Šnekamosios kalbos ir emocinės-ekspresinės leksikos apibūdinimo problemos

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XLII (2000) Violeta ČERNIUTĖ Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION OF SPEAKED LANGUAGE AND EMOTION-EXPRESSIVE LEXIC 1. In contrast to stylistically neutral words, which do not provide any additional information and are used in all language styles, there is connotative vocabulary. Ji is divided into functional į emotional-expressiir ve vocabulary, informative with respect to positive or negative emotions. The functional vocabulary, which has a specific scope of use, includes words or combinations of words from the spoken and written language. It is important to say that the diversity of stylistically connoted vocabulary notation found in dictionaries is determined by the fact that the language does not form a very strict stylistic system, besides, the stylistic system of Lithuanian language is little studied (Župerka 1977: 68). This problem has been raised by J. Pikčilingis (1975: 10—11) and other linguists. This article examines the presentation of spoken language and emotional-expressive vocabulary in the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language” (hereinafter – DL), and also discusses how this vocabulary could be presented in the “General Lithuanian Language Dictionary” (hereinafter – GLD). In the bases and principles of the preparation of the latter dictionary it is stated that this publication reflects the currently functioning normative vocabulary of the general language (Reasons 1998). 2. Attestative speaking. Attestative vocabulary, compared with emotional-expressive, DZ. form the most abundant group of words. According to the computer version of the “Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language” (hereinafter — DZ (k)) these words were found 2527 Since the description of the abbreviation DZ, in the introduction is non-informative — "word of the spoken language" (DZ;; XIV), therefore, what words are considered the vocabulary of the spoken language, can be seen from the given examples. The word gleiza® has a pronunciation certificate, e.g. gleiza® „who gleizoja, terlius“; gléizoti“ snak. „terlenti, teplioti“ as well as its prepositional derivatives apgléizoti, isgléizoti, sugléizoti and glėza, glėzoti, having the same meaning, but terlénti | The author of this article relies on the stylistic differentiation of the dictionary by J. Pikčilingis. The book and the novel are not mentioned in this article. * The number of words in an article marked with certain tags is given by DZ(k). 3 The problem of word selection is not discussed in the article, but it is relevant and solvable. * Translation options are not given in the article. 160 "pollute, pollute, smear" and the same ta meaning feflinti, terlioti, terlyti, termėnti prepositionir al derivatives used by these words DG, considered stylistically neutral. The words are squeaky. ‘immobile person’; Rattle, -ė snake. „kas grablioja, nugrubnagis“ are given with su a note, but grabalinėti „grabinėti, čiupinėti“ has the analogous meaning of ir grabliuoti; grabinėti, graboti and used adjective derivativju es DZ, considered stylistically neutral. In the context of spoken language, the connotative words klūika šnek. 1. ‘lean, weak mare’; 2. "a fool, a fool"; squeeze the mouth. “to go without aim, to spit”; Knuckles, -ė snake. „kluika, klaikšis“ and in the ta same meaning kluikšas, -ė; kluikšis, -ė, also kluikti šnek. "to deceive, to lie"; Kvanka snail. ‘snoot, sniff’; kvankinti šnek. ‘to squeeze’ and, in the appropriate sense, to squeeze; kvaklinti, but stupid little. ‘snoot, sniff’; crazy, menk. -ė „crazy, wimpy“ are described in emotional-expressive terms. The word is used in the same sense as the prepositional derivative sulepšėti, as well as lėpšis, -ė šnek. „sudribėlis, ištižėlis“ and so on. The certificate is a snake. DZ, are marked words marmot speak. 1. "a man of fast and unclear speech"; 2. ‘a talkative person’; marmal snail. 