Kalbos dabartiškumo nuorodos nelingvistiniuose tekstuose

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XLII (2000) Kazimieras ŽUPERKA Siauliy University LANGUAGES ACCURACY REFERENCES IN NON-LINGUISTICAL In the article, 1. based on metalinguistic comments (MK) and metalinguistic units (MV)', shows which new phenomena of the current Lithuanian language are noticed ir and how our society evaluates them. In the works of linguists, it is quite common to believe that society does not notice language change. In one of the latest works of Lithuanian sociolinguistics it is written: “It is clear be from special sociological studies that the linguistic community believes that today they speak exactly the ji same as yesterday, that the current generation speaks exactly the same as their parents spoke. [...] Thus, the language users do not feel that the jų language is changing.” (The King's 1997: 49, 50). MK analysis allows this approach to be refined. MV collect iš written ir spoken language texts, mainly iš journalism (media), as well as everyday language, iš fictional works of scientific work”. About ir 4 thousand samples were collected, among them about 400 MVs, reflecting the phenomena of language change: ancient, otherwise already older, current, different generations (aging, youth) language references. MK mainly collected the iš language of recent decades, but looked at earlier sources, ir because the aim was to clarify the more general features of our society’s linguistic consciousness”, only what innovations in the ne Lithuanian language users see today. The present MK of the language, quite similar to the modern ones, exists in older writings; such, for example, are į these two MK from the ir poetry of J. Anusavičius published in 1900 and the lecture given by J. TumoVaižgantas in 1919:! Metalinguistic commentary is the discussion of the linguistic expression of language or text: evaluation, motivation of use, etc. (see Jifickova 1979: 149; Župerka 1987: 194-195; 1996: 65); The MK forms a metalinguistic unit with the commented part of the text (see Barabanscikova 1991: 1). 2 Obviously, examples of fictional works should be evaluated differently than metalinguistic comments of so-called communicative texts, but in view of the objectives of this article, this difference is not significant. * As a phenomenon of reflection of linguistic consciousness, so-called folk linguistics is studied (see Čmejrkova 1992 and the literature cited there). We could look at the non-linguistic texts of the MK as a continuation of folk linguistics in modern times; maybe a non-professional linguistic term would be appropriate here. 124 Kurgaspadinė (now I need: pony) | The hospitality isn't very pleasant Anus 102; Lithuania- — ns are true children of their nature, lovers of their home (now we would say: patriots): where you are, there you lie Vaižg (Prg 1989 9 135). It is necessary to know at least the approximate su MK time of use of the statement (sometimes — ir other circumstances). The innovations of the past are no longer innovations in our day; the novelty shade of the word, it seems, usually retains about years. 10-15 2. Relationship of ir language specific to a generation in a historical period The collected MV data show that there is a connection between the age groups of the historical (chronological) opposition of the language ir (sometimes) conflicts. Particularly close connection seen between the group in the ancient ir saying group as the ancients say MK: we find it in jų statements of similar nature; sometimes so formulated that it is difficult to decide which group of MK historicity generations — ar — jį 100 mg/ day. A slightly different relationship seen between the group as now said as young ir people say MK: Currently only young ne people speak it, but young people usually speak it. Jų peculiar language, often non-normative from the point of view of general language, perceived as modern. For example: : Furious to attack jį those wasps, ir one blatnesne, as now young people say, just cvankt Bladziui į tailor Lkn; Examiner Jablonski was quite a tough tough, as ir students would now say — ‘ax’ Prg 1987 3 158; at the intersection I du see boys watching "cartoons" (so called intoxication, when the face is bound with a towel soaked in chemicals) KT 1988 07 30; If I do not bring the report to the boss tomorrow, it will be, as my daughter says now, forks in the back. 1997. 3. The stylistic aspect of language antiquity/modernity The historical (chronological) commentary on a language unit or language means, mode of expression is a social evaluation of language, and at the same time it is a certain stylistic characteristic. Among the stylistic description of the word in our dictionaries traditionally includes psn. —„an outdated, unused or rarely used word in common language or its meaning. This statement is sometimes used to mark words that denote obsolete concepts or phenomena, out of circulation objects" (DLKŽ: XIV). LKŽ also has a certificate of neol. —„neologism, a newly-appeared and unfamiliar word in literary language“ (Ibid., XIII). In stylistics, attention is also paid to the words of the “archive” (see Pikčilingis 1975: 149-155), while terminological innovations are only mentioned — they are a phenomenon of the technical language (ibid., 156); stylistics, which is mainly focused on the expressiveness of speech, they do not care. What is different are the individual, so-called stylistic innovations—they, as a means of expressive language, are discussed in detail (ibid., 156-169). 