Dėl Mažosios Lietuvos vietovardžių su „-kehmen“ / „-keimen“ ir „-lauken“

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XLI (1999) Daiva DELTUVIENĖ Vilnius University ABOUT THE LITHUANIAN PLACE-NAMES WITH -KEHMEN | -KEIMEN AND -LAUKEN Recently, the attention of scholars in various fields is increasingly focused on Lesser Lithuania. The object of the toponymic research is the numerous Lithuanian (partly Baltic) place names of this territory. F. Hoppe (Hoppe 1877), O. Natau (Natau 1937), W. Fenzlau (Fenzlau 1936), V. Pėteraitis (Pėteraitis 1997) and others have studied the origin and formation of local names in Lithuania Minor. The material used in this article was collected from East Prussian foliants in the secret Prussian archives in Berlin. The name is not found in any of the lists or directories of East Prussian place names. This is a unique material that can provide a lot of information about Lithuanians, their language, their life at that time, their relations with other peoples who lived there. The article discusses 16th-17th century enriched oikonimies, the second syllable of which is -kehmen /-keimen (lit. kiemas „separate village farm, farm; village, gardens“ LKŽ V 748; village „peasants’ settlement; gardens“ LKŽ V 54) and -lauken (lit. field, flat, treeless place; arable land; village, gardens’ LKZ VII 177). According to the origin of the first sando, the durini with the second sando -kehmen / -keimen can be divided into several groups. 1. Lithuanian personal name + yard / village: Drut3keimenn (Amt Insterburg) 1564 (Ostpr. Fol. 4599 99), Drudtschkehmen 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 66), Dru3kehmen 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Speak. 4610 81): probably Lit. *Druckiemiai /*Drukiemis or *Drukaimiai /*Drukaimis. From Avd. Drūčas or Drūčkus: drūčkis "fat man, beast" (LPZ I 529). See also vv. Pressure clamps, pressure hoses (Goldbeck II 44). Gerkischkeinenn (Amt Insterburg) 1564 (Ostpr. Fol. 4599 55): Lithuanian gender would be *Gerkiškaimis /*Gerkiškaimiai. The first is the 1st-order derivative of the prefix -derivation from avd. 656) or from pr. avd. Gerke, Gerko (Trautmann 1925: 31). It is also possible that the name is of German origin. 1642–1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 6): *Kostankiemis | *Kostankiemiai. From Avd. 222) (in French) 222. Yeah, they did! Plg. vok. avd. Gerke, Gehrke (Bach 1974: 71). 101 at the beginning of the word, a can be changed to 0 (Fenzlau 1936: 22-23), e.g., Korallischken (Royal), Kollaten (Colored). Kurschkehmen (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 172): probably lit. vv. *Kurškiemis /*Kurškiemiai. From Avd. Kurszus, Kurszys, Kurszaitis, Kurszatis, Kurszis (Kalwaitis 1910: 13). E. Hoppe also derives place names with the root Kurszar Kursch from personal names Kurszus, Kurszies, Kurszat, Kurschat (Hoppe 1877: 407-408). Meschkakehmen (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 148): lit. vv. *Meskakiemis | *Meskakiemiai. It may be a derivative of the a.k.a. Bear: bear "bear; clumsy, dramblot, heavy, agreeable man” (LPZ II 212) and the courtyard of the appeal. See also Avd. Meszka, Meszkatis, Meszkis, Meszkys (Kalwaitis 1910: 14). PluBkehmen (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 58): *Pliuskkiemis /*Pliuskkiemiai or *Pliuškkiemis /*Pliuškkiemiai. From Avd. Pliūskis, Pliuskys, Pliuska, Pliūskus: pluūskė “pliauska, atskala, shaveldra; what is flattened, flat” or Pluūškis, Pliuskys, Pliūškus: pluūškis “decoration, decoration; a frivolous, frivolous, casual person; who splashes nothings, everything outpleases, nonsense, nonsense” (LPŽ II 479). See also Avd. Pluszis, Pluszys (Kalwaitis 1910: 15). G. Gerulis discusses pr. vv. Pluselawken 1419, whose origin he explains as follows: lietuv. pliūšė + pr. laucks (Gerullis 1922: 216). F. Hoppe also believes that the first sand is of Lithuanian origin — from plusze, pluszis “Schnittgras” (Hoppe 1877: 411). However, we should not exclude the possibility of the personal name origin of the first sando, since most of the composed place names of Lesser Lithuania were formed according to the surnames of the inhabitants (Pėteraitis 1997: 15). PruBelkehmen (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 57), PruBelkehmen 1687 (Ostpr. Fol. 4627 14): *Pruselkiemis /*Pruselkiemiai. Plg. avd. "Prūsas, Prusėlis, Prūsėlis" (LPZ II 519). Skahnkehmen (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 106): Lithuanian gender would be *Skankiemis | *Skankiemiai. From Avd. Taste: delicious "tasty; which tastes good, is delicious’ (LPZ II 730). Stulkehmen (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 57): *Stulgkiemis / *Stulgkiemiai. From Avd. Stulga, Stulgas, Stulgys, Stulgis: stulg,brastinis tilvikas (Tringa ochropus); rėksnys’; stubborn "oblong rounded, oval; išdidus, iSpuikes’ (LPZ II 845-846). See also Avd. Stulgies, Stulgait, Stulgeries (Hoppe 1877: 417) and Stulgys (Kalwaitis 1910: 17). Schmiilkehmen (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 59), Ssmulkehmen 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 65), Smulkehmen 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 79): *Smulkkiemis | *Smulkkiemiai. From Avd. Smulkys (Kalwaitis 1910: 17), Smulka, Smulkis, Smulkys: fine “consisting of small particles, grain; whose small sight, small dimensions; thin, etc.’ 772) or Shmuel, Shmuel, which comes from Hebrew. The Christian name of origin Samuel, cf. German. Schmuel: Samuel, Schmu(h)- l: Samuel (LPZ II 963). Plg. dar vv. Schmulkehlen, Schmulken (Goldbeck II 144). In the variants S3mulkehmen and Schmiilkehmen lit. s is 102 changed to š. In the opinion of W. Fenzlau, this is influenced by the peculiarity of German (both Žemaičių and aukštaičių) to pronounce [š] before other consonants. In his opinion, the German Highlanders usually keep the Lithuanian [s], while the German Zemgalians change it to [š] (Fenzlau 1936: 80). There are more such variants: Schmeilen —Smailen, Schmaleduhmen —Smalleduhmen, Smilgen —Schmilgen, etc. (Pėteraitis 1997: 360-361). There is also a version of the name from the adjective smulkūs + kiémas, cf. lit. vv. Schwentakemen 1590 (Barkowski 1928: 34): lever + courtyard, Szemkehmen 1785 (Goldbeck II 211): field + courtyard. This form of place names is known in the Lithuanian and Latvian names, cf. lit. vw. High Tables, High Table (II, 17). 2. German personal name + yard: Bernigkehmen (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 149): *Bernikiemis /*Bernikiemiai. The first wing comes from the front. avd. Bernick(- e) (Forstemann 1900: 259; Heintze 1933: 136). It is also possible that the name is of Polish origin. Dedekehmen (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 124): *Dedekiemis | *Dedekiemiai. From WWE. avd. Dede (: Theodulf) (Gottschald 1954: 232). See also vv. Dedewethenn 1557 (Barkowski 1928: 232). Contact with Lit. avd. Dédys (LPZ I 478) is also possible. 3. Polish name + yard: Wallnigkehmen (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 41): *Valnikiemis | *Valnikiemiai. The first is composed of 1000 pieces. avd. 1991) 1917 – Ryuichi Sakamoto, Japanese singer (d. Valnik-(: valnas frei, los, ledig® LEW II 1192). 4. General word + yard: GroB SzirBkehmen (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 92): *Sirskiemis | *Sirskiemiai. "The Family of the Clownfishes". wasps; who is very angry, gets stuck immediately, jSirsta“ (LKZ XIV 906) + courtyard. 5. Not quite clear cases: Jellic3kehmen (Amt Insterburg) 1687 (Ostpr. Fol. 4627 11): *Jelickiemis / *Jelickiemiai or *Jeliskiemis | *Jeliskiemiai. The etymology of the first verse of this verse could be twofold: from the Polish. avd. 1383 (Rymut 1991: 136) or from German. avd. Jellies (: Vigelius) (Gottschald 1954: 610)*, although both interpretations require more detailed analysis. Schulckemeij (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. fol. 4610 13). If the letter sch corresponds to š, then the Lithuanian gender could be *Sulkiemiai. Then * Plg. avd. 1997) 1929 – Bernard (born Bernard) (d. 3 Plg. also Bach 1952: 168. 