1. ‘purvynė, algynė’; 2. "bad food, drink; 3. "who speaks quickly, unclearly" and 4. "plepys, tarškalas"; marmaliéné, pronounced ‘badly made viral’; marmalade snail. 1. ‘dirt’; 2. "clamp, liun"; marmalade snail. 1. ‘coated by concoction’; 2. "unripely mixed", as well as the prepositional primaryly mixed verbs. 1. “many welded, made”; 2. ‘heavily filled’; summalyti šnek.,,sūpti, maišyti“ and so on. In addition, the phrases "and" and "and" are not used in the first sentence, and the phrase "and" is also used in the second sentence. "a lot filled" has a certificate šnek. Nugrūbnagis, -ė šnek. "one with rubbish hands, ugly man, rubbish"; "a man with clumsy, stiff fingers, a clumsy person" are considered to be connoted in relation to colloquial language, but atgrub(a)nagis, -ė menk. “who has broken nails, works poorly and slowly, often throws something out of his hands, broken-nailed”, as we can see, has the adjective menk., so the latter word is described in emotional-expressive terms. In addition, it is worth noting the differences in the definitions of the latter words (hands, fingers, nails). The words used to name a bad guy, a wicked man are nelabasis, -0ji, nevidonas, -ė, vėlnias and others are considered words of colloquial language, snake is presented with the statement niek., and abomination is considered non-connotative. There are many more examples of this. In Table 1, we can compare how DZ, LKZ and SZ describe words, DZ, with the affirmation šnek. 161 Table 1 DZ, considered colloquial Stylistic description of language words DZ, LKZ gleiza SZ pažymos be pazymos be tarm. a gliding snail. be certificates Kvanka snail. be certificates lepsis, -ė menk. Menk. be certificate marmal 2. "bad min. be certific23 ate meal, drink’; 5 i ai nk. be certificates — 3. "who speaks me quickly, pazy unclearlbe y"; be certificates certificates tarm. 4. "plepys, tarškalas" sugrubnagis, -é be pažymos be pazymos menk. The certificate is a snake. DŽ, describes words of very different stylistic shades. Let us compare the examples of spoken language presented on pages 1—2 of this article with the words listed below, DŽ, which also have the mark Snek., e.g.: adata šnek. 3. ‘injection, incision, syringe’; A cup of tea. 2. "Connection su with feasts, feasts"; voice 7. snak. "voting slip, ballot"; The rail talks. 4. ‘vehicle drive’; centimetre 2. a ruler or strip divided into centimeters; center squeak. 5. ‘center forward’; daktaras, -ė 2. pronounced "doctor"; PhD speech. 1. ‘medical profession, treatment’; 2. ‘being a doctor of science or a physician’; long snake. ‘slices’; express train, express bus; „fourth bus, trolleybus, etc., marked with the fourth route number.“ ; mission 2. pronounced "mission letter"; Drops šnek. "Astringent drugs"; people 3. speak. "people"; moda 2. sneg. "habit, habit of"; > In this and other tables, a dash means that the word or the value specified is not present. 162 1 You're a 3. fool. ‘cubic metre’; Speak 2. nervously. ‘mental state’; Five of a kind. ‘five-unit banknote’; First to speak. ‘first time, first time’; 2. Paper snake. ‘official letter, document’; 100% of the time. ‘interest’; a snake. 2. “People, society”; Sister, talk. 2. ‘nursery nurse’; period, 8. snak. "Wired radio receiver- "; middle mouth. ‘secondary school’; Grass sniff. "herbs" etc. ir The examples show: (a) a note of a snake. DŽ, are also marked words with emotional-expressive connotation, e.g., sugrūbnagis, -ė, and neither expressive nor figurative words, e.g., bėgis; b) there are incoherences in the stylistic evaluation of analogous meanings of words, e.g. marmaliūoti in the meaning of “to drown, to buzz” is considered non-connotative, but primarmaliūoti in the meaning itself has the attestation šnek. ; c) ta the dictionary provides an incomplete stylistic description of the words: in most cases the emotional-expressive connotation is not specified, e.g.: lepšėti, sulepšėti, lėpšis, -ė have a clear derogative connotation, but DZ are described only in functional terms, etc. In order to avoid stylistic inconsistency in the description of words and not to overload the vocabulary with abbreviations, use šnek. BG could be used to mark words without emotional-expressive connotations or their meanings. E.g.: mirurėlis*, -ė šnek. "dead man"; gel mouthpiece. 