Linksnis ir jo funkcijos lietuvių kalboje

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LTETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XLII (20090) Adele VALECKIENĖ Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius LEFT IR JO FUNCTIONS LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES 0.1. The function of a verb is to indicate the relationship between a noun and its jo corresponding word in the su sentence, usually a verb or another noun. su For example, write a — letter gal. letter means relationship verb rašo su shows object to which the ir action is directed, tévo house kilm. į 0 — father means relationship su noun house indicates the ir object's belonging to whom (a possessive relationship). So humor helps to connect words into a į sentence. In Lithuanian, as well as in other Indo-European languages that have preserved flexion, the forms of nouns are combined with the genitive number, e.g. sūnus buvo mylimas sūnus mylimas is the genitive ir number of the masculine singular noun. The category of consonants — is usually ir distinguished in languages where nouns have consonant morphemes (endings). W. P. Lehmann states (1958: 185) that there is no dialect in a language unless it has a form that contrasts with another form in a given system. su Because of to its functional and formal features, the verb is considered a morphological category in traditional linguistics as a number genus. ir The complexity of the phrase is that it, although having a defined form ir (ending), however, does not have sufficient semantic definition, t. y. such semantic function, according to which one vowel could be opposed to another. It can be said that each verb has several dozen ar functions that are often difficult su to relate to each other, o individual verbs have the same functions in a certain context. In different languages, the same verbs may have different functions. It has long been observed that the functions of certain verbs often correspond to those of prepositional constructions or are close to them. For example, to some scholars, such as Kurytowicz, consider the preposition to J. be a (1960: 131-134) non-independent (synsemantic) morpheme, implying a vowel ending and together with the latter indicating a vowel function. In the prepositional construction he sees a double dichotomy, e.g., extra|urblem: I dichotomy —root urb: preposition extra with the dependent accusative ending -em; Dichotomy II — main submorphem extra: additional submorphem of the accusative ending -em. Due to the identical functions of verbs and prepositions, many scholars have recently studied the functions of verbs and prepositions together, considering synthetic verb forms and prepositions as surface forms of the same verb category. (Fillmore 1968: 32 t., Eroms 1981). 66 Specificity of funny functions to — express word relationshi- — ps and jų semantic diversity depending on context (environment) ir functional identity with su prepositional constructions allowed researchers to conclude that the verb is a syntactic phenomenon, that the nature of the verb category is syntactic, t. y. o ne (only) morphological (Fillmore 1968: 21). Accordingly, the ir direction of — research has changed from function to form. Be semantic (“depth”) functions of verbs are examined in those ir languages where the morphological indicators of verbs (limbs), you can say, no longer (e.g., English). In general linguistics, the question of verb and verb functions has been studied from a theoretical point of view by many renowned scientists. There are various classifications of funnels according to their functions. Here will be discussed the three main authors — R. Jakobsono, J. Kurytowicziaus ir Ch. J. Fillmore's theories of linear functions, which are different, reflect ir the development of the science of linear jo functions. 0.2 In the work “Beitrag zur allgemeinen Kasuslehre” (1971: 23-71) by Roman Jakobson, one of the most prominent representatives of the Prague School of Linguistics, the verb is associated with the morphological level, analogously to the gender and number. Jakobson, having developed the science of grammatical oppositions, fruitfully adapted to the study of grammatical categories, also seeks to classify the verbs according to their differential features and to identify their oppositions, in the latter — marked and unmarked members. In his work, analyzing the data of the Russian language, he distinguishes the general meaning (Gesamtbedeutung) of each syllable, which is independent of the context, and the partial, contextual meanings (Sonderbedeutungen), which are conditioned by the context — the surroundings of the syllables (various compounds). The latter values are considered by Jakobson as combinational variants of the general value. Jacobson- 's general meaning of a verb is abstract, derived from partial meanings, and has no direct connection with specific usage. It does not provide a solid basis for investigating the specific functions of the vocals. Not without reason it has been criticized by many scholars (KypujroBuu 1955: 78; Kurytowicz 1960: 136; 149-150; Vicauenxro 1965: 96, 105; Helbig 1973: 158; Jlokyjiuji 1978: 97 et al.; Fillmore 1968: 10). On the other hand, Jakobson- ’s theory of dialects (see also jo 1971: 154—183) is often used when examining dialects of different languages (cf. Barnetova et al. 1979 — Russian dialects, JIuxauesa 1986 — Lithuanian and Russian dialects). 0.3. J. Kurytowicziaus (1960: 131-150; 1964: 179-206)’s study of verbs reflects more practical use of verbs and is better adapted to study the functions of verbs. Kurytowicz based his theory on various ideas. languages, including Lithuanian. It distinguishes two types of verb functions: syntactic and semantic. Syntactic functions are considered to be conditional functions of the system, independent of the semantic context, having no semantic value. They are made clear by opposing one verb to another according to a certain differential feature, e.g., the suffix of a direct adjective to the denominator of a factor, and so on. Semantic functions are functions characterized by context-dependent semantic attributes. 67 in colour (place, time, purpose, ir etc.). Syntactic ir semantic functions can be primary secondary. Primary ir functions are dominant, most important, main for a particular syllable, secondary peripheral, secondary, less pronounced, limited. Funnies O are classified — according to the nature of their primary functions. There are: grammatical, or syntactic (noun, suffix, adjective), specific, or adverbial, verbs (subjunctive, pronoun, noun 1) with certain conditions). The primary functions of grammatical syllables are ir 2) syntactic. ir su For example, the primary function of the adjective is to indicate the direct object of action with t. y. transitive mo verbs. į su Pagal Kurylowiczių (1960: 136 t.; 1964: 181), ji is syntactic in nature, independent of ir the semantic context. The secondary functions of grammatical syllables are semantic, context-dependent, and limited by the lexical meanings of the related words, for example, the temporal ending is only for nouns denoting the concepts of time. The semantic functions of specific verbs, on the contrary, are primary, depending on the lexical meaning of the relational words, and the secondary syntactic functions correspond to the primary functions of grammatical — verbs. o — Thus, syntactic functions are primary for grammatical and secondary for specific syllables, while semantic functions, on the contrary, are primary for specific and secondary for grammatical syllables. He developed a syntactic theory of verbs. In addition, his theory has a strong orientation towards semantics. Compared to Jakobson's theory, Kurytowicz- 's science of humor is a step forward. On the other hand, Kurylowicz also does not avoid contradictions. He failed to appreciate the semantic functions of verbs (semantic “roles”) which are determined by the semantic relationship between the verb and the noun verb (see below the works of Ch. Fillmore). In fact, such semantic functions are not only possessed by specific, but also by grammatical syllables. For example, the noun of a substantive or the suffix of a direct adjective performs syntactic functions, but at the same time has certain semantic functions. For example: : The parent crossed the tree — the parent has the syntactic factor and semantic agent function, and the tree has the syntactic direct adjective and semantic patient function. Kurylowiczius believes that the noun of the substantive and the suffix of the direct noun, besides their syntactic functions, have no other, i.e. semantic, functions at all. Cf. his remark about the ending: “With transitive verbs, when this vowel (the ending) denotes an internal or external object of action, the ending has no semantic value, but is a purely syntactic indicator of the noun’s belonging to the verb.” (Kurytowicz 1960: 136-137). 