103 The first sand comes from the German. avd. 1933) 1933 – Heintze, Lithuanian poet (b. Wells: wells "built-in laying door, wooden well rail, gate, bridge, etc. column; wooden bucket, barrel side table” (LPZ II 989)*. The combination of letters sch can correspond to sk, then the Lithuanian equivalent would be *Skulkiemiai. Then the first sand comes from a possible avd. *Skulis or *Skulys. According to W. Fenzlau, the combination of letters sch may in some cases reflect ž (Fenzlau 1936: 87), then the Lithuanian gender would be *Žulkiemiai. In this case, the first sand is derived from lit. avd. Žulys: žulys „stačialiežuvis“, žuliai „Stačiokas, nemandagus“ (LPZ II 1348) or Zulka, *Žulkys, Žulkus (with suffix -kiš root žul-) (LPZ II 1348). Dūriniai, whose second suffix is -lauken, can also be divided into several groups: 1. Lithuanian name + field: Kiegstlaugken (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 143): *Kėkštlaukis | *Keékstlaukiai. From Avd. 1967) 1910 – Kęstutis Kalvaitis, Lithuanian poet (d. Plg. dar Kiegskehmen or Kdgsten (Goldbeck II 69). However, the origin of the first sando (from the adjective Kėkštas) requires a more detailed study, because in the opinion of W. Fenzlau, the lit. é and ie in German are represented by e, e.g., Bittehnen = Bitėnai, Szardwethen = Zardvieciai (Fenzlau 1936: 37-40). A similar case is mentioned by O. Barkowski: Pietzschlaucken gleich Petzlaucken 1584 (Barkowski 1928: 228). Kirkutlauck (Amt Ragnit) 1549 (Ostpr. Fol. 9392 51), Kirkuttlaugk 1556 (Ostpr. Fol. 9396 41): *Kirkutlaukis. From Avd. Kirkutis: kirkutis "first young chicken egg" (LPZ I 1000), Kirkutis (Kalwaitis 1910: 12). Kugstlaugken (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 20): *Kukstlaukis | *Kukstlaukiai. From Avd. Kuksta, Kukstas, Kukstys: kuksta, kūkštas "bunch, fiber; a rotten heap; tree crown” (LPZ I 1109). German Highlanders change the Lithuanian [š], which is between two consonants, to [s], e.g., Birstonischken = Birštoniškiai, Bersteningken = Berštininkai (Fenzlau 1936: 83-88). Padtlaugken (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 171): *Puodlaukis | *Puodlaukiai. The first sand from avd. Pot, Pots: pot "metal container for cooking food; clay vessel, pottery” (LPZ II 533-534). According to W. Fenzlau, in German the Lithuanian [uo] is usually replaced by | [0] (Fenzlau 1936: 40-46), e.g., Kooden = lit. 1936) Fez (1940). See also vv. Jodeglienen, Jodschen, Jodlaucken (Goldbeck II 76, 77). The vowel [a] is most likely influenced by German Samogitian (Ziesemer 1924: 128). PruBlaucken (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 85): *Pruslaukis / *Pruslaukiai. The locality of Avd. 1852) 1918 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French philosopher (b. Schulkeim (Goldbeck I 170), Schulen, Schulkeim, Schulstein (catalogue 1906: 247), Schulwiese (catalogue 1939: 132). 104 (Kalwaitis 1910: 15), Prussas, Prusseit, Pruszatis (Hoppe 1877: 411) + laukas. See also vv. Prusgirren, Prussellen, Prussen (Goldbeck II 126). Rugelaucken (Amt Taplaucken) 1534 (Ostpr. Fol. 11181 9): *Rugialaukis / *Rugialaukiai. From Avd. Ruga, Rugis, Rugys (LPZ II 633-634), Rugys (Kalwaitis 1910: 16) or from the Lithuanian appellative rugys,raw (e.g. winter) grain, from which bread is baked with grain flour” (LKŽ XI 890). Schuslaucken (Amt Labiau) 1591 (Ostpr. Fol. 5277 37), SchuBlauckenn 1615 (Ostpr. Fol. 5301 44): *Šiušlaukis /*Šiušlaukiai. From Avd. Šiuša, Šiūšas, Šiūšė, Šiūšė, Šiūšis, Šiušys, Šiūšis: šiuša, šiūša "Shiušas- ", šiūšas, šiūšas "Shiurpas, baimė, pasibaisėjimas" (LPŽ II 943), Szusza (Kalwaitis 1910: 18). 2. German personal name + field: Alt /Neu Baderlaugken (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 127): *Baderlaukis | *Baderlaukiai. From WWE. avd. Bader (Heintze 1933: 126). It is also found in Saxony. Badersleben (Meyers 1935: 29). Magerlaucken (Amt Taplaucken) 1534 (Ostpr. Fol. 11181 6): *Magerlaukis / *Magerlaukiai. From WWE. avd. Mager (Heintze 1933: 334). Plg. dar vv. Magerguth (Goldbeck I 108). 3. General word + field: Biberlauck (Amt Ragnit) 1549 (Ostpr. Fol. 9392 5): *Bebralaukis | *Bebralaukiai. From WWE. the adjective Biber (: Bieber,beaver®) + field, cf. also wv. Bieberstein, Bieberswalde, Bieberthal (index 1906: 22). Gerschlaugken (Amt Insterburg) 1642-1664 (Ostpr. Fol. 4610 124): *Gerslaukis | *Gerslaukiai. From the appellative gérse (: garny LEW I 148) + field. 4. Not quite clear cases: Woimelaucken (Amt Labiau) 1574 (Ostpr. Fol. 5267 26), Woimelaugken 1574 (Ostpr. Fol. 5267 51), Woijmlauchken 1615 (Ostpr. Fol. 5301 48), Woimlaucken 1626 (Ostpr. Fol. 5312 46). There is no clear explanation for the origin of the first sando of this place name, possibly from the Lithuanian *Vaimys. The article presents and discusses 28 enriched place names of Lithuania Minor from the 16th-17th centuries. 19 of them are of Lithuanian (Baltic) origin. 