1. ‘herbs’; 2.“ “drugs” etc. 2.1. words of children- ’s language, which are used by adults, but are peripheral to the spoken language. For example: ciūckis* "dog (in children- 's language- )"; uncle 2. „each older man (e.g. in children- ’s language- )“; kūzė*, kūzis* “horse (in children- ’s language- )”; aunt 2. snak. „each older woman for each child“ etc. In order to avoid apparent non-systematics, perhaps similar vocabulary in BZ should be presented only with the affirmation šnek., without verifying that it is a word used in children- 's language. BZ should not ignore the widely used farewell word “Aatia”, which is not provided even by LKZ. 2.2 The periphery of spoken language includes the words used in folklore, DZ, marked with the abbreviations d. and flk. The use of the latter certificates in Lithuanian Jodyns is a tradition, cf. DZ, DZ, LKŽ. There are 16 abbreviations with d., e.g.: čiulbuonėlis, -ė d. „who sucks“; čiulbūtis, -ė d. "who sucks, sucks"; pūronėlis, -ė d. „apy- * Čia ir toliau žvaigždutė reiškia, jog žodis sutrumpinimu šnek. DZ, ungrounded. y The triangle means that this value DZ, is not given. 163 nio poppy ar prefix’; Horseshoe 2 d. ‘rider’; raitojélis d. ‘raitas bernelis, raitélis’; Horseshoe d. ‘carriage’; Red-tailed horseshoe d. „raitūnėlis“ ir etc. Be That, uh... ma d. used to indicate that the sentence belongs to a folk song, e.g., laivas fk 2. ‘vaitis, eldija’: I'll work ~q, yellow ~q (d.); nékti 1 flk. 3. "develop- ~o ": rose, ~0 mint, lily ~o (d.) ir Sir. Abbreviated flk. highlighted words are, for 26, example, white, -a 4. fi. "good, sweet, dear"; bégiinas, 2 -¢ 2. flk. ‘messenger’; the editor, -¢ 2. flk. "fast horses, ristūnas"; pilot, -ė 2. flk. "who runs, flies, flies"; pakloja 2. flk. ,,covering, bedding’; horned flk. ‘devil’; 1 raguétis 3. flk. ‘devil’; 2 ithas, flk. -a “distant, smooth”; vagavarys flk. "plough" ir etc. The question arises why horned, 1 horned are not considered euphemisms. The people say: “Don’t call the devil the devil, but raguočiū, kipšu or any other name” (LKŽ XI: 42). By the way, the words used to name the devil evil and 1 split-toed DZ, are already allocated to euphemic vocabulary. Folk tales, which are divided into singing, telling and minor, are part of folklore. However, riddles, proverbs and other oral folk creations in DZ do not have separate abbreviations. BZ certificate d. could be abandoned, and the words of folk songs sentences marked with the abbreviation flk. ar 3. Emotional-expressive vocabulary DŽ, the abbreviations euf., fam., iron., jook., malon., menk., mzb., niek., vulg. First, we will discuss the words described by the latter term. 3.1. Certificate vulg. 5 words are marked. It's an idiot, -ė 2. vulg. “fool”; papas vulg. 1. "breast- "; 2. "Nipples- "; 3.,,zindukas®; 2. vulg. "unlawfulness, abomination"; toad 2. vulg. "ugly thing" and toad vulg. 1. “to call a toad, to curse”; 2. "to push (e.g. where it is not necessary)". Let's compare how these words are stylistically evaluated in other sources. Table 2 DZ; considered vulgarity Stylistic description DZ, LKZ SZ idiot, -¢ 2. „kvailys“ without mark without mark without mark papas šnek. without mark > pūūžė 2. „nenaudėlis, vulg. (swearing) — abomination“ toad 2. "ugly thing" nothing. — toothless snake. nothing. — 164 Vulgar vocabulary is considered to be coarse, stereotypical words and phrases used ir for sexual organs and physiological processes, etc. ir to be named. In the broad sense, vulgarisms include more coarse, derogatory words, e.g., instead of the word mouth žabtai, instead of empty — speaking plaauksti, pluurpti, taūkšti, — taūzyti, zaūniti, etc. ir (LKE: 