Technikos terminai „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ III leidime

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XLIII (2000) Vida ŽILINSKIENĖ Matematikos ir informatikos institutas, Vilnius TECHNICAL TERMS IN THE THIRD EDITION OF THE DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN In an article published earlier1, an attempt was made to survey the terms in the third edition of the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian using a computer-based analysis system, since only in this way is it possible to cover thousands of words with their meanings and attempt to compare them. As can be seen from the table presented there, many words or their meanings (592) in the dictionary are marked tech. (a technical term). These are quite varied words or individual meanings denoting all kinds of mechanisms, machines, tools, fittings, devices, instruments, apparatuses, measuring instruments, or just their individual parts, phenomena, actions, and sometimes even certain materials, rooms, supports, openings, cavities, and so on. When dictionary entries are compared by computer, it appears that certain other words lacking the aforementioned label could also be considered technical terms, while perhaps some words should not be labelled as such. We know that words denoting instruments for measuring various quantities most often contain the elements -metras and -matis. Let us see how such words are presented in the dictionary: aukščiamatis tech., bangomatis tech., dažniamatis tech., dinamometras tech., garomatis tech., jautriamatis tech., jegomatis tech., kampamatis tech., kiematis tech., kreivėmatis tech., krumpliamatis tech., lygmatis tech., mikrometras 1. tech., parametras 2. fiz. tech., polinkiamatis tech., skylmatis tech., slankmatis tech., spidometras tech. sriegmatis tech., stŏrmatis tech, tankiamatis tech., tarpāmatis tech., tolimatis tech., traukomatis tech., triukšmāmatis tech., vagōmatis tech., vidmatis tech., voltmetr as tech., but aritmometras, barometras, chronometras, doz imetras, drėgmėmatis, druskōmatis, dujōmatis, gylmatis, greitmatis, kalorimetras, kampmatis, kolorimetras, lietmatis, sekundmatis, spalvōmatis, spirometras, taksometras, termometras, vandēnmatis, vēj amatis, voltmētras, žingsniamatis ir aukštimatis cf. aukščiamatis, giliāmatis cf. gylmatis, greičiamatis cf. greitmatis, higrometras cf. drėgmėmatis, tarpūmatis cf. tarpamatis, vėjomatis cf. vėjamatis. 1 Žilinskienė V. Terminų pateikimas „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ III leidime – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 37, 1997, 46–52. 176 Of the words listed here, only the second meaning of parāmetro denotes not a measuring instrument but a quantity “that characterizes a feature of a process, phenomenon, or machine.” All the other words denote measuring instruments, so they should probably all be labelled consistently2. Various tools and instruments are most often denoted by words with the suffixes -uvas, -iklis. Let us see how such words appear together: atmuštuvas tech., atskyriklis tech., atsuktūvas tech., bandiklis tech., barstytuvas tech., daugintuvas tech., daužiklis tech., daviklis tech., degiklis tech., drėkštuvas tech., duslintuvas tech., gaudiklis tech., gaudytuvas tech., glemžtuvas tech., gniaužiklis tech., grandiklis tech., greitiklis tech., greitintuvas tech., griebtūvas 2. tech., 3. tech., ieškiklis tech., įkroviklis tech., ilgin tuvas tech., imt uvas tech., iškrautuvas tech., iškroviklis tech., išleidiklis tech., išleistuvas tech., įžemiklis tech., jungiklis tech., jungtuvas 3. tech., keitiklis tech., keiliklis tech., keltuvas 1. tech., 2., 3., kibirkštiklis tech., klostytuvas tech., klotuvas tech., kniedy tuvas tech., kreipiklis tech., laikiklis tech., lašintuvas tech., leidiklis tech., lenkiklis tech., lenktuvai tech., lėtiklis tech., lėtintuvas tech., lietuvas tech., lygintuvas 2. tech., liptuvas tech., maišiklis tech., mazgiklis tech., nuimtuvas tech., nuleistuvas tech., nusodintuvas tech., pakuotuvas