0.4. A new concept of phrases was introduced by Ch. J. Fillmore (1968: 1-88; 1977: 59-81) based on English data. In English, there are no verbal endings, except for the singular genitive and the plural verbs (to distinguish them from the singular), but there are universal concepts of verbs in a sentence, which are understood from the relation of a noun or its equivalent to a verb or another noun. In addition, even in languages where there are syllable markers, the number of syllables is not identical to the concepts represented: the same syllable has one function, the same function is characteristic of one syllable. 68 jų ne o ta ne Therefore, Fillmore is building the theory of "deep" verbs. Jo in my opinion, there are as many verbs as there are meanings, conditioned by the situation, depending on the relation of t. y. the noun to the verb. su It separates "the frame of the proposition" formed by the verb (V) ir subordinate noun group (NP) is — usually a noun. The most important here is the type of verb meaning. It determines the choice of the noun and the semantic function of the verb." Jau L. Tesniere (1959: 102 t.) distinguished the verb, which occupies a central place in the sentence, the actants (participants ir of the action) and the circumstances of the action. However, jo the sentence model did iš not go beyond syntax. Fillmore's "deep" verbs are relational in nature and are described semantically. They correspond to certain universal concepts, types of decisions that a person has to make about events related to him or happening near him, such as “who did something- ”, “what happened to whom”, “what changed” and so on. Fillmore (1968: 24—25) distinguishes 6 most commonly used “deep” verbs: 1) agent [A] —verb of the performer of the action, 2) instrument [I] —verb of the means of performing the action, 3) dative [D] —verb of the living thing experiencing the action or state, 4) factive [F] —verb of the result of the action or state, 5) locative [L] —verb of the place of action, 6) objective [O] —semantically understood as the verb of the object to which the action or state is directed (he warns that it should not be confused with the verb of the direct complement in the syntactic conjunction). In addition to these, there are the directive, the beneficial and other “deep” ones, i.e. semantic, humorous ones. Fillmore's "deep" verbs reflect the semantic functions of the constructions in the sentence, highlight the semantic system of verbs and are universal, suitable for any language. The only differences between individual languages are the ways of expressing them, called the surface structure, the surface vowels (vowel endings, addition of prepositions, etc.). Fillmore also considers prepositional constructions to be verbs and examines them alongside "synthetic" verbs. The noun inflection can be replaced by a subjunctive accent (I want him to come). ! In Fillmore's works there are also statements that the choice of a verb in the framework of a proposition depends on the choice of a verb, for example, the verb bėgti may be! placed in a frame | Al (The child runs), open —in a frame | O+A] (The child opened the door), where A is the agent (the performer of the action), and O — the object, understood not syntactically but semantically (see Fillmore 1968: 27, 31). Here Fillmore seeks to distinguish semantic groups of verbs according to the semantic functions of satellites (nouns). On the other hand, in the works of Fillmore and other representatives of the "silabic grammar", the view has become firmly established that the verb plays a central role in the sentence and the type of verb meaning determines the choice and meaning of the noun's syllable. It was soon understood that the most important thing is to study the semantic types of verbs, to specify the characteristics that distinguish one group of verbs from another, determining the semantic functions of noun verbs (see Yeitd 1975: 114 et seq.; 190 t.; Longacre 1976: 38). 69 Fillmore's theory of "deep" verbs had a direct influence on the study of verb valency. The concept of semantic functions corresponding to Fillmore's "deep" syllables has been expanded, more semantic functions are given when ir examining verb noun constructions (even though they are all 20)*, defined ne equally. Now studied only verbs ne (Helbig, Thigh 1975, Helbig but 1982), adjectives ir (Sommerfeldt, Schreiber semantic 1974) valenting. Fillmore once emphasizes (1968: 21; 1977: 60) ne the syntax of "deep" syllables, o ne (only) morphological nature, t. y. jų belonging to the level of sentence structure organization. It states that “deep” syllables are related to the semantics of su the sentence structure, the syntactic, paradigmatic ir aspect examined in this jų framework, 0 ne t. y. “Deep” verbs correspond to semantic relationships that link the elements of the sentence structure in context, the system of contrast oppositions in su the paradigmatic 0 ne su plane. ar Some valentine-theory mo authors do not iš recognize the status of humor as a grammatical category at all. Let's say Helbig. (1982: 59-62) states: “A smile is not a category, but a relationship, or function. Semantic verbs cannot be defined by the semantic characteristics of the arguments… Semantic verbs are defined by the semantic characteristics of the predicate, the lexical characteristics of the verb… The semantic t. y. structure of the predicate is the basis of the semantic verb.” 0.5. In Lithuanian linguistics, we have mainly studied the réikSmes and use cases of individual verbs. Jonas Jablonskis (Rygiškių John in 1928) his book „Linksniai ir prefiksai“ for the first time in detail analyzed and formulated the meanings of prefixes in common Lithuanian language and dialects, indicating the wrong use of prefixes. ir Jo work, dedicated to practice and schools, had a great significance in the development of Lithuanian language culture. Jablonski's definitions and terms of verbs are now used in various grammar and verb studies. ir On the other hand, Jablonski’s analysis of verb and prepositional constructions was not based on a uniform methodology. Jo In the book, the syntactic and semantic meanings of verbs are described undifferentiatedir ly in one dimension, ir one of the meanings is defined t. y. syntactically (verb, noun, incoordinate pronoun), the other semantically (pronoun of quality, quantity, conjunct, way, time, difference). o It was important for him only to describe the meaning of the jų jokes and show the diversity. At that time, the question of the methodology of attributing humorous meanings was not yet raised in Lithuanian linguistics. * To discuss the semantic valence of Lithuanian verbs N. Sližienės „Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary“ (1994: 20-25) also allocates 20 semantic functions; In E. Jakaitienė’s book “Lexical semantics” (1988: 62-63) 23 semantic functions are mentioned for the same purpose. These functions can be detailed or combined into larger į groups. 70 At the same time as Jablonskis’s book is another ir significant work on Lithuanian dialects — E. Fraenkelio “Syntax of Lithuanian Case’ (1928). It is more of a historical work. Written in German, it could have been more widely distributed abroad among scholars interested in Lithuanian language. In this thesis only the data of the ne current language, dialects, but our old writings are ir discussed, historical interpretations of syntactic constructions in various syllables are su presented, the use of syllables in Lithuanian language is compared with other languages. su the use of the mų respective verbs. In the last few decades, synchronous studies on individual syllables in the current Lithuanian language have been written (defended as doctoral theses): A. Short (1957) stories about the meanings and usage of pronouns (infinitive, iliative, aliative); T. V. Bulygina-Shmeliova on the origin of compounds su ku (see section 4.4). Byxsiruna-IlIvejieBa 1960); A. Rasimavičius's assistant on verb compounds su (see section 4.4). PacnvsaBuumoc 1965), J. Kiliaus about space, Ružes about time A. constructions in verbs and prepositional constructions su (zr. Kumoc 1973; Pyxe 1977)*. The aforementioned works cover a wide material of analyzed phrases. Unlike Jablonski, the meaning of the verbs is discussed here in terms of the whole compound. Noteworthy are the two latest works of Kilius and Ruže, where the starting point of the examination is the meaning of space or time, and their nuances are highlighted by discussing the means of expression of these meanings — verbal and prepositional constructions. Kilius’s work discusses the differences in the meaning of verbs on the basis of Jakobson’s oppositions and differential features methodology, which helps to reveal the system of local meanings in Lithuanian.” In examining compounds, the meanings of verb and prepositional constructions are discussed most extensively in the scholarly grammar of Lithuanian language. In the Lithuanian Grammar (LKG 1976: 9—275) only connective compounds are given. The basis of their classification is the expression of compounds, e.g. verb compounds with a genitive, a noun, etc., and within these sections the meanings of verb and prepositional constructions are finely differentiated. In the “Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language” (DLKG 1994: 483-571) three types of compounds are distinguished according to the types of syntactic connections: interconnections, connecting and connecting. Different types of compounds are further classified according to their significance. There are four generalized meanings of verbs and prepositional constructions: subject, object, circumstances, characteristic, which are further detailed according to expression." 