713). In the following meanings the words plump, plump up, plump up, plump up DZ, considered to be spoken words, are played with the abbreviation menk., Žūbtai have the abbreviation O niek. DZ, abbreviated vulg. marked words and their respective meanings, except for the word papas, belong to the broader vulgar lexical layer. However, it is not clear why the name of a rascal is used, for example, snake, the same dictionary has a certificate niek., vėlnias is considered a word of colloquial language, t. y. These words are not classified as vulgar vocabulary. In the VDU text, which reflects the authentic written Lithuanian language, we can find a number of words with the roots miž-, pap-, šik-, šūdir others. BZ should decide: to continue ignoring this layer of lexicon or (see Oxford, Petit Robert, Thesaurus Larousse, etc.) to present it. 3.2. The following descriptions are used for curses, cursing words indicated by DZ’: | 1. a ‘cursing word’, e.g. thunder 3. 2. "curse", e.g., that you ~st! (curse) (title word; hereinafter — až) — blow 1. ), Oh, when you ~burn! (slang) (az —prasmegti), That you are where ~ai! (Screaming) (until the — wolf); 3. "such a curse", e.g., that you ~d! (such a curse) (until —explode 2.), That you ~stump! (such a curse) (az —pasiusti 2.), That you p~! (such a curse) (as of — 2.); 4. “inflicting”, e.g., cemerys 2. “kipsh, devil (in cursing)- ®; 5. „ir keikiant- ®, eg žaltys 2. "a cunning, cunning man (and cursing)- "; 6. ‘slanderous’, e.g., sting 2. “end, devil (slander)- ®; 7. „švelnus kurstymas®, e.g., Galas Zino (a gentle curse, said in doubt, not knowing what) (az —galas), Kad tave bunyki subadyty! (Sweet cursing) (az zuikis, — -ė 1.) ir kt The given examples show the variety of marking of this lexicon. It is not clear what motivates some sayings to be considered curses, cf. The end knows (az —galas) and so on, and the others, e.g., Go to hell! (to —end), incontinence, etc. In order to indicate curses, cursing words in BZ, you should systematically provide a note (curse) after the word or a specific example of its meaning. 3.3. As mentioned, part of the emotional-expressive vocabulary DŽ, is marked by the abbreviation šnek., part is presented as stylistically neutral. Non-connotationally ® The descriptions listed do not mean that DŽ, other forms of curses or cursing words are not used. 165 komi bleyzga 1. "obscene language, insults"; 2. "who bleyzgoje"; blevyzgoti "to speak indecently, to slam, to slap"; Chiossal 1. “empty talk, nonsense, nonsense”; 2. "who talks a lot, whines, whines"; čiauškalius, „who talks -ė a lot, čiauškalas- “: whisperer “who screams, screams”; dabišius, -ė "who likes to dress, dress up, beautify, adorn"; assassin, "assassin -ė of man, murderer"; turkey “a whore, a prostitute- ”; Fox 2. “a cunning, cunning, knowing how to comply man”; malkis, "fool, fool, fool"; let go of the -ė mouth, “whoever speaks unpleasantly, bleysgoja”; let go -ė of the tongue, “whoever talks nonsense, is a fool”; "pervert, pervert, pervert" etc. -¢ -ė ir Much of this vocabulary DZ, LKZ ir SZ also considered stylistically neutral. It must be said that often certain suffixes, endings, prepositions can give words a negative meaning. About nouns, 200 suffixes +-el, vedic, -ė J, are considered stylistically neutral. For example: -ė apdribėlis, "who is dressed, clumsy"; malformat- -ė ion, "which iš by nature is physical su mental ar defects"; išdvėsėlis, -ė "out of breath, spirit, nuodvasa"; „The names of the possessors of the adverb -ėlis, -ė verb feature usually denote persons and have a derogatory meaning [...]