog in plain text. ir But then it ir is said indirectly (a) or can be readily inferred (b). For example: : a) He was writing something in haste on į loose sheets of a notebook, jį holding it on his knees. You're already full around (plg. paper) sheets Lnk. Vladukas, even if the bucket was not full, carried water from the pond Ap. The trolleybuses are always full and full, even wonder why so many of those driving the city center į Lnk. b) All life jo jumped. Arendaikupini... (plg. all) Mc. My wallet is full (plg. litas), I'm nicely dressed Sk. —Nenusiseké dítěti, —miglotai bubbteli Crown full (e.g. food) mouth Av. It is the context that preserves all the conveyed information ir This analfabetism (elimination of necessary actants contradicts the system of language) is neutralized (Helbig 1992: 50). 2.1.4. The semantics of a word is determined by the semantics of the words that make up the adjective. This is due to the adjective's ability to connect with words of a certain su lexical meaning. The possibility of semantic coordination of an su adjective with other words is called the lexical valency of the adjective. " For example, we can say obedient to mother daughter, but we would not say * obedient to the homeland chair; a descriptive word followed by an adjective and the noun must name a living being [+ Anim] or a person [Hum] (men with horses vedi ni bk, mother with child vedi bk). The adjective-- carrying descriptive word must name a living being [+Anim] or a person [Hum], and the adverb must name a living being [+Anim], a person [Hum] or a thing [-Anim] (cat ran away carrying a mouse bk, dog returned carrying a goose-wing bk, girl crossed the yard carrying buckets M-Pt; goes through the garden [woman| carrying a baby Bl, mother returned carrying chickens bk). Adjective similar lexical environment can be different. For example, a child [Hum] is like a mother [Hum] bk, a withered jackal |-Anim] bk; rag |-Anim] like a bird flying in circles [+ Anim] Cv, like a broken hope [Abstr] bk, like a broken kitten [+ Anim] bk; [Abstr] like a broken dream [Abstr] bk; all ideas [Abstr] are like the delusions of a sick person | Abstr] bk. Thus, the syntactic and lexical valence of the adjective in the external structure realizes the semantic valence of the adjective in the abstract deep structure. "Lexical valency is indicated by the following symbols: Hum —man, +Anim —living being, -Anim —non-living thing, Abstr —abstract thing. 65 3. Since the valence of an adjective depends on the meaning, jo the same adjective, used in different meanings, has a different lexical, syntactic or semantic valence in each case. ar From the meaning of the adjective also depends, the covalent is an adjective. For example, the adjective guilty, -a (1) in the meaning of "offender, criminal" is bivalent: Np - Adj - (for Gen)" Father is innocent (due to neighbor- 's accident) bk. Np - Adiy - (Instrpron) Aš (nothing) innocent You. (2) value "borrowed ką though" this adjective is trivalent: Np - Adj - (Danish) - (Acc) ASkaltas (to a friend) (two litas) bk Np - Adj - (Danish) - (Gen) "Johnny (Bob)" (feat. " (3) value the adjective su „unsettled with what“ guilty is quadrivalent: Np - Adj - (Danish) - (Acc) - (perAcc) The Old Culprit (for children) (Sighs) (for work) bk. Np - Adj - (Danish) - (Gen) - (uzAcc) Neighbor- 's fault (man) (money) (per horse) bk 2000) 2001 – The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (TV) 2002 – The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (TV) (feat. The adjective grateful, -a (1) meaning "expressing or feeling gratitude" is trivalent: Np -Adj -(Dat) -(uzAcc) Peter grateful (to the unknown) (for help) bk. Used with the transitive (2) meaning "favorable, suitable", Sis adjective is bivalent: Np -Adj -Dat Dékinga veiklai dirva Z. Siy adjectives differ not only in syntactic but also in semantic valence. Biidvardzio kaltas, -a, in the sense of used (1), SemVS is Adj [P, Caus], Adj [P, Con]; the value of used (2) is Adj [P, B, Con], and the value of used (3) is Adj [P, B, Con, M]. Budvardzio dėkingas, -a, in the meaning of used (1), SemVS | is Adj [Pcp, B, M], and in the moveable meaning of used (2) —Adj [P, Fin]. 3.1. Different syntactic valence does not always indicate that an adjective is used with a different meaning. Different SinVS can be parallel models of the same value. They can be condensed into a single model with alternate forms of syntactic actants, between which a hyphen (/) is written. For example, favorable, -i "suitable" SinVS is Np -Adj -(Dat/Inf) (Every plant grows where there are favorable (to live) (for life) conditions Z). Boodvar-'! In syntactic valence structures and examples, the optional actants are presented in parentheses. 12 If there are several optional syntactic actants in a sentence, one of them must usually necessarily be said in the sentence. For example: : John is guilty to his father; John is guilty of money. But: * John is guilty. 66 džio guilty, "borrowing -a though" ką SinVS is Np - Adj - (Danish) - (Acc/Gen) (father's fault) (to the neighbor) (two litas money) / bk. ). Adjective guilty, "not paying for -a what" su SinVS is Np - Adj - (Danish) - (Acc/Gen/Instr) — (for Acc) (old guilty (John) (bunny / money / apples) (for hat) bk. ). Alternative syntactic models correspond to the same tą SemVS (e.g. favoura- -i ble, SemVS - Adj [P, Fin]). 3.2 The same meaning of an adjective is possible even when both syntactic and semantic valence are different. Therefore, the descriptive situation is not interpreted equally. For example, the adjective guilty, -a "offended, guilty" can have two structures of syntactic and semantic valence: (1) SinVS Np - Adj - (for Gen) SemVS Adj [P, Causes] For example: : The father was not guilty (for the neighbor- 's accident- ), but still something squeezed his heart bk. (2) SinVS Np - Adj - (Instrpron) SemVS Adj [P, Con] For example: (with) and he is broken Jb; I am innocent Vz; The father starves them, he is the only one It a s (all) Cv. (1) the sentence states a specific cause of the offence, (2) the general pronoun used in the sentences does not state the cause of guilt. However, most often, when both syntactic and semantic valence differ, the meanings of the adjective are different. 3.3. Between the adjective SinVS and SemVS the following relationships are possible. 3.3.1. Adjective SinVS different a) SemVS are also different. The adjective is usually used with different meanings (except in cases like 3.2.). (1) annoying, -i a) „intrusive, annoying by constant requesting, asking, repeating something“: Don’t be [ru] [P] (to others) [Pcp] annoying VI. Np -Adj -Dat) Ramutis- 's guardianship [Con] (jam) [Pcp] has become unbearably intrusive M-Pt. b) „boring“: Strijkauskis [P] (i.e. the book) is annoying (to read) [Fin] Dk. For example -Adj -(Inf) (2) command, -i I a) “comfortable”: Dalgis [P| man |[B|parankus Z. Np -Adj -Dat b) “suitable”: Cup [Plparankus susipilti [Fin] Z. Np -Adj -Inf b) SemVS the same. Different SinVSs function as parallel modes. (1) resistant, -i,,resistant to external action®: a. Np -Adj -Dat Bird's chest resistant to wind bk Adj [P, Con] b. Np -Adj against Acc Bird's crinite resistant to wind Cv. But: heat resistant metal bk. *metal heat resistant bk. (2) open, -a “sincere, all-knowing®: 67