125 Iš the MV stylistics of speech are especially valuable MK those in which they draw attention to ne į what a new word, o į the tendencies of modern speech. 4. Modern language and speech are mainly interjections, which consist of words of the thematic group of MK speech (forms of verbs speak, say, speak, pronounce, call, nouns language, term, word, etc.) ir su with adverbs ar of the tense (now; now, today; current, fashionable, modern, new(p), innovative, contemporary, modern) words of ar similar meaning: words (terms) of the present (current, fashionable, modern, our days, our times, today, these days, these times), popular lexicon, these days jargon. The most common insertions are the present tense constructs (in a new way, in modern speaking, in a nų modern way, in today's terms) short type ir (as) now said (called), (as) it is customary (fashionable, popular) to say sentences today. Stereotypes are easier to see and hear. MK Freer structure of modern language MK (e.g.: until this year we didn't use it, I've heard about it for several years, we avoided it a few years ago) ne į Many stereotypes do MK not show more specifically, the ar modernity of speech, style is discussed, only attention is ar drawn to some new word. į In this regard, two groups MK are distinguished: (a) MK su new newly(p) / emphasizes the newness of the language unit, (b) MK su in words usual, favorite; fashionable / fashionably, modern | modernly, popular — word ar phrases, the vigilance of saying, the frequency in the spoken period, e.g. : (a) we will turn our gaze į [...] the science of literature, or, in a new way, literary studies T 1978 125; Here. [In America] even a new Lithuanian “curse” has appeared: that your relatives come to you iš Lithuania! GKr 1989 52; International computer network, in a new way, "Internet" a great boost for — civilization MŽ 1997 10 21; (b) I'm coming in the dark, as they say now, in discussion order. GKr 1989 37; today Member of the Seimas receives about three thousand litas on paper as usual to say / TV 1998 12 04; remained in the memory, in the subconscious, as everyone now likes to say LM 1987 01 24; the opinions of the Lithuanian population, as it is now popular to say, are ambiguous SŽ 1989 64; A. B., of course, comes to the elections with a greater, as it is now popular to say, earnings LR 1993 01 26; that the poet does not overly scratch and break his hands, and speaks everywhere very restrained and modestly, does not mean that he, in fashionable terms, does not feel the tragic of all being LM 1983 15; Now here | President /as it is now fashionable to say | we present you immediately the whole package of problems TV 1987 11 13; The peak of the composer- ’s outrage at the event — the shout “Compatriots, come to your senses!” (True, this shout is now fashionable!) KV 1989 14; The arrested citizen is a N. 126 nice guy of 22 the year, now fashionably called a merchanttu LR 1990 207; UAB organized a solemn opening of the store, more European ir fashionable called presentation ŠN 1993 05 20; already in demand /miasyin modern words, the snarling has | increased. 1970; in the school yard there was a youth, modern speaking, rappers, celebration MŽ 1997 10 04; Problem was the most popular word today N 1987129; a wide variety of programs, projects, concepts (the most popular, in my opinion, word at the moment) GKr 19891 15. More specific and looser structures MK, of course, more specifically describes the commented ir language phenomena: People remember the former advisor in jį adversity, the doctor in distress, who cured with vaistazole and, as ir it is now scientifically called, propaganda of a healthy lifestyle LM 1988 26; the “forced” feelings, as we will say based on today’s literary taste, were determined by a weak, vague communication code Sauk 143; in today’s jargon, he [Putin] would not be the advertising “man who does not need much effort” Mt 1998 2 147. 