5 of the names have a German first name or adjective, 1 has a Polish first name. The origin of the three local names is unclear. Received 03/05/1999 Bach A. 1952: Deutsche Namenkunde 1(1), Heidelberg: Carl Winter, Universitatsverlag. Bach A. 1974: German Names 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, University Press. Barkowski O. 1928/1930: The Settlement of the Main Office Insterburg 1525-1603, Königsberg: Reprint Hamburg 1993. Fenzlau W. 1936: The German forms of the Lithuanian place and person names of the Memel area, Halle /Scale: Max Niemeyer Verlag. 105 Fėrstemann E. 1900: Old German name book. Personnamen, Bonn: Hanstein, reprint 1966. Gerullis G. 1922: The Old Prussian Place Names, Berlin and Leipzig: Association of Scientific Verleger, Walter de Gruyter u. What? Goldbeck J. FE I —Complete Topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. First part containing the topography of East Prussia, Volstandige Topographie vom Ost=Preussischen Cammer=- Departement, Kėnigsberg and Leipzig. Goldbeck J. E. II —Voistindige Topographie des Kėnigreiches Preussen, Volstandige Topographie vom Litauischen Cammer=- Departement, Kėnigsberg and Leipzig. Gottschald M. 1954: German Names, Berlin: Verlag Walter de Gruyter u. Co. Heintze —Cascorbi 1933: The German Family Names, Halle / Saale, Berlin. Hoppe E. 1877: Placenames of the Province of Prussia. —Old Prussian Monthly 14, Konigsberg i. P. Kalwaitis W. 1910: Lietuwiskų wardų klėtele su 15000 wardų, Tilžėje: Spausdinta Otto v. Mauderodės. LAŽ: Lietuvos TSR administracinio — teritorinio suskirstymo žinynas 2, Vilnius: Mintis. LEW —Fraenkel E. Litauisches etymologisches Worterbuch 1, Heidelberg-Gėttingen: Carl Winter, Universitatsverlag, 1962; 2, Heidelberg-Gėttingen: Carl Winter, Universitatsverlag, LKŽ —Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 5, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1959; 1965. 7, Vilnius: Mintis, 1966; 11, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1978; 14, Vilnius: Mokslas, LPŽ —Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985; 2, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1989. 1986. LVKZ - Lithuanian Names Origin Dictionary, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1994. Meyers 1935: Ortsund Verkehrslexikon des Deutschen Reiches, Leipzig. Natau O. 1937: Dialect and Settlement in Northeastern East Prussia, Königsberg and Berlin: Ost —Europa Verlag. Ostpr. Speak. —Ostpreussische Folianten, Geheimes Staatsarchiv „Preussischer Kulturbesitz“, Berlin (in parentheses the document number and page). Pėteraitis V. 1997: Placenames of Lesser Lithuania and Tvanksta, Vilnius: Lesser Lithuania Foundation, Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. Rymut K. 1991: Names of Poles, Wrocław- -Warszawa-Kraków: Zaktad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich — The publishing house. Trautmann R. 1925: Die altpreuflischen Personennamen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht. Verzeichnis 1906: Verzeichnis aller Orte in der Provinz Ostpreussen, Berlin. Verzeichnis 1939: New Place-Names Directory of East Prussia with the old and new place-names, Königsberg. Ziesemer W. 1924: The East Prussian dialects, Wroclaw: Ferdinand Hirt. ABBREVIATIONS avd. —asmenvardis hebr. —Hebrew lit. —Lithuanian Polish —Polish w. —German Vv. — place name 106 The article examines the structure and etymology of compound place names with -kehmen / -keimen (lit. kiėmas „yard“, kūimas „village“) and -lauken (lit. laūkas „field“) in Lesser Lithuania. The material used has been collected from the East Prussian Foliants of the Secret State Archive “Prussian Cultural Property” in Berlin. The mentioned place names are not found in any directory of the towns of East Prussia. This unique material can provide a lot of information about Lithuanians, their language, their life at the time, relations with other To grant to peoples. In the article are 28 composed place names of Lesser Lithuania of the 16th—17th centuries. of the century presented. In 19 cases both components of the composite are of Lithuanian (or at least Baltic) origin. The first component of 5 place names is a German personal or generic name, in one case — a Polish personal name. In 3 cases it was not possible to determine the origin definitively. 107