ir pakuotuvas tech., paleidiklis tech., perjungiklis tech., perkroviklis tech., pertraukliklis tech., pjaustytuvas tech., pjoviklis tech., platintuvas tech., plėstuvas tech., plikytuvas ir plikytuvas tech., plotuvas tech., purent uvas ir purent uvas tech., pūstuvas tech., raut uvas tech., ravėtuvas ir ravėtuvas tech., ribotuvas ir ribotuvas tech., rinkiklis tech., rinktuvas tech., sandar iklis tech., seikėtuvas ir seikėtuvas tech., siurbtuvas tech., skaidrintuvas tech., skyriklis tech., skirstytuvas tech., skirtuvas tech., skystintuvas tech., sklaidytuvas ir sklaidytuvas tech., slankiklis tech., slopintuvas tech., smulkintuvas tech., sodintuvas tech., spaudiklis tech., spaustuvai tech., spinduliuotuvas ir spinduliuotuvas tech., spraustuvai tech., sprog diklis tech., sriegiklis tech., sriegtuvas tech., stabdiklis tech., stiprintuvas tech., stūmiklis tech., stumtuvas tech., sugeriklis 2. tech., chem., surinktuvas tech., svaidytuvas tech., šliaužiklis tech., švaistiklis tech., tarpiklis tech., temdytuvas tech., temptuvas tech., tiekiklis tech., tiektuvas tech., tikrintuvas tech., tirštiklis tech., tirštintuvas tech., trintuvas tech., troškintuvas tech., tvirtiklis tech., valiklis 1. tech., variklis 1. tech., vagot uvas ir vagotuvas tech., varytuvas ir varytuvas tech., verstūvas tech., veržtuvas 1. tech., vilktuvas 5. tech., vyniotuvas ir vyniotuvas tech., vožtuvas 2. tech., žert uvas tech., but aušintuvas, blizgintuvas, braižytuvas ir braižytuvas, brežtuvas, daigintuvas, degtuvas, draskytuvas ir draskytuvas, drėbiklis, drėkintuvas 2., drožiklis, drožtuvas, dujintuvas, dulkiklis, dulkintuvas, džiovintuvas, garintuvas 1., garsintuvas, gaubtuvas 3., gelintuvas, genėtuvas ir genėtuvas, gesiklis, gesintu- 2 It is understandable that words followed by the label cf. (=see), which directs readers to words more widely used or more preferable in standard language, do not bear the label tech.; however, this label should appear in the entry to which the cross-reference directs the reader. 177 vas, deepener, gripper, crusher, drill, drilling machine, grater, pestle 2., punch, heater, chisel, carder 1., hammer, cleaver, cutter, chopper 1., listener, shaker, agitator and shaker, loader, guide, cupel furnace and cupel furnace, holder, sprinkler 2., aircraft, bender 1., sheller and sheller, mixer and mixer, knitting machines, milker, beater 3., 4., decanter, gauge, incubator and incubator, slicer, washer 1., 2., compactor, punch, sprayer, spray nozzle, binder and binder, engraver, engraver and engraver, lock, thinner, cutter, cutter, curler, binder, indicator 1., 2., sorter and sorter, fuse, scoop 2., sieve and sieve, transmitter, calculator and calculator, meter 2., crusher, tin canner, splitter, cleaver, spreader, shears, picker, distributor, diffuser, gouger, presses, press, wrench, strainer, balance, refrigerator, remover, caller, heater, lamp, irradiator, crusher, puller, thresher, interrupter, crumbler, screw-on device, cleaner and cleaner, turner and turner, ventilator 2., spinner, tightener, clamps, cooler, winnower, boiler, marker, lighter, potter's wheel and loosener see soil-loosener, glider see slider tech., detonator see detonator, igniter see burner, tightener see wrench. The definitions of these words show that they are mostly names of appliances, devices, equipment, and mechanisms and, as we can see, nearly half of them do not carry the label tech. The familiar word screwdriver is given with this label, whereas the names of other, sometimes considerably more complex, tools, e.g., stone drill, stone saw, drill, plane, flat-nose pliers, pliers, balance, and the like, are unlabelled. Only three words from this multitude (accelerator, retarder, thickener) and the second meaning of the words fastener, absorbent denote a certain substance3. Many names of appliances, devices, and equipment ending in -orius are also presented inconsistently: accelerator tech., shock absorber tech., generator tech., granulator tech., compressor tech., condenser tech., locator tech., manipulator