3 See also works on verb combinations with prepositions and conjugations: V. Jovaišo —with the possessive (see Mosaiturac 1964), E. Valiulytés —with the possessive (see Bamonute 1966), M. Caikausko —with the possessive (see Yaiikayckac 1968). * Kilius’s work distances itself from Jakobson’s general meaning, which is not relevant when analyzing the system of verb and prepositional constructions of only local meaning. 3 For the assignment of semantic functions to subject, object and circumstance, see Ambrazas 1986: 27 t. 71 Significant work on Lithuanian linguistics is being published N. Sližienė's "Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary" where the semantic (1994—1998), functions of the conjugations į and ną prepositional constructions ir that depend on them are presented to the included Word verbs. The mentioned language culture is very necessary dogas The work of Jon Šukis “Adjective prepositionir s: use of norms” ir where the (1998), norm is similar to Jablonski discusses the use of ir lingulate prepositions in common language in the last few decades. A separate article is needed to review and evaluate the published works on the meanings of Lithuanian syllables. Only the most important publications in this field and the nature discussed are listed here. In jų Lithuanian linguistics, the criteria for the classification of verbs and their functions are still jų relevant. 0.6. This article deals with nouns and equivalents verbs jų connected to verbs or nouns. Syntactic and semantic functions of verbs are distinguished. Each syllable ir simultaneously performs in the sentence a certain syntactic number of semantic functions. Syntactic functions are understood here as functions determined by ir the syntactic relationships of words in a sentence, for example, a noun related to a verb in a mutual relationship, indicates the agent or the experiencer of a state has the function of an agent (the subject of the sentence) (the child runs, he is ill); a suffix, connected to the verb by a strong controlling connection, i.e. necessary for mo the verb, denotes the transition of the action to ir the object and performs the function of an adjective (object of the sentence) su (writes a letter); a o suffix, connectsu ed to the verb by a weak control connection, i.e. not necessary for the verb, has a circumstance function (left in the morning))*. The semantic functions of verbs that depend on the verb or noun and the verb's semantic relationship to it are considered semantic, such as Fillmore's "deep" verbs and the semantic functions ("roles") of the representatives of the valency theory. The semantic type of the verb plays a decisive role in the semantic relationship between the verb and the noun verb. A single syllable may have not one, but several syntactic and semantic functions. They are interrelated because they arise from the relationship of the same words. Existing © Factor, complement, circumstance are considered here as syntactic functions of nouns and their equivalents. The relationship between the so-called “parts of speech” and the “parts of sentence” distinguished in traditional grammar is in fact as follows: “parts of speech” are classes of words having the same semantic and grammatical characteristics (noun, verb, etc.), and “parts of sentence” are nothing but the functions of those classes of words. The first person in world linguistics to abandon the category of "phrase parts" is Tesniére. In his book Éléments de Syntaxe Structurale, he states: "The role played by words in signifying the idea (of a sentence) we will call function." And further: “If we introduce the concept of function, then in the sentence Alfred frappe Bernard the word Alfred performs the function of the subject, Bernard—of the object, and frappe is the verb center” (see his 1959: 39, 50). For this purpose, see also. Halliday 1994: 25; in Lithuanian linguistics —Valeckienė a certain syllable for one syntactic function usually has one semantic function, for another syntactic function another semantic function. Syntactic functions that depend on the relation of syntactic words are context-free. Semantic functions are limited by context. 1998: 22, 34. 72 o — They are based on the lexical meaning and semantic relationship of the related words. The article follows Kurytowicz's jų classification of verbs, which distinguishes grammatical specific verbs. However, unlike the — ir The semantic functions of both specific and grammatical verbs are discussed here. It aims to reveal the primary secondary functions of each verb, which are the basis of ma verb classification. Grammatical verbs ir 1.0. As in other ideas. In other languages, as ir in Lithuanian, grammatical verbs according to their primary syntactic jų functions include the noun, the adjective and the genitive. Vardininkas ir Veiksnio vardininkas 1.1.1. The denominator is usually used as a factor. This is its primary, dominant syntactic function. This function is performed by the noun when it is connected to the verb and its syntactic counterpart in the interconnection relationship (e.g., The sun is shining). Since the sentences of this model make up a large part of the Lithuanian language, the noun of the factor is used very widely with various verbs, not limited by the context. The noun, while performing the function of a factor, simultaneously has various semantic functions, which are largely determined by the semantic type of the verb. 1) The agent's noun. It denotes the performer of an action, jo usually a person or other living being, sometimes an inanimate object, an active physical force capable of performing an action, e.g. : Men saw the boards; The horse grazes the grass; The wind drives the clouds. The nominative with this function is associated with transitive and intransitive verbs, meaning an active action that achieves a certain result, requiring a certain effort from the performer of the action. Such verbs usually mean: (a) a physical action related to a specific task, e.g. : People worked in the fields; The girl drank the water; Students wrote apples; b) mental action, e.g. : The student solved the problem; The professor gave a lecture; c) a speech-related action, e.g. : Friends talked about the past year; The student answered the questions; The mother complained of her inheritance; action related to the communication of people, contact (notification, demand, request, call, order, wish, invitation, thanks, etc.), e.g. : 73 d) su ir The father announced the son's wedding; He asked to borrow a book; The neighbor invited me in; Mother told the children to study; e) su movement-related action, e.g. : They crossed the forest; Travelers climbed į the mountain; Birds flew out of the į warm lands; The dog ran down the road; f) instant action, e.g. : The man struck the table į with his fist; The guest gave the child a candy; Who took my book? ; They exchanged gifts; g) change of state of an object, transition of one state of an object į to another, e.g. : The witch turned the brothers into black crows; The father už sat down to eat; The patient lies on his side; the h) person's occupation, e.g. : They were engaged in trade; Children collected mushrooms in the forest; Mother was preparing to eat. 2) The patient's name. It denotes a person, an animal or an inanimate object that is affected by an action or is in a certain state, e.g. : The son succumbed to the influence of his friend; The meadow bloomed with purslane. Unlike the agent, the patient's noun is associated with intransitive verbs, usually denoting various involuntary states and spontaneous actions that do not require the effort of the experiencer of the action. Plg. agento ir paciento noun to active self-acting verbs: ir Wind [Ag] beat the trees ir Trees [Pat] was leaning in the wind. The verbs to which the patient noun is attached usually denote: a) the physical state of the person jų and the object, the position, e.g. : The child is sick; A person lost consciousness; Shoes get wet from the rain; The field of daisies is blooming; b) the mental state of the person and his/her activities, e.g. : He is often angry, raging; All people make mistakes; Maryte missed home; existence, being related to the states of persons c) su and things, e.g. : They live in the countryside; Their farms meet (live next to each other); Their apartment consists of three rooms; (d) sensory states of objects, e.g. : In the distance as if someone is bolling; Glow stars in the sky; The flowers smell; (e) the physical states of persons, animals, objects in relation to the involuntary sounds they emit, e.g. : Grandma screams; Trees are blowing in the wind; Planes are roaring; f) the state of the person related to movement, displacement, e.g. : John rides the train; Father rides a horse; Sister is flying on a plane; (g) spontaneous physical action involving an object, e.g. : Rye is crumbling; The bread is sour; His forehead was covered with sweat; (h) the beginning of a process and the transition to a new physical state experienced by a person or object, e.g. : The child is already healing; The man anka; Flowers are developing; (i) an instantaneous action, the outcome of a process experienced by a person or object, e.g. : Son killed in combat; The house turned into a pile of matches. 