XVI a. II pusės Kauno miestiečių lietuviškos kilmės asmenvardžiai

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XLI (1999) Alma RAGAUSKAITĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius PERSONAL NAMES OF LITHUANIAN ORIGIN AMONG THE BURGHESES OF KAUNAS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 16TH CENTURY The personal names of Lithuania’s burghers have already been studied. First to be mentioned is Z. Zinkevičius’s monograph “Lithuanian Anthroponymy,” which analyzes the anthroponyms in the marriage registers from 1602–1615 and baptism registers from 1611–1616 of St John’s Church in Vilnius, as well as several of his articles (Zinkevičius 1973: 17–19; 1974a: 136–143; 1974b: 78–85; 1977; 1980: 151–156). The author discussed in detail the origins and formation of Vilnius residents’ personal names and analyzed certain problems in the formation of surnames. Given the distinctive features of burghers’ personal names in terms of origin, formation, development, and other aspects, research into these anthroponyms remains relevant and should be continued. The aim of this article is to discuss personal names of Lithuanian origin among the burghers of Kaunas in the 16th century and compare them with present-day Lithuanian given names and surnames. It was important to establish how many, and what kinds of, personal names used in the 16th century have not survived to the present day—that is, are no longer in use in the Lithuanian name stock. In addition, it seemed appropriate to provide a morphological analysis of these anthroponyms and discuss characteristic Slavic features. The anthroponymic material for this article was collected from the Kaunas vogt’s books of the 16th century (1561–15651, 1564–15692, 1587–15913). These are unique historical sources, preserved from the first half of the 16th century. The books of the Kaunas vogt were written by clerks in Polish and Latin. They consist of entries concerning cases heard in the vogt’s court4. Most of the people recorded in them were Lithuanians—both residents of Kaunas and newcomers (Kiaupa 1988: 28). The burghers of Kaunas are identified in the sources under discussion in various ways. Most often, they are recorded with two personal names, for example: Wojciech Kiszkielentis miełczanin 1 Vilnius University Library, Manuscripts Department (hereafter VUBRS). F. 7. No. 13846. 2 Ibid. F. 7. No. 13844. 3 Ibid. F. 7. No. 13851. 4 For a detailed description of these sources, including information on the document’s storage location, shelfmark, the condition of the book, the language of the entries, the correct order of the folios, and publications, see Kiaupa 1988: 40–45. 145 Kowien[ki (V₃ 206)⁵, Mikołaj Pempe, burgher of Kowien[ki (V₃ 206), Grigą Raczułf, burgher of Kowien[skiego⁶ (V₂ 168), Macziej zalis, burgher of Kowien[ki (V₂ 167), and others. There are also instances of designation with three personal names, e.g.: Sczepan Pawłowicz Dowgierdowicz Mie[czanin Kowien(ski) (V₃ 99); Vthcziny Jakubelis Janowicz fuxtulis mieszczanin Kowien[ki (V₂ 49), and others. It is important to clearly define which anthroponyms recorded in historical documents should be attributed to the burghers of Kaunas. The analysis uses sources in which the person in question is identified as a burgher. This is because church registers often did not mark burghers with a special designation. Z. Zinkevičius encountered this problem while studying the personal names of Vilnius residents (cf. Zinkevičius 1977: 46). In the Kaunas alderman’s books, burghers are called civis, mieszczanin, e.g.: Macźiel Połodeli[mieszczanin Kowienski (V₂ 281), Jakuba Sawodonya mieszczanina Kowien- skiego (gen.⁷; V₃ 324), Macźiei Odega civis Kowien(ski) (V₂ 85), and others. Z. Kiaupa calls the people identified in this way full citizens of the city (Kiaupa 1989: 31). They had sworn allegiance to the city and could participate in its governance. Honorifics are important elements of the language of the records when identifying burghers. Some of them indicate membership in the burgher estate, e.g.: spectabilis, godny, zacny, honoratus, famatus, sławetny, circumspецtus, providus, opatrzny, honestus, uczciwy⁸. The alderman’s books of the city of Kaunas were written by scribes whose mother tongue was apparently not Lithuanian. Consequently, when recording anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin, they rendered certain forms very inconsistently. Some anthroponyms were recorded relatively accurately, e.g.: Dwilis (V₁ 186)⁹, Kapkasionis (V₃ 185), Krutinonis (V₃ 39), and others. However, many of the anthroponyms in question were altered in various ways. This was due in part to linguistic factors, especially the interaction between Lithuanian and Polish (cf. Antonovič 1961: 120–140). Given the small size of the material (219 anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin), only the more characteristic cases of Slavicization are presented here. ⁵ The Kaunas alderman’s book for 1561–1565 is designated V₁, that for 1564–1569 – V₂, and that