tech., perforator tech., processor tech., reducer tech., stabilizer 2. tech., transformer tech., vibrator 2. tech., 3. tech.; but doser, escalator, inhaler, calculator, carburetor, collector 1., monitor, direction finder, projector, spotlight, pulverizer, reflector 1., refractor, refrigerator 1., 3 In addition, antifreeze, white leather (tanned dog skin), polish 2., carbide 2., wormwood, hard alloy, coke, melt, solder, shell 3., paraffin, pigment 2., plastic concrete, polish, potash, slag, aluminium powder, foam metal, foam plastic, foam glass, red copper, saltpetre, spirit, stearin also carry the label tech. and likewise denote various materials. The second meaning of absorbent and stearin also carries the label chem. The label tech. is also given to combustion products (fuel combustion products), interlayer 4. (an intermediate layer of something), strip 2. (a long, narrow piece of various purposes and materials), packing (material used for packing), 2 slag 1. (solidified melt waste). If this label is assigned to various materials used in technology, why do such materials as, for example, 1. oil 3., fuel, petroleum, steel, reinforced concrete, petroleum jelly, and the like not have it? 178 1 registrator, regulator, retransmitter, separator, sterilizer, stimulator, adder, tabulator 2., transistor, ventilator, vulcanizer. The label tech. is also given to words or their meanings naming particular parts and components of appliances or equipment, e.g., elbow 3., flange, stop, casing, fairing, cover 3., pole 1., bandage 2. diaphragm 2., tooth, disk 2., 1 eccentric, trap 2., bearing 4., sleeve 2., switch 2., pin 1., plug 2., guide, cogwheel, plate 2., membrane 2., chamfer, finger 3., rear wing 2., axle sleeve, bulb nut, seed box, seed tube, pulley 4., crank, even dissolver, plug, tube 1., while seemingly quite analogous names do not have this label, e.g., axle, gearwheel, bucket 3., hinge 2., beater 3., 4., gauge, piston (the label tech. appears only in an illustration), spray, pointer 1., indicator 1., 2., wing 3., 4., 5., and so on. Names of small components are marked tech.: rail, rivet, wood screw, wood pin, washer, stud 1., screw 1., screw bolt, bolt 1.; even thread (the helical groove of a screw, bolt, or nut), whereas entirely analogous locknut, wood screw, nut, nail have no label at all. The dictionary contains names of actions and phenomena bearing the label under discussion: shock absorption 2., insulation, deduction 2., counterweight, 1 detonation, diagnostics 2. erosion 2., holography, impression, compression, contact 2., corrosion, modulation 2. phys., assembly 1., fatigue 2., feed, back pressure, pre-slip, reduction 4., regeneration 2., self-threading, self-monitoring, selection 2., phototelegraphy 1., 1 taktas 2., remote control, transformation 2., vulcanization 1., whereas quite closely related names, e.g., shock absorption, operation 3., suction (one meaning), grounding, compression, condensation 3., motorization, operation 5., 6., hardening, 2 admission, soldering, mounting, profiling, pumping, radiofication, radiofying, regulation (one meaning), retransmission, retransmitting, telefication, telefication, telephone installation, district heating, district heating, transmission 1., transmitting are not marked with this label. Many names of machines (both self-propelled and towed) and implements, e.g., stone crusher, stone grinder, amphibian, fuel truck, concrete truck, potato digger, potato planter, gas tanker, submarine, harvester, stump remover, threshing machine, timber truck, oil tanker, seed drill, tank ship, tug, earth excavator, etc., do not have the label tech., but there are exceptions: some words of this kind are followed by the label tech., e.g.: spreader, bathyscaphe, peat digger, grader, grain truck, combine harvester, hammer 2., limousine, bed former, motor trolley, air vehicle, foot scraper, pickup, pile driver, pile driver, mud excavator, weeder, scraper, slurry tanker, pusher, ratchet 3., earth dredger, suction dredger. Let us compare the most general names, whose presentation also differs: apparatus 1. tech., automaton 1. tech., detail 1. tech., instrument tech., equipment tech., device tech., machine 1. tech., meter tech., but equipment, device, meter, mechanism 1., means 1. do not have the label tech.. 179 The dictionary contains words denoting an opening, cavity, container, room, square, and marked tech., e.g., aparatine, iškala, gaudykluvė, griovėlis 2., kamera 2., kolonėlė, laka 3., mirkykla 2., ortakís, poligonas 2., prošvaisa, trašaėdė, tūta 3., vamzdis, vamzdelis, while other similar words, e.g., aukštakrosnė, cisterna, gerklė 4., lėdykrosnė, magistralė, martėnas, rezonatorius, vamzdynas, are unmarked. There are also words denoting a support, a load-bearing or reinforcing structure, or a foundation: atmušas tech., bazė 3. tech., damba tech. (but bangolaužis, molas), gembė 2. tech., gulstė tech., klotai tech., mozaika 3. tech., prieslenkstis 2. tech., stovas 1. tech. (but rėmas 3.) šliaužtas tech. In the dictionary, units of measurement of various magnitudes (both standard and non-standard) are labeled fiz.. Therefore, barelis, bitas, centimetras, centneris, colis, decibelac, decimetras, jūrmylė, kilogramas, kilohepcas, kilometras, kilovatas, kilovatvalandė tech., litras 1., miligramas, mililitras, milimetras, minutė 1., rentgenas 2. uncija could all carry the same label, or some other label specifically for units of measurement, since there are quite a lot of units of measurement. Although verbs are generally not considered terms, occasionally a verb or one of its meanings is labeled tech.: atkaiščioti, iššodrinti, moduliuoti 2., suvirinti 2., užkaitinti, whereas quite similar words are unmarked: fiksuoti 3., kondensuoti 1., 3., (pa)grūdinti, (pri)lieti, (pri)montuoti, profiliuoti, radiofikuoti, regeneruoti, reguliuoti 2., retransliuoti, rezon uoti, (su)kniedyti, 2. sulydyti, telefonizuoti, transliuoti, (už)liūtioti, valcuoti 2., varijuoti 1., vulkanizuoti. The same can be said of adjectives: garasrovis tech., keturtaktis 2. tech., dvitaktis (in a technical illustration), lėtaeigis tech., while alkūninis 2. belaidis, bemotoris, daugiašaudyk lis, diferencialinis 2., dvimotoris, kardaninis, kondensacinis, krumpliaratinis, krumplinis, kumštelinis, lankinis, lazerinis, lempinis, linginis, martėninis, mažalitražis, mechaninis, membraninis 1., motorinis 1., pistoletinis, pontoninis, radiolokacinis, raketinis, reaktyvinis, relinis, rėminis 1., 2., re p linis, revolverinis, rotorinis, savikrovis, 2 savirašis, savistabdis, savitepis, 2 savivartis, sklandinis, sparninis 2., sraiginis ir sraigtinis, sriegini s, srieg i uotas, staklinis, ste ndinis 1., strypinis, stūmoklinis, sv irtinis 2., svyruoklinis 2., šerdinis 2., švirkštinis, tiglinis, trumpabangis, veleninis. are unmarked. Should the label tech. perhaps also be applied to such words or meanings: aerostatas, antena 1., apkrova 1., ausinės 2., buferis, centrifūga, diaskopas, dyzelis 1., dokas 1., dulketøygaudis, dumplės, epidijaskopas, estakada, 1 garsiakalbis, gramofonas, hidrantas, hidromažgas, kaitrolaidis, kanalas 4., katapulta 2., komposteris, laiv asraigtis, lydyklė, magnetofonas, magnetola, mikrofonas, mikroskopas, motoras, naftotiekis, nivelyras, paštote 3., patefonas, periskopas, 2 pompa, presas, projektorius, propeleris, radiatorius 2., radijas, radiola, radiotelegrafas 1., reaktorius 2., refrižeratorius 1., rentgenas 1., respiratorius, rotaprintas, rotatorius, rūporas 1., semaforas 1., skaičiuoklis, skląstis 1., smėgtis, spaudyk lė, spaudy nė, stratostatas, stūmoklis 1., sumatorius, svarstyklės, šablonas 2., 180 shapirograph, sluice, traffic light, lighthouse 2., bobbin, telefax, telescope, letaipas, television, theodolite, terminal, turbine, steering wheel 1., rollers, pipeline, water pump, water supply, turning machine, wind turbine, dryer, wine press; 2 hinge 2., 1 scissors, lightning rod? Of all the names of sciences or their branches, only balistika is labeled tech., whereas, for example, automatika 1., energetika, kibernetika, mechanika, metalurgija 