3) The denominator of the container. It indicates the content of the action or state. This function is usually performed by the noun in intransitive verbs, meaningnb) the origin of the contingent. 74 It indicates the ar content of the action state, e.g.: reading a lecture (<reads a lecture), knowing the position (Zino falls 0), down. :1.2:1. The other semantic functions of the nobleman, performing the syntactic function of the sign, are secondary. They depend on the context, on the lexical t. y. meanings of the principal noun of this ir j jų ratio. 2) Possessive ancestor. It indicates who owns what. The semantic relationship of the main ir noun of this nobleman is very diverse: the relationship of a person, a) an animal, a part of an object as a whole. ir jo The whole is represented by the origin, o jo the part by — the main noun, e.g. :child's leg, horse's bitterness, rake's teeth, mountain peak, obels ring; product b) ir jo origin, source relationship. In origin, the source is indicated by the 0 originator, the product itself by the main noun, e.g. birch sap, rainwater, goat’s milk, sunflower oil, fish oil; characteristics, status holder relationship. The main noun c) denotes the property, ir jų the state, and its possessor is the noun, e.g.: mother’s joy, heart’s peace, human life, meaning of a word; relations of kinship, subordination, ownership, e.g. :daughter's husband, father's brother, teacher's son, mother d) bee, group elder, squad leader, Kudirka's writings. 3) Determinative causator. It defines and describes the object marked by the main noun. By its function, this pronoun is close to an adjective. Its semantic relationship with the main noun is different from that of the possessive noun. The object is described by a denoting noun: a) by raising its quality (the quality, or adjective, pronoun; often a modifier is necessary), e.g.: tall man (p.aukštaūgis vyras), good-hearted woman (p.geraširdė moteris), happy baby; b) indicating similarity to an object (originator of similarity), e.g.: stone heart (cf. stone heart), horse health "as horse, strong", gold thoughts (cf. gold thoughts), linen dress, feather-shaped leaves (cf. feather leaves); (c) indicating the material or the individual unit of which the article is made and consists (the originator of the material), e.g. : golden ring (see golden ring), mashed potatoes (see mashed potatoes), apple wine, snowman, rabbit hat 'rabbit fur', rye field, cherry garden; (d) indicating for whom the item is intended (the originator of the intended use), e.g. eye drops, floor wax, exhibition rhymes; e) by saying the name of the object (the originator of the name), e.g. : Gedimino Street, S. Nėries High School, December, Lithuanian language. 4) Quantity originator. This origin itself in its lexical meaning denotes the measure of time, space, capacity, weight and quantity and according to this defines the main 81 a noun object. Because it is to close to the descriptive nobleman, eg... a month old child, a five-kilometre road, a barrel of four buckets, a two-kilo pike. To the main noun are often attached adjectives, du one of which (together with su the adjective) shows measure, quantity, size, other measures, kind of quantity o — (time, space, volume, ir etc.); the latter is ne always required, e.g. twenty-two years (age) son, three meters long, two width carpet, — two inches boards, a covering of six spans, and a calf of mo twenty-five kilograms. In addition to the two noun pronouns, the adjective pronoun is the third in this construction. When it is joined to the first noun, it helps it to ir express measure and quantity. The parentheses indicate the relationship of the parentheses ir arrows pointing to the dependent words: į { [(Twenty-two) «mety) — age + <— Son. 5) The local ancestor. This origination itself, in its lexical meaning, indicates the concepts of place, the place, the — area, where the object said by the main noun is. Some originators only in a certain context (with a certain indicative word) acquires a local meaning. For example: :garden grass, country house, mountain river, farm theater, housework, meadow flowers, castle courtyard, cold berries. 6) The originator of time. This adjective indicates the time when the phenomenon, state or thing is said by the principal noun, e.g.: morning dew, autumn work, summer heat, Easter morning, winter dawn. The pronoun itself means the concepts of time or acquires the meaning of time in context by relating to the principal noun. The ir place-time adjective does not have an su interface with the noun and suffix of the corresponding function, because the latter are usually connected to verbs and indicate the place and time of the action, while the place-time adjective goes to nouns and indicates the place and time of the object. The temporal pronoun can be synonymous with the temporal suffix only when the latter is joined to nouns, e.g.: noćni rad and rad noću. Originator in a syntactically incomprehensible construction 1.3.1.2. In some cases, the noun's origin is controlled by another noun and its equivalent, sometimes an adjective, and together they form a syntactically indivisible construction that performs a function characteristic of the main word, e.g. : A bunch of children gathered in the cottage. Here, a bunch of children have a syntactic factor function. In such syntactically non-decomposable constructions, the adjective attached to the noun usually goes in the postposition after the principal noun. It has two semantic functions. They are context-defined and secondary. 82 1) Originator of quantity content. The function of this noun depends on the lexical meaning of the main noun. The main noun indicates time, space, volume, weight, etc. ir measure, quantity, o jo the controlled builder — to sees the content of the quantity, e.g.: a year of time has passed, five kilometers of road, a meter of canvas, a kilogram of butter, a carriage of hay, a barrel ko - blown, a group of students. Plg. quantity adjective, whose function depends on the basic noun, ma ne on the lexical meaning of the adjective o itself (see section 4.4). 1.3.1.1, 4). Sometimes the ir functions of the noun of quantity-- quantity-- t. y. content coincide, sayings with one and another noun mean the same thing, e.g. :penkiy kilometer road (quantity originator) ir five kilometeraikelio (originator of quantity content); met ro - (length) canvas (quantity origination) and meter of canvas (quantity content origination). The quantity noun emphasizes the measured object, and the quantity content noun emphasizes the quantity of the object, the measure. The function of quantity content is particularly characteristic of the noun parent joined to noun numerals (a) or noun pronouns (b): a) ten men, three cattle, fifteen meters, forty kilometers, one hundred litas, three and a half days, one and a half inches; b) several children, several years, several kilograms, several women. The noun numerals and pronouns can be joined by two noun or noun word derivatives, one of which indicates the quantity, measure, and the other — the content of the quantity, measure, e.g.: nineteen caps of wheat, ten pairs of gloves, twenty hectares of land, several kilograms of honey, cf. stagnant statements: tens of thousands of people, hundreds of hundreds of swans. The noun pronoun denoting the content of quantity also joins to adjectives having the shade of quantity meaning: kupinas, -a, pilnas, -a, sklidinas, -a, gausus, -i, turtingas, -a (a), especially to the quantity-denoting and acquiring that meaning in the context of the non-noun forms of the genus: maža, didžia, apstu, gaju, gilu, ilga, siaura, striuka (b), e.g. : a) full of strength, full of joy, a basket full of fish, a pit spreads water, rich in money; b) small bread, large, narrow place, abundant, grassy, deep snow, long, jacket day, people black. 