for 1587–1591 – V₃. All the personal names cited are recorded in the registers. The source and folio number are given in parentheses after each one. In citing personal names, an effort is made to preserve the authentic forms recorded in historical documents. For simplicity, only a few specific characters have been changed, namely ð – d, þ – h, ȝ – s. ⁶ Abbreviations recorded in historical documents are expanded. The addition is given in parentheses. ⁷ The following abbreviations for case names are used in the article: gen. – genitive, dat. – dative, instr. – instrumental. ⁸ For these purposes, the material was collected using a system of Polish-Latin terms reflecting burghers’ crafts, occupations, and hierarchy of titles (Prinke 1992: 109–120). ⁹ For brevity, only the second personal names are given here. 146 The most common cases of sound substitution are: a changes to o, e.g.: *Sausagrobis – faušograbīja (gen.; V₁ 165; V₂ 254), *Sausakojis – faušokaiβ (V₂ 24), *Savadūonis – Sowodūonya (gen.; V₃ 122), *Sedeika (*Sėdeika?) – Jėdeyko (V₂ 215), etc. o changes to ą, e.g.: *Arvydavičius – Orwidowicza (gen.; V₂ 139). au changes to ow, e.g.: *Daugirdavičius – Dowgierdowicz (V₃ 99), and others. s changes to š, e.g.: *Kairys – Kayriβ (V₂ 132), *Kimeklis – Kimekliβ (V₁ 144), *Plikis – Plikiβ (V₂ 156), *Skersys – Skierbiβ (V₂ 55), *Spalis – Sjpal (V₃ 18), etc. Personal names are usually written with endings, with only isolated exceptions, e.g.: Gotarth (V₂ 63), Jkirmont (V₃ 118), Skolondɜ (V₃ 77), βpal (V₃ 18). Only one case was found both with and without an ending: Lankielis (V₃ 175) and Lankyël (V₃ 222). Personal names formed with Lithuanian patronymic suffixes are generally written with endings. Only one personal name bearing the Lithuanian patronymic suffix -ūnas is recorded without an ending: Swiencziun (V₃ 245). Derivatives with the Slavic patronymic suffixes -evič and -ovič are written without endings, e.g.: biwÿlyowicz (V₃ 210), Dwiliewicz (V₃ 154), Eÿthwÿlowicz (V₁ 10), etc. The historical sources under study record 900 different individuals10—Kaunas townspeople—designated by two-part names. After assessing the second elements of these names in terms of origin, two groups of personal names were distinguished: those of Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian origin (cf. Maciejauskienė 1997b: 108). The first group is considerably smaller. It contains 219 (24%) anthroponyms, while the second contains 681 (76%). Of the latter, 410 (~61%) anthroponyms derive from Christian names, 206 (30%) personal names derive from various Slavic appellatives, 35 (5%) are of Germanic origin, and 30 (4%) are of uncertain origin. As noted above, the article examines only the anthroponyms in the first group, i.e. those of Lithuanian origin—emerging surnames or personal names used in their place. Here we follow V. Maciejauskienė’s view that personal names of Lithuanian origin are only those derived “from words genetically native to the Lithuanian language” (Maciejauskienė 1997b: 109). Examples presented in the article include: *Balčius – Balcziuβ (V₂ 1), cf. Lithuanian báltas ‘light-coloured, almost the colour of snow, milk, etc.’ (LKŽ II 609–610); *Smilgius – Jmilgus (V₁ 225), cf. Lithuanian smilgìus ‘someone whose land grows only couch grass’ (LKŽ XIII 173); *Sprindis, *Sprindys – Jprÿndzja (gen.; V₂ 85), cf. Lithuanian sprìndis, sprindỹs ‘a measure equal to the distance between the thumb and another finger when spread apart’ (LKŽ XIII 515); *Stulgis, *Stulgys – Jtulgÿβ (V₂ 174), cf. Lithuanian stulgỹs ‘green sandpiper (Tringa ochropus); common snipe’ (LKŽ XIII 1022), stulgùs ‘oblong-rounded, oval; proud, haughty’ (ibid., 1022–1023), etc. 10The Kaunas mayor’s books contain instances in which the same person is recorded several times. Consequently, in some cases the second element of a two-part name designating the same person may have variants; cf. p. 149. A certain margin of error in the count should therefore be borne in mind. 147 The 219 personal names under study have varied formations. On this basis, two larger groups can be distinguished: patronymic and non-patronymic personal names. The latter group is considerably larger. It contains 109 (49.7%) anthroponyms, e.g.: Pawła Belzgy (gen.; V₃ 159), Piotrowi Bridzju (usage; V₃ 159), Jana Burny (gen.; V₁ 190), pawła Jedy (gen.; V₁ 229), Mikołai Trumpoł (V₂ 60), etc. The first group comprises 67 (30.6%) patronymics. Some have the Lithuanian patronymic suffixes -aitis, -(i)onis, -(i)ūnas, e.g.: Mikolaia Burbaicza (gen.; V₂ 150), Macžiei Manukaiczis (V₂ 16), Bernot Narubaicził (V₁ 301); Janowi Jagminonis (usage; V₃ 157), Jurgia Jagwilanis (gen.; V₁ 77), Pawel Jaфwilanіł (V₁ 102); Pawlowy Gniewzunowi (usage; V₃ 189), Gregier Sedeikun (V₁ 275), etc. Other personal names in this group are recorded with the Slavic patronymic suffixes -evič and -ovič, e.g.: Macžieia Balłjewicza (gen.; V₂ 53), Thomas Sзpaliewicz (V₃ 146), Crȳbtoph Zagarewicz (V₃ 213); Bartholomeus Meylowicz (V₁ 129), Jana Narkowycza (gen.; V₃ 67), Janka