Naujųjų skolinių atitikmenys – naujadarai

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XLII (2000) Jurga GIRČIENĖ Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius NEW DEBTORS Equivalents — INNOVATIONS I. In the last decade, the į Lithuanian language has received a lot of borrowings. Ne all of them are treated equally. Some, usually having a basic knowledge of classical languages, are traditionally admitted, e.g., auditor, grapher. The use of such borrowings is restricted only if they start to push out of public usage Lithuanian words that designate the same thing (e.g., exclusive is proposed to be replaced with exclusive, distributors — distributor, etc.). New names of realities of other countries (e.g., nationalities, specific cultural phenomena, national dishes, tropical fruits, spices, etc.) are also unchanged. These can be widely used borrowed words (e.g., avocado, curry, spaghetti) and very rare, so-called exoticisms (e.g., ¢iunio, hadži: On the day of the journalists’ visit, a Bolivian and Lithuanian family had a traditional Bolivian dish of frozen and dried potatoes — čunio LR 97 05 03. Muslims honor those who have visited the prophet's city of Mecca and call them hajj (R 96 01 06). To the unchangeable borrowings, apparently, we should also include the phenomena of modern culture, especially —borrowings that identify contemporary music, art directions, styles, e.g.: hepening, rave, rap. For other loanwords, attempts are made to find Lithuanian equivalents. Those borrowers who are considered strange are usually referred to as the new strangers. This is not a very precise term®, but it is apparently used to distinguish, at least relatively, the debt that is allowed in from the debt that should be avoided or replaced. The phenomenon, which is named by the word combination of new alienation, can be regarded as two-sided, encompassing borrowing and the emergence of new forms.” Borrowing and creating are the main ways of creating new words (or neologisms) in the language (Urbutis 1978: 28-29). The so-called foreignness (due to the already mentioned inaccuracy of this name, the term “borrowing” will be used in this article) and its Lithuanian equivalents are a manifestation of competition between these methods. ! The English word graffiti is derived from the word graffiti. ? In some language normative publications, strangeness is simply called a word of foreign origin (without prior assessment), while in others it is considered the Lithuanian equivalent of barbarism, a synonym. In the latter case, it is not very appropriate to call strangeness not forbidden, but only avoidable borrowers, for whom equivalents are offered (e.g., distributor, top, etc.). * The equivalents of borrowings resulting from language contacts can also be treated as a kind of borrowing (Haugenas 1972: 352-354, 365-372; Pazusis 1975: 33). 33 As already mentioned, the counterparts of new debt are some new derivatives. These can be true constructive new forms (vedic, punch), semantic neologisms*, nominative words. New things can be named by combining already existing words, but polynomial names are not always convenient in the language. ne ir There is also a tendency to avoid unlimited polysemy of homonyms. ir Thus, word formation plays the most important role in enriching the Lithuanian vocabulary (Urbutis 1978: 27-29). It appears that word formation should be the main ir source of borrowed equivalents. Because it is usually stated that new debtors come as new things (modern technologies, new equipment, incomes, etc.) ir the denoting words. It would seem that the Lithuanian equivalents proposed to replace them should also be new words for remaking. — But it is quite the ne case. This is evident from the examination of the new debt equivalents offered to the public. This article is based on two sources: 1) Official document approved by the State Lithuanian Language Commission “Nevartojančios naujos svetimybės” (LKKN 130-132); 2) the indicative list of ‘Suggested equivalents of new foreign words’ (KK 71, 84-95). These sources do not include all the equivalents proposed for new borrowers, but are lists that have passed some linguistic public selection ir (plg. individual submissions), so they can be considered a kind of model of all recommended matches. The first list (hereinafter referred to as — NS list) represent only about a quarter of all debt equivalents, the second (hereinafter referred to as the SA list) — about a third. (for the full list of new developments, see at the end of the article). Why are new borrowed words rarely replaced with new Lithuanian words? There are several reasons for this relationship (one iš jų linguistic, other — extralinguistic). 1. Ne The thing always named by a new loanword is really new, so it does not need a new Lithuanian word to name it. E.g.: šopas = shop, store; the weekend in question; a teenager teenager; press press; hotel hotel; = polismenas = policeman, = etc. = = 2. Sometimes a loan word is replaced by existing Lithuanian words with a slightly different meaning than the one being replaced (e.g.: pub, pub, tavern; = image = image), but hardly such equivalents could be considered even semantic neologisms. 3. Another reason — frequent polywords (composite) equivalents, which are almost all combinations of several common words or their forms, e.g.: arm bending; corn flakes, flakes with additives; hostels; alternative music, culture; best-selling album, best-selling book; * Semantic neologisms are considered new meanings of words (Jakaitienė 1986: 102). 34 Nominative word combinations, which designate a new real ar concept, can be considered as certain new forms (Gaivenis, 2006). However, the constituent 1980: 31), elements very jų rarely include new words, which are the object of this study. — ir 4. There are ir equivalents whose graphic expression coincides with the su expression of words in dictionaries (often historicisms, archaisms or dialectisms- ), but whose lexical meaning is distant or completely different. Iš of the above NS mentioned list can be considered such as cheese, compact, (documents) shredder, (cocktails) mixer, laid, tampres, timpes, tray, valve, spear, iš SA list — clusters, search (man. g.), earphone, swirl. Some (maybe even most) can iš jų be newly made words’. For example, the cheeseburger equivalent sūrainis ("a certain sandwich with cheese") resembles the archaism citrinis ("salty sea water; salty (about sea water)“ (LKŽ XIV 207), but in fact it is a newly made systematic -ainis derivative of the suffix (cf. hamburger, fish). That these are two separate words is also shown by the different basis of the verb. One is a derivative of the adjective sūrus, the other of the noun sūris. From the point of view of synchronic