2) The cause of exclusion. The function of this noun depends on the lexical meaning of the main word. The substantive requires a noun, which indicates from what the substantive is distinguished. Exclusion of the breeder requires: a) indefinite noun pronouns or pronouns used as nouns: kas, daug kas, kuris, -i, katras, -a, kažkuris, -i, vienas kitas, viena kita, nė vienas, -a, tūlas, -a, vienas, -a, etc. They are joined to the plural noun originator, denoting the whole, from which the pronoun denotes the indefinite object — part of the whole, e.g. : Will there be any people here? Cod; Many of the peasants of Užuožeris wanted to have eagles on their farms 83 ir One; Oh, how we're silent žo - the dolls are so fucked up, that neither boba has a huge lump of ham Don; indefinite b) noun pronouns: kas, kažkas, galbūt kas, kažkas. The adjective is jų joined to the singular masculine pronoun of the noun adjective, which has a generalizing meaning. The adjective originator denotes the whole of the characteristic, the pronoun the undefined part of that whole, e.g. : o — For some to do not believe that iš to what good will be Myk-Put; New Mary brought su something ir light to herself rs; The drum meant that something important would be announced Myk-Put; c) individual adjectives in the position of a non-comparative noun, which in their lexical meaning denote a certain distinction: paskutinis, -ė, pirminis, -ė, retas, -a ir kt The plural, rarely jų the singular, of nouns or noun pronouns is joined to the substantive, indicating the distinguished object, e.g. : iš ko The last of them were still grazing in Januliai garden One; Only a few jų relatives lived to a grey old age Come on. Substantive pronoun of verbs Substantive pronoun of adjectives 1.3.2.1.1. The noun originator has the syntactic function of a complement when it is joined to verbs denoting the object that the action ir passes through. į This is often the case in the case of the architectural design, where su the architectural design is often the main su component of the design. su Such ancestors are a derivative phenomenon. In performing the syntactic function of the complement, the noun originator has several semantic functions. They are usually secondary to the nobleman, depending on ir the additional context. 1) The originator of the negative. The suffix is connected to transitive positive verbs that do not have a denial. When the verb is accompanied by the negative no, the adjective is automatically replaced by the noun, e.g.: loves the son and does not love the son, worked the garden and did not work the garden, picked apples and did not pick apples, I understand you and I do not understand you, I know the way and I do not know the way. The adjective, ir like the suffix, here indicates the object of the action, only the negative verb (with the negative no) denies the action being directed to the object. In addition, the negative participle is used in cases where the negative verb is accompanied by a positive participle to which the negative participle is attached, e.g. could buy a house and could not buy a house, helped carry a table and did not help carry a table. In the case of nouns denoting quantity, the origin of the negation, joined to the negative verb, has an additive quantity nuance, changing the meaning of the whole sentence, e.g.: pracował godzinę and nie pracował (ani) godzinę. The latter statement means that he worked less than 84 an hour, he didn't have to work the whole hour. Plg. also: drove kilometers did not drive du ir (not) two kilometers (did not reach another two kilometers), weighed a kilogram and weighed (not) a kilogram (was short of a kilogram). 2) The origin of part, or undefined quantity, is also related to the suffix of su the direct complement. In the case of tų verbs, the adjective indicates the whole of the object, o — jo Part 1. The pronoun usually acquires the function of part and indefinite quantity when denoting specific objects, often materials, that can be divided into parts. The part of the originator also has a shade of quantity. For example: bought ham, cheese (all) and bought ham, cheese (undefined quantity, part), but next to bought a house is not allowed: *bought a house. We should then say: bought part of the house. Cf. the nobleman of another part: ate meat, vegetables, drink milk, coffee (undefined quantity) and ate meat, vegetables, drink milk, coffee (without shade of quantity meaning). The use of singular or plural forms is also important here. For example: turim ko pūstą (sveiką) and turimkabūsto (dali); we have two cabbages and we have cabbages (undefined quantity, more than one). The origin of abstract nouns may also have the function of an indefinite quantity if it means concepts divided into parts, units, e.g. furim problem, ideas, thoughts. The function of the noun is similar to that of the part noun when the action is directed to an object for a short time, e.g. : Give me a knife. This function is more widely used in the eastern highland dialects. 3) The originator of the full, or plural. This pronoun is usually used with verbs with the prefix pri-, e.g.: priėjo žmonių, prilijo van dens. The same transitive verbs, which do not have the prefix pri-, require a suffix, and those with this prefix — a suffix, e.g. : poured water and poured water, cut hay and cut hay. 4) Originator of the finite. The objective is the purpose or purposes of the action. It is limited by the fact that it is most commonly used with conjugation verbs, e.g., went for bread, went to the doctor, went for lunch. In such constructions, the verb is often joined by a communicative, which then controls the nobleman. With communicative function of purpose and purpose is more pronounced and more specific, e.g.: went to mow meadows; went to visit his sister. In these constructions, communication is necessary, it can not be dispensed with. 5) The originator of the performer (agent) and the experiencer (patient) of the state. This parent is used in passive structures, which are transformations of corresponding active structures, e.g. : Father writes a letter = The letter is written by the father; The child is sick = The child is sick. When the verb denotes an active action, the originator of the passive construction denotes the performer of the action. When the verb denotes a state, the originator of the passive construction indicates the experiencer of the state. The latter type of passive construction uses the form of the inactive participant's anonymous genus. 85 1.3.2.1.2. Be The above-mentioned functions of the suffix, limited by a special context and having context-dependent additional semantic nuances, the use of certain verb-controlled suffix, corresponding by nature to the suffix ending. Like the ir adjective mentioned, this adjective marks, į ką directed action represented by the verb, for this action directed ir object to mark the originator is necessary for į verbs. The fact that certain verbs necessarily require an adjective to direct the į action to realize the object depends on the lexical meaning ne of the verbs, o e.g.: fears the father, pity the child, seeks tų the truth, misses the parents, waits for a clear day, wants milk, asks for money, needs meat, seeks education, longs for knowledge, avoids quarrels. In non-functional constructions, these complement origins always ne become the denominator of the factor, e.g. : Child afraid of father can not be transformed = *father is afraid of the child, it is said: The child is afraid of the father. Some Lithuanian linguists šį consider the genitive to be the genitive of the direct complement (DLKG 1994: 488), other — indirect adjective progenitor (Hello 1994: 54). This only shows that the transformation criterion of non-functional structures is not sufficient to distinguish the types of additive. There are fewer verbs requiring a genitive to indicate an object than į there are those requiring a suffix. For to Kurytowiczius (1960: 138, 143, 146) such a noun, as the corresponding ir noun and suffix, are considered to be combinational variants of the direct suffix suffix. The main option is the plugin backend. The other functions are secondary. The parent of the mentioned add-on usually ši has a semantic contentive function. It indicates the ar content of the action state, e.g. : Sister is afraid of thunder; Children are waiting for guests; The girl missed her mother. Sometimes, the adjectives are used in conjunction with adjectives that are close in lexical meaning to the above-mentioned verbs. This parent marks the content of the property, e.g. :godusturto (plg.lusti turto),needing money (plg.reikiapinigų), owed firewood (plg. skolintis medienos), worthy of love. This is also the case with the adjectives of the anonymous genus, e.g.: horsu háború, itt igazságnehasonló. 