Puфphilophiczа (gen.; V₃ 136), Jana Radwiłowicza (gen.; V₃ 107), ƒtaniławowi Wilbutowiczowi (usage; V₃ 137), and the like. Some—i.e. 43 (19.7%)—of the Lithuanian-origin anthroponyms under study are derivatives with diminutive suffixes -elis (-elė), -ėlis (-ėlė), -ikas, -ikis, -ulis, -utis, e.g.: Mikas Karwielis (V₃ 216), Janelis Kuprelis (V₁ 110), Jakubelia Pilvelia (gen.; V₁ 120), Pawel Wergelił (V₂ 203); Januз Kiermielis (V₃ 224), Jan Wawerela (V₁ 82); Tomała Knuxdzika (gen.; V₁ 293), Jakub Winxnikos (V₁ 174); Jan Winxnikisз (V₁ 174); Jan Skorulis (V₁ 125, 292; V₃ 106); Jakub Pumpuczjis (V₃ 86), etc. In some cases, these suffixes may also have a patronymic meaning (Zinkevičius 1977: 238; Maciejauskienė 1991: 229; 1994: 42). The personal names of townspeople of Lithuanian origin discussed here are reconstructed from patronymics and anthroponyms of non-patronymic origin. The reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk and written in Lithuanian alphabetical order. They are followed by the personal names recorded in the historical sources, on the basis of which the anthroponym form was reconstructed. The reconstructed forms are compared with the contemporary names and surnames found in the Dictionary of the Origin of Lithuanian Names (LVKŽ) and the Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames (LPŽ). In some cases, several theoretically possible variants are retained. Where no exact matches are found in present-day name dictionaries, several more characteristic personal names with the corresponding root (or stem) are provided. Forms without patronymic suffixes are reconstructed from the personal names recorded in the sources. This is because Slavic patronymic suffixes -evič and -ovič are used in Slavicized anthroponym forms, but it is thought that in spoken language Lithuanians may in many cases have used Lithuanian patronymic suffixes (-aitis, -ėnas, -onis, -ūnas, etc.) (cf. Maciejauskienė 1994: 25–31). Z. Zinkevičius proceeded differently 11A patronymic is defined as follows: “a personal name formed from any element of the father’s name by means of special suffixes.” (Maciejauskienė 1991: 16). 148 Reconstructing the patronymics of early seventeenth-century Vilnius residents that have the suffixes -evič, -ovič as personal names with the suffix -aitis (cf. Zinkevičius 1977: 118). Forms reconstructed without patronymic suffixes are also more convenient because the same person may often be named differently in the sources under study (sometimes even on the same page)—various forms of the second personal name are used, e.g.: piotr powirpanis (V1 102), piotra powirpowicza (gen.; V1 189, 262, 289, 302; V2 6, 9), piotr Powirpos (V2 50); Tomaſ Jermuxnianis (V1 168, 229), Tomaſu Jermuxniu (acc.; V1 261; V2 97, 146), Tomasa Jermuxniewicza (gen.; V1 305), Tomasu Jermuxniewiczu (acc.; V2 134), Tomas Jermuxnianib (V2 177, 235), Tomas Jermuxnib (V2 224), Tomaſ Jermuxniewicz (V1 261), etc. In restoring the endings of reconstructed two-stem personal names, we follow K. Būga’s view that “two-stem surnames may equally well have the endings -as or -a, as well as -is in the nominative singular” (Būga 1958: 224). The article uses anthroponymic terms defined and discussed in the monograph “Formation of Lithuanian Surnames”12. The discussed personal names of Lithuanian origin are divided into old Lithuanian two-stem personal names, their shortened forms and suffixal derivatives of the latter, and nickname-based personal names (nicknames). They are presented in this order. Old Lithuanian two-stem personal names Of the anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin found among the sixteenth-century Kaunas townspeople discussed here, 29 are such that old two-stem personal names can be reconstructed from them. Fifteen such reconstructions are presented below (accounting for 19% of all reconstructed personal names). *Ar-vyd-as: Orwidowicza (gen.; V1 139). Cf. modern name Arvydas (LVKŽ 80). *By-vil-is: Biwilis (V3 7), Biwilewicz (V3 45, 210), Biwylyewiczowy (acc.; V3 196). Cf. modern surnames Bivilis, Bivylis, Bývilis, Bývilis (LPŽ I 269). *Dau-gint-as, *Dau-gint-is: Daugintowicza (gen.; V1 240). Cf. modern names Daugintas, Daugintis (LPŽ 469). *Dau-gird-a, *Dau-gird-as: Dowgierdowicz (V2 22). Cf. modern name Daugirdas, surnames Daugirda, Daugirdas (LPŽ I 469). *Dau-nor-a, *Dau-nor-as: Dawnaranis (V1 247). Cf. modern name Daunoras, surnames Daunara, Daunora, Daunorà, Daunóras, Daunõras (LPŽ I 473–474). *Eid-vil-as: Eydwilowicz (V1 10, 54, 86, 94), Eydwilowicza (gen.; V1 107). Cf. modern name Eidvilas (LVKŽ 136). *Go-tart-as: Gotarth (V2 23). Cf. modern name Gótartas (LVKŽ 185). *Jag-min-as, *Jog-min-as: Jegminonis (V3 157). Cf. modern name Jógminas, surnames Jagminas, Jagminas, Jógminas, Jogminas (LPŽ I 783–784, 838). 12 See their overview on pp. 12–19. 