action, these words are connected only by the action formant suffix — -Annie. Given that many of the matchups are not suggested by linguists, the likelihood of searching for words in dictionaries is low. Such cases, when a newly made word appears to be already in existence in the language, are not new (even J. Jablonski’s new creations, later discovered in dialects). The fact that almost all of the suspected new forms (except for the already mentioned clearly constructive homonym syrian) are written in a way that resembles the word formation of the living language should be regarded as a positive thing: alive, traditional. II. 1998-1999 After reviewing the general picture of the corresponding items, it is advisable to stop at the most interesting — novelties. Determining whether a match is a remake is quite tricky. In addition to the circumstances already listed (when the equivalent has the same phonetic expression, but a different lexical meaning than the word presented in the LKŽ), other things are also important — search sources, time limit.” 3 Terminologists are confronted with a similar problem when examining the term formation of the current language (Keinys 1975: 8). © If the Lithuanian equivalent of a borrowed word was recorded in usage before it was included in one or another new dictionary, it is undoubtedly considered a novelty (e.g. videotape used instead of videotape included in LKŽ volume XVII (LKŽ XVII 971). When a borrowed word is replaced by a previously created word, the latter is not considered to be a new word (e.g., skater is replaced by skateboarder (DŽ, 658). Unfortunately, it is not always possible to determine whether a loanword is replaced by a word invented specifically for the purpose, or whether the latter already functioned in the language before the loanword appeared and only later was chosen to replace it. Thus, the boundary between a novelist and a non-novelist is not very clear even from the point of view of writing (not to mention semantic), but in order to discuss the tendencies of writing, such a formal approach (especially in the initial stage) is necessary. 35 Such difficulties are ir faced by other novelty researchers (plg. Urbutis 1961: 66; Kēzytė 1973: 37-38; Keinys 1975: 8). New words are usually selected based on dictionaries. Various models of modern terminology are examined (Keinys 1975: 7-56; 1979: 155-183; 1983: 70-123). In this regard, the general lexicon, e.g., compound nouns (Urbutis 1961: 65-121). Bigger samples of novelists are ir being examined: based on texts computerized ir DZ, registered new words, which are assigned by kildar me į du subgroups — of new debt ir (Mikelioniene 1998: 11). The author of this article relied on [-XIX LKŽ volumes, all DŽ ir TŽ publications, various dictionaries of terms (the computerized term bank is still being developed, so error is possible). However, even with a ir computerized database of all dictionaries, it would not be possible to absolutely guarantee the presence of ar a new word. As stated by K. The word can be lost without ir entering į the dictionaries (Gaivenis 1987: 41-51). This is especially true of potential novelties: the researcher cannot say exactly which iš jų new derivatives of o which — ne (Gaivenis 1987: 33-34; Urbutis 1978: 269). In this article, new words are specially constructed words that have been replaced by borrowed words, which have not been recorded in dictionaries before. There is a distinction between nominative word combinations (which, as already mentioned, can also be regarded as distinctive novelties) and possible semantic novelties. The novels can be studied from different points of view — semantic, stylistic connotation, creative. Here, their work is examined: an attempt is made to find out whether the novels are typical works, an attempt is made to identify the tendencies of their work (compared with bk, a well-researched terminology in this respect). It is investigated whether the Lithuanian language is not negatively influenced by other languages, or whether, when naming objects of reality, phenomena, they are not blindly followed®. “When evaluating any novelty, it is necessary to clarify not only its functional typology, but also other things,” for example, “whether it has other Lithuanian or international substitutes and what their semantic relationships are” (Gaivenis 1974: 30). Thus, it would be inaccurate to examine the equivalents of borrowed words in isolation from the reason for their emergence —the borrowed words themselves: it is necessary to discuss not only the equivalents of new words supplementing the Lithuanian language's vocabulary, but also their relative significance. " The so-called lists of new foreign words contain a number of terms or terminologized equivalents (so-called nomenclatural words), characteristic of public usage (e.g., computer terms kontrolytuvas, spausdintuvas, etc.), so such a comparison is appropriate. * Most of the new borrowings come from English or through English, whose word formation system is fundamentally different from Lithuanian (see Russian, through which many concepts entered into Lithuanian in the past: the word formation of both languages has a number of common features (Kaulakienė 1974: 32)), therefore, the approximation of the word formation of the borrower and its equivalent may seem rather formal (except for stitches- ), but, apparently, in the initial stage it is nevertheless purposeful, especially in the semantic aspect. Probably the most promising would be the study of the functional meaning of the borrowed word and its equivalent (Pažūsis 1989: 58-71), but that is not the purpose of this article. This limits itself to a brief comparison of the motivation and manner of action of the borrower and his counterpart. 36 other su exchangeable debt (at this point it is not yet possible to say exactly which iš jų — borrowar ed own words — iš will really come to life, establish itself in real use). As far as possible, the usage of the equivalents is attempted to be reviewed at ir least fragmentarily.) This is appropriir ate even necessary, because the creation is considered the initial (this is a traditional jo approach, followed already J. Jablonski), as o the final — criterion for the selection of corresponding items". It is therefore useful to jų consider the interrelationship. III. Almost all į NS ir SA The newly borrowed equivalents (except for the adjectives step rolling, which enter the compound equivalent) are ir nouns. į Jų to use three ways of forming the iš four main Lithuanian words: sufixation (adverb derivatives), flexional derivation (terminal derivatives), composition, or binding (doors). Distribution of novelties by method of production (%) | fiz * Based on the database of new borrowed words and their equivalents (creator — the author of this article). 10 The latter criterion is not specifically named, but the need to take into account public opinion has been mentioned for some time (e.g., Skardžius 1997,: 77, 79; Kniūkšta 1979: 90; Simonaitytė 1979: 102), especially when it comes to the equivalents of new foreign words (D. Mikulėnienė, J. Klimavičius and others (see Girčienė 1997: 111-117). And this is indisputable: if not used in reality, even the most successful innovations will remain only dead facts of language. 37 The most popular of all the novels. There are iš fourteen, eleven, so twenty-five novels in NS total. jų SA — su iš In addition to these, there are also other types of operating systems, which į are classified ir according to their functionality. This division is problematic because “strict boundaries between the individual categories of work, by the way, are usually not, so it is often argued about a broader narrower ar understanding of the category of work because of ir the very reality of each ar other” (LKE Here 142). referred to Classification given by LKG, DLKG. 1. Twelve of the 12 newly-created prepositions are derived verbs. iš Iš jų mainly tool — names. Tools names -tuvas. This is the latest extension of this category (LKG I 381). Su ja make ir du new equivalents: toaster "a device for toasting bread slices" controller "a ir functional device that serves (controls) the nodes of a local computer network'. They offer to replace the borrowed toaster" (English) toaster < toast ‘to roast, fry in the heat') and server (engl. server < serve ‘to serve, control'). These debts ir jų similarities in the motivation for making corresponding words are quite obvious: adverbs -er derivatives are replaced by -fuvas derivatives; reference words are selected based on the same similar characteristics. The choice of the ar prepositional form is quite understandable, because in Lithuanian most of the tool names are made by prepositions su (for example, such terms nų are five times more than the names of compound su tools derived ir from the extremities (Keinys 1983: 107)). The choice of the specific suffix be -tuvas was undoubtedly determined only by the construction system of the Lithuanian language. English language suffixes -er derivatives are used not only to name various tools and other objects, but also subjects (Beard 1990: 123— in Lithuani129), o an they can be called derivatives of different suffixes. Plg. pairs of borrowed words and their equivalents: shredder — (document) shredder, shaker — (cocktail) mixer, burger — valve, bestseller — grab, blister — (drug) sheet, player — earphone, dealer — representative, referee — judge, killer — killer, manager — manager, etc. Somewhat more complicated with semantic measurement. But probably not important- |! The values of debt are determined according to the following Zodyns: ALZ 1997, ED 1995, CID 1995, PLŽ 1997, VLŽ 1997. 38 biau that, ne the debt ar had an influence on the making of the o equivalent, that, what ta influence. Few new concepts of reality are ar formed in purely Lithuanian soil (Gaivenis 1980: 31), therefore it is natural that many of the Lithuanian novelists naming them “in their form they are entirely ours but in their meaning, their [...], conceptual content they are adapted to mark common, international concepts”. Only need to watch that they „their content ir would not be separated from our linguistic thinking, to be [...] organically integrated into our usage“ į (Carcases 1997,; 280—281). The new forms in be question are, without doubt, systematic, typical of the semiotically “transparent” derivatives of the adjective -tuvas (the derivatives of the adjective -tuvas can be mademi iš various constructions of transitive verbs (LKG I 381; DLKG 129). Jų base form, as usual for such ir derivatives, is communicative). -Iklis. This, the second in coherence (LKG I 383), suffix is derived —three names of tools: stapler “tool for stapling sheets of paper”, (message) receiver “(device for receiving messages', colourer “coloured pen for marking the desired place of text'. They are replaced by the borrowed stapler < staple "(to) hang", pager < page "call, call out", marker < mark "(to) zyméti". As with the previous group, the borrowed words and their equivalents are derived from prepositions, but in this case the semantic motivation of the corresponding words is much more original than in the first group. A slightly more similar motivation only for stapler and stapler (tool to couple/to staple; the derivatives of the verb to couple, e.g., clutch, coupling, have been proposed to replace this loanword). The marker and dye are fundamentally different from other pairs of this group. The colorant is only one of the values of the marker, other, more general values are offered by similarly motivated equivalents marker, marker. The -iklis adverbs are derived from both primary and other verbs. It is usually based on the stems of the past participle (LKG I 383; DLKG 129), this also applies to the corresponding forms (see forms gauti, gauna, gavo). By comparing the derivatives of the suffixes -tuvas and -iklis, which replace the derivatives of the English suffix -er, it is possible to see the motives for choosing a particular suffix. The adjectives -tuvas derived names larger devices, -iklis - smaller devices or gadgets. Such an assignment is not accidental. Although there are no major differences between these suffixes, the suffix -tuvas is now used to name more complex devices and devices, and the suffix -iklis to name simpler devices or their parts and accessories, and less often devices (Keinys 1975: 20—21). - A shower. The derivative of this suffix, frying pan, falls into the category of tool names as "a device in which cooking products such as potatoes, donuts, fish, etc. are fried in fat." It is also considered a novelty according to the formal criteria set out". This is a list of the 12 most commonly used words in French (from 1987 to 2010). : Frying pan (gruzdintuvé) —special vessel <... > for frying in hot fat —fryer (NUE 118), but not included in the dictionaries. It is appropriate to classify it as a novelty, despite the time of its appearance, because, as can be seen from the given example, it was devised specifically to replace a loan. 39 friture “baking; frying fats'). The working motivation of the fryer is undoubtedly authentic (see section 4.4). Klimavičius 1997: 12-14). As ir described adverbs -tuvas derived, fryer naming a larger device than the correspondsu ing suffix -Iklis. Usually suffixes -tuvė vediniai denotes utensils, uncomplicated devices or vessels (LKG I 386; DLKG In this 130). regard, the fryer is slightly different: it is still a quite complex device (plg. grater, barbecue), should not jo be regarded ir as a dish, although such associations may arise (plg. frying pan). ir Both "things" can cook the same dishes with a similar result ir ti (for example, fri potatoes are often ir even called fried potatoes). Such an analogy could have prompted the choice of a suffix - She was. Be doubtless, other things jo could ir have influenced. It is important to note that the feminine hybrid is replaced by the feminine equivalent. This is an interesting fact, because most of the names of tools are of the male gender. The suffix -fuvas is the most common affix for making tool names, suffixes 0 -there were significantly fewer derivatives (Keinys 1975: 20; Ambrazas 1993: 180). Here in DZ, there are about two and a half hundred suffixes -fuvas and only about half a hundred suffixes -tuvė in Vedic (ALKZ 103; 415-418). A number of derivatives of the latter suffix are no longer used or not used in the meanings indicated, for example, the aforementioned debt shaker equivalent (cocktail) blender ‘blender; ribbed board for straw leveling when roofing; kultūra' (DZ, 562). The facts presented would lead to the assumption that the genus of the interchangeable hybrid might have influenced the selection of the corresponding genus.” The -tuvė derivatives of adverbs are usually made from primary verbs, but there are also other cases, e.g., knytytuvė, riedintuvė, pervalytuvė (LKG I 386; DLKG 130; Keinys 1975: 24), so the fryer is not an atypical derivative. Most of the tool names are made with suffixes -fuvas and -iklis. The abundance of their derivatives corresponds to the general observed tendency of their construction: both are the most constructive suffixes of this category (LKG I 381; DLKG 129; Keinys 1975: 20-21). Wartosena. It is best to discuss the usage of tool equivalents together. The most commonly used (and most commonly used) is the. He has completely replaced the loan pager from public usage. The controller is a newer term (included in some recent computer dictionaries, such as CZ 198) with a lesser tradition of use (the previously proposed composite equivalent of the same loanword, the controlling computer, is still used). The equivalents toaster and fryer also end up being pushed out of public usage by 3 TŽ (p. 169) presenting the masculine form of the borrowed fritíř. For other uses, see fat for frying. “frying” is also given the meaning of “frying apparatus”. The author of the article does not know how the borrowed form fritiúrinė came about, but the reason could be that the French noun friture is feminine. '* It is difficult to say whether the genus category of the borrower would be an important factor in providing equivalents, since the genus category is not morphologically indicated in English, from which (through which) most borrowings are now made. 40 convertible debt. The colorant is a more colloquial subject, popular among the knowers, but not detected in public jį usage. As already mentioned, this is only one of the corresponding markers. In general, it can be said iš that these correspondences, being typical derivatives of the prepositions of the daries, are easily acquired. This is not surprising: they can be regarded as the potential innovations that are the easiest to iš accept by all new consumers. They look like ordinary words, do not cause psychological resistance. Action Outcome Names of ir Actions - I did. Quite unexpected suffixes -(i)onė derivanys puzzle ‘a game where you iš have to put together the pieces of a picture’. The number of such stations is not traditionally high. They are usually made as a suffix to iš verbs su -(i)oti (LKG I 297, DLKG in this 97), case to lay out. Traditionally (formally) šį the derivative can only be assigned to the category of action names (verbal abstracts), but it is clearly felt that the novelist also names the result of the action (the drawn picture) and the object (the picture to be drawn). This is not an accidental thing. Many action names, especially those made from transitive verbs, denote not only the action but also its result and object (LKG I 317; Ambrazas 1993: 108). Interesting origin of this novelist. It is a puzzle proposed by the children and chosen by them as one of the most popular equivalents of the puzzle. The action motivation of the puzzle is authentic (see the meaning and form of the equivalent and the borrowed). Children’s puzzle (other recommended equivalents of this loanword —destas, dėstinis, galvosūkis) began to spread rapidly in public usage, e.g.: mėgstantys žaisti galvosūkį („Puzzle“) LR 96 09 06; konkursų nugalėtojams dovanos galvosūkius LR 98 02 21; vaikai mėgsta galvosūkį (puzzle) TV 98 12; įvairios šios užduoties fiseles — vandenyno srovės, vėjai ir lietūs —susipina tarpusavyje V 98 01 29. Such examples, when even several publications choose the same equivalent, even use it in a figurative sense, show the vitality of this novelty, the possibility of acquiring in the language. What could have made the puzzle so popular? There are not many derivatives of the suffix -ioné (DZ, only 38 —ALKZ 87-88). There are very few more popular names that are pronounced in the suffix (and thus sound similar, especially for children). It is a journey, a dream, a doubt, a evening, from the stylistically marked ones — smetlinija, keverzona, terlionija (the latter can be associated with the game in question, where it is necessary to “dirty” for a long time). One explanation could be proper motivation. The following examples show that this game is associated with the verb to puzzle: celebration "Puzzle your dreams" LR 96 09 06; it will be very difficult to put together your painted "Puzzle"; children also like the so-called ‘pusles’ (a toy where a large picture has to be assembled from many small pictures) D 95 01 06. The suffix -(i)oné usually denotes a long-lasting action, so it is very appropriate in this case: put together a puzzle —long and painstaking work, sometimes lasting months (depending on the number of pieces in the puzzle). 41 windsurfing'® equivalent (English) windsurfing “windsurfing' wind < ‘vejas’ + surf 'wave, ripple'), audio tape'magnetic tape for the recording and reproduction ir of sound', replacing audio cassettes (lot. audio ‘girdziu’ + pranc. cassette ‘box’), dentifier ‘special floss for cleaning teeth’, offered instead of the borrowed floss (angl. floss ‘Zzaliavinis šilkas*) and videotape ‘magnetic tape for recording and reproducing image and sound’, which replaces the borrowed videokaseté (lat. video ‘I see’ + fr. cassette ‘dézute’). The three above-mentioned doors are proposed to replace cumulative loans (waveboard, audio tape, video tape). Similarities in the motivation of one of the sandy darybinés would link two pairs of borrowed and equivalents videotape and videocassette (cf. the other equivalent used videotape), audiotape and audiocassette (cf. the composite equivalent audiocassette). All these compound nouns can be considered determinative – their first syllable defines, narrows the meaning of the second syllable. This type of noun punch is most typical for bk (Urbutis 1961: 68). They are all made of nouns without suffixes or prefixes. This also corresponds to the tendencies of the construction of compound nouns with both noun verbs (Urbutis 1961: 75). Three of the pieces have a connecting vowel, two do not. This corresponds to bk tendencies (see Urbutis 1961: 77). The connecting vowels a and i, as is usual for such punches, coincide with the stem vowels of the first-sound base words (sound, image, tooth). The four novelties are made up of an adjective and a noun. It is the equivalent of diapers 'waterproof disposable baby panties', which replaces the loan word pampers (angl. pampers < pamper 'pamper, pamper'), big steak "big piece of meat to cook or steak" offered instead of the loan word steak "big piece of meat (fish) to cook; such a steak'), big bag “big bag for loading", equivalent of the borrowed bigbeg (big “big", bag “bag, basket, ranking’), fast food “pre-prepared and very quickly served food in certain restaurants’, proposed instead of the English word combination fastfood (fast ‘fast’, food ‘food’). Of the aforementioned duriniy two are offered to borrowers from two stores to replace (big bag, fast food). The pairs of these equivalents and exchanged debts are linked by obvious similarities in action motivation. Similarities in semantic motivation can also be seen between a big steak and a steak. These innovations are also considered determinative. Their practical meaning is approximately the same as their lexical meaning. All these, as well as the first group, are made up of basic words, whose stems are equal to the roots (didkepsnis and didmaišis would be interpreted as ‘big maiSas’, ‘steak’, but are adjectively divided into didis (r. “didelis' DZ, 120) + ‘maiSas’, ‘steak’, cf. didstinte, didmiestis, etc.). 5 The English word windsurfing refers to the sport of windsurfing, but in the NS list the equivalent of the borrowed word vindserfingas is not only windsurfing, but also windsurf. ¢ Sp 48 Nė one of the iš punches in this group has no connective vowel. Such a tendency is typical of Lithuanian, where more than half of such punches never have a connective vowel or are used more frequently be jo (Urbutis 1961: 87). Du make a verb noun. iš ir These are synonyms of authentic semantic motivation. ir “fat fried in a deep fryer’, offered instead of the borrowed fryer (pranc. friture “a method of cooking when the dish is soaked in fat"). These punches are also considered deterministic. The first two conjugations are most likely related to the present tense form of the base verbs, although the base of the action could have been taken from another base form ir (the form of the first verb conjugations not related to the participants often does not indicate which of the three roots of the base verbs such conjugations are more related to (Urbutis 1961: 100). Such conjugations, whose first syllable relates to the verb in general or only to one of its basic forms, are slightly rarer than those that relate to past participles (Urbutis 1961: 96). As is typical of this type of stitches, the first corresponding sandu goes to the roots without prefixes, and the second sandu is based on a noun whose stem is equal to the root. The only unconventional thing is that the base verb of the punch frizdintaukiai is not primary. This is not very typical of Lithuanian, because most of the constructions with the first verb and second noun sandu are always or at least more often used without the connecting vowel, but —justified, because other constructions of this type have exactly such a connecting vowel (Urbutis 1961: 100). The distribution of the doors according to the first sand can not be called traditional. Bk puns with both noun consonants make up a larger part (three quarters) of all nouns with the second noun consonant (terms — about 60%), and corresponding consonants — slightly less than half. Dūriniai with the first adjective sandu bk make up more than a fifth of the nouns of this type (terms — approximately 22%), equivalents — slightly more than a third. Dūriniai, having the first verb sand (after the numerical) bk are rare (in terminology —3,4 96), and corresponds make up almost a fifth (DLKG 151; Urbutis 1961: 68; Keinys 1983: 75). In the remaining three, the second sand is a verb, and the first is a noun. It is paintball “a game that simulates armed combat, played with paint-loaded guns’, replacing the borrowed paintball” (angl. paintball < paint ‘paint’ + ball ‘ball’), marketing “the organization of product sales, including pricing, demand research, advertising preparation”), which 9 Paintball, otherwise paintball (STZ 1996: 381). 49 offered instead of debt marketing (English) marketing < market ‘marketir ’) reflector ‘cream to remove rotten skin particles’, one of the loan peeling iš equivalents (English) peeling < peel ‘luptis (approx. 0da)’). Iš of all three debtors ir jų similarities in action motivation between matching pairs would only relate to paintball ir (and only one stock). — Marketing, iš leather polish paintsvydžio first noun ir sandu is the object of the verb-expressed action (this ratio is typical of most of the structures of this type (Urbutis 1961: 106): to make the market, to peel the skin, to grease the paint. Action-mazodic vedic root vowel changes su are not frequent, but ie : y change is popular (Urbutis 1961: 109-110). Su second row -svydis is several sports terms, e.g. water polo, air polo. All of these punches have a connective vowel (bk almost half, in terminology o the third part is used for it, see be Urbutis 1961: 110; Keinys 1983: 111): du a, one o. Bk this type of punch usually have a connective vowel which is usually a, connected only a (as in this ir case) ir 0 root nouns, the connective o vowel is much less common, 0 usually used when the root noun is in the ir first sentence (Urbutis o 1961: 110). This gi marketing would be an atypical, but ne certainly lonely entity of this type: as stated by Urbutis (1961: 110), į a-root nouns (mostly neologisms) with some su other connective vowels (from jų some more frequently -0-) occurs only need to be į viewed as an exception. For example: gas pipeline, oil pipeline, pricing, landscape, forestry, ir etc. The presented frequently used punches are newly ir created, unobtrusive, publicly acceptable “exceptions” that might allow to assume that the conjunctive vowel in such punches should no longer be considered a o major deviation. This tendency is also noticeable in the creation of terms, especially with the second sand -tyra, -skyra and -dara (Keinys 1983: 111). As already mentioned, duriniy with the second noun sandu is su eleven, and with the second verb — only three. The fact that the former are almost three times more than the latter is not surprising: the first type of punctuation forms almost three quarters of all compound nouns in the present Lithuanian language (LKG I 437; DLKG 151). The revival is popular. Jų There are quite a few words proposed for change, e.g., garsaspynė, telefonspynė, akmenstiimis, grūdai, grūdvaisiai, vaisgrūdžiai, didžprekiai, kritribė, didžturgis, komplaužys, tampkelnės, vaizdaskiautės and so on. The popularity and acceptability of ceramics is also evidenced by their use. The mass media very quickly displaced the unadapted expression mass-media (which did not enter the lists mentioned above, because it is rare in the public written language) and accelerated the use of the multiword equivalents of the non-Lithuanian expression (mass) means of public information (communication, communication). On the pages of publications, in advertising there are no pampers, which were replaced by diapers, more often than not marketing is chosen in more serious prints. The image and audio tape successfully compete with the borrowed video and audio cassettes, which had a long tradition of use, and the suitability of the sports terms surfboard 50 and windsurf for consumers is not in doubt at all (other innovations, e.g. orlenté, are already easily made and acquired according to the same model). Other enriched equivalents are fairly new offerings, which have not yet been able to spread widely (there are only a few examples of po the use of big bag, leather), most have competitors. The spread of fritters and iš jų fryers is apparently prevented by the earlier use of fryer equivalents cooking oil, frying oil, fat for fryers. Dentistringai fast food also has competing compound equivalents for words with the same roots, for example, vartojama: dantų siūlai, greitas maistas. ir — Curie iš jų will become established in the language, is not yet clear. The craftsmen perhaps lure with ir a clear meaning of craftsmanship. But the trouble is — often they are long, uncomfortable. The ratio of the derivatives of durs and prepositions (14:25) is not typical. As claimed LKG (I 253), DLKG (86), bk prepositions derived ones are more than all other derivatives, such equivalents only a o few times (almost two) more than one derivatiiš ves —dūriniai. Therefore, there are more punches between the new correspondences than is usual in living language. 4. Limb derivatives A little-used method of production — limb derivatives. In the NS list —only one clearly such newly made dart (synonym of the discussed dart: see p. 42). The SA list contains two derivatives of the ending not recorded in the dictionaries: the search “radio search system’, which replaces the borrowed paging (page ‘to call someone- ’) and striksé ‘girl, walking through sports breaks and supporting the team’, proposed instead of the unadapted word cheerleader (cheer ‘joyfully congratulate, encourage, encourage’ + leader ‘leader, leader’)TM. The end derivative replaces the suffix derivative (search /paging) and the compound word (cheerleader /cheerleader). Darts and darts(as) would be closer in terms of production. The basis of the equivalents is chosen on the basis of semantic characteristics other than those of borrowed words. All of these correspond to the derivatives of verbs. This corresponds to the trends of contemporary Lithuanian language: about four-fifths of the ending derivatives are made from verbs (Urbutis 1961: 57), even more of them are in terminology —90.8 percent— to (Keinys 1979: 155). It is considered to be the abstract form of the verbs. The first is the derivative of the most constructed ending, which, like most of such derivatives, differs little in its meaning from the abstract with the suffix -imas (see LKG I 303). Most of the abstracts with the ending -a are made from primary prepositional verbs, but there are also derivatives that are adjectively related to other (and non-prepositional) verbs, although most of the time they do not have the latter 7...... sia.. r m.. . *0 To them can be added the mentioned possible new ones spegė, ieškas, tamprės, timpės, gruzdės. 51 characteristic suffixes, e.g.: ryma (LKG I 304; DLKG 99). This is the question of ir renovation search. The dart is perceived not only as an ne action, but as an object name. This type of phrase ir is also used in some other languages (e.g., in the English language, this type of phrase is often used in the English language). 1979: 157). Iš other derivatives of the extremities they are distinguished by the fact that they tend to denote a single short-lasting action (LKG I 304-305; DLKG 99-100). Formally, except for the meaning of the dart action, it is also obvious: the dart of the arrow lasts only a moment. Thus, the šį neoplasm can be considered typical of the limb - and water. The other end derivative strictly identifies the actor. The novel is quite unexpected, because the real names of the characters' endings are rare (they are usually inclined to be prepositions) usually have a su derogatory ir meaningme (Keinys 1979: 176). Apparently, there is a ir striksés derogatory shade of meaning, because this innovation, although included ir į STŽ (p. 533), does not spread in the course of use. Translate in a descriptive way or with a word of general meaning. For example, during the minute breaks admired the flexibility of the dancers R 96 02 03; appeared in the halls of their own teams "supporting groups" — dancers. The participants themselves want to be called a “professional dancing troupe” LR 95 01 06. As shown by the examples given, the significance of strikse action “that which strikes” does not convey the essence of the named object. Only functionality is important when providing matches ne (in this case a short, convenient word), but the meaning of the action, especially ir the semantics of the base — word”. A slightly different story of the — limb of — the Vedic sword. Jo users did not reject: only the proposed sand began to spread in public usage (e.g. on TV: don't touch the dartboard LNK 97 02 24), but į The STŽ includes the suffix derivative darginis as a term (p. 496) the dart pushed out. But the fact that the derivative of the limb was really iš attractive, acceptable, would show the official club of this sport named after it: in Vilnius there is one official darts sports club “Smigis”. LR 98 05 05. As the data iš provided show, users are favourable to properly motivated limb derivatives. They are very beneficial ir to the — language, especially in economic terms. The derivatives of the extremities are short, clear, precise (Keinys 1979: 157). *! That motivation is a critical factor, shown by the proposed two-end derivatives search (pager) and the subject (radio) search (paging), forming a coherent system. The latter claim has been accepted, and the pager has spontaneously begun to be called a message receiver (rather than systematically — a search engine). Such a selection of usage was apparently caused by semantic motivation of correspondences that was unacceptable to society. Paging is a radio search system: the person who wants to transmit information to a pager calls the radio search center and passes the message to the operator, who forwards it to the subscriber. So, through radio communication, the subscriber is searched. And a pager is a device that receives signals (messages) sent by radio search — receiving messages. Although both exchangeable loanwords have the same root (paging and pager), their equivalents with different roots have become commonplace in the usage. Such examples once again confirm that borrowers have almost no influence on the way of making, type, motivation of the proposed equivalents. 52 End derivatives occupy the po second place in preposition derivatives (LKG I 251; DLKG 86). The ratio of the endings of the ir latter corresponding nouns in the above mentioned (3 : 14) lists would indicate a tendency contrary to the traditional distribution of nouns in the language: there are perhaps a little more ending derivatives than compound nouns (LDL or 86) approximately equal to (There is a 1961: 65). O 50% chance that the newborn will be more than 100 cm tall.) Such a relationship iš could partly be determined by one of iš the established criteria for assigning formal novelties: the word, ir although presented in a different meaning LKŽ, not considered a novelty (as already mentioned, some iš jų can be newly ir made, only ne revived Lithuanian words with a new meaning). However, even with ir the addition of such possible new forms, the ratio of the ir derivatives of the punching extremity would not correspond to the ratio bk of such forms. It is possible that the excess punching is due to the influence of other languages. But such a suspicion can hardly be justified. There are fourteen cumulative equivalents and only six cumulative borrowings substituted by them. Thus, a non-converging loanword can be replaced by a converging equivalent, which is quite unexpected: in Lithuanian, conjugation is less developed, so it is more likely that in convergent conjugation the English conjugation will be repeated with a derivative (Pažūsis 1989: 65). And vice versa: for nine compound debts, equivalents made with prefixes, derivatives of the extremities, are proposed. This would indicate that there is probably no direct connection between the exchangeable debt and the method of making the Lithuanian equivalent offered to it. In fact, such abundance of conjugations should perhaps not be surprising, because one of the observed trends in the creation of new words is the relative increase of compound words (compared with the derivatives of prepositions and endings) (Gaivenis 1980: 31). The relationship between the derivatives of the ending and the adverbs in the language of recent decades tends to change in favour of the adverbs, as would be shown by the research of terms: adverbs here occupy the second place after the derivatives of prepositions (Keinys 1979: 155; 1983: 70). But it is also stated that the derivatives of the extremities are not yet used to their full capacity, and in creating the terminology of various fields it would be possible and even advisable to rely more on them (ibid., 1979). Apparently, this should also be taken into account when providing equivalents. Conclusions 1. Of all the corresponding names proposed for new foreign names in the lists of NS and SA, the new names make up about one-third and half. There are several reasons for this: 1) the new foreign word does not always mean a new thing, so it is replaced by an already existing Lithuanian word; 2) common polynomials (composites- ), whose accents are usually old Lithuanian words or their forms; 3) equivalents, whose graphic expression coincides with the words of Lithuanian language in dictionaries, and the lexical meaning is distant or completely different, based on the formal criterion (the word in the dictionary), from the point of view of construction (except for the constructive homonym) are not considered as new constructions. 2. Almost all of the moderns (except for a few adjectives in the compound equivalent) are į nouns. Three ways of forming the four main Lithuanian words were used for the creation of the iš equivalents: most of the adverb derivatives almost half less of the punch derivatives very few of the ending derivatives (25), — (14), (3). The preposition is not used at all. Traditionally, prepositional iš derivatives of all nouns are the rarest, so this trend should not be very ir surprising. This is in contradiction with the traditional distribution of jų words in language. It can be seen that the number of rows is always more than the number of columns. The high percentage of jų puncture 1,3 injuries is not unexpected, since the studies of the last decade have revealed a tendency to increase puncture injuries. This process should not be attributed solely su to external factors: the influence of Germanic languages, in which punctuation is particularly popular. Debt ir jų The analysis of the production of counterparts would show that there is probably ir no direct connection between the production of the do exchangeable loan and the Lithuanian counterpart offered to it. 3. The motivation of most newcomers is authentic. There are pairs of borrowed and corresponding words with similar semantic motivation, but different ways of making them. There are very few pairs with obvious similarities in the motivation of action (the latter corresponds to systemic, typical, semantically “transparent” derivatives- ). It is necessary to study the usage of borrowed and equivalents, and on the basis of these studies to provide the public with acceptable, more likely to acquire well-motivated novels. Received 28 May 1999 Nagrinėjamų naujadarų sąrašas autostopininkas (hitch-hiker) SA gruzdataukiai (frititiras) NS SA banglenté (serfingas) burlenté (vindserfiSA ngas) NS dantisiuliai (flosai) dazasvydis (peintbolas) NS dešrainis (hotdogas) NS dėlionė (puzlis, piizle) NS déstinis (puzlis, piizlé) NS didkepsnis (steikas) NS didmaisis (bigbegas) SA garsajuostė (audiokaseté) SA gaviklis (peidzeris) SA glaustinuké (bodis) NS graibstinys (bestseleris) SA greitmais54 tis (fast-food) SA gruzdintaukiai (frititiras) SA gruzdintuvé (fritiiiriné) SA ieška (peidzingas) SA javainiai (miusliai) NS kégliné (kegelbanas) SA kibuciai (puzlis, pūzlė) NS maistalas (junk-food) SA mėsainis (hamburgeris) NS odasveitis (pilingas) SA riedutininkas (skeiteris) NS rinkodara (menedzmentas) SA sauskelnés (pampersai) NS segiklis (steipleris) NS skiautinys (kviltas) SA Toaster (toaster) SA snack (snakes) NS darts (darts, darts) NS notebook (organizer) NS smigis (darts, dartsas) NS manager (manager) SA colorant (marker) SA video tape (video SA cassette) striga (cheerleader) SA controller (server) SA cheese (cheeseburgNS er) fish (fishburger) NS ABBREVIATIONS ALKŽ X. ALZ CID DLKG „ DZ ED GK KTZ LKE LKG I LKKN LKZ I-XIX LNK VLŽ Reverse current Lithuanian language dictionary / sud. V. Žilinskienė, Vilnius: Institute of ir Mathematical 1995. Informatics, English-Lithuanian Dictionary, Vilnius: Dictionary, 1997. Cambridge International Dictionary of Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993. English-Lithuanian 1995. Dictionary, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. English-Lithuanian Dictionary, ir Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų 1994. leidykla, 1993. English Dictionary, London: HarperCollins Publishers, 1995. Mother tongue. Language culture. English-Lithuanian Explanatory Dictionary of Computing Terms, Kaunas: Smaltija, 1997. Vilnius: Vilnius University Press, 1999. English Grammar 1, 1965. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1998. 1—2, Vilnius: Mintis, 1968-1969; 3-6, Vilnius: State Political and Scientific Literature Publishing House, 1956-1962; 7-9, Vilnius: Mintis, 1966-1973; 10-15, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976-1991; 16-17, Vilnius: Science and Encyclopedias Publishing House, 1995-1996; 18-19, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedias Publishing, 1997-1999. Free independent channel (TV). daily newspaper "Lietuvos rytas". New York: The New York University Press, 1987. French-Lithuanian dictionary, Vilnius: Margi raštai, 1997. daily newspaper "Respublika ". "Sporto terminų žodynas", Kaunas: Lietuvos kūno kultūros institutas, 1996. journal "Tavo vaikas". International Dictionary of Words, Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija, 1985. weekly magazine "Veidas". English-German Dictionary, Vilnius: TEV, 1997. 55 LITTERACY Ambrazas S. 1993: The development of nouns. English-language encyclopedias: a comprehensive encyclopedia of ir English-language encyclopedias. Beard R. 1990: The Nature and Origins of Derivational polysemy. — Language 81, 101-140. Gaivenis K. 1974: A newcomer is not equal to a newcomer. — Culture of language 27, 27—30. Gaivenis K. 1980: New words. ir — Science is ir life 2, 31. Gaivenis K. 1987: Margas žodžių pasaulis, Vilnius: Science. Girčienė J. 1997: Seminar on the subject of adultery. — Culture of language 69, 111—117. Haugenas E.1972: Xayren D. Ilponecc 3anmcTBoBanust. — Hoeoe e auneucmuxe 6, Mocksa: TIporpecc, 344-382. Jakaitienė E. 1986: On semantic motivation as a criterion of codification. — Linguistics 37 (1). Kaulakienė A. 1974: Practical values in the terminology of exact sciences. —Language culture 30-32. 27, Keinys S. 1975: The creation of Lithuanian terms. — Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics 16, 7-56. Keinys S. 1979: Termination of contract. — Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics 19, 155-183. Keinys S. 1983: The construction of Lithuanian compound terms. — Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics 22, 70— 123. Kėzytė S. 1973: The new words of Sold Summers. — Culture of language 24, 37—43. 1997. (in French) « Fleur de lis », Éditions du Seuil. —Native Language 2, 12-14. Kniūkšta P. 1979: Linguistic and Social Relationship of Codification with the Norm. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 19, 85—91. Mikelionienė J. 1998: New words in Vytautas Magnus University computer textbook. —Jonas Jablonskis conference “New language phenomena and their evaluation”. Thesis of the reports. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 11—12. Pažūsis L. 1975: The so-called international words in North American Lithuanian. — Our Language 2, 33-39. Paziisis L. 1989: Convergence word formation. —Kalbotyra 40(1), 58-73. 1979. "The Social Factors and the Formation of Words". —Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics 19, 101-109. Skardžius P. 1996: Selected Writings 1. English-language encyclopedias: a guide to encyclopedias and encyclopedias. Skardžius RP. 1997,: General considerations. 7. The dialects, the novelties and the alienations. —Review of the Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2, 76-85, 2005. Skardžius P 1997: Translational and semantic borrowings. —Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Science, 2, 277-281. Urbutis V. 1961: Formation of compound nouns in contemporary Lithuanian language. —The Modern Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: State Political and Scientific V. 1978: Literature Publishers, 65-121. Urbutis Theory of Word Formation, Vilnius: Mokslas. NEOLOGISMS AS EOUIVALENTS OF NEW BORROWINGS Summary New borrowings and their Lithuanian eguivalents are a two-fold phenomenon covering the process of borrowings and the evolution of new derivatives. It may include semantic neologisms, nominal word-groups and true derivative neologisms. After having investigated the lists of new borrowings and their equivalents submitted to the society, it has turned out that the latter comprise about one third of all equivalents. 56 Almost all newly-made eguivalents are nouns. They have been produced the basis on three out four of modes derivation of the of of Lithuanian language; the majority of them are suffixation derivatives about half (25), many are compounds as and just few inflexional (14) derivatives a (3). Prefixation has not been employed all. at The proportion of inflexional derivatives to compounds (3 : 14) would testify to a tendency that is contrary to the traditional distribution of derivatives in a language where compounds are nearly numerous as inflexional as derivatives. However, the proportion not is completely unexpected. One the of tendencies the of evolution neologisms of relative is a increase compounds of (as compared to prefixation and inflexional derivatives). It is only the high number suffixation of derivatives that can attributed the be traditional to modes derivation there are of times many — suffixation derivatives 1.3 there are as other derivatives. as Traditionally, the prefixation derivatives are the least productive, therefore the tendency not surprising. Most borrowings are systemic is and belong to the neologisms of typical derivation. No negative influence of other languages has been observed. 57