1.3.2.2. The adjective performs the syntactic function of the adverb by going with the auxiliary verb. It requires a modifier (adjective, participle). This pronoun has a semantic generalizing, or qualitative, function, e.g. : It 86 had a round face; of a Ji good heart. Plg. a servile noun of the same semantic function 2.2.2. Relationship of grammatical verbs 1.4. The final noun ir is contradictory according to its primary syntactic functions: directing the ro action, not directing the object. / į Marked in this contraction is the terminal, it marks the object to which the action is į directed. The name does not have any such character. He is an unmarked member of the opposition. By its nature, the opposite of the suffix of the factor's ir denominator is semantic, but ne syntactic. Ji supported by the primary syntactic functions of these verbs (see section 4.4). Kurytowicz 1960: 149). The origin is assigned to grammatical syllables because the primary function of the subject or jo object is related to the primary functions of the noun of the factor or the suffix ending, i.e. these su origins are the result of the nominating of verb constructions with the noun or ending. su Among the pronouns joined to nouns, they are dominant. Other functions of the noun joined to nouns are secondary. The adjectives connected to verbs are usually the transformation of verb constructions with a suffix (see 1.3.2.1.1. for the adjectives of the negative, partial, full, performer of the action, and experiencer of the state). Its functions are secondary, limited by context. In addition to the function of a direct complement, the function of a direct object is also secondary to the parent of the complement. The noun, adjective, and adjective, in relation to each other and distinguishing each other according to their primary syntactic functions, form the nucleus of the verb category. In the structure of the sentence, they are the dominant amusements. On the other hand, the originator, as shown by its transformations from the denominator and especially from the adjective, is a derivative phenomenon from a synchronic point of view. This is not the case with the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals of the equals. Specific verbs 2.0. Compared to grammatical syllables, the functions of specific syllables depend heavily on the context. They are often limited by the lexical meaning of the noun. In addition, they are characterized by syntactic functions of circumstances. Unlike grammatical verbs, for which circumstance and other context-- dependent functions are secondary, they are primary for specific verbs. The other members of the staff are the manager, the assistant manager and the assistant manager. 87 The noun has this syntactic function when 2.1.1.1. it is joined to both transitive verbs with a suffix and intransitive verbs, and sometimes to adjectives of the infinitive — genus as an su auxiliary verb. su It denotes a personal object to ar which the į action is directed, but is always necessary in ne the sentence, especially with transitive verbs. When the objective constructions are converted into inactive ones, when the suffix end becomes the denominator of the factor, the complement usually remains unchanged, e.g. : Mother sewed a dress for a girl = The dress of the mother was offered to the girl. According to šį the criteria, that beneficiary can be considered as an indirect beneficiary of the additive. In addition to the syntactic function of an indirect complement, the noun has a variety of semantic functions, depending on whether it denotes a person or an ar object. ar 1) A benefactor's servant. The beneficiary indicates the person for whose benefit the ar action is performed. It is connected to transitive verbs with the final part of the direct su complement. ar The adjective of the part and the adjective of the part say, į ką directed action, the servant for o whose benefit it is — performed, e.g.: writes a letter to father, gives money to mother, promised a large dowry to daughters, explained a task to a boy, extended a helping hand to her, lent bread to a neighbor, baked a cake for boys, gave nuts to girls. This utilitarian can sometimes mean an inanimate ir object, but contextually it is understood as a group of persons, a company, e.g.: cut hay for the whole village (= people of the whole village), performed duties for the manor (= owners of the manor), allocated funds mo - kyklai (for the competence of school leaders), plg. allocated funds for school repair (target function). 2) The beneficiary of the addressee. This utility shows a person — the addressee with a possessive shade. It is also joined to transitive verbs together with the suffix. The final indicates what the action is directed at, the 0 indicates the person to whom the object said by the final belongs, e.g.: pačiupomotinai ranką, nukirpo vaikui plaukus, aparėneįgaliesiems lauką, vėjasjai drastė plaukus, jis man daug sveikatos atėmė, jai užėmė kvapą, jam pavogė arklį. The noun si can be replaced by the adjective: pačiupojo motinos ranką = pačiupojo motinos ranką, but these constructions have different meanings. 3) Percipient's beneficiary. This is the person who is responsible for what is happening, what is being experienced, or what is being evaluated. It is connected to intransitive verbs denoting a state or spontaneous action, often with the noun of the factor, e.g.: I'm tired of that job, the 88 children got sick of such a winter, you like those flowers, a long time ago a disaster happened, I get jealous, I don't smell him, he didn't think about it, the earth turned under his feet, I cast is?, Zosei without any work longed endlessly, from those drugs Elena did not improve, the child pity Suns, we have enough bread. The same function is performed by a noun connected to an intransitive verb denoting a state, e.g. :we have to go,he is doing well at work, my brother had to wait a long time, I'm tired of knitting. This function is also characteristic of the noun, which is joined to adjectives of the genitive with an auxiliary verb (the latter is often omitted). There may also be a second mouthpiece. Utility indicates a person who experiences a certain state or values it, e.g.: I am sad, I am scared, I am bored, we have fun here, it is nice to live here, it is difficult for me to say, bread for the small family, health and whip are healthy, everything is fine for him, of course, I owe you help. 4)Experienced user. This noun is also associated with adjectives of the nominal genus with an auxiliary verb (the latter is often implied) and denotes not the person, but only the part of it that experiences a certain physical state, e.g.: čiupi akims (gryžia akis), kojoms ružkštu (valgant per rugių), rankoms šalta, pvz., man šalta rankoms. 5) The servital of the finite. It indicates the purpose or objective of the action. The function of purpose has the user of such nouns that denote specific objects. It is connected to a transitive verb with a suffix and indicates the object to which the finite object is assigned, e.g. saw boards for the floor, cut teeth for the rake, wove cloth for the shirt, bought fabric for the dress, cut the trees ma lk o ms, got rye flour for the bread. This utility is often accompanied by a verb conjugation: bought a dagger to cut hay, carried brick to build a house, threw stakes to tie tomatoes, repaired sour cream to beat butter. The object function is usually held by the noun that denotes an abstract and generalized object. It is connected to both transitive and intransitive verbs and shows the purpose of the action, e.g.: prepared a paper for the press, chose a dress for a wedding, looks for a place to rest, allocated funds for education, did not have enough money for taxes, carried logs for construction, prepared for a trip, prepared for exams, gathered for prayer. 2.1.1.2. A relatively small number of verbs require an auxiliary noun that corresponds to the ending of the direct noun. It is necessary for the verb to indicate the direction of the action to the object. However, due to the limited use, this function is secondary to the beneficiary, cf. the relevant progenitor 1.3.2.1.2. This noun is usually used with the following verbs: represent, sacrifice, thank, threaten, harm, revenge, commit, bow, help, surrender, comply, please, envy, finger, 89 oppose, resist, equalize, agree, serve, interfere, lead, enslave. The adjective with these verbs does not always become the substantive in passive constructions, e.g. : John represented the company = The company was represented by John, but cannot be transformed: Students thanked the teacher = * The teacher was thanked by the students. Possible statement: The students thanked the teacher. In performing the syntactic function of a suffix, the named usufruct has various semantic functions, depending on its semantic relationship with the verb. 1) The benefactor's servant. It denotes a person, a community of people, a life, to whom an action or a state is directed, e.g. : The young man represented the firm; Nothing hurts me; Father threatened children; The mother helped the child solve the task; Everyone envied him; He had sex with the neighbor's daughter riai; The father agreed with the mother; He's head of the department. 2) Percipient- 's beneficiary. He is a mentally ill person and has a mental illness. : Sisters like this song; He cares about profit. 3) User of the container. It indicates the content of the action. This function is typical of the noun of abstract nouns, e.g. : He succumbed to the influence of a friend; The people resisted this decision of the authorities. 