149 * Jog-vil-as: Jagwilanis (V2), Jagwilowiczu (naud.; V2, 24, 87, 135), Jagwila-nių (V2 129, 156), Jagwilonja (kilm.; V2 209). Plg. db. v. Jógvilas (LVKŽ 207). *Mant-vil-a, *Mant-vil-as: Mantwilanis (surname; V1 77). Cf. related surname Mańtvilas (LVKŽ 261), personal names Mańtvila, Mańtvilas, Mantvilas, Mońtvila (LPŽ II 155–156, 269). *Rad-vil-a, *Rad-vil-as: Radwilowicza (surname; V3 107). Cf. related surname Radvilas (LVKŽ 306), personal names Radvilá, Rādvila, Radvylā, Radvilas (LPŽ II 554). *Skir-mant-as: Skirmont (V3 188). Cf. related surname Skirmantas (LVKŽ 333), personal names Skirmantas, Skirmántas, Skirmontas, Skirmóntas (LPŽ II 742–743). *Taut-vil-as: Tauthwilanis (V1 254). Plg. db. v. Taūtvìlas (LVKŽ 345). *Vil-but-as: Wilbutowiczowi (appellative; V3 137). Cf. related surname Vìlbutas (LVKŽ 372), personal names Vìlbutas, Vīlbutas (LPŽ II 1210). *Žos-taut-as: Zaſtawtaſ (V2 201), Zaſtawtowicz (V2 245). Cf. also the forms Žóstautas (LVKŽ 390), and derivatives Zastautas, Žóstaūtas (LPŽ II 1276, 1345). As can be seen, the old Lithuanian dithematic personal names presented here are formed from at least a couple of dozen stems: ar-, by-, but-, dau-, eid-, gint-, gird-, go-, jog-, mant-, min-, nor-, rad-, skir-, tart-, taut-, vyd-, vil-, žos-. Personal names formed with such or similar stems are also found in other sixteenth-century historical sources. It has been observed that the number of dithematic personal names gradually decreases in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century documents of Kaunas municipal institutions.13 Short forms of old Lithuanian compound personal names and their suffixed derivatives The sources yielded only 6 (7%) Kaunas townspeople’s anthroponyms that could at least theoretically be associated with abbreviations of compound personal names and their suffixed derivatives. They have been reconstructed from 10 personal names recorded in the sources. The number of these anthroponyms and their place in the Lithuanian name stock are interpreted in different ways. Z. Zinkevičius is convinced that numerous short forms of compound personal names and their suffixed derivatives functioned in the context of historical anthroponymy. 13 Magistrato ir vaito knyga. 1603–1629 m. – VUBRS. F 7. Nr. 13855. Magistrato knyga. 1604–1610 m. – VUBRS. F 7. Nr. 13856. Vaito knyga. 1606–1608 m. – VUBRS. F 7. Nr. 13859. Vaito, suolininkų, magistrato knyga. 1608–1616 m. – VUBRS. F 7. Nr. 13860. Suolininkų knyga. 1610–1622 m. – VUBRS. F 7. Nr. 13861. Acta cora honorato judicio scabinall civitatis Cavnen sis... ab anno domini ~ 1662 ad annum 1673. [Kauno suolininkų knyga]. – VUBRS. F 7. Nr. 13865. Magistrato ir suolininkų knyga. 1683–1773 m. – VUBRS. F 7. Nr. 13868. Aktų įrašų knyga. 1738–1749 m. – VUBRS. F 7. Nr. 13868, 2. Aktų įrašų knyga. 1743–1748 m. – VUBRS. F 7. Nr. 13868, 3. Aktų įrašų knyga. 1749–1753 m. – VUBRS. F 7. Nr. 13868, 4. 150 (cf. Zinkevičius 1988: 100). V. Maciejauskienė considers that these personal names in fact carried little weight in 16th–17th-century anthroponymy (cf. Maciejauskienė 1991: 245–248; 1997a: 130). Researchers have no doubts about the origin and formation of the anthroponyms in question. A. Salys states that these personal names are shortened forms of old Lithuanian compound anthroponyms, “usually retaining the stem of the first component of the name, or else having been monosyllabic since time immemorial” (Salys 1983: 270). P. Skardžius identifies two ways of forming anthroponyms of this type: 1) one component of a compound personal name was used, e.g., Noras: Nor-butas; 2) part of the second component was added to one stem, e.g., Knystas: Knys-tautas, and so on (Skar-džius 1943: 440–441). Z. Zinkevičius notes that various suffixed derivatives were formed from abbreviations of old compound personal names, e.g., Ginelis alongside Ginas (: Gin-tautas), Darulis alongside Daras (: Dargaila), etc. (cf. Zinkevičius 1977: 230, 237). The anthroponyms presented below belong to abbreviations of old Lithuanian compound personal names and their suffixed derivatives. *Girdžius: Girdžiunos (V3 24, 90), Gȳrdžyūna (gen.; V2 238). Could be an abbreviation of a compound anthroponym with the component gird-. Compare modern personal names Gird-man-tas, Gird-vainas, Gird-vydas; Al-girdas, By-girdas, Dau-girdas (LVKŽ 181–182; 69, 98, 118), etc. Also compare modern surname Girdžius (LPŽ I 674). *Maniukas: Maniukaicziß (V2 16). A derivative formed with the suffix -ukas from an abbreviation *Manys or the like, of an old compound personal name containing the stem man-. Compare modern personal names Man-dravas, Man-gailas, Man-gaudas; Al-mantas, Ei-mantas (LVKŽ 257–258; 71, 140), etc. Also compare modern surname Maniūkas (LPŽ II 154). *Norka, *Norkys, *Norkus: Narkowicza (gen.; V1 243; V3 123). Could be an abbreviation, or the like, of the old compound personal name *Norkantas. Compare the component nor- in modern personal names Nór-budas, Nór-gailas, Nór-gėlas; Bei-noras, Dai-noras, Ei-noras (LVKŽ 289–290; 94, 122, 141), etc. Compare the component kant- in modern personal names Kaṅt-minas, Kaṅt-rimas, Kaṅt-vainas; Bù-kantas, Dau-kantas, Gėd-mantas (LVKŽ 219–220; 103, 121), etc. Also compare modern surnames Norkà, Norkỹs, Nõrkus, Nórkus, Nórkus (LPŽ II 333–334). *Norušas, *Norušis, *Norušys: Narufajcziß (V1 301), Narufowicz (V2 209). A derivative with the suffix -uš- formed from the abbreviation *Norius or the like, of an old compound personal name containing the component nor- (LVKŽ 289). Compare *Norka above. Also compare modern surnames Nãrušas, Nãrišis, Nõrušas, Nòrušis, Norušys (LPŽ II 301, 335). *Rimka, *Rimkus: Rimkowicz (V1 222). Could be an abbreviation, or the like, of the compound personal name Rìmkan-tas. Compare the component rim- in modern personal names Rìm-butas, Rìm-daugas, Rìm-gailas; Aū-rimas, Bùt-rimas, Ei-rimas (LVKŽ 313–314; 87, 106, 141). Also compare modern surnames Rìmka, Rìmkus, Rìmkaus, Rymkus (LPŽ II 609–610). *Rimušis: Rȳmu/Jewicz (V2 135). A derivative with the suffix -uš- from an abbreviated form of an old two-stem personal name containing the stem rim-, Rìmas, or the like. For rim-, cf. *Rimka (see). 151 Nicknames (byname-based personal names) Among the Kaunas townspeople’s anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin under study, byname-based personal names are the most numerous. They are associated with specific Lithuanian nouns, adjectives, and verbs. The following are 63 (74%) anthroponyms in this group, reconstructed from 180 personal names recorded in the sources. *Balčius: Balcijųf (V₁ 301), Balcžia (gen.; V₂ 1). Cf. modern personal name Balčius (LPŽ I 170). *Balsys: Bolβia (gen.; V₁ 295), Bolβia (gen.; V₃ 215), Balβiewicza (gen.; V₂ 53). Cf. modern personal names Bálsis, Balsys (LPŽ I 176). *Belzga: Belzga (V₃ 138, 159). Perhaps related to Lithuanian bélzginti ‘to talk nonsense’ (LKŽ I 742). *Braidys: Broÿdβiu (used; V₂ 184); Broÿdʒifβ (V₂ 213). From Lithuanian braidýti ‘to wade; to trample while wading’ (LKŽ I 184), or the like. *Bridžius: Bridžiu (used; V₃ 220). Cf. modern personal name Bridžius (LPŽ I 308). *Burba: Burba (V₂ 53), Burbaicžia (gen.; V₂ 150). Cf. modern personal name Būrba (LPŽ I 353). *Burbažentis: Burbožięčis (V₁ 107), Burbožetifβ (V₂ 126, 190, 236, 248), Burbožentis (V₃ 32, 157, 181, 187). A compound anthroponym: *Burb-a-žentis. The first element is from the personal name *Burba, or the like; cf. modern personal name Būrba (LPŽ I 353); the second is from Lithuanian žéntas ‘daughter’s husband; son-in-law who joins his wife’s family’ (DLKŽ 954)¹⁴. *Burna: Burny (gen.; V₁ 190). For burn-, cf. modern personal names Burnáitis, Burnalis, Burneikà, Burnéika, Burneikis, Burnekaitis, Burnelaitis, Burnélis, Burnialis, Burnỹs, etc. (LPŽ I 358–359). *Dvylýs: Dwilis (V₁ 112, 186; V₂ 450), Dwiliβ (V₂ 58). Cf. modern personal names Dvilýs, Dvylis, Dvylýs (LPŽ I 549). *Gniaužius: Gniewżiuβ (V₁ 159), Gniewzunowi (used; V₃ 113, 184). Cf. the personal name *Gniaužis (Zinkevičius 1977: 144). *Juodis, *Juodys: Jedy (gen.; V₁ 229), Jodiβ (V₁ 146; V₂ 201). Cf. modern personal names Júodis, Juodỹs (LPŽ I 858). *Kabald is: Kobaldiβ (V₂ 21). From Lithuanian kabálda ‘one who walks slowly, limping and shuffling; a lame person, a good-for-nothing’ (LKŽ V 4–5). *Kairis, *Kairys: Kavris (V₁ 112, 163), Kairis (V₁ 265), Kayriβ (V₁ 315), Kayriβ (V₂ 132). Cf. modern personal names Kairis, Kainỹs (LPŽ I 888). *Kapk asys: kapkasionis (V₃ 185). From Lithuanian kapakasis, -ė ‘one who digs a pit in a cemetery; gravedigger’ (LKŽ V 222). *Karvelis: Karwielis (V₃ 216). Cf. modern surname Karvėlis (LPŽ I 936). *Keida: Kieidÿ (gen.; V₃ 67, 90). Cf. surname *Keida (Zinkevičius 1977: 153). ¹⁴ Dėl sudurtinių asmenvardžių su sandu žent- dar žr. Maciejauskienė 1973: 177–181; 1991: 30. 152 *Keliuotis: Kieliocsja (gen.; V₂ 127). Cf. modern surnames Keliotis, Keliuotis (LPŽ I 968–969). *Kimeklis: Kimeklif (V₁ 144), Kimeklis (V₁ 229), Kỹmeklỹa (gen.; V₂ 12). Cf. modern surname Kimėklis (LPŽ I 995). *Kirmėlis: Kiermelia (gen.; V₁ 154; V₃ 195), Kiermielis (V₃ 224). Cf. modern surnames Kirmela, Kirmelaitis, Kirmėlė, Kirmėlėvičius, Kirmėnas (LPŽ I 1001). Also cf. Kirmėliai, a village in Juostininkai An (LATSŽ II 135). *Kiškelžentis: Kiškielžentis (V₃ 52), Kiįkielžentis (V₃ 231). A compound personal name: *Kiškel-žentis. The first component derives from the personal name *Kiškelis or similar; cf. modern surname Kiškelis (LPŽ I 1006). The second derives from Lithuanian žentas ‘daughter’s husband; son-in-law who lives with his wife’s parents’ (DLKŽ 954). *Kojelė: Kaiėla (V₁ 72), Kajėla (V₂ 73, 205, 248). Cf. modern surname Kojėlė (LPŽ I 1039). *Kriugždikas, *Krugždikas: Kruzdika (gen.; V₁ 293). For kriugžd-, kruogžd- cf. modern surnames Kriugždà, Krugždà, Krùgždas (LPŽ I 1083, 1089). *Kuprelis: Kuprelis (V₁ 110). Cf. modern surname Kuprėlis (LPŽ I 1128). *Lankelis: Lankielis (V₃ 175), Lankýel (V₃ 222). Cf. modern surnames Lankėlis, Lankialis (LPŽ II 21). *Lauželis: Lawželis (V₁ 132). For lauž- cf. *Laužius (see). *Laužius: Lawžus (V₁ 78). Cf. modern surname Laužius (LPŽ II 37). *Meilius, *Meilus: meylowicз (V₁ 4, 129, 135, 143, 154; V₂ 3), Meÿlowicza (gen.; V₁ 4), Mieilowicза (gen.; V₁ 154), Meiliowicзu (acc.; V₁ 143), Meÿtu (acc.; V₂ 4), Mieitowicзu (acc.; V₂ 217). Cf. modern