Vedinių pateikimas „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ pamatinių žodžių straipsniuose

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XL11 (2000) Daiva Institute of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius, Lithuania - THE WORDS IN THE ARTICLE OF THE “MODERN LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARY” MRLs Introduction (p. VIII) it is stated that while saving space some Vedic ‘dedami į one nest usually a referensu ce word’. In this way, abstract verbs with suffixes -imas/-ymas, abstract su adjectives with suffixes -umas and su -ybė, names of persons with suffixes -tojas, -a, -ėjas, -a, -ikas, -ė, adverbs with suffixes su -(i)ai, -yn and verbs with a prepositional suffix su - Over there. 1. Statistical data 1.1. General Overview Computer iš In addition to the above mentioned su words, there are many other words in the dictionary that are used in the context of the 45% article. Most of them consist of action names made with the suffix -imas/-ymas. About 9,996 of them are given in reference verb articles, only about 196 are heading words of articles." About 98% of property names with the suffix -umas and about 5096 derivatives of the suffix -ybė do not have separate articles, and most of the names of persons derived with the suffixes -tojas, -a (about 98%), -ėjas, -a (about 92%) and -ikas, -ė are also presented in articles of base verbs. (approx. 7590). The Introduction to the Glossary also states that “such a derived noun, which also has a new, distinctive meaning, is promoted by a separate heading” (p. VIII). Such derivatives with the aforementioned suffixes are less common than non-titularity verbs and adjectives abstract names and names of actors, cf. with suffixes -umas and -tojas, -a — about 2%, with -ėjas, -a — about 8%, with -ikas, -¢ — about 25%. ! In one other case, the title word of the article and the derivative are related but not related by direct action, e.g., priversno and priverzinūmas, or the article contains several derivatives of the same affix that differ morphologically, e.g., the noun skaožikas, -ė "skater" in the article presents the female-unmatched zoological term čiuožikas "an insect of the Gerris family jumping on the surface of water" or rodent, -ė "a rodent" in the article —plural zoological term rodenti "a group of mammals with constantly growing front teeth (Rodentia)". * For more information, see Murmulaitytė 1995: 56; 1997: 124–125. 141 Only property names suffix are an su exception -a number of which about half are presented in separate articles. Comparing the data of the derivatives of the affix and suffix -umas, it is obvious that the derivatives of the suffix -ybė naming characteristics are more specific, and the derivatives of the suffix -umas more often denote pure abstractions of adjectives. It is true, one should bear in mind, that the latter DLKZ are considerably more: the suffix -ybė derived in the Dictionary is 338 (4 of them are presented 2 times each —in articles of basic adjectives and separately), and the suffix -umas derived — 1904, of which 1888 are based on adjectives and participants, others made from nouns, verbs, pronouns, numerals, adverbs. 1.2. About 4,796 derived su nouns, recorded in the articles of the base verbs, are presented with examples of usage (without taking into account the approximately 16,5 thousand verb names with the suffix -imas/-ymas, which are almost all presented in the articles of the base verbs, and only about 396 of them are illustrated in such cases, the total number of illustrated non-titled derivatives increases considerably and is about 1396). 283 derivatives of the suffix -umas are presented with examples of usage, which represents about 15% of all non-title derivatives of this suffix (e.g.,aklūmas: Color blindness (daltonism); frequency: Frequency dictionary (lingv.); Conductivity: Electrical, heat, sound, light conductivity. Clay smoke for water. || prk. Street smoke, haze: These fields have no haze, etc. The statistics of the derivatives with other affixes in this regard are as follows: 19, or about 1196, derivatives with the non-title suffix -ybė are presented with examples (e.g., inviolability: Territorial inviolability, as well as necessity: Participle of necessity (gram.) and others); 48, or about 896, non-title suffixes -tojas, -a derivatives (e.g., palaikytojas, -a: Sponsor and supporter of an idea); 32, or about 1496, untitled suffixes -ėjas, -a derived (e.g., užtarėjas, -a: He is my intercessor and protector); 6, or about 596, non-title suffixes -ikas, -ė derivatives (e.g., degikas, -ė: Brick burners). 