2.1.1.3. The syntactic function of the complement is performed by the noun noun, connected to certain adjectives with an auxiliary verb. The adjectives that most often require a noun are: apatinis, -a, būdingas, -a, lygus, -i, naudingas, -a, nuobodus, -i, nuolaidus, -i, paklusnus, -i, palankus, -i, palankus, -i, patogus, -i, pavojingas, -a, prieplaikus, -i, priešingas, -a, reikalingas, -a, skolingas, -a. : I need helpful advice; another it may be useless. Cf. also: Now the Poles are more dangerous to us than the Crusaders. They were completely opposed to me; da He is characterized by this mood. Beneficiary of circumstance 2.1.2.1. In addition to the plug-in, the utility has a context syntax function. Usually used as a time noun. The user of nouns denoting time concepts has a time function. Depending on the context, the temporal noun is dual. (a)The timeshare user. It denotes the time to which an object or phenomenon is assigned or intended, sometimes the person, said by the suffix or the pronoun of the part, e.g. : Save bread for tomorrow, not work for tomorrow; Baptism postponed Valainis Pentecost Krėv; There were more nights of heavy rainfall. (b)Term user. It denotes the duration of the resulting state, covering a noun-denoted time period in the future after the action occurs. This function is usually performed by the adverb of abstract nouns, used to express 90 5) The servant of cause. emotions and sensations to verbs denoting spontaneous action, e.g.: akys degė haudu, akys šviečia laime, miršta badaudamas, visas dega karštumu, plyšta širdispažiu, susigraudino palankiais žodžiais. jo These nouns can be replaced by the preposition from, sometimes from, because of the constructions of the noun: eyes shine with happiness, su starve,starve, grieved because of jopalankiy iš words. iš The function of cause is also performed by the adverb of verb nouns as the nominalization of the corresponding verb constructions, e.g. : He invites the dragq = A friend came by invitation; The commander ordered us to come > He came with a guidebook; he ky understood > jo training; he blessed with = jo blessing; he understood = jo I understand. Deputy 2.3. The pronoun is usually connected to verbs, sometimes to adverbs as an auxiliary verb performs the syntactic su function of circumstance. ir It has semantic functions: place, time, less often way. 1) The Local. This is the most common. It marks the place of action, where something is, happens. The place function is often held by the pronoun of such nouns, which in their lexical meaning indicate a certain area, surface of a place or building, a specific object ne and a group of objects, within or between which the action takes place, e.g.: I was in the yard, worked in the garden, in the fields, standing on an island, stars flashed in the sky, seeing light in the street, picked flowers in the meadow; sitting in the room, sleeping in the cottage, sitting in the carriage, birds chirping in the nest, mother stood in the gate, between the doors, wicker piles of fruit, girl sitting in the machine, held in her hand, in her hands, in her eyes shines hope, in her heart anxiety, remained in memory; in the woods the raven was cucking, in the rye a hare was chasing, in the town was, mushrooming in birch. The pronoun of such nouns, which do not specifically name the place, but only indicate its direction (left, right, east, west, at the end of the field, at the beginning of the book, at the back, on the other side, in this country) or indicate the environment, where something is happening (in the world, in the canvas, sat in the dark, hid in the woods, standing in the rain, I saw the moon), or what event, area, where someone is, participates (was at the wedding, danced at the baptism, participated in the press, be healthy in the hammer). The pronoun of such nouns with a certain verb can often be replaced by prepositional constructions, e.g.: bégioja kieme irpo kiemą, grybauja biržyne ir po beržyną, pasklido vaikaimiške ir po mišką; lying in the grass and on the grass, standing in the gates and between the gates, at the gates; hope shone in the eyes and from the eyes; wrote on the board and on the board. 97 The pronoun of nouns denoting place, area, environment, is also combined with adjectives with an auxiliary verb and denotes the location, area, environment of the object and characteristic, e.g.: sound in the whole area, useful in the farm, the cleverest in the whole village (man), strong in dance, rough in speech, brave in battles. 2) The time viceroy. The pronoun of such nouns that denote the concepts of time has the function of time: generalized time, seasons, months, days of the week, parts of the day, time phases, periods of time, units of time view, periods of human life or history, etc., e.g. :in the old days more singing, died in spring, got sick in the middle of winter, drought began cold, Monday crashed home, in the evening it began to rain, in the evening a lot of young people gathered, in childhood he was grazing livestock, church built in the fifteenth century. The final and the conjunctive of the same noun also often have a temporal function. Sometimes the use of these verbs and locals coincides, e.g.: grįžo vid urnaktyje, midurnakty, midurnakčiu, griZopavasaryje, pavasarį, but it is not said *grįžo pavasariu, it is said: grįžo pavasario metu; used: grižovasarą, during the summer, but not said: *grįžo vasaroj; we say: returned in January, but we do not say: *returned in January, *during January; used: grįžo dieną, dienos metu, but not said: *grįžo dienoj, although it is possible to say: grįžo trečiąją dieną; said: returned at night, at night, but not said: *orižo naktį, possible: in the middle of the night (=midnight); it is said: grįžo rytą, ryte, but not *griZo rytu, it is possible: grįžo rytą and so on. The use of one or another verb in the time function depends on the lexical meaning of the noun and its surroundings. For more precise description of a defined time, pronouns denoting the phases of time are used: in the beginning, in the end, in the end, in the middle, in the first or second half with a noun denoting the concepts of time, e.g.: in the beginning of the week, in the end of the month, in the first half of the 20th century, in the middle of the summer (=midurvasary). The pronoun and nouns that denote a period of time associated with certain work, rest, rites, celebrations, the character’s state or natural phenomena have a time function, e.g.: neieškok pavėsio rugiapjautėj, gimė pomidorų kasy; where will you take shelter in trouble? Mow in the rain, rake in the rain, in this heat the animals go to the barn. 3) He was deputy. It shows the way of action and state. This function is performed by the pronoun of abstract nouns, usually with the verbs to live, to grow, e.g.: lives in harmony, in love, in fear, in children, grew up in hardship, in a flock (in a large family). This function is close to the local function. Relationship between specifics and grammatical syllables 3.0 Specific syllables are related to grammatical syllables and form with them a single grammatical system of the verb. The specific verbs utilitar and inaginar can be opposed to the grammatical verbs finitor and genitiv by the function of an indirect direct complement. In 98 the case of the noun, the adjective has the function of an indirect suffix, they ir are often not necessary for jų the verb, and the adjective / and the noun have the function of a direct suffix, ir they are necessary for the verb. On the other hand, the noun is used ir with the correspondiir ng function as the adjective of a direct complement. Certain verbs necessarily require a noun, a preposition or a suffix, like the suffix of many other verbs: near the field, to fear the wolf, to doubt the message — received, to represent the section. Only for the finalis the direct complement function is primary, and for the other vowels it is secondary. In addition, the specific verbs noun and adjective are in certain cases the transformation of the noun and the adjective of grammatical verbs. For example, the adverb of an instrument (means) with certain verbs is a transformation of the direct adjective ending or the noun of the substantive (wearing shoes = wearing shoes; staring at the stars in the sky = staring at the stars in the sky, see 2.2.1.1, 1). Time-value constructions with the noun are transformations of sentences with the noun (e.g.: Sun set = sunset, see 2.1.2.2.). Such connections also more or less reconcile specific syllables with grammatical syllables. On the other hand, there are considerable differences between specific and grammatical syllables. There are specific circumstances for syntactic functions of specific syllables. The placeholder is a pure circumstantial participle. It has no circumstances, no place, time, manner, other functions. The functions of circumstances are also primary to the inner-worker. It has more functions of circumstances even than the native: time, place, quantity, cause, manner. It is less likely to be a beneficial agent. In the Lithuanian language, only the temporal noun is used. Grammatical verbs also have circumstance functions: the noun—time, place, quantity, and the adjective—time, quantity, but these functions are secondary to them. The functions of specific verbs depend heavily on the context and the lexical meaning of the noun. The use of grammatical pronouns is less restricted by context. The semantic functions of circumstances are particularly dependent on the lexical meaning of the noun. The verbs of nouns denoting the concepts of time (noun, pronoun, noun, adjective) have the function of time; the function of place — nouns, denoting concepts of space, verbs (place, object, noun); function of quantity and aspect —nouns, denoting the concepts of quantity and aspect, verbs (inactive, active, noun). The pronoun and the adverb of abstract nouns usually have the function of the verb, and the adverb of abstract nouns has the function of the cause. The semantic functions of the indirect noun and adverb depend on the lexical meaning of the noun. For example, the instrumentalis usually has the semantic function of an instrument in nouns that denote a tool, a means, or acquire this meaning in context, such as: knitted a knitwear with yarn, machine, hands. The beneficial or percipient noun is used for nouns denoting persons, the finite noun for nouns denoting objects, cf. : 99 o — They brought me boards for the floor (beneficial to — me, finite to the floor). — Sauksmnieks 4.0. From other funny is dejes A soldier. Although under your flexion (the old form jo pure stem) is — one of the oldest vowels, but because of its isolated position in the iš sentence it does not denote word relations, so from a synchronic point of view it is not really a true vowel. The caller has a sentence-isolated address function when used to address the iš interlocutor, sometimes an inanimate object, e.g. : ir į ir į Gentlemen, tomorrow we won't bet Myk-Put; Dove, give a drop of yeast to the earth; Spit, throat, water! L Tt. Since the interlocutor is the second person, expressed by pronouns fu (you), tamsta, often the address goes this po pronoun, sometimes ir before it, e.g.: you, Agut, still Ar not sleeping? Birds; That's Ko it, man, you're being driven by your nose? už Žem: Ah, Doc! Docy! tu You didn't want to listen to us Don. Usually the reference is isolated from The 2nd person pronoun, but sometimes intonationally su coincides ir with it, forms one group of addresses, e.g. : Oi tu sister, white lily, when you were alone, you didn't see the poor man (d) Stan; Tu Girele, tu green! Ko You're so sadly wailing? Mair; Oh, my heart, my neighbor, tu I'm telling you great news, Myk-Put. Sometimes the noun of nouns is used instead of the exclamation mark, especially pronouns su fu ir 2nd person verb forms, e.g.: Kid, ką tu Are you talking now? Simon; Where's your grandmother? LTt; Sir, do you know? Skp; E, where you don't lie man... Blood; Go now you, man, walking this way on Earth. The noun of a pronoun that goes with fu po can be considered as a suffix of this pronoun — they are both combined with a syllable: fu —noun and noun, cf. : Where you, man, will be. When tu is not expressed in the sentence, the noun is a prefix of the null fu form, e.g. : Where (are you —(J) grandmother? Otherwise it would be inexplicable to use a 2nd person verb with a noun in the prepositional form, because the noun of the noun requires a 3rd person verb form: Mr., grandmother knows. After the pronoun tu, the noun of the prefix and the adverb of the adverb are very close in their positions, cf. : Where you, man, will stand; Where are you going, man? Only in the last sentence is the exclamator more isolated, because it has no connection with the other words in the sentence. This parallel use of the noun noun as a prefix and the exclamation as an insertion forms the basis for the convergence of these vowels. But this convergence of verbs is contextual, 0 is not grammatical. It is important to note that some of the forms of the nominative vowel in Lithuanian coincide. 100 ir ir In this way, the use of a nominative instead of a pronoun helps the pronoun to fit into the vowel system. It is emphasized that this verb only adheres to the verb system, but į ją is not included, is on the sidelines. General conclusions 1) In Lithuanian, the verb category is syntactic. The verbs of nouns indicate the relationships of words and thus ir help to form a sentence. 2) Functions in the sentence perform two functions at the same time: syntactic and semantic. The syntactic functions of vowels depend on their syntactic relationship with the main word to which the vowel is connected — usually with the verb forming the center of the sentence and the adjective with the auxiliary verb, as well as in noun constructions with another noun and its equivalent. The verbs of nouns of the following syntactic functions are used: adjectives, suffixes, adjectives, adjectives, adjectives, adjectives, adjectives the noun, adjective, verb of the verb; the noun, adjective, adverb of a predicate; circumstances all funny except the nobleman. The semantic functions of verbs depend on the semantic relationship between the noun verb and the main word, as well as to a large extent on the lexical meaning of the noun. When using such semantic functions to verbs, the noun verbs are joined: agent noun, origin, noun; patient's suffix, adjective, noun; substantive suffix, noun, possessive, possessive noun; the beneficiary- 's usufruct, nominative; the percipient's noun, noun; instrument subjunctive, noun; the end of the result; the addressee's beneficiary, beneficiary; the beneficiary of the expert; the finite usufructuary, the originator; time servant, owner, placeholder, final, noun; local servant, lieutenant, final, nominal; quantity and number noun, adjective, adjective, noun; way servant, lieutenant; 3) According to the primary functions of the verbs in Lithuanian there are grammatical and specific verbs. The primary, dominant functions of grammatical verbs are the noun of the factor, the ending of the direct adjective, the subject and the object. The primary of specific verbs are the functions of circumstance locus, indefinite noun, noun, and indirect complement noun, indefinite noun. The functions of the beneficiary, ingenius, nobleman corresponding to the final of the direct complement are secondary to the latter verbs. 4) In Lithuanian, verbs have formal indicators (different endings) and are opposed according to syntactic functions. The ending of the direct complement is opposed to the denominator of the predicate according to the position of the action to/from the object. The final part of the direct complement indicates the object to which the action is directed, whereas the denominator of the factor does not have this attribute. In addition, the adjective (and the pronoun) is opposed to the noun and the adverb as a direct/indirect adverb. 101 In Lithuanian, to the verb is not only a function of the verb forms of the noun, but a certain system of forms that forms a grammatical category as the gender number of another noun category. — ir Su nouns combine other nouns only in the genus number, ne but in the verb. ir ir 5) The exclamation mark in Lithuanian is separated from the whole syllable system, because it is isolated in the sentence and does not indicate a relationship with the other words in the sentence. The use of the vocative is limited by its function—to express an address to the 2nd person. Therefore, it goes in the sentence only with the forms of the 2nd person, especially imperative verbs. On the other hand, the adverb is attached to the verb system because of its relation to the substantive of the verb, which, when going with the forms of the 2nd person verbs, replaces the adverb (Where is grandmother, my grandmother? The noun is particularly close to the adverb when it acts as a suffix after the 2nd person pronoun and its isolating intonation corresponds to that of the adverb Sauksmininka, cf. : Where will you, man, go? ir Where are you going, man? Received 27 May 1999 SOURCES ABBREVIATIONS Al — Alytus. Balč - J. Balčikonis (1885-1969- ). Bt — 2000: The D-Day r. Song. Don-K. "Donelaitis (1714–1780- )". Grl —Garliava, Kaunas r. Jabl —J. Jablonski (1860-1930- ). JD —Lithuanian songs 1-3 /Written by A. Juška, Vilnius, 1954. Kn — Kaunas neighborhood. Kp — Kūpiškis. Krėv —V. Krėvė-Mickevičius (1882-1954- ). Krtn — Kretinga. LKŽ —Lithuanian Language Dictionary 1-18, Vilnius, 1941-1997. LTt —Lithuanian Folklore | UzraSyta 1944-1956, Vilnius, 1957. LzP —Lazdynai Owl (S. 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JI. 1975: 3nayenne H CTpyKTypa fA3bika, Mocksa. CASE AND ITS FUNCTIONS IN THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE Summary The article deals with the functions cases the of in Lithuanian language. A distinction is made between the syntactical functions, which depend the on case’s syntactic relation other to words in a sentence (subject, object, adverbial modifiers etc.), and semantic functions (roles). which are determined the by semantic relation between the noun case and the verb nominal or (Agent, Patient etc.). All the cases concrete and — grammatical the same time — at perform syntactic and semantic functions the sentence. in On the basis the of functions that have been analysed, the conclusion drawn that case is syntactic character: refers the is syntactic in and it semantic to relations words the sentence and thus contributes of its in formation. to The cases of the Lithuanian language have formal case markers (endings) and are opposed the basis on their syntactic of functions. Therefore, a case not is merely function a (as pointed out by Helbig) but also system forms which a constitutes of grammatical category like other a nominal categories gender and number. — The paper discusses variety a treatments of the of category case of (Jakobson, Kurylowicz, Fillmore), presents a review the of key works the on Lithuanian cases together with a description of their character. 104