surnames Meilius, Meilus (LPŽ II 199–200). *Oželis: Ozelib (V₁ 275), Azelis (V₂ 5), Ozelis (V₃ 60). Cf. modern surname Ožėlis (LPŽ II 356). Also cf. *Ožys (see). *Ožys: Azyb (V₂ 151), Ozjis (V₃ 110). Cf. modern surname Ožys (LPŽ II 357). *Pajuodėlis: Poyodelis (V₂ 85, 149), Poiodelib (V₂ 136, 217, 218). From Lithuanian pajúodėlis ‘dark-faced, dark-haired; darkened, somewhat dark, slovenly, scruffy’ (LKŽ IX 133). Also cf. modern surname Pajúodis (LPŽ II 369). *Paršelis: porſſela (gen.; V₁ 58), Parſzelis (V₁ 137, 147), porſelib (V₁ 308), Porſelia (gen.; V₂ 26, 50, 63, 81, 198), Porſelis (V₂ 84; V₃ 109). Cf. modern surname Paršėlis (LPŽ II 397). *Pavirpas: powirpanis (V₁ 102), powirpowicзa (gen.; V₁ 189, 262, 289, 302; V₂ 6, 9), Powirpos (V₂ 50). It may derive from Lithuanian pavirpis, -ė ‘a conductor, tavern-keeper’, pãvirpas ‘poor person, pauper’, pavìrpa ‘teaser’ (LKŽ IX 698), or the like. *Pempė: Pempe (V₂ 206). Cf. modern surname Pémpė (LPŽ II 427). *Pilvelis: pilwelvę (gen.; V₁ 65, 187), pilwelia (gen.; V₂ 149). Cf. modern surname Pilvėlis (LPŽ II 458). *Plikažentis: Plikozentis (V₃ 59, 139, 252), plikozentis (V₃ 201). A compound personal name: *Plik-a-žentis. The first component is from the personal name *Plikis or the like; cf. modern surnames Plikis, Plikỹs (LPŽ II 476); the second derives from Lithuanian žentas ‘daughter’s husband, son-in-law living in his wife’s household’ (DLKŽ 954). 153 *Plikis, *Plikys: plikis (V₂ 156, 167, 216). Cf. modern surnames Plìkis, Plikỹs (LPŽ II 476). *Pumputis: Pumpuczis (V₂ 197; V₂ 86, 104). Cf. modern surnames Pùmputis, Pum̃putis, Pumputis, Pumputỹs (LPŽ II 532). *Račius: Raczuɟ (V₂ 33, 44, 168). Cf. modern surname Rãčius (LPŽ II 550). *Rudis, Rudys: Rudiewicz (V₃ 19). Cf. modern surnames Rùdis, Rudỹs (LPŽ II 630). *Saldžius: saldzuɟ (V₂ 102). Cf. modern surname Saldžius (LPŽ II 664). *Sausagrobis: ʃauſagrabjà (gen.; V₁ 165; V₂ 54). From Lithuanian sausagrõbis ‘one who is dried up, thin’ (LKŽ XII 204). *Sausakojis: ʃauſokajau (usage; V₁ 147), ʃauſokais (V₂ 224), ʃauſokajɟ (V₂ 24). From Lithuanian sausakojis ‘one with dry, thin legs’ (LKŽ XII 205). *Savad(u)onis: Sowodonyà (gen.; V₃ 122), Sowodonyà (gen.; V₃ 324). Cf. personal name *Savad(u)onis (Zinkevičius 1977: 193). *Sedeika, *Sėdeika: ʃedeikowicɟ (V₁ 183, 275; V₂ 191), ʃedeikuna (gen.; V₂ 85), ʃedeika (V₂ 153), ʃedeiko (V₂ 215). Cf. modern surnames Sedėika, Sedeika (LPŽ II 690). Also cf. personal name *Sedeika (*Sėdeika?) (Zinkevičius 1977: 193). *Skalandis: Skolondɟ (V₃ 77). Cf. modern surname Skalandis (LPŽ II 728). *Skarulis: Skorulis (V₁ 125, 292; V₃ 106). Cf. current surname Skarùlis (LPŽ II 732). *Smilgius: ʃmilugus (V₁ 225). Cf. current surname Smilgìus (LPŽ II 771). *Spalis: ʃpal (V₃ 18), ʃpaliewicz (by origin; V₃ 146), Spalyewicz (V₃ 225), ʃpalifa (by origin; V₃ 225). Cf. current surnames Spãlis, Spalỹs (LPŽ II 780). *Sprindis, *Sprindys: ʃpryndzia (by origin; V₂ 85). Cf. current surnames Sprindis, Sprindỹs (LPŽ II 786). *Stangelis: Stangielia (by origin; V₃ 120). For stang-, cf. current surnames Stangáitis, Stangỹs (LPŽ II 800). *Stirta: Stỹrta (V₁ 275; V₂ 58, 148). It is associated with Lithuanian stirta “a large pile of stacked straw, grain or hay; a large heap of something” (LKŽ XIII 826). Also cf. Lithuanian stìrti “to become hard, inflexible; to become immobile, stiffen, become numb (usually because of cold or circulatory problems; to become caked with dirt, crust over)” (LKŽ XIII 826–827). *Stulgis, *Stulgys: ʃtulgɟ (V₂ 174). Cf. current surnames Stùlgis, Stulgỹs (LPŽ II 845–846). *Šermukšnis: ʃermuxnianis (V₁ 168, 229), ʃermuxnia (by origin; V₁ 256), ʃermuxniu (in use; V₁ 261; V₂ 97, 146), ʃermuxniewiczɟ (by origin; V₁ 305), ʃermuxniewiczu (in use; V₂ 134), ʃermuxnianif (V₂ 177, 235), ʃermuxnif (V₂ 224), ʃermuxniewicz (by origin; V₁ 261). Cf. current surname Šermùkšnis (LPŽ II 914). *Trumpas: Trumpa (by origin; V₁ 161), Trumpof (V₂ 60). For trump-, cf. current surnames Trùmpa, Trumpáitis, Trumpáuskas, Trumpávičius, Trùmpius, etc. (LPŽ II 1073–1074). *Uodega: Odega (V₂ 57, 173, 208). Cf. personal name *Uodega (Zinkevičius 1977: 211). *Varnažentis: Wormoʒięciowicz (V₁ 231). A compound anthroponym: *Varn-a-žentis. The first element is from the personal name *Varna or similar; cf. current surnames Várna, Várnas (LPŽ II 1165), the second from Lithuanian žéntas “daughter’s husband; son-in-law” (DLKŽ 954). 