“ (DLKG: 105). Several of this suffix. constructs have no negative connotation, e.g.: numirėlis, -ė „dead person“, nusikaltėlis, -ė „who has committed a crime“, pabėgėlis, -ė „who has fled, left his place, country“ etc. ir Most nouns made with suffixes -alas, -alius, -eklis, -ena, -yné, -la, -lys, -na, -ūnas, etc., denoting names of actions or persons, have a derogatory meaning (DLKG: 106-111). Let’s look at how the derivatives of these adverbs are described in DZ, E.g.: giedalas “bad singing”; straight snake 1. “nonsense language, buzzword®; 2. whoever talks about nothing, will talk about nothing”; karkalius, -e "who carries; who breathes with hoarseness’; Zabalius, -ė "who does not see, blind, weak"; murmel, -ė 1. “who murmurs, speaks unclearly, quickly”; 2. speak. “what means dissatisfaction, speaks against”; stenek, -ė 1. “who groans, groans”; 2. snak. “one who speaks words unclearly- ”; „who has a shortness of breath, a shortness of breath“; 2. the whisperer "who screams, screams, screams" etc. As we can see, some of these derivatives are considered non-connotative, e.g.: čirškynė 2.: dūsena, others are described in functional terms, e.g.: murmėklis, -¢ 2.; but no derogations are given. The DLKG (112-113) states that the -a(-ia) and other endings have a derogative meaning and are nouns of the general genus. But the elbow 1. "who looks at the side, from the side, the side"; 2. “a large, clumsy, awkward person” And so on. The derivative DGs of the extremities are considered stylistically neutral. A certain stylistic shade can often be given to the word by prefixes, e.g. iškalbėt 1. „stupidly say“ (no stylistic notes DZ, does not have) and so on. 3.4. Abbreviation nick. marked 99 words. For example: atėjūnas, -ė nick. „unwanted atsikelelis, atsibastelisTM (atsibastélis, -ė „who has been basted” —without certificate); avigalvis, -ė niek.,uzuomarsa, žioplys, pusgalvis- ’; iSgama niek. "degenerate, degenerate"; iSpera 2. nick. "unfit creature- "; kaitalyné 2. niek.,caitalyjimasis’; Marmieze niek. 166 "face, mouth" (snook has an analogous meaning of the certificate min.); 3. Nothing. ‘a folded bed; messy, dirty bedding’; lick nothing. “being a licker”; Lick it, -ė nothing. „pataikūnas“, but palaižūnas, -ė „pataikūnas, šunotaisis“ has the certificate menk. (word padlaiZiinas, -ė DZ, does not provide). The word "nothing" is a synonym for nothingness. -ė „pataikūnas“ (pataikūnas, „who pleads, -ė tries to plead“ is considered stylistically neutral); Nobody's going to eat you. „sudribęs, neveiklus žmogus“, but in analogous meaning the words dribšas, -ė, drimba are described by the abbreviation menk., sudribėlis, considered 0 non-connotati- -ė ve. There's obvious confusion. Does marmouze have a stronger negative degree compared to the word snouk? What is the reason for the different notation of the words plėrza and sudribėlis, -ė? In Table 3, we can compare how DZ, derogatory generalizing vocabulary, is assessed by other sources. Table 3 DF, marked mark nothing. Stylistic description DZ, LKZ SZ avigalvis, -¢ niek. Niek. šnek. izgama bez sertifikāta bez sertifikāta bez sertifikāta marmūzē niek. Niek. Niek. -e menk. Menk. Niek. Nobody's going to eat you. Menk. tarm., menk. 3.5. The varied stylistic assessment is also shown by the derogatory words, which are 496. For example, 2. = 2. “who is not noticeable” (but 1. “who does not notice” —without certificate); white-handed, -ė 2. menk. “who does not work avoids physical work”; bliauti 2. menk. “loud crying”, 3. min. “sing unpleasantly” (Zliumbti “voice crying” has a certificate of speaking- ); cypyné 2. menk. „kas cypauja, klykauja- “, but cyplys, -ė „kas vis cypia, verkia, spieglys“ is considered stylistically neutral. In derogative meaning DZ, described words dribsas, -¢ menk. “what is broken, untidy”; has the same meaning; We're going to the hospital. "what iSgveres, wepla", but gvérauti nothing. 