XVII a. pirmosios pusės Kauno miestiečių asmenvardžių kilmė

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XLIII (2000) Alma Ragauskaitė Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY THE ORIGIN OF THE PERSONAL NAMES OF KAUNAS TOWNSPEOPLE The personal names of Lithuanian townspeople have received little scholarly attention1. Research into the personal names of Kaunas residents began on the basis of townspeople’s designations recorded in the 16th-century books of the Kaunas vogt. Lithuanian-origin anthroponyms were discussed, and issues of their Polonization and formation were examined (cf. Ragauskaitė 1999: 145–158). Having identified specific features of the origin and designation of 16th-century Kaunas residents’ personal names, among other matters, this publication continues the study of the anthroponyms of the townspeople of old Kaunas. The aim of this article is to discuss the origin of the personal names of Kaunas residents in the first half of the 17th century, classify them according to origin, and determine the quantitative relationship among anthroponyms of different origins. The anthroponymic material for this article was collected from the 17th-century Kaunas city court books2 (the 1603–1629 books of the magistrate and vogt,3 the 1604–1610 magistrate’s book,4 the 1606–1608 vogt’s book,5 the 1608–1616 mixed book of the vogt, benchers, and magistrate,6 and the 1610–16227 and 1622–16408 benchers’ books). These books of municipal institutions were written by clerks in Polish and Latin; only in the 1610–1622 benchers’ book are two short entries in German also found9. The books contain records of cases heard in the courts of the vogt, benchers, and magistrate10. A large proportion of the people recorded in these books were Lithuanians—both Kaunas residents and newcomers (cf. Kiaupa 1988: 28). 1 Tyrimų apžvalga žr.: Ragauskaitė 1999: 145–158. Be ten nurodytų darbų, dar plg.: Jonikas 1973: 201–216; Zinkevičius 1976: 125–131; 1977a: 93–101; 1977c: 151–156; Biržiška 1987. 2 Manuscripts Department, Vilnius University Library (hereafter VUBRS). F. 7. No. 13855. 3 Ibid. F. 7. No. 13856. 4 Ibid. F. 7. No. 13859. 5 Ibid. F. 7. No. 13860. 6 Ibid. F. 7. No. 13861. 7 Lithuanian State Historical Archives (hereafter LVIA). F. SA. B. 13863. 8 Another Kaunas magistrate’s act book, covering 1636–1646, is held at the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts in Moscow. F. 356. Op. 1. B. 19588. It was not possible to consult this book. 9 VUBRS. F 7. No. 13861. Fol. 257, 264–265. 10 For a detailed description of these sources, specifying information about the document’s place of preservation, shelfmark, condition of the book, language of the entries, correct order of the leaves, and publications, see Kiaupa 1973: 125–137; 1988: 40–45. 93 First of all, it is important to identify criteria that would make it possible to determine precisely which anthroponyms recorded in historical documents are attributable to the burghers of Kaunas. The analysis uses sources in which it is noted that the person in question belongs to the burgher estate¹¹, e.g.: pan Stephan Dwilewicz mieszczanin kowien(ski)12 (MV 248)¹³, Marcinowi Jurgiewiczowi mieszczaninu kowien(skiemu) (dat.; MV 208)¹⁴, Szymona Macieiowicza mieszczanina kowien(skiego) (gen.; MV 413), Joannes Mikiewicz civis caunen(sis) (MV 307), honestus Stephanus Romeyko civis et textor caunen(sis) (MV 271), Jana Stankuna mieszczanina i szewca kowien(skiego) (gen.; MV 155), uczciwy15 Maciej Szawlewicż mieszczanin kowieński (VSM 341)¹⁶, and so on. Z. Zinkevičius encountered the problem of identifying burghers while studying the anthroponyms of Vilnius residents (cf. Zinkevičius 1977b: 46). The naming of Kaunas burghers varies in the sources. In most cases, they