154 *Vergelis: Wergelia (gen.; V2 200), Wergelić (V2 203), Wergielić (V2 210). Cf. the surname *Vergelis (Zinkevičius 1977: 216). *Vinkšnikas, *Vinkšnikis: Winxnikos (V2 174), Winxnikis (V2 174). Dėl vinkšn- plg. db. pvd. Vinkšna, Vinkšnaitis, Vinkšnas, Vinkšnėlis, Vinkšnys (LPŽ II 1225). *Voverėlė: Wawerela (V1 82). For vover- cf. the surnames Voveraitis, Voveras, Vóverė, Voverė, Vóveris, Voveris and others (LPŽ II 1256). *Žagaras: Zagarewicz (V3 213). Cf. the surname Žagaras (LPŽ II 1307). *Žalis, *Žalys: Zalis (V2 167). Cf. the surnames Žalis, Žalys (LPŽ II 1311). *Žeimis, *Žeimys: Ziemianis (V1 173). Cf. the surnames Žeimis, Žeimys (LPŽ II 1320). *Žvirblis, *Žvirblys: Zwierbla (gen.; V1 116). Cf. the surnames Žvirblis, Žvirblys (LPŽ II 1354). As already mentioned, the nicknames presented above predominate among personal names of Lithuanian origin. This may also be related to the specific nature of the sources under study. Minor cases involving lower strata of townspeople were most often heard in the vogt’s court (cf. Kiaupa 1988: 27). Analysis of the records shows that nicknames were characteristic of representatives of these strata, for example, petty artisans and the like: Ythcзywy Gregier Sedeikowicz Miełczanin Kowien(ski) (V1 183); Kieziu бewczu Kowien(skiemu) (acc.; V2 62); jana Kieidÿ Kożemiaki¹⁵ człowieka Kowien(skiego) (gen.; V3 90), etc. Of the second elements in 219 designations of townspeople, 84 personal names of Lithuanian origin from the 16th century were reconstructed. Comparison with present-day first names and surnames showed that 64 (76%) of them are still in use today. Some—that is, 7 (8% of all those reconstructed)—nickname-based anthroponyms have present-day surname equivalents of the same origin but formed differently. These are *Keida (V3 67, 90) – present-day surname Keidaitis, *Kirmėlis (V1 154; V3 195, 224) – present-day surname Kirmėlė, *Lauželis (V1 132) – present-day surname Laužys, *Stangelis (V3 120) – present-day surname Stangys, *Trumpas (V1 161; V2 60) – present-day surname Trùmpa, *Vergelis (V2 200, 203, 210) – present-day surname Vergūtis, *Vinkšni- kas, *Vinkšnikis (V2 174) – present-day surname Vinkšna. The other 13 (16%) reconstructed anthroponyms of townspeople have not survived to the present day and have no equivalents in the current name inventory. These are *Belzga (V3 138, 159), *Braidys (V2 ¹⁵ As can be seen, in the second-half-of-the-16th-century books of the Kaunas vogt, townspeople’s honorific titles, occupations, and trades are indicated in Polish or Latin. However, instances have been observed in which the name of an occupation or activity is given using a Lithuanian lexeme, for example: Mikotaia Burbaicžia [kultodailidy (gen.; V2 150) – from Lithuanian skūltas “an ancient river vessel propelled by oars” (LKŽ II 1128) and dailidė, dailýda, dailýdė, dailydė “a furniture maker, carpenter; a house builder” (LKŽ II 223). Cf. also з Ythcзyйm panem Janem poczywilowiczem [kilie]iwem Miełczaninem Kowien(skim) (instr.; V2 244), and others. This has also been observed in the 1599–1621 Joniškis baptismal register (Lithuanian State Historical Archives. F. 1196. Ap. 1. B. 76), which records the following townspeople of Joniškis: Caspari Meſinika, omnes de oppidulo Janiſki 1599 (Jnš 1); Grigas Warpininiks... ciues Janiſki 1601 (Jnš 18). Similar records may presumably be found in documents on the history of other Lithuanian towns as well. Z. Zinkevičius drew attention to this fact in his study of personal names of early-17th-century Vilnius townspeople (Zinkevičius 1977: 60). 155 184, 213), *Burbažentis (V₁ 107; V₂ 126, 190, 236; V₃ 32, 157, 181, 187), *Gniaužius (V₁ 159; V₃ 113, 184), *Kabaldis (V₁ 21), *Kapkasys (V₃ 185), *Kiškelžentis (V₃ 52, 231), *Pavirpas (V₁ 102, 189, 262, 289, 302; V₂ 6, 9), *Plikažentis (V₃ 59, 139, 201, 252), *Sausakojis (V₁ 147; V₂ 54), *Savadonis (V₃ 122, 324), *Stirta (V₁ 275; V₂ 58, 126,148), *Uodega (V₂ 57, 173, 203). CONCLUSIONS 1. Examination of 900 two-element designations of Kaunas townspeople recorded in the 16th-century (1561–1565, 1564–1569, and 1587–1591) books of the Kaunas vogt established that 219 (24%) of their second personal names (developing surnames) may be of Lithuanian origin. 2. The sources under discussion reveal instances of Slavicization of some personal names: sound substitutions, the use of Slavic suffixes in anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin, omission of endings, and similar phenomena. 3. Anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin borne by Kaunas townspeople (the second elements of two-element designations) were non-patronymic personal names and patronymics. The latter were formed with the Lithuanian suffixes -aitis, -onis, -ūnas and the Slavic suffixes -evič, -ovič. Some personal names had diminutive suffixes -elis (-elė), -ėlis (-ėlė), -ikas, -ikis, -ulis, -utis. 4. Of the personal names of Lithuanian origin studied, 84 anthroponyms were reconstructed with certainty. Among them were 15 (19%) old two-stem names, 6 (7%) shortened two-stem personal names and their suffixal derivatives, and 63 (74%) nickname-based names. 5. A comparison of the reconstructed personal names with present-day given names and surnames shows that 64 (76%) are still in use today. Some—that is, 7 (8% of all reconstructed names)—have present-day surname counterparts of the same origin but formed differently. The remaining 13 (16%), which have not survived to the present day, have no counterparts in the current name stock. Received 1999 03 20 LITERATŪRA A n t o n o v i č A. 1961: Антонович А. К. Язык судебной актовой книги Ковенского земского суда 1566–1567 г.