1.,,zioplinéti, žiopsoti“ (and other meanings); Governor Nick. „go as gvérai, zioplinti“ has the abbreviation niek., O isgverélis, -¢ 1. „kas išgveręs, iškleręs“ (who has cleared); 2. "slip-on, slip-on" —without certificate. The words "hot" and "cold" are pejoratively used. "hot-tempered man, hot-headed man"; 100 mg/ day ‘snoot, sniff’; kvaišys, -ė with analogous meaning, etc., but kvaišas, -a „stupid, shy“ DŽ, is given without a mark. 167 2nd edn., 2nd edn. ‘rabies, rabies’; phlegmatic, -ė 2. mink. „nepaslinkšis, kelmas, mėmė, aušena“" are marked with the abbreviation menk., melancholikas, -ė 3. "a man who is sensitive to everything, slow and sad, depressed, sad, sour" —without a mark, and sangvinikas, -ė 2. šnek. "a cheerful, cheerful, open-hearted man" is considered a word of colloquial language. Let us compare the stylistic description of derogatory vocabulary in other sources. Table 4. list description DŽ4 žymimi žymaumtienk Stylistic description DZ, LKZ SZ baltaruskis, -ė 2. „who does not work, menk. Menk. 2. avoids physical work" blaauti 2. "loud crying" nothing. Niek. Niek. drimba menk. without certificate menk. hot dog, -ė menk. Niek. Niek. snake 3. “mouth, face” vulg. Menk. Niek. The examples given in Tables 3-10 and 4 show that the designation of derogatory and derogatory shades is eclectic. The question arises, should a person called a squeaker (DZ, has a certificate mink.) be offended less than a person called a snake (has a certificate mink.)? Or the words gvėrauti, marmiizé, marked with the abbreviation niek., are of a greater degree of denigration than the words gvėra, snūkis, having the mark menk. and so on. About the certificates. and nothing. J. Paulauskas (1974: 46-47), K. Vosylytė (1995: 184) and others have written about the use of these shades without clearer criteria and have pointed out the difficulties of accurate evaluation of these shades. Inconsistencies could be avoided by rejecting the niek., 0 derogatory and derogatory words and marking their meanings with the more universal mark menk. Words with a very strong degree of denigration, BZ could be marked with a vulgar mark, e.g., šliūndra vulę. “harlot, whore” (DZ, this word is marked with a derogatory meaning). 3.6 Ironies, which are 13, are marked with the abbreviation iron., e.g., aristokratas, -ė 2. iron. "who withdraws from ordinary people"; ninyvarbis, -ė iron. “he who has, does many works”; heads 2. iron. "a fool"; cream 2. iron. “chosen people”; scientists 2. iron. “what happens when you learn a lot”; 2 benefits of iron. "good, " Meanings should be interpreted in neutral words. 168 Usually, pleasant words are derived from certain adverbs. DŽ, with a gracious meaning, describes the non-adverbial words mama, pūtė, tėtis, tėtis and the deminutive adverb derivative ne buduras. DZ, LKZ ir SZ The father of ir the family is not mentioned, but the mother of the family is known. BZ mentioned words, except buds, could have a certificate šnek. Look, ar ne more often a small child is called a pepper, but the latter meaning of this word DZ, does not present. Children's words kūzė, kuzis (see section 2.1 of this article) and others with the abbreviation malon. nepazymeti, but pūtė is already characterized by a gracious meaning. The word 2 mažutėlis, -ė has the attestation malon., but 2 mažylis, -e; 2 small, -ė; 2 mažiūlis, -ė DZ, are considered stylistically neutral, although all definitions sound the same as,,mažas vaikas“. If DZ, iThe listed words are given without an indication, because the stylistic definition is shown in the definition of the meaning, then the abbreviation should not be used. mark word 2 lowercase, -¢. These words used to name a small child have both the meaning of pleasure and minority. By the way, this is also true of the word sister in 1. Good. Sister. There are many more examples of this. BZ when describing diminutive nouns, for the sake of abbreviations. and mzb. could be refused, 0 instead use the certificate dem. 3.11. Presentation of figurative vocabulary ir should be considered. DŽ, it is sometimes marked by the adjective šnek., e.g., bindzinėti šnek. „walk without work”; bindzinti šnek. "slowly, lazily walk, push"; 1 kirsti 8. snak. “to do something severely (to go, eat, squeeze, dance, rain, etc.)”; mduti 4. snak. “to run fast, to drive”; shoot 3. snak. "to go, run, fly, etc." Sometimes figurative words are considered stylistically neutral, e.g.: skate 2. "go, drive"; smoke 6. "go fast, run, drive"; smoking 5. "run fast" and so on. Let's compare the description of figurative vocabulary in other sources. 12 Table 1 Stylistic description Figurative words DZ; LKZ SZ bindzinéti šnek. be pažymos šnek. biūdzinti šnek. be pažymos menk. skating 2. „go, drive“ without a certificate without a certificate — dumti 6. "go fast, run, without license without license snak. drive" smoking 5. "run fast" without a mark speaking speaking shooting 3. "hardly go, run, without certificate without certificate speak. fly" Obviously, the listed words are connotative. All words ar jų meanings, which do not belong to the neutral lexical layer, should be characterized by certain stylistic 1974: 46). Visual vocabulary presentation LKŽ has raised the problem K. Vosylytė (1995: 185). Abbreviation of image. In the plural dialect speaking verbs dictionary used K. Pakalka (1995: 205-216). It is used to indicate a functional connotation. The visual lexicon is a variant of the emotional-expressive lexicon (Pikčilingis 1975: 53). In other words, the figurative words are abbreviated as šnek. BGs should not be labelled. One possible way of presenting this vocabulary would be the abbreviation viz. use. But is it worth introducing this certificate? 4. Without repeating what has been said about the specific layers of lexicon: —the amount of emotional-expressive, especially derogatory, vocabulary (and marked with certain abbreviations, and considered J:, non-connotative) should be reduced in BS; —the stylistic characterization of many words, which actually have an expressive connotation and which can be used as BZ, should change in comparison with DZ; —In the introduction to the BZ, stylistic notes should be interpreted in an informative way, i.e. defined by more than one word, and examples could also be given: menk. — derogatory words or phrases used to denigrate a person, object or phenomenon, e.g., gremeézdas, etc. —BZ could be used with the following stylistic notes: šnek. —word or phrase of general colloquial language used in informal, informal language, with the addressee communicating freely, without restriction. This mark is used to describe words that do not have an emotional-expressive connotation. Example: needle (1) 3. snak. "injection, incision, inject"*; rail (2) 4. meaning ‘rolling stock drive’, etc. ; It is also commonly used in children's speech, and is sometimes used by adults. E.g.: atia jst. speaking "goodbye" (to say goodbye); flk. —folklore; words and phrases used in oral folklore that are marked with this mark. For example: 1 nékti (1) 3. flk. ‘develop’; 2, 4) and (cf. Deut. “foreign” and so on. Emotional-expressive vocabulary: dem. —deminutives; the words to be described by this mark, which denote the same thing or the same kind of thing as the reference words, only having the meanings of minority and pleasure. For example: girl (2) 1. dem. “a young unmarried woman, a girl”; motulé (2) dem. * The definitions are taken from DZ, but this does not mean that they will not change in BZ. By the way, the order of values can change, etc. 176 euf. Laugh. iron. Menk. BZ DZ(k) VDU az them. dz. euf. fam. got. iron. etc. Laugh. Good. Menk. mzb. Niek. prk. —euphemisms; gentler, more neutral words or phrases used instead of rude or unpleasant ones. For example: bad dkt. euf. ‘devil’; eyes closed (euf. die) etc. ir —joke, pleasant joke, non-joking words or phrases, the purpose of which is to amuse the recipient. 2 (2nd ed.). pp. 2. ‘head’; Not from that opera (a joke is said to someone speaking out of the subject) and so on —ironic words or phrases, used in a meaning, often opposite to the real one, having a hint of sarcasm, ridicule, mockery. For example: grietinélé (2) 2.iron. “chosen people”; The word "degrading" is used to describe a person, thing or phenomenon that is being degraded, denigrated, or disregarded. For example: crawling (2) slightly. 1. "a magic object, groove, grit", 2. "clumsy man, ditch"; lakti 2. mink “drink, bathe” and so on—vulgar, i.e., rude, obscene words or expressions that are not suitable for use in a cultured environment; often direct names of sexual organs, physiological processes, etc. For example: papas (2) vulg. 1. "breast"; fuck (1) vulg. "feces" and so on. —For curses, cursing words, it is suggested to provide a note (curse) after a specific example. For example: : To let you out! (screaming) If only you could explode! (curse) and so on. Abbreviations —Dictionary of the Common Lithuanian Language —computerized DZ, variant —Vytautas Didysis University textbook —title word —word, phrase or sentence of a folk song —deminutive —Dzūkų euphemism —familiar —folklore —ironic —emotional —joke, joking —pleasant —derogatory —petty —denigrating —in figurative sense eastern Altay language. — 177 rhythm. — — spoken word tarm. — dialect vaik. — children- 's language word image. — picturesque vak. — western highland vulg. — Vulgaris žem. — Samogitian LITTERACY IR SOURCES DLKG: Current Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of ir Publication of Scientific Encyclopedias, DZ; 1997. Current Lithuanian Language Dictionary, Vilnius: State Political ir Science Publishing House, DŽ,: 1954. Current Lithuanian Language Dictionary, Vilnius: Mintis, DZ, 1972. Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Science ir encyclopedias publishing 1993. house, KTŽ: Gaivenis K, Keinys S. The Dictionary of English Terms, Kaunas: 1990. Šviesa, LKE: Encyclopedia of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Institute for ir the Publication of Scientific 1999. Encyclopedias, LKŽ XIX: English to Lithuanian dictionary 1-2, Vilnius: Thoughts, 1968-1969; 3-6: State Political ir Science Publishing House, 1956-1962; 7-9: Thoughts, 1966-1973; 10-15: Science, 1976-1991; 16-17: Encyclopedia ir of Science Fiction 1995-1996; 18-19, Vilnius: Oxford ir Advanced Learner's Encyclopedic 1997—1999. Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1995. Foundations 1998: Basic principles of the general Lithuaniir an language vocabulary [manuscript]. Pakalka K. 1995: Plural dialect speaking verbs (Verba Dicendi) dictionary. — Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics 35, 205—217. Paulauskas J. 1974: A dictionary of current ir lexical norming problems. — Culture of language 27, 40-49. Pikčilingis J. 1975: Stylistics of the Lithuanian language 2, Vilnius: Science. Robert P. Le small Robert, Paris (?): Le Robert, 1990. SZ: Lyberis A. Dictionary of Synonyms, Vilnius: Science, 1980. thesaurus Larousse, 2¢ édition, Larousse, Paris, 1992. Vosylytė K. 1995: Stylistic description of words in the Lithuanian language dictionary. —Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics 35, 180-186. Zuperka K. 1977: Practical stylistics, Vilnius, Lithuania TSR Ministry of ir Higher Special Secondary Education Editorial Board. Župerka K. 1983: Lithuanian language stylistics, Vilnius: Science. PROBLEMS OF COLLOQUIAL AND EMOTIONAL-EXPRESSIVE LEXIS Summary The paper deals with the problems of stylistic description of the lexis in Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian (DML). Suggestions are also made as to the presentation of the lexis in the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian (DSL) (Bendrinés lietuviy kalbos Zodynas). 178 In comparison to DML, the in DSL the number items the of emotional of and expressive lexis, especially those marked with the Label menk. (Eng derogatory), should decrease, a number words of with expressive an shade should have their stylistic description changed. There are several suggestions for the improvement stylistic labelling, namely: the of in DSL the Labels d. (song; Eng song), fam. (familiarus — Eng familiar, informal), malon. (malonyl — Eng ameliorative), niek. (negligible — Eng pejorative) should be be abandoned; a new Label them. (deminutive — Eng diminutive) should be introduced, the Label vulg. (vulgarus — Eng vulgar) should used only for be words referring physiological processes, sex organs. to 179