1.3. Vedic, provided with definitions Several non-heading derived MRLs are provided with definitions. These are 7 suffixes -umas derived, e.g., inductance physic. "the ability of an electric circuit to create magnetic flux", kanceliariškumas "the formalization of writing work, its order (often exaggerated)", 3 suffixes -tojas, -a derived, e.g., orabėtojas, -a 1. “who speaks, speaks”; 2. „who speaks in public”, 1 prefix -ėjas, -a derivative — asistentas, -a „helper”. They make up a very small part of all non-title derivatives, about 0.05%. Non-heading MRLs derived from the suffix -ing/-ing are not defined. 1.4. Vedic, presented with term labels Some of the MRLs derived from the affixes in question have term labels. In general, there are very few of them — only 0.4%, but the statistics of the different sufikses vary considerably in this respect. For example, only 20 suffixes -imas/-ymas derivatives (out of more than 16.5 thousand, or 0.12%) are terms, e.g., rebirth?- 2. History of the Renaissance, 2nd ed. ‘an act of the supreme authority of the state’. And the terms 142 made with the suffix -ikas, -ė, are as many as 8.48% of all derivatives of this suffix (14 iš 165 sememu’, e.g. ėjikas, -ė 2. sports. "walking athlete", whistle zool. 1. "Didocus fur cave rodent (Marmot)’ (does not forget that in general the derivatives of this affix are about times fewer than the action 100 namesmų su Appendix -ing/ing). Statistics su of Vedic terms with other suffixes: Terms with suffixes 6,73% -a number of derivatives (26 iš 408 (e.g., circumstance 2. gram. „secondary part of a sentence, denoting the place, time, etc. ir of an 3. action.“ ; teis. “any factor affecting the nature of the offence”, equality 4. dimension “a relationship indicating that its members are equal”; 1.88% (5 out of 266) suffixes -ėjas, -a derivatives, e.g. gynėjas, -a 3. sport. ‘defense player’, ‘cutter’ zool. ‘snake beetle — plant pest (Otiorrhychus)’; 0.78% (15 of suffixes 1922) -umas vedic, e.g., modalūmas lingv. 1. “speaker’s attitude to į the relationship of language content with reality”, full definition med. “foot defect”; 1 derivative of the suffix -tojas, -a (from 623, or 0.16%) —liūdytojas, -a 2. right. "who testifies in another's case". It should be noted that only the MRL terms described accordingly are counted here. Some derivatives do not have such certificates, although there are terms in certain fields, for example, the abbreviation tech. could be marked derivative traktoras 1. ‘a tractor or other machine towing other machinery’; 2. "a ship that tows other ships" (cf. pusher tech. "a ship that pushes a barge; e.g. tug"), respectively unmarked and legal terms defender, -a 2. "who officially defends the accused in court, lawyer", judge, -a 1. “officer who decides cases in court”, medical terms pregnancy, sickness, etc. *. ir Obviously, almost all the highlighted terms are headings of articles. It is true that one another is also presented in the articles of the reference words (and this contradicts the quoted statements in the Introduction of the DLKŽ that new, exclusively meaningful derived nouns are presented as separate headings), e.g., adjective inductive, -i article inductiveness physic, noun translation, -ė article —translated body med., participant ésamas, -a article3 As for terms, the statistical unit is considered semema, i.e. the separate meaning of the derivative, because in some cases the same derivative with multiple meanings is a term of several fields (e.g., apsortavimas 2. lit. „veiksmas, kuriame kas aprašoma- “; 3. right. ‘property inventory- ’, valence 1. chem. ‘the ability of an atom to bind a certain number of other atoms’; 2nd language. "the ability of a language unit to connect with others, connectedness") or has non-terminological meanings (e.g., savagery 1. historic. "the oldest period of human history, in which people lived from food gathering, hunting and fishing"; 2. "roughness of customs, unculturedness"). * By the way, when examining the derivatives of the suffix -ybė, it was noted that most of the names of words and phrases with this suffix derived from nouns and denoting language or dialect phenomena are not marked as linguistic terms. There are 21 such derivatives in the dictionary, of which only 5 (belarusybe, barbarizm 3, polkość, sovietność and ukraietybé) have a linguistic certificate, the other 16 (anglybė, aukštaitybė, zūkybė, latvija, lietuvybė 2, makaonybé, pranciyzybé, rytietybė, rusybė, slavybė, suvalkietybė, tarmybė, vakarietybė, germanytė, jargonybė and žemaitija) are not marked accordingly. 143 nyje — existence fil., noun stūmikas, in article -ė stūmikas — tech. ir kt There are not rare cases when non-heading derivatives, in addition to ordinary, can also have term meanings, but MRLs do not provide the latter (true, sometimes the examples of usage indicate this), e.g. maintenance: Shooting with su exposure; Profitability: Profitability of the company; jurisdiction: territorial, subject-matter jurisdiction. The legality of the case; inviolability: territorial inviolability etc. ir Apparently, such nouns should be presented in separate articles, in which several lexical meanings would be distinguished — one coinciding with the meaning of the action, and the other — terms of certain fields. 