are recorded with two anthroponyms, e.g.: Georgy Biwilewicz (VSM 25), Francyszka Boniszka (gen.; MV 228), Adama Dominikiewicza (gen.; MV 210), Mikołaja Janowicza (gen.; MV 91), Jakuba Jawgiela (gen.; MV 59), Piotrowi Krzçzonowiczowi (dat.; MV 378), Jana Macieiowicza (gen.; MV 186), Jacobus Węckowicz (MV 75), and so forth. Names consisting of three anthroponyms also occur, e.g.: Petrus Macieiowicz Bepiršztys (S₂ 127), Paweł Stanisławowicz Bublis (VSM 129), Gaspar Jakubowicz Dawłota (S₂ 218), Joanni Stephanowicz Kropas (S₂ 219), Stanislaus Sczesnowicz Marmukna 11 Plačiau apie tai žr. Ragauskaitė 1999: 146. 12 Abbreviations recorded in historical documents are expanded. The expansion is given in parentheses. 13 The 1603–1629 magistrate and vogt’s book is designated MV, the 1604–1610 magistrate’s book M, the 1606–1608 vogt’s book V, the 1608–1616 vogt’s, benchers’ and magistrate’s book VSM, while the 1610–1622 and 1622–1640 benchers’ books are designated S₁ and S₂. All the anthroponyms presented are supplied with references to their documentary sources. For each, the source and, after a comma, the page (or folio) number are indicated in parentheses. When presenting personal names, an effort is made to retain the authentic genders recorded in historical documents. For simplicity, only a few specific characters have been changed: ð to d, ƒ to h, and σ to s. 14 The abbreviations for case names used most frequently in the article are: kilm. – genitive, naud. – dative, įnag. – instrumental. Others occur less frequently. These are: dgs. – plural, liet. – Lithuanian, plg. – compare. 15 Here we follow the view of K. Lepszy and A. Wolff that burghers’ titles and other information of a similar kind should be presented in modern script, in accordance with the rules (cf. Instrukcja wydawnicza dla źródeł historycznych od XVI do połowy XIX wieku 1953: 30; Wolff 1957: 155–181). 16 As can be seen, in some cases it is possible to distinguish clearly the anthroponyms identifying individuals from additional information about burghers’ offices, occupations, and professions. This partly resolves the complicated problem of distinguishing appellative bynames from personal names in the context of early seventeenth-century anthroponymy, a problem that is also relevant to this article (cf. Zinkevičius 1977b: 59; Maciejauskienė 1991: 31). Moreover, certain specific forms of personal designation also make it possible to distinguish these two categories, since they indicate a craft name that has become a personal name, e.g.: Maciey Hayduk Styrnik (V 228), Bartłomiej Haidukonis święc (VSM 239), and so on. 94 (VSM 200), Mathias Szymkiewicz Milkožientis (S₁ 731), Jacobus Augustynowicz Oszkopaltys (S₂ 132), Piotra Juriewicza Pieczugi (gen.; M 99), Joani Hreh orowicz Raczkiewicz (S₂ 237) and others. The record books of the city of Kaunas were written by clerks whose mother tongue was probably, in most cases, not Lithuanian. Consequently, the townspeople’s personal names are recorded very inconsistently. Some anthroponyms are written relatively correctly, e.g.: Burba (VSM 278), Janeikis (M 58), Kabaldis (VSM 244), Kulnius (S₂ 183), Survilis (S₁ 804), etc. Some of the anthroponyms under discussion are Slavicized. This is also characteristic of personal names in other historical sources (see also Būga 1958: 232–233; Falk 1963: 87–95; 1966: 3–8; Otrębski 1963: 267–286; Zinkevičius 1977b: 98–104; Ramonienė 1987: 5–8; Maciejauskienė 1990: 265; 1991: 172–178; 1993: 80; 1994: 16–53). The discussion here will address the more frequent cases observed of phonetic substitution and the Slavicization of anthroponym morphology (omission of endings, replacement of Lithuanian patronymic suffixes with Slavic ones). The following are the most frequent cases of sound