г. Дис. [...] канд. филол. наук, Вильнюс. B ū g a K. 1958: Apie lietuvių asmens vardus. – Rinktiniai raštai 1, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 201–269. DLKŽ – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. K i a u p a Z. 1973: Kauno miesto senojo archyvo likimas. – Lietuvos TSR mokslų akademijos darbai. Ser A 2(43), 125–140. K i a u p a Z. 1974: Vilniaus ir Kauno vaito teisminės galios raida XV–XVIII amžiais. – Lietuvos TSR mokslų akademijos darbai. Ser A 4 (49), 83–90. K i a u p a Z. 1988: Kauno miesto vaitas ir jo aktų knygos XVI–XVII a. pirmojoje pusėje. – Lietuvos miestų istorijos šaltiniai, Vilnius: Mokslas, 25–46. 156 Kiaupa Z. 1989: Miestietis, miesto pilietis ir miestėnas. – Mokslas ir gyvenimas 6, 31. LATŠ – Lietuvos TSR administracinio-teritorinio suskirstymo žinynas 2, Vilnius: Mintis. LKŽ – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–2, Vilnius: Mintis, 1968–1969; 5, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1959; 9, Vilnius: Mintis, 1973; 12–13, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1981–1989. LPŽ – Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas 1–2, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985–1989. LVKŽ – Kuzavinis K., Savukynas B. Lietuvių vardų kilmės žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1994. Maciejauskienė V. 1973: Naujosios dvivakienės lietuvių pavardės su asmenvardiniu sandu. – Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos darbai. A ser 1(42), 177–181. Maciejauskienė V. 1991: Lietuvių pavardžių susidarymas, Vilnius: Mokslas. Maciejauskienė V. 1993: Kriaunų parapijos XVII–XVIII a. asmenvardžiai. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 32, 34–99. Maciejauskienė V. 1994: Lietuvių pavardės: raida ir kilmė (habilitacinis darbas), Vilnius. Maciejauskienė V. 1997a: Vienkamieniai lietuviškos kilmės vardai XVI amžiuje. – Darbai ir dienos 4(13), 111–133. Maciejauskienė V. 1997b: Dėl lietuvių pavardžių (asmenvardžių) klasifikavimo. – Baltistica 32(1), 101–109. Prinke Rafał. T. 1992: Poradnik genealoga amatora, Warszawa: Polonia. Salys A. 1983: Mūsų lietuviškieji vardai. – Raštai 2, Roma: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija, 267–284. Skardžius P. 1943: Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Zinkevičius Z. 1973: Kaip vadinosi vilniečiai. – Mokslas ir gyvenimas 4, 17–19. Zinkevičius Z. 1974a: Зинкявичюс З. К вопросу о литовско-польских языковых контактах по данным антропонимии города Вильнюса начала XVII века. – Балто-славянские исследования, Москва: Наука, 136–143. Zinkevičius Z. 1974b: Vilniaus gyventojų vardai XVII a. pradžioje. – Žodžiai ir žmonės, Vilnius: Mintis, 78–85. Zinkevičius Z. 1977: Lietuvių antroponimika. Vilniaus lietuvių asmenvardžiai XVII a. pradžioje, Vilnius: Mokslas. Zinkevičius Z. 1980: Зинкявичюс З. К истории литовских личных имен восточно-славянского происхождения. – Балто-славянские этноязыковые контакты, Москва: Наука, 151–156. Zinkevičius Z. 1988: [Rec.] Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas 1: A–K. – Baltistica 24(1), 94–105. SUTRUMPINIMAI avd. – asmenvardis db. – dabartinis, -ė pvd. – pavardė PERSONENNAMEN LITAUISCHER HERKUNFT DER KAUNASER STÄDTER AUS DER 2. HÄLFTE DES 16. JAHRHUNDERTS Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung der in den Büchern des Kaunaser „Vaitas“ (Verwalters) aus dem 16. Jh. (1561–1565, 1564–1569, 1587–1591) vorliegenden 900 zweigliedrigen Personenbezeichnungen der Kaunaser Städter führt zum Schluß, daß 219 (24%) der zweiten Personennamen (die sich herausbildenden Familiennamen) litauischer Herkunft sein könnten. 157 In den erwähnten Quellen sind gewisse Anzeichen der Slawisierung mancher Personennamen zu beobachten: Substitutionen von Lauten, Gebrauch von slawischen Suffixen in Anthroponymen litauischer Herkunft, das Nichtaufzeichnen von Endungen u. ä. Die Anthroponyme litauischer Herkunft der Kaunaser Städter (die zweiten Komponenten der zweigliedrigen Bezeichnung) waren Personennamen nichtpatronymischer Herkunft und Patronymika. Die letzteren wurden mit den patronymischen litauischen Suffixen -aitis, -onis, -ūnas und den slawischen -evič, -ovič gebildet. Ein Teil der Personennamen wies die diminutiven Suffixe -elė, -ėlis (-ėlė), -ikas, -ikis, -ulis, -utis auf. Aus den untersuchten Personennamen litauischer Herkunft gelang es, 84 Anthroponyme zu rekonstruieren, die keinem Zweifel unterliegen. Unter ihnen liegen vor: 15 (19%) uralte zweistämmige litauische Personennamen, 6 (7%) Abkürzungen zweistämmiger Anthroponyme sowie Ableitungen von diesen mit Suffixen, 63 (74%) – Spitznamen. Der Vergleich der rekonstruierten Personennamen mit den litauischen gegenwärtigen Vornamen und Familiennamen zeigt, daß 64 (76%) noch heute gebräuchlich sind. Ein Teil – 7 (8%) aller rekonstruierten Anthroponyme – hat unter den gegenwärtigen Familiennamen Entsprechungen der gleichen Herkunft, die sich aber ihrer Wortbildung nach unterscheiden. Die übrigen 13 (16%) sind bis auf den heutigen Tag nicht erhalten geblieben, haben keine Entsprechungen unter den Anthroponymen der Gegenwartssprache. 158