2. The ambiguity of the Vedic Computer MRL variant (hereinafter referred to as — MRL(k) allows you to sort words by how many meanings — one or more — they have. However, this method does not provide the real ratio of univocal and plurivocal words, and the statistics provided by the computer are rather relative, since non-heading derivatives are also considered univocal, which are usually presented without definitions in reference word articles. From this point of view, by examining the derivatives of the adverbs -imas/-ymas, -umas, -ybė, -tojas, -a, -ėjas, -a, -ikas, it would seem that about -ė 99% of the MRLs are unambiguous, 0 approximately 196 have 2-5 values (with the exception of the suffix -ing/-ing derivatives, which have only 0.5% polynomials, the ratio of unambiguous to polynomial derivatives would be approximately 9796: 396). About 70% (excluding the derivatives of the suffix -imas/-ymas — about 80%) of derivatives have two meanings, about 20% — three. "Five-pointer is just one noun solution of the prefix -ing". It is obvious that these statistics do not show the true ratio of univocal and plurivocal derivatives in the MRL, since the majority of the nouns examined consist of the aforementioned non-title derivatives, so the percentage of univocal derivatives in the MRL(k) increases considerably. When a derivative is presented in the article of a multi-meaning base word and has neither a definition nor examples of use, it is natural to assume that it is also multi-meaning, i.e. it can rely on any meaning of the base word and thus have as many meanings as its base word. In any case, it would be a transpositional derivative, i.e. the lexical meaning of the derivative and the meaning of the verb would coincide every time (since it is neither defined, explained, nor illustrated, nothing can be decided about the other, more special meanings of the derivative). For example, the verb > Knowing that the MRL avoids excessive fragmentation of the values and that some typical values or shades of values are even compressed into one place (see Introduction $25 1) and 2), p. XI), the noun vežimas could also be considered to be partially pentavalent if its second meaning is “ppr. horse-drawn chassis, wheels; the quantity contained in it” (i.e. the name of the instrument and the metonymy derived from it) would be perceived as two separate semes. 144 drilling 1. "what a sharp thing (ppr. grążtu) obracając, zrobić otwór’; 2. ‘turning to carry iš the water of a wet garment’; 3. "turn, turn" in the article present the adjective gu -ėjas, -a, -ikas, -ė, -imas and -taking derivatives, apparently, can be considered trivial, t. y. each can rely jų on all the meanings of the base verb. Or the verb to mention 1. “to say the name, to name when speaking”; 2. “to je remember, not to forget”; 3. The ar abstract commemoration in the article “events to otherwise commemorjo ate (anniversaries, anniversaries)” can be motivated by all three meanings of the reference word and therefore can also have three meanings. If any of the meanings of the base word is terminologized, the motivated derivative of that meaning should usually be marked accordingly, but usually the Dictionary does not reflect this, ir e.g. the verb soften 1. “to become softer, softer”; prk. 2. “to become more 3. loving”; language. In the article „to be supposedly soft (about consonants)“ its derivative mykštėjimas is not marked with abbreviation lingv., as the verb linksnitoti gram. ir 1. "read with funny words"; 2. prk. In the article „frequently mentioned in speech“ the noun linksniūvimas is not marked gram. By the way, iš these examples show that this presentation of derivatives does not formally show that the derivative has a figurative meaning, see also article pasly | sti, ~sta, ~do 1. „slip on a slippery place“: Foot ~do, and I fell. 2. prk. „lost virtue“: ~des young man. ~dimas. The same applies to the stylistic indications šnek., menk., niek. and others, e.g., baūbti, ~ia, +ė 1. „storu balsu blaauti, mauroti“: Taurus ~ia. 2nd floor. "sing in a loud voice, scream". ~ima. Sometimes, the multi-significance of the Vedic is indicated indirectly by examples of use. For example, the adjective progressive, -i 1. “who is advanced, cares for progress”: Progressive man, progressive movement, progressive press; 2. “well-learning”: Progressive student The abstract progress presented in the article Progressive student is illustrated by two examples—the progress of views and the progress of students, which show that the derivative is based on two meanings of the base word, and thus has two meanings as well as the latter. However, only a small number of non-heading derivatives are provided with MRLs with examples of use. Moreover, formally, the ambiguity of the vedic is not marked, the 1st, 2nd, and so on meanings are not distinguished (the fact that several examples of use are given does not yet show the ambiguity of the word — they can illustrate one and the same meaning). The computer treats such words as univocal. On the other hand, the derivative may not always refer to all the meanings of the base word. For example, the verb lduzti DLKZ has 5 meanings: 1. prž. lumps 1; 2. "Mint"®; 3. “press, squeeze- ”; 4. “to hurt, to hurt”; 5. ‘change of direction’. At the end of his article are given the names of the characters with the suffixes -éjas, -a and -tkas, -ė and an abstract noun, the derivative of the prefix -imas. The latter may also, apparently, be based on all the meanings of the base verb. Meanwhile, the characters' names are not made from lduzti 4. „gulti, skaudėti- “: poor health — chest pain, back pain. This verb meaning differs from other syntax145 semantic ir valence (Sližienė 1994: 377—388)*. LKŽ VII break, 196 -ė has only two meanings: 1. "who ką breaks, robs": You've had enough of drunks, cashier robbers, etc. ; 2. „linų mynėjas, laužėjas“, the meanings of o the base verb are indicated even 16 (LKZ VII 201-202). Dégti article presents the derivative -ė burner, illustrated by an example Brick burners, so there is some reference to the 7th meaning of the base verb “to strengthen, harden by burning”. This character name may be based on other ir passing values, e.g. 2. “to create a fire, to ignite”; 8. "combustion production" (cf. LKŽ II 362 burner, -ė 1. ‘which hardens by 2. combustion’; see. arsonist; 3. see. degučius 1). However, germinating means a ir spontaneous action or state, e.g., “to grow, to dry from 5. the sun”; 13th prk. "to feel strongly (shame, anger, etc.)". These semes also differ from the previously listed in terms of syntactic and semantic valence, for example, they do not require a suffix, etc. ir (Sližiienė 1994: 172-173), characters names iš jų are not made. The examples given show that a non-title derivative does not always have as many meanings jo as the base word. This depends on the semantics of the base word, its syntactic valence, as well as on the category of action (action meaning) of the vedic itself, etc. ir For example, ir the names of action t. y. properties, abstracts of verbs and adjectives, apparently, can be based on all the meanings of the adjectives ir of the base verbs (at least theoretically)". The creation of character names is more restricted in this respect, for example, adjectives -tojas, -a, -ėjas, -a, -ikas, vediniai are usually made from -¢ transitive verbs (LKG I 318, 320, 321; DLKG base words may have intransitive meanings. 105, 106), o jų ir In this case, the derivative has fewer meanings than the base Word. Sometimes the illustrations show a derivative meaning that cannot be derived from the base word meanings given in the MRLs. This is because the Dictionary does not provide all the meanings, but only the most commonly used ones, or their definitions are formulated differently. For example, the verb patarnduti MRL has the 3 following meanings: 1. “helping with small household chores”; 2. ‘to remain on duty’; 3. "stand on hind legs", but none of them would be suitable to motivate the -a meaning of the character name, illustrated by the example of the hotel maid. * By the way, MRLs can only be determined from examples of use, but not every meaning is illustrated in the dictionary. 7 It is another matter whether all the meanings of such abstrakty are used sufficiently often in common language, or whether they depend on the context, in the latter case they are hardly fixed in the vocabulary of common language, for example, walk, derived from go 20. „to be shown“: Today in the theater goes, „Skirgaila- “. LKZ II 1109-1110 is a separate article gehen, most of the meanings of this noun are presented not by explaining, describing, but simply by indicating the base verb and its meaning, on which the derivative is based in a particular case. By the way, this way of presentation can be found in the DLKŽ, usually in the articles of adjectives with suffixes -inis, -ė and -iškas, -a, e.g.: alkūninis, -ė 1. > elbow 1; 2. — alkūnė 5, méskiskas, -a > meška 1,2, Sautinis, -¢ —Sautas (to shoot 1), also cf. Sn -a = play 1, ballade 1. —baladotes 1. 