5. Nature of the commented phenomena of linguistic presentness Which language phenomena are accompanied by the present MC? Mainly — (a) a changed (new) place name, (b) a new word, term, which has appeared next to the previously used or to name a new phenomenon of life, (c) a new, unusual gender of the word. For example: : (a) The inhabitants of the island moved to the village of Drūkšiai, now called Drisviatai“ KT 1989 4; specialists were trained in Leningrad | now it should be said in St. Petersburg Rdj 1998 02 09; Now the Red Court Lighthouse calls us the Blind Lighthouse SK 1999 45; (b) will hold farewell dances in the culture house, oh, sorry, —nowadays that thing is called disco LM 1987 06 27; in the neighborhood, which is still under construction, there will probably not be telephone machines, now called taxiphones LR 1992 02 28; took the money. True, now they were called tickets, wagons or just beasts LM 1993 12 04; such music from the disc | or as now they like to call the album /I chose Rd] 1996 12 31; listen to the press | or as now it is customary to say /Media opinion Rdj 1998 03 08; now everyone talks and in our vocabulary there are hospital funds Rdj 1998 04 22; (c) We are accustomed to saying “milker”, now “milker” is no longer a news T 1971 30. * Dab. Belarus; brush. - It's all over. 127 The current MK frequency of the words that appear ir or become popular are used in a different way with changing politics, ar order, power. For example, the commentaries emphasize characteristic words and phrases of the Renaissance: Publicity, criticality, reorganization, the spirit of the time are now fashionable words KT 198706 06; decided to act be teams iš "strong centre" (as we call union bodies today) GKr 1989 7; we'll deal with, in today's popular lexicon, concealing white spots KV 1989 14;a few years ago this word [strike] we still avoided LPr 1989 04 26; Until this year, we didn't use the word "resignation", because unusual was ir jį expressing action KT 1989 230; Soviet power in our region was created by hasty į aid Employees from Belarus (now I would say: repression intimidated ir mastered Stalin's shots) TS 1989 75. Especially often attention is drawn to the į fact that In the years ir of the rebirth of restored independence the word people and compounds jo are replaced by the returning word nation ar jo derivatives; an intermediate company: Very easily ir soon all the deputies gave up the old legacy, called the people, replaced by society goes to LR 1990 161; meet the people su / 0 speaking in current terms / su nation TV 1994 01 11; we need to ask the public /as it is now common to say / the people's speech. 1996 03 28; Lithuanian folk art now more | often called folk art works of folk TV 1997 10 24; masters /or now called folk artists exhibition / TV 1989 09 10. The fact that language is changing is particularly obvious to language į users when they talk about the past, the older, nearer ar past. Then you often have to use words from those days, o su MK presents the current jų equivalents: 1815 June 30-July 11 in the gymnasium [...] took place public performances, we would say, public examinations Merk 48; Furthermore, he [T. Ivanauskas] was the first to raise and spread the ideas of nature care, in our words, nature protection Iv 6; taught this discipline to us well, in modern terms speaking, reinforced Ir M 1982 11 10; Now, when we became more educated, we called such people va - socially disadvantaged, 0 then [after the First World War] simply called victims Rdj 1998 11 21. Other times, when speaking about the past, only the names of his time are mentioned: In terms of our time, he [V. Graičiūnas] was a great enthusiast of scientific organization of work (DMO) MG 1988 8 27; He lived, as we would say now, in a fire station apartment, because his grandfather was a volunteer firefighter ŠN 1989 22. There is a noticeable bookishness of current linguistic communication, a tendency toward more complex expression. MKs of currentness of speech are particularly characteristic of the templates of the book-like — administrative, publicistic — language: has basic education /as it is now liked to say šnek. 1980; It is rare to hear such words [...] about the long-respected bread-grower’s work128 what we now call the production of agricultural products KB 1988 4 56; the deputies had to take, as it is now customary to say, unpopular decisions. mą ŠN 1993 02 20. A large part of all the collected modern language is used with MK international words, thus showing the spread, establishment in our jų time (many such examples have already been 4 given, especially see). Along with the su remark of the modernity of the language, there is sometimes a negative assessment of language learning, refinement: he Ir will write after the critics the greatest articles, in which he will push with structure su facts, expressivenesu ss intensities, o po this avalanche of international words will hide even more green seeds of the soul, unseen unnamed ir LM 1988 05 14; Žemaičių plentas... Ar we notice that, after laying a new track, many places written a griozdišny word „automagistralė“, our old historically ethnographically moody Žemaičių ir plentas less and less heard of T 1990 02 18; about that decagbization (such a terrible word invented) in Lithuania, or about the search for who worked in the KGB, who did not LM 1992 01 11; Former house or apartment boards now renamed fancifully — household exploitation companies SN 1993 07 17. Not a single language user is surprised by the graying of our language and the decrease of its imagery: “There’s a huge pile here! I would know how to write like that!" —said Žemaitė, reading Bitė's short story in Varpe [...]. “It’s a big thing!” —the modern man will say (he may not be able to say “kupeta” anymore: it’s too figurative a word) Prg 1988 2 166; [Leonidas Jacinevičius] wrote when he gave his first book […]: “We’ll find out, Saulau, the world out of the crooked pants!” He wrote more richly than we do now, just like Donelaitis... LA 1995 08 16. On the other hand, new modern expressive statements (metaphors, phraseologisms) are also noticeable, especially those whose source is domestic talk, often slang: Creative manuscripts, or creative kitchen, as it is now fashionable to say, have not survived (From Maironis commemoration 1987); Įėjo į kabinetą toks kvadratinis, kaip dabar sakoma, jaunuolis LA 1995 02 11; Išėjęs pirkti vodkos, na, kaip dabar įprasta vadinti, skulkolinio Ak 1996 05 17; muštynes sukėlė viena iš seniausių profesijų atstovų, inovatyviai kalbant, paltakė Klp 1997 11 18; Nepatinka užgesusio židinio, Dž. 1997-10-11 32; So it became a shame that, as the people of our age say, —noch imkirslėpkis under last year's leaves KG 1998 10 13. 6. Concluding remarks The relatively small number of collected MLs does not allow to draw precise general conclusions (more examples would be needed, and special sociolinguistic studies would be useful), but they also show which new language phenomena the Lithuanian linguistic community mainly notices. Language users are most likely to notice external, superficial innovations, especially vocabulary that emerges from new phenomena of life. There are obvious stylistic tendencies, such as the intellectualization of language. The usual statement in linguistic studies that society does 129 not notice language į development is too general and needs to be clarified: it does not matter what society we are talking about, su whether it is our present-day society or the closed linguistic ir communities of Lithuania. — ar ar On the other hand, of course, the public ne notices both the language (system) development, as much as speech (talk), speech change. The study of metalinguistic units, metalinguistic insertions and other metalinguistic commentaries used in ne linguistic texts allows us to better understand the linguistic consciousness of the society, the linguistic attitudes and on that ir basis to work more purposefully on the general language. Received 05/03/1999 ABBREVIATIONS Ak — ‘Akistata’ Anus — Anusavičius J. One spring day. V., DLKZ 1980. -Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language. V., 1993. 1999. pp. 14. "Ivanov, Ivan". V., 1974. KB — "Culture bars" KG — The Sound of Music Klp — Klaipėda KT —“The Truth of Comjunism” KV — ‘Language Vilnius’ LA — The Echo of Lithuania LKZ 1 —Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. T. 1. V., 1968. LM —„Literatūra ir menas“ LPr —Lietuvos profsąjungos“ LR —„Lietuvos rytas“ M — ‘Schoolboy’ Mark V. Simonas Daukantas. V., 1972. MG — | "Science is ir life" With —"Metai" MŽ — "Our Word" (Skuodo r.) N —„Nemunas“ Pn —„Panelė“ Prg —„Pergalė“ Rdj —„Radio“ Sauk —„Sauka“ D. Faust's age epilogue. V., 1998. 1999. "The 1999 Calendar- ". —„Sąjūdžio žinios“ ŠN —„Šiaulių naujienos“ šnek. —conversational language 130 T — ‘Truth’ a TS — "The Light of the Fatherland" TV — Television Vaižg — Juozas Barabančikova O. Ju. 1991: The Methods of Realization of the Metalinguistic Function in Texts: Authorref. cand. dis., Kiev. Cmejrkova S. 1992: Language knowledge and language culture (thinking about the so-called folk language inquiry). —Slovo a Slovesnost 1, Prague, 56-64. Jifickova J. 1979: Metafec- 's commentary. —Slovo a Slovesnost 2, Prague, 149-151. Karaliunas S. 1997: Language and Society (Psychosociological and Communicative Features of Language Use), Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. 1975: The Language of the World, 2nd ed., New York: Routledge. Župerka K. 1987: Reflection of Style Norms in Metalinguistic Commentaries. —Studies of the structure of Lithuanian language. Journal of Linguistics 26, 194-198. Zuperka K. 1996: Real named competition of language means. —Philology and Methodology 3, No. 65-72. METALINGUAL INDICES OF MODERNITY IN NON-LINGUISTIC TEXTS Summary The metalingual indices of modernity belong to the historical (chronological) opposition ‘it was said in ancient times, formerly, earlier’/‘- it is said now, in our times, today’. The metacomments of this group in the Lithuanian language are the following: (kaip) dabar sakoma (sako, vadina, įprasta, madinga, mėgsta sakyti), dabartiniais (mūsų dienų, šių dienų, mūsų laikų) žodžiais (terminais) kalbant, šiuolaikiškai (šiuolaikiškai) sakant, madingai (moderniai, naujoviškai, naujaip) sakant, dabarties žmogus pasakys, mes sakytume and so on. They are widely used in spoken (informal and public) language and publicistic writings; thus, they show that the language users take notice of some phenomena of language evolution. Language users turn their attention to the new words or expressions connected with the new phenomena of public life. The metalingual units reflect a tendency of modern Lithuanian to use intelectual language means (international words, bookish phrases) and the new expressive language means (particularly jargon and slang). 131