1. and many others do not carry this label; meanwhile, išalótyra and knygótyra are marked spec.. Perhaps, in fact, all names of sciences and their branches could be labeled spec.. The unsystematic presentation is illustrated by the fact that all the other words or meanings bearing the abbreviation spec.: apmokėstinti, apmutinti, apnaša, apsėklinti, ašis 2., auglys 2., būsena 2*., dažnis, deformacija, deklaracija 2., dvitaškis 1., efektas 3*., eilė 5*., epocha 1*., era 1*., fantastika 2., fantomas 2., figūra 3*., filtras 2., fonas 3*., formulė 2*., frakcija 3., galvomatis, gardelė 2., gyslinėti, glitimas, gruntas 1., grupė 3*., įdarbinti, informacija 2*., išeiga 4., išgyslinėti, iškaulinėti, išvaita, jautris, kabelis 2., kaulinėti, kilnybė 2., mainai, malūnas 2., 2 mažgas, mėdiumas 2., mėlyné 3., 2 mielinti, monopolis 1., nuokrypis, nuotekis 2., nuskaityti 5., periodas 1*., 3*., piktograma 2., póslinkis* 1., raštas 8., senėti 2., siekis 2., Ozono skydas, Ozono skylė, slenkstis 7*., sluoksna 2., smulkiaburžuazinis, sótis 2., substratas 4., taškas 2., 5*., 7., térpė 1*., turbogeneratorius, turbogrąžtas, turbokompresorius, vandéntalpa, vesti 6*., žingsnis 4., žvalgyba 3. have been gathered together. Reading the definitions of these words or meanings, one might think that this label was assigned either to words for which no other terminology label was suitable, or that the abbreviation was used to mark general concepts employed in scholarly texts (those marked with an asterisk). If the first view were acceptable, then perhaps such words should also be labeled: apšvintinti, asimétrija, bältika, bareljėfas, beicas, biosfera, degazacija, degeneracija, dekadansas, dezaktyvacija, giliäspaude, instaliacija, kataklizmas, klaviatūra, and so on; whereas if the second view were accepted, then words such as anomålija, areálas, bålas, bandymas, bandinys, ciklas, désnis, diagramà, doktrina, eksperimentas, ekspertizė, ekvivalentas, genėzė, hipotezė, išvada, kanónas, katalógas, klasė 1., lygmuo, metodas, and so on. It is quite clear that, when preparing the third edition of the DLKŽ by hand, it was impossible to cover so many terms at once. Only computer analysis makes it possible to select the necessary entries, words, their meanings, or groups of words from the dictionary as a whole and assess everything systematically. The compilers of future editions of the DLKŽ and of the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian could use computer analysis to sort words or dictionary entries according to the relevant labels of interest to them, compare and edit them. Furthermore, when revising definitions of terms, they should make use of terminology dictionaries for individual fields compiled in recent years, as well as Lithuanian standards for terms and definitions, prepared by specialists in the relevant fields together with terminologists, in which definitions of terms are precise. 181 LITERATŪRA Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. 3 leid., Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. Žilinskienė V. 1997: Terminų pateikimas „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ III leidime. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 37, Vilnius, 46–52. TECHNICAL TERMS IN THE THIRD EDITION OF THE „DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN” Summary The present article deals with the technical terms in the third edition of the „Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian“. A system of computerised analysis is used for the analysis of terms. Only this system allows to include and to compare with each other hundreds of words and their meanings. The technical terms with the components -metras, -matis, the suffixes -uvas, -iklis, -orius, as well as the names of various machinery and instruments are discussed. An attempt is also made to compare these words and their meanings with those labelled spec. Vida ŽILINSKIENĖ Akademijos g. 4, LT-2055, Vilnius, Lietuva el. paštas [email protected] Gauta 1999 02 10 182