146 LKŽ XV 880 the first meaning of the verb formulates "to perform work to satisfy someone's needs". In both dictionaries, the first meanings of the verb are illustrated by the same examples of use: patarnduja at the table, what can I do to help him? ir etc., so it is about the action itself, only tą it is defined differently. However, The formulation presented by LKŽ more obviously motivates the name of the profession hotel servant, because it emphasizes that this character satisfies someone's needs, otherwise helps to perform any small household 0 ne chores. Thus, it is not possible to consider all non-title derivatives as univocal, nor can it be said that they have as many meanings as the base word (especially since MRLs may not provide all meanings of the reference word). ir Thus, such a iš presentation of the vedic reference — words in articles, definitions, be most often examples of ir be use can not be judged — anything about the number of meanings, jų semantic structure, semantic relationship with the reference su word, etc. ir 3. The articles on the reference words usually provide the transpositional derivatives of the affixes in question, i.e. those whose lexical and operative meanings coincide. It has been mentioned that they are usually not defined in any way, example definitions occur very rarely. When the derivative is presented as a separate article, in addition to the exclusive lexical meanings (specialized, transformed su into terms, simply specified, etc.), it often contains one that coincides with the meaning of the verb. Recent lexical meanings MRLs are presented in quite different ways. Based on the Glossary Introduction (p. XII-XIII) discussed ways of interpreting the meanings of words, the aforementioned derivatives could be roughly divided into several į groups in this regard. I. Indicative way of interpreting meanings 1. When using the arrow (—) sign: a) only the base word of the vedic is given, e.g.: teisingumas 1. > fair, noble 1. > noble, amateur, -a 1. > like 1, like 1, like 1. —go, writer, -a 1. > write. In this way, the derivatives of all the adjectives examined can be interpreted, with the exception of verb names with the suffix -imas/-ymas; (b) the reference word and the category of the work are indicated, e.g. discovery 1. > discover (action), horror 1. —horrible (feature), advisor 1. — advise (actor). Most of the time, the names of actions are presented in this way, other categories of action are only isolated examples. Note. In the Introduction of the DLKŽ (§32, p. XIII) the cases in which the arrow sign is used are listed, but the names of features and characters are not mentioned. Derivatives of these categories of action whose values are presented in this way are indeed rare. 2. When using an abbreviation, see — refers to the more commonly used variant of the verb (DLKŽ Introduction §29), e.g.: jaunybė 2. žr.jaunystė, savūmas žr. savybė 1. 147 II. 1998-1999 Definitive — interpretative method 1. The definition gives the meaning of the verb, its formulation uses the base word, e.g.: runner, -ė 1. "who runs", attacker, -a 1. "who attacks", the promiser, -a 1. "who promises- ", impurity “what is unclean”. The most typical names of the actors. 2. The definition consists of the base ir word and the name of the category of action, e.g.: mischief “a characteristic of the mischievous- ”, negativity “a negative characteristic”; plg. I. 1. (b). 3. Synonyms of action used in the definition, derivatives of other ir endings of adverbs iš tų of the same base words, e.g.: wickedness, superiority 1. "highness", benevolence "benevolence", charity "charity", ignorance "ignorance, unknown", distance “distance, far away”; plg. I. 2. Characteristic for property names. 4. It is defined by the co-roots of other base iš words, e.g.: deity 1. „divineness”, pasmystybé „mysteriousness”, suicide „suicide”. Characteristic for property names. The meaning of the word can be described by combining several variants of the defining-explanatory ir way, e.g.: discoverer, "who discovers, makes a discovery" -a ką (II. 1 ir II. 1998-1999 3), option "what is possible, possibility" (II. 1 ir II. 1998-1999 3), value "value, worthiness" (II. 3 ir II. 1998-1999 4) ir Mr. Semantics of the Vedas under consideration The MRL may be interpreted ir differently. For example, it has been observed that when defining the names of properties, the definitions often contain verbs having to be abstract, e.g., „having an interest“, ir „pregnancy“ "being pregnant, pregnant condition", also cf. unequal synonymsderivatkų ive definitionsdepre- — ciation “holding of low value” ir ‘minimum value’ (LKŽ VIII 13 — ‘low value; "All rights reserved" "All rights reserved" ir “possession of all rights”. This brief overview does not aim to record all possible ways of defining the derived values discussed to provide accurate statistical data. ir Ką although it would be difficult to say more precisely on this issue or to look for any regularities (say, that the derivatives of some categories of work are more characteristic of one, — other other way of interpreting the meanings), because the number of derivatives of individual categories of work MRLs vary considerably (plg. suffixes -imas/-ymas derivatives — about 16,5 thousand, and suffixes -ikas, -ė —152), in some cases it is difficult to generalize due to lack of data. However, it is obvious that there is no common system for presenting the meanings of transpositional (heading) derivatives, and one of the listed methods is not strictly followed in the Dictionary. For the sake of order, I. 1 should perhaps be dropped. (a) and II.1 and only use I.1. (b). It is also not appropriate to define with one word, because it happens that going from one word to another, one often reads several articles and finally returns to the one whose meaning was wanted to be clarified, so the Dictionary did not avoid tautology. 148 4. Specialized names of characters Adverb -tojas, -a ir -eja, Vedic -a denotes persons both by occasional work, short-lastijų ng or only once performed action, and by permanent work, business, profession (LKG I 317, 320). Adverbs -ikas, -ė Vedic only occasionally name persons by profession (LKG I 320). MRLs are about more well-known, 100 more widely used profession names with these su suffixes —su -tos, -a — 40, su -ejas, -a — 36, su -age, -ė — 20. This represents 9,11% about 6.42% of all the derivatives of this verb — the prepositions -tojas, -a derivatives — and 13.53% and 12.12% of the derivatives of the prepositions -ėjas, -a and -ikas, -ė, respectively." The names of professions in the DLKŽ are presented in three ways: 1) in separate articles, i.e. with definitions and (mostly) examples of use — about 2396: suffix -tojas, -a derivatives — about 1596 (e.g. gydytojas, -a „specialist in medical treatment“: Gydytojas apžiūrėjo ligonį. Kreiptis į gydytoją), suffix -ėjas, -a derivatives — about 28% (e.g. siuvėjas, -a „specialist in sewing“: Baltiniy siuvėja. Men’s clothing tailor. Learn to be a seamstress), suffix -ikas, -ė — about 3096 derivatives (e.g. bėgikas, -ė 2. „runner- “); 2) in articles of base verbs (without definitions) —about 7796: suffixes -tojas, -a derived —about 85%, -ėjas, -a —about 72%, -ikas, -ė —about 70%: a) with examples of usage —about 3296 of all non-title derivatives: suffixes -tojas, -a —about 3896 (e.g., išjodinėtojas, -a: Horses outjodinėtojas), -ėjas, -a — about 35% (e.g., rišėjas, -a: Bookbinder), -ikas, -ė —about 14% (e.g., kūrikas, -ė: Furnace heater (heater)); b) without examples of usage — about 6896 of all non-title derivatives: suffixes -tojas, -a — about 6296 (e.g., programuotojas, -a), -ėjas, -a — about 65% (e.g., virėjas, -a), -ikas, -ė — about 86% (e.g., šerikas, -ė). These statistics show that most of the occupational titles examined do not have a separate article and are generally not defined, explained or illustrated. However, such vedics are nominative, their action and lexical meanings do not coincide, i.e. they do not simply name the actor according to the action he performs, but also indicate that this is his permanent occupation. For example, defender, -a 1. ‘who defends’; 2. ‘who officially defends the accused in court, lawyer’; 3. sport. ‘defensive player’. Only in the first sense it is a transpositional derivative, a non-specialized name of the actor (such are usually simply written in the articles of the base verbs). The 2nd and 3rd meanings already have additional sems, are transformed into terms (although the 2nd is not marked right), so this noun is rightly presented in a separate article. Š These relative data perhaps somewhat contradict the LKG statements — the percentage of profession names with suffix -ikas, -ė is higher than that of derivatives of suffix -tojas, -a (cf. 12.12% and 6.42%), but it should be borne in mind that the MRLs of derivatives of suffix -ikas, -ė are almost 4 times lower than those of derivatives of suffix -tojas, -a, which, by the way, are almost all presented without definitions in articles of reference words. The adverbs -ikas, -ė vedic have more often special meanings, about 1/4 of them are presented in separate articles. 149 bot. „red family kibus forest ir field plant, garden weed (Galium)“, smaugikas bot. "wild ir ornamental vine that wraps itself around a tree and dries it (Celastrus)". These terms are presented in different ways. The DLKZ is a vedic pair of 13 the said suffix, one member of which has a feminine gender equivalent, the other is only a ir masculine gender equivalent. In two cases, such pairs have the markings of ir homonymous 11 homographs, the pairs are not marked accordingly. In general, in this case, four presentation options can be distinguished: 6.5.1. The term is considered a homograph of the name of the non-specialized actor, these words are presented as separate articles, for example, 1 plaukikas zool. and 2 plaukikas, -ė, as well as plešikas zool. 1 ir 2 Robber, -e. 6.5.2. A non-title zoological ir term is given in a single article, for example, skautas, -ė and skautas zool. ", as well as runner, -ė and runner zool. 6.5.3. The term is presented in a separate article (lipikas bot.), and the name of the actor —in the article of the basic verb (1 lipti, -a, -o —lipikas, -ė), also cf. séjikas, -ė and sėjikas zool. **, as well as kandikas, -ė and kandikas, kaupikas, -ė and kaupikas, skriejikas, -ė and skriejikas tech.,smaugikas, -ė and smaugikas bot., švilpikas, -ė and švilpikas 1. shoe., 2. (kul.?), traktorius, -ė and traktorius (tech.?); 6.5.4. The name of the character is not mentioned in the dictionary at all, for example, kirpikas zool. In the general language dictionary, such words should be presented in the same way, possibly choosing the first option. Otherwise, the dictionary contains unmarked homographs, which are particularly difficult to detect when they are written in the articles of the base words, because in such cases the derivative is usually not given in its entirety, but only its ending. All plural zoological terms made with the suffix -ikas, names of families and orders, are untitled. 1 predators, seasicklings, and spinners are listed in the articles of the respective bird and other names, and rodents are listed in the article of the character name rodent, -ė (because it is from the name of the character, and not from any specific animal, that the name of this mammal order originates). However, there seems to be no strict order in the case of plural terms, cf. the derivatives of another suffix — the plural term buritiotojai zool. “family of large, ornate otters, which, rarely floating, fly (Papilionidae- )” is given in a separate article, and the name of the actor buritiotojas, -a — in the article of the base verb. 6.6 When several common root words are presented in one article, at first glance it seems that this gives some possibility to explore the vocabulary of DLKŽ, and in I LKŽ II 162 these words are presented according to the first variant: 1 skaožikas sm. Zool. „vandeninė blakė (Hydrometra)“ ir 2 skaižikas, -ė smob. "who skates, sleeps". 12 That article of the dictionary also contains the plural non-title zoological term ‘sea urchins’, ‘a family of the order Charadriiformes, to which belong the sea urchins, sea urchins, etc. (Charadriidae)’. 156 actively. However, the possibility is very small, because such a presentation does not show all the connections of the action: (a) although the Introduction to the MRLs refers to the articles of the Dictionary as nests when explaining the methodology of word presentation, they do not contain all the co-roots words belonging to the actual constructive nest; b) not all non-heading derivatives are given in the articles of their base words, e.g., the names of properties insistence and compelling to write the adverbs insistent and compelling in the articles, finality, finality and explosiveness —in articles whose headings are the named subordinate participles final, -6th and explosive, -0th; c) the articles of the reference words usually contain derivatives of regular, productive forms of action, e.g., verb suffixes -imas/-ymas, adjective suffixes -umas abstracts. However, the real regularity and productivity of these types of MRLs is not revealed, statistical data would not be accurate, because the Dictionary does not include all possible derivatives of these types. For example, verb names with the suffix -imas/-ymas can practically be made from any verb, but there are about 16,500 of them in the Dictionary, and verb conjunctions — about 19,200. On the other hand, only the most commonly used words should be included in the vocabulary of common language, so one should not expect to find the abstract of each verb with the mentioned suffix in its article. Nevertheless, DLKŽ is foolishness, fame-making, craftiness, calling, etc., as well as the names of characteristics, such as extremeness, extremeness (wouldn’t the more commonly used extremeness be enough?), mockery, the name of characters, etc. The frequency index of these rather unusual derivatives in the dictionary or textbook would hardly be high. Conclusions The nouns derived from the adverbs mentioned in the General Dictionary of the Language should be presented in a certain order. 1. Perhaps the derivatives without special meanings, which appear in the articles of the base verbs, should be omitted altogether. 2. Nouns with more special meanings should be presented in separate articles. 3. When a derivative has more specialized meanings and is given a separate article in the dictionary, a separate semema should also be provided for transpositional, non-specialized derivatives, i.e. those whose lexical and functional meanings coincide (in the DLZ they are usually given without definitions and examples of use in the articles of the reference words). In terms of form, such semiotics can be presented in the same way — by indicating the base word and the category of the verb. If the nouns may not take all the meanings of the base verbs or adjectives, this should also be indicated by indicating those meanings of the base words that motivate the derivative. 157 4. Individual articles could be presented with ir otherwise more special meanings, but more pronounced semantic groups (such as names of persons according to professions, etc.) ar non-constituent Vedic — baptist, savior; punisher, sponsor, -a, founder, -a, observer, -a, consumer, -a; smogikas et al. ir 5. Perhaps it would be necessary ir to specify more common non-presentable values of some derivatives, e.g. bleach "bleach", switch "switch", charger "charger", etc. For example, in Latvian, such nouns, applied both to a person and to a machine, are normative, so ar LVVs are presented in the same article as separate values of a polynomial derivative (creator, recipient). In the Lithuanian common language dictionary it could be presented in the same way, only the meaning mo of the action should have a certificate ntk. 6. All terms in certain fields are indicated by the appropriate abbreviations. 7. If the motivating meanings of the base word are transitive or have stylistic indications šnek., menk. etc., the corresponding values of the derivatives must also be indicated. Thus, the article of a derived noun, which may be have other meanings, for example, denoting a person by profession, in the dictionary could look something like this: vertėjas, -a dkt. (1) 1st language. “who translates the text”; 2. translate 1 (actor); 3. verse 7 (a character); 4. —translate 8 (actor); 5. —translate 15 (character); Each meaning shall, of course, be illustrated by examples of use which can explain the derivative without requiring a dictionary and searching for the corresponding meaning of the base word. In this case, all the values given by LKZ XVIII 877 are given. Whether all of them are necessary in the general language dictionary is still to be discussed. However, it is obvious that translator, -a has far fewer meanings than its base verb to translate, and this cannot be determined from the DLKZ, because the derived noun is neither defined nor illustrated in this dictionary, but simply entered in the article of the multi-meaning (17 meanings) base verb. Gauta 1999 02 03 LITERATURA IR DLKG —Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996. DLKŽ —Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. MRL(k) is the computerised version of the MRL. Gudavičius A. 1997: Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language from the Perspective of Lexical Systematics. — Lithuanian Linguistics Questions 37, 33-39. KTŽ-Gaivenis K., Keinys S. Dictionary of Language Terms, Kaunas: Šviesa, 1990. LKG +-Lithuanian Grammar 1, Vilnius: Mintis, 1965. LKŽ I-XIX —Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1—2, Vilnius: Mintis, 1968-1969; 3-6, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1956-1962; 7-9, Vilnius: Mintis, 1966— 1973; 10-15, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976-1991; 16-17, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1995-1996; 18-19, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 1996. 1997-1999, 158 LVV — Latvian language dictionary, Riga: Source, 1987. Murmulaitytė D. 1995: Adverbs -presentation of the references in the "Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language". — Lituanistica 2 (22), 55-67. Murmulaitytė D. 1997: Semantic statistical analysis of verb nouns in the “Dictionary of Contemporary ir Lithuanian Language” (adjective -imas/-ymas ir ending -a derivatives). Hmm. Ph.D. dis., Vilnius. Sližienė N. 1994: Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary 1, Vilnius: Encyclopir edia of Science Fiction. Žilinskienė V. 1995: Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language III Terms of release. — Problems of lexicography: semantics, etymology, presentation of dialectal facts, principles of dictionaries. Thesis of the mo conference reports. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, Žilinskienė 37-39. V. 1997: Presentation of terms in the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language” III edition. — Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics 37, 46-52. OxeroB C. H. 1988: Crosaps pycckoeo a3bixa, Mocksa: Pycckuii A3bIK. PRESENTATION OF DERIVATIVES IN THE ENTRIES OF THEIR UNDERLYING WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY OF MODERN LITHUANIAN (DABARTINES LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES ZODYNAS) Summary The article focuses the on derivatives with the suffixes -imas/-ymas, -umas, -ybė, -tojas, -a, -ėjas, -a, -ikas, -ė, which are presented the entries their underlying words. in of In most cases they have neither definitions nor illustrations, the user cannot get so sufficient information about their semantics and usage. Besides, due the chosen to mode their presentation, they appear of the in Dictionary as unmarked homographs and homonyms. Thus, the in new Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian (Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas), it is more reasonable to present only part of these of derivatives. Only the derivatives which have specialised meanings or are technical terms would be presented in separate entries. The others need not be presented in this Dictionary because of their regular derivation and closeness in their lexical and derivational meaning. 159