substitution observed in the record books: a is replaced by o, e.g.: *Burb ažentis – Burbojęcia (gen.; MV 358), *Krūmadantis – Krumodancia (gen.; V 238), *Margužis – Morguzia (gen.; V 118), *Mazgeikūnas – Mozgieykuna (gen.; V 135), *Mateišiūnas – Mateysunos (MV 413), *Mulka – Mutko (V 66), *Spalis, *Spalys – Spolis (VSM 219), *Steigvila – Steigvito (M 258), *Simkūnas – Szymkunos (MV 54), *Trumpaila – Trumpaylo (MV 386), *Vilkadūravičius – Wilkoduro wicz (MV 100), *Virbaliūnas – Vierbalunos (MV 189), etc. ai is replaced by oi (oy), e.g.: *Gaiževskis – Goyzewjki (S₂ 132), *Ragaišis – Rogoj[za (gen.; V 228), *Smailis, *Smailys – Smoilis (S₂ 9), *Tarvainis – Tarwoin (S₂ 28), *Žemaitis – Zemoytis (S₂ 80), and others. au is replaced by ow, e.g.: *Daugirdas – Dowgird (M 181), *Gedgaudas – Gedgow d (M 120), *Žostautavičius – Zastowtowicza (gen.; M 194), and so on. o is replaced by a, e.g.: *Beinoravičius – Beynarowicz (MV 352), *Jogėłavičius – Jagietowicz (V 302), *Norkevičius – Narkiewicz 3 (MV 91, 329; S₂ 143)17, etc. uo is most often replaced by o, e.g.: *Juodis, *Juodys – Jodis 3 (S₁ 324; V 42; VSM 399), *Keliuotis – Kielotis (VSM 558), *Plaukuotis – Plaw koc (S₁ 733), etc. š is replaced by s, e.g.: *Pagai kštis – Pagaiktis (S₁ 350), *Šeškelis – [ękielowi (instrumental; MV 101), *Šiaudakūlis, *Šiaudakūlys – Saudokula (gen.; MV 334), *Šikšnis, *Šikšnys – Sikfnis (MV 184), *Šiukšta – Siukfta (MV 94), *Šlubelis – [lubella (gen.; MV 217), etc. The cases of sound substitutions and diphthong monophthongization mentioned above were discussed in detail by Z. Zinkevičius, who examined anthroponyms in the 1602–1615 marriage and 1611–1616 baptism registers of St John’s Church in Vilnius (cf. Zinkevičius 1977b: 98–101). 17 The number following a personal name indicates the number of individuals recorded on the pages cited. 95 In all the Kaunas record books from the first half of the 17th century examined here, anthroponyms are written both with and without endings, e.g.: Daviotys (MV 349), Digris (S₂ 212), Dirda (VSM 386), Gniaujdzius (S₂ 9), Gniauzius (MV 196), Kieda (MV 106), Kielis (M 41), Laukis (VSM 368), Maldzius (MV 416), Mulkus (MV 102), Palepis (S₂ 203), Pelukštis (VSM 393), Pempe (VSM 260), Ptaciakis (VSM 324), Podeygis (MV 384), Pozera (MV 376), Puikis (MV 68), Raudis (V220), Rymda (VSM 152), Rymsza (V 95), Rudis (S₂ 26), Stacikis (MV 186), Szawlis (M 156), Szukis (MV 202), and Ginbutt (MV 252), Jaugiel (S₁ 731), Maniuk (S₂ 155), Niuk (S₂ 191), Sidor (M 247), Staciak (VSM), Tarwoin (VSM 213), Wiuk (S₂ 221), etc. The same practice is followed when recording the same personal names: Valentini Džiugas (S₂ 126) – Valentini Džiug (S₂ 131), Szymon Stankunos (MV 78) – Szymon Stankun (MV 136), Lucas Wierbalunis (S₂ 186) – Lucae Wirbalun (S₂ 7), Grigier Wezelis (V 172) – Grigier Wezel (V 172), and others. Personal names with Slavic patronymic suffixes -evič, -ovič are usually written without endings, e.g.: Dwilewicz 3 (S₁ 523; S₂ 249; VSM 72), Łukaszewicz 5(M 521; MV 126, 262, 394; S₂ 55), Markiewicz (MV 160), Mikołajewicz (S₂ 150); Jodkowicz (M 42), Lenartowicz 2 (MV 168; S₂ 110), Michałowicz 2 (S₁ 531; S₂ 18), Wieckowicz (V 183), etc.; as are those with Slavic suffixes of the -sk- type, e.g.: Juchnowski (MV 81), Romanowski 3 (M 53; MV 408; S₂ 85), Szymanowski (VSM 252), Worłowski 4 (MV 228; S₁ 669; S₂ 104; V 101), and the like. Personal names with Lithuanian patronymic suffixes -aitis, -onis, -ūnas are noticeably more often recorded with endings, e.g.: Kukaitis (S₁ 522), Macaytis (S₁ 694), Plikaitis (VSM 120); Burnionis (MV 325), Masonis (S₁ 666), Narbutonis (MV 180), Simonis 3 (M 29; S₁ 28; S₁ 222); Paciunas (M 244), Waytkunas (VSM 160), Werkunas (MV 132), etc. Only a dozen or so personal names with these suffixes have been noted as written without endings: Braidziun (VSM 401), Girdziun (VSM 201), Jankun (S₁ 133), Jałoic (S₁ 450), Koiatun (M 525), Perkun (S₁ 25), Pirciun (S₂ 144), Szymkun 2 (M 192; V 262), Szymon (MV 338), Tomkun (S₂ 142), Wakaryunacy (S₂ 137), Wirbalon (S₁ 694), Wirbalun (S₂ 7). As evidence of the conscious Slavicization of townspeople’s personal names, one should perhaps regard cases where a form with a Slavic suffix is recorded alongside an anthroponym without a suffix. The context of the record books makes it possible to conclude that these are most often anthroponyms referring to the same people, e.g.: Valentinus Biwilis (S₁ 495) – Valentinus Biwilewicz (S₁ 401), Franciscus Boniszko (M 51) – Franciscus Boniszkowicz (M 104), Georgius Budris (M 497) – Jerzy Budrewicz (M 391), Jan Burniśzko (VSM 65) – Jan Burniśzkiewicz (VSM 265), Tomasza Dulki (gen.; MV 414) – Tomasz Dulkiewicz (MV 72), Frąc Gniauzius (MV 196) – Frąca Gniauziewicza (gen.; MV 394), Jacobi Jaugiel (S₁ 731) – Jacobi Jawgietowicz (S₁ 737), Jana Jodzia (gen.; MV 246) – Joannes Jodziewicz (MV 96 451), Stanisław Kieloc (VSM 363) – Stanislawa Kielociewicza (gen.; VSM 297), Jerzego Ludwika (gen.; V 48) – Jerzego Ludwikowicza (gen.; V 114), Adami Maniuk (M 133) – Adami Maniukiewicz (M 133), Nicolai Ragel – Nicolai Ragetowicz (S₂ 639), Jurgia Stegwila (gen.; MV 219) – Jerzemu Stegwiłowiczowi (instr.; MV 182), Petri Stegwit (S₂ 188) – Piotrowi Stegwiłowiczowi (instr.; S₂ 4), etc. Most likely also related to Slavicization are the recorded gender forms of the same personal names with Lithuanian and Slavic suffixes, e.g.: Marcin Balciunavtys (MV 217) – Marcinowi Balciewiczowi (dat.; MV 48), Bartholomeum Gryszkavtys (S₁ 119) – Bartholomeum Gryskiewicz (S₁ 318), Joannes Koiałun (M 525) – Joannes Koiałowicz (M 27), Piotra Maciulonia (gen.; VSM 489) – Piotru Maculewiczju (dat.; VSM 489) – Piotr Maciłowicz (VSM 489), Jana Stankuna (gen.; MV 155) – Jana Stankiewicza (gen.; MV 331), Michaeli Szymkun (S₁ 128) – Michaeli Szymkiewicz (S₁ 686), and others. The data presented show that the personal names of Kaunas townspeople in the first half of the 17th century underwent Slavicization in various ways. Compared with the situation in the second half of the 16th century18, it can be observed that Slavicization of personal names was considerably more intensive during the period under discussion. The examined Kaunas record books from the first half of the 17th century contain 1,463 two-part designations for different individuals—Kaunas townspeople19. The first elements of these designations are Christian given names. The second elements are surnames or personal names used in their place. It is precisely the second anthroponyms in these two-part designations that are the subject of this study. There are 1,463 of them. By origin, the following groups are distinguished: personal names of Lithuanian origin and personal names of non-Lithuanian origin. The classification follows V. Maciejauskienė’s view that personal names of Lithuanian origin are only those derived “from words genetically native to the Lithuanian language” (Maciejauskienė 1997a: 109). It is not always possible to assign the anthroponyms under study to one or the other of the groups mentioned. Therefore, an additional group of personal names—other personal names—was distinguished. Because of difficulties in establishing their authentic forms, extralinguistic factors, or other reasons, nothing definite can be said about the origin of these personal names. This group also includes anthroponyms whose origin can be interpreted in several ways, and whose possible etymologies are sometimes almost equally plausible. In assessing the origin of personal names, the study draws primarily on the “Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames,” and on the works of M. Gottschald, K. Brechenmacher, E. Fraenkel, M. Biryła, 18 Plačiau apie tai žr. Ragauskaitė 1999: 146–147. 19 Some cases heard by the Kaunas vogt’s court were transferred to the court of another institution (cf. Kiaupa 1988: 28). It is not possible to trace this precisely in every case. A certain margin of error in the calculations should therefore be borne in mind. 97 drawing on the works of H. Bahlow, Z. Zinkevičius, K. Kuzavinis and B. Savukynas, B. Unbegaun, and others20. The personal names of Kaunas townspeople from the first half of the 17th century discussed in this article are presented in unreconstructed form. This is a more compact way of presenting them. Restoring all the personal names to their standard-language forms would greatly increase the article’s length. Personal names of Lithuanian origin Of the Kaunas townspeople of the first half of the 17th century examined here, 400 of the 1,463 anthroponyms recorded in the record books are of Lithuanian origin. This amounts to 27% of all the anthroponyms discussed. They are further classified into three subgroups: old Lithuanian two-stem personal names and patronymics formed from them, shortenings of two-stem anthroponyms and their suffixal derivatives, and personal names of nickname origin. Among the Lithuanian-origin anthroponyms discussed, 43 can be assigned to old Lithuanian two-stem personal names and patronymics formed from them. This amounts to about 11% of all Lithuanian-origin anthroponyms: Beynarowicz (MV 352), Biwil (S₂ 172), Biwilewicz 3 (MV 61; S₁ 137; S₂ 218), Biwilewicza 2 (gen.; V 103; VSM 194), Biwilowi (dat.; MV 168), Dawiotys (MV 349), Dowgird (M 181), Eygird (S₂ 169), Geyłtorowi (dat.; V 103), Giedgowd (M 120), Gimbutt (MV 177), Jagiełowicz (V 302), Jaugita (gen.; V 191), Jawgiela (gen.; MV 59), Jawgiełłowicz (S₁ 737), Josudowiczowi (dat.; MV 377), Jowałżaytis (V 13), Narbutonis (MV 180), Norgelowicza (gen.; MV 352), Radwiłaytis (VSM 20 Cf. Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985; 2, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1989; Gottschald M. German Name Studies: Our Surnames, Their Origins and Meanings, Berlin: Verlag Walter de Gruyter u. Co, 1954; Brechenmacher K. J. Etymological Dictionary of German Surnames 1, Limburg a. d. Lahn.: C. A. Starke Verlag, 1960; 2, Limburg a. d. Lahn.: C. A. Starke Verlag 1963; Fraenkel E. Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary 1, Heidelberg-Göttingen: Carl Winter, Universitätsverlag, 1962; 2, Heidelberg-Göttingen: Carl Winter, Universitätsverlag, 1965; Бірыла M. Б. Belarusian Anthroponymy, Minsk: Navuka i tekhnika, 1966; Bahlow H. German Name Lexicon, Munich: Keysersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1967; Rospond S. Dictionary of Silesian Surnames 1, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich-Wydawnictwo, 1967; Бірыла M. Б. Belarusian Anthroponymy, Minsk: Navuka i tekhnika, 1969; Rospond S. Dictionary of Silesian Surnames 2, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich-Wydawnictwo, 1973; Zinkevičius Z. Lithuanian Anthroponymy: Personal Names of Lithuanians in Vilnius at the Beginning of the 17th Century, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1977; Сталтмане В. Э. Latvian Anthroponymy: Surnames, Moscow: Nauka, 1981; Бірыла M. Б. Belarusian Anthroponymy, Minsk: Navuka i tekhnika, 1982; Salys A. Our Lithuanian Names. – Writings 2, Rome: Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Science, 1983, 267–284; Kuzavinis K., Savukynas B. Dictionary of the Origins of Lithuanian Names, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1987; Унбегаун О. Б. Russian Surnames, Moscow: Progress, 1989; Dictionary of Surnames Currently Used in Poland 1–10, Kraków: Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Języka Polskiego, 1992–1994; Dictionary of First Names Currently Used in Poland, Kraków: Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Języka Polskiego, 1995. 98 301), Radwiłowicz (MV 101), Radwiłowicza (gen.; V 258), Radwiłowiczowi (dat.; V 145), Skirmant 2 (MV 385; S₁ 341), Steg wit (S₂ 32), Stegwiłowiczowi (dat.; MV 182), Steigwit (S₂ 188), Steigwito (M 154), Surwiłis (S₁ 804), Tarwoin 5 (MV 10; S₁ 614; S₂ 28; V 292; VSM 213), Wimbaraiciowi (dat.; V 58), Wizgirda (gen.; VSM 75), Woyzbutonis (MV 64), Zastowtowicza (gen.; M 194). Only 30 anthroponyms of Kaunas townspeople (about 8% of all personal names of Lithuanian origin) were found in the sources that can be associated with shortenings of old Lithuanian two-stem personal names and their suffixal derivatives21: Darguža (gen.; MV 61), Gierdziunowicz (MV 38), Girdžiūna (gen.; V 8), Maniuk 4 (M 133; S₁ 198, 351; S₂ 155), Maniuka (gen.; MV 350), Maniukiewicz (S₁ 433), Maniukiewicza 2 (gen.; MV 65; V 101), Narkiewicz 3 (MV 91, 329; S₂ 143), Narkun 2 (S₁ 615; S₂ 77), Narkuna 2 (gen.; V 172; VSM 425), Narkunowi (dat.; MV 353), Narkunowiczowi (dat.; MV 101), Naruszayciowi (dat.; MV 427), Naruszewicza (gen.; V 151), Rymda 2 (M 391; VSM 152), Rymkowi (dat.; V 27), Rymkowicz (VSM 243), Romeyko 2 (MV 271, 273), Romeykowicz (MV 349). Among the Lithuanian-origin personal names of the Kaunas townspeople examined, anthroponyms derived from nicknames are the most numerous. They are associated with specific Lithuanian nouns, adjectives, and verbs. There are 327 of them, accounting for 81% of personal names of Lithuanian origin: Balciewicz (S₂ 177), Balciunatẏs (MV 217), Berankiṡka 2 (gen.; V 220; VSM 153), Berankiṡkis (VSM 438), Berankowicz (M 561), Braidžiewicz 2 (V 39; VSM 74), Braidžiūn (VSM 401), Bryzga (gen.; MV 432), Brizgia (gen.; V 140), Bublinkiego (gen.; VSM 261), Budris (M 497), Burba 3 (MV 19; S₁ 731; S₂ 108), Burbela (gen.; V 17), Burbely 3 (gen.; V 28, 70; VSM 424), Burbony (gen.; S₁ 661), Burbowicz (MV 364), Burbojęcia 2 (gen.; MV 42, 358), Burbulis 2 (MV 69; S₂ 142), Burnionis (MV 325), Burnijka (gen.; VSM 507), Burniṡka (gen.; V 167), Burniṡkiewicz 2 (V 207; VSM 265), Burniṡko 3 (MV 155, 212; S₂ 215), Burniṡkowi (dat.; VSM 217), Burniṡkowicza (gen.; V 92), Dagiel (MV 308), Dagielis (S₁ 684), Daukiewicz (V 145), Dawxia (gen.; MV 171)22, Dydonia (gen.; MV 254), Dregniowicza (gen.; V 122), Dregniu (dat.; V 122), Dryzna (S₂ 242), Dryzniewicz (S₂ 249), Dulki (gen.; MV 414), Dwilewicz 2 (S₁ 523; VSM 72), Dwilewicza 3 (gen.; MV 147, 350; V 112), Dwilonis (MV 132), Dwilo wicz (MV 307), Dwitowiczowie 4 (pl. gen. V 247; VSM 79), Dwjlzencia (gen.; VSM 145), Džiuga (gen.; MV 160), Džiugas (S₂ 126), Džiuteta (VSM 52), Džiutety 2 (gen.; S₂ 52, 62), Džiutetowicza (gen.; MV 49), Gaidelis (V 272), Gayzewski 3 (MV 128; S₁ 402; S₂ 132), Girulowi (dat.; V 266), Gniauzdzius (S₂ 9), Gniauziewicza (gen.; MV 394), Gniauzjius (VSM 137), 21 Dėl šių asmenvardžių kiekio ir vietos lietuvių vardyne žr. Ragauskaitė 1999: 150–151. 22 V. Mažiulis considers the personal name Daukša to be a formation with the suffix -š(a) (-šas), but it did not arise as a derivative of Lithuanian daug ‘many’; rather, it is a suffixal shortening of two-stem personal names containing the stem daug-, cf. Daug-vydas and the like (Mažiulis 1998: 154; 1999: 30). 99 Grasztela (gen.; V 301), Greyciuna (gen.; MV 231), Grykpelis (VSM 279), Grykpell (S₁ 674), Gryk bells (MV 185), Gudaytys (MV 87), Gulbina (gen.; MV 125), Gulbiniewicza (gen.; V 158), Gulbinowicz 2 (S₁ 270; V 278), Jedko (V 304), Jodykloniowi (instr.; V 221), Jodiklonis (V 126), Jodis 3 (S₁ 324; V 42; VSM 399), Jodka (MV 112), Jodkiewicz (V 30), Jodkiewicza (gen.; V 110), Jodkowicz (M 42), Jodoklonis (S₁ 67), Jodzia 2 (gen.; MV 246, 337), Jodźiewicz 2 (V 174; VSM 120), Jodźiewicza (gen.; V 247), Kabald is (VSM 244), Kievda 3 (MV 102; S₁ 495; V 191), Kiela (gen.; M 63), Kielewicz (MV 448), Kietmutys (MV 355), Kieloc 2 (M 118; S₂ 116), Kielocia (gen.; V 274), Kielociewicza (gen.; VSM 297), Kielotis (VSM 558), Kieluciewicz (VSM 257), Kiernowicz (VSM 493), Kiernowski (M 566), Kierotis (M 5), Kierutis (V 236), Kinka (gen.; MV 109), Kiszkielżenc ia (gen.; VSM 393), Koiała (S₁ 267), Koiało 2 (M 576; V 217), Koiałłowicz 2 (MV 179; S₂ 116), Koiałowi (instr.; VSM 200), Koiałun (M 525), Koyrewicz (V 10), Krauielis (V 185), Krumadantis (M 507), Krumodancia (gen.; V 238), Krumodenc (S₂ 18), Krutnaytys (MV 312), Krutynionis (MV 224), Kukaitis (S₁ 522), Kulhius (S₂ 183), Kumpaycia (gen.; V 3), Łatwionis (MV 430), Laudanki 3 (MV 46; V 30; VSM 236), Lauka (gen.; VSM 368), Lenkiewicz (MV 282), Makſztela (S₂ 215), Maldžius 2 (MV 416; V 259), Margutis 2 (M 43; VSM 60), Mazgieyka (MV 332), Mazgieyko (VSM 451), Mergabernia (gen.; MV 74), Mietkołęčia (gen.; V 136), Milczunowicz (MV 401), Morguzia (gen.; V 118), Mozgieykuna (gen.; V 135), Mułka (MV 154), Mułko 2 (V 66; VSM 294), Mułkus (MV 102), Munius (S₂ 223), Nagielewicz (MV 243), Niuk 2 (S₁ 511; S₂ 191), Norżencia (gen.; VSM 256), Oželis (V 8), Pagaykſcia (gen.; S₂ 62), Pagaykſc]ia (gen.; V 16), Pagaykſtis (S₁ 350), Pagai ksztis (M 39), Palepis (S₂ 203), Pafuſewicz (S₁ 729), Pelukscia (gen.; S₁ 73), Peluksztis (VSM 393), Pempe (VSM 260), Perdonis (S₂ 137), Perkun (S₁ 25), Perkunelis (MV 216), Perkunowicz (MV 62), Pierdaytis (S₁ 365), Pierdonia (gen.; MV 311), Pilwelowicz (MV 348), Pirciun (S₂ 144), Ptaciakis (VSM 324), Plakaytis (S₁ 52), Plaukocia 2 (gen.; S₂ 125; V 168), Plaukocę 2 (MV 12; S₁ 340), Plawkoc 2 (VSM 193; S₁ 565), Plikaitis (VSM 120), Plikiem (instr.; V 289), Plikozentis (V 426), Poluktys (MV 108), Prypirktinis (VSM 212), Probul (S₂ 75), Probula (gen.; VSM 131), Puykaycia (gen.; MV 238), Puikis (MV 68), Pukieniewicz (V 248), Pukienowicz (V 233), Pumpuc (VSM 159), Pumpucia (gen.; V 64), Pumpuciewicz (V 175), Pumpucę (S₁ 174), Purela (gen.; MV 184), Puslewicz (V 247), Puſplika (gen.; MV 298), Puſzle (gen.; V 304), Ragelewicz (MV 58), Ragella (gen.; MV 313), Ragetowicz (S₁ 639), Ragiel (S₂ 189), Raudonia (gen.; V 253), Raudosz (VSM 544), Raudożentis (V 268), Raupsia (gen.; V 34), Rawdonkakłowam 2 (plural instr.; M 39), Rawdoż (M 105), Razel 3 (MV 206; V 108; VSM 222), Razelewicz (MV 72), Razelowi (instr.; MV 258), Razelowicz (MV 67), Rymsza 2 (V 91, 95), Rymszy (gen.; S₂ 52), Rogojſza (gen.; V 228), Rudenaytys (MV 231), Rudys 4 (MV 65, 419; S₁ 62; S₂ 26), Rugena (gen.; MV 216), Rukieniewicz (V 239), Rusteika (V 282), Saldžiuna (gen.; V 266), Saudokula (gen.; MV 334), Sautela (gen.; V 62), Sawodonia (gen.; V 167), 100 Septinptaukiowi (instr.; VSM 114), Se[kielowi (instr.; MV 101), Sik[nis (MV 184), Sileykis (MV 183), Siuk[ta (MV 94), Skilandžiūna (gen.; MV 201), Slubella (gen.; MV 217), Slubellowicz 2 (MV 290, 325), Smoilewicz (VSM 358), Smoilewiczu (instr.; V 197), Smoilinis (V 190), Smoilis (S. 9), Smojlowicz (MV 35), Spalewicz (V 29), Spolis (S₁ 219), Srogaitis (VSM 382), Srogowicz (V 69), Staciakia (gen.; VSM 43), Stacikis (MV 186), Stangielewicz (MV 57), Steybutowicz (MV 388), Strebeyko (MV 181), Sza[wla (gen.; V 69), Sza[wlewicz 4 (MV 170, 217; S₁ 78; V 31), Sza[wis (M 143), Sztubel (VSM 266), Szlubelis (V 176), Szmoilis (S₁ 797), Sznukielewicz (S₁ 144), Szukaitis (M 23), Szukia (gen.; MV 202), Szukiewicz (MV 238), Szukiewicza (gen.; MV 251), Szukis 5 (MV 66, 78, 202; S₂ 166; V 104), Szwairaitis (VSM 262), Szweplunis (M 510), Trylupaytys (VSM 354), Trytunen (instr.; V 169), Trumpaylo (MV 386), Wakarinytys (S₂ 137), Wakaranytis 3 (M 524; V 177, 225), Wakarnaytis (V 153), Webrela (gen.; VSM 219), Wergelowicz (M 497), Werkowicz (MV 62), Werkunas (MV 132), Wer[že[aytys (MV 32), Weže[a 2 (gen.; MV 104; VSM 382), Weželis (V 172), Wierbaszewiczow 3 (plural gen.; V 9), Wilkodorowicz 3 (MV 100; V 162; VSM 111), Wirbalewicz (MV 433), Wirbalon 2 (S₁ 694; S₂ 138), Wirbalun (S₂ 7), Wiuk (S₂ 221), Wiżbołowicza (gen.; S₁ 287), Worłowski 4 (MV 228; S₁ 669; S₂ 104; V 101), Wortow[kiego (gen.; V 274), Zebrela (gen.; V 49), Zebris (VSM 155), Zeimelis (V 293), Zemaicia (gen.; V 287), Zemaitela 2 (gen.; V 255; VSM 90), Zemaitelowego (gen.; V 34), Zemoytaycia (gen.; MV 433), Zemoytel (S₂ 129), Zemelis (MV 392), Żytaitys (MV 149), Zyrnela (gen.; MV 235). This abundant layer of personal names of nickname origin among the townspeople of Kaunas should be viewed as a universal feature of the historical anthroponymic context of townspeople and other estates in the first half of the 17th century (cf. Maciejauskienė 1991: 243). At the beginning of the period in question, the inhabitants of Vilnius also had many personal names of this kind (cf. Zinkevičius 1977b: 231). Personal names of Lithuanian origin The Kaunas record books under investigation document 948 (65% of all those discussed) anthroponyms of non-Lithuanian origin belonging to Kaunas residents. They are divided into three subgroups: personal names derived from Christian names, Slavic anthroponyms of appellative origin, and personal names of Germanic origin. Among the personal names of Kaunas residents of non-Lithuanian origin, the largest group consists of those derived from Christian names. There are 523. This represents 55% of all anthroponyms of non-Lithuanian origin23, e.g.: Adamowicz 2 (MV 123, 182), Alechnaytys (S₂ 117), Aleknowicz (V 24), Alexandrowicz 3 (MV 229; S₂ 191; VSM 25), Alexandrowicza (gen.; MV For the sake of brevity, not all, but only most of the personal names in this group are presented here. 101 429), Alexandrowiczow 2 (plural gen.; VSM 218), Ambrożejewicz (MV 60), Ambrożejewicz 2 (MV 387, 430), Andrułkowicza (gen.; V 231), Andrzejewicz 3 (M 534; V 68, 301), Andrzejewicza (gen.; V 32), Andrzejewiczowi (dat.; V 297), Andrzejewicz 2 (MV 63; S 173), Andrzejewicza (gen.; MV 72), Antoniewicz 2 (MV 160; S₂ 126), Antoniewicza (gen.; S₂ 29), Antonowicz (S₁ 612), Antonowicza 3 (gen.; V 136, 195, 269), Augustynowicz (S₂ 130), Augustynowiczowi (dat.; MV 388), Banijzko (V 10), Bartkiewicz (VSM 212), Bartunikis (S₁ 579), Bartkunayciem (instr.; MV 249), Bantomiejewicz (VSM 317), Bartoszewicza 2 (gen.; V 383; VSM 204), Bartoszewiczowi (dat.; VSM 204), Bernatowicz 4 (M 129, 548; MV 92; VSM 39), Boniszka 2 (gen.; MV 133; S₁ 93), Boniszkowicz 2 (M 104; S₂ 107), Casparowicz (M 366), Casprowicz 3 (M 366, 369, 562), Chomicz (S₂ 247), Chrczonowicza 2 (gen.; S₂ 29; VSM 379), Conradowicz (S₁ 138), Danielowiczowi (dat.; MV 173), Daniłowicz (V 229), Dominik (M 39), Dominikiewicz 4 (M 99; MV 13; S₁ 448; S₂ 6), Dominikowicz 3 (MV 105; S₁ 46; V 25), Gasparowicz (S₁ 25), Grigierowicz 3 (MV 60; V 158; VSM 50), Grygiewicza (gen.; VSM 21), Grygonis (MV 155), Grigorowicz (S₁ 14), Grygowicza 2 (gen.; V 30, 136), Grygowiczem (instr.; V 32), Grygowiczowi (dat.; VSM 458), Gryskiewicza (gen.; MV 124), Griszkaitis 2 (M 141; S₁ 119), Gryszkiewicz 2 (S₁ 180; V 12), Hrehorowicza (gen.; VSM 43), Hryskaytys (S₁ 180), Hryszkiewicz 2 (M 97; VSM 398), Iwanowicz 2 (S₁ 43; VSM 209), Iwanowicza (gen.; V 4), Jakonis (MV 378), Jaksztowicz (M 137), Jakubowicza 4 (gen.; V 14, 126, 130; VSM 417), Jakubowiczem (instr.; VSM 167), Janczykie(wicz) (MV 52), Janetkis (M 58), Jankun 3 (M 31; S₁ 89, 133), Janowicza 5 (gen.; MV 159, 371; V 43, 203; VSM 186), Jarmolowicz (MV 174), Jasoc (S₂ 174), Jasocia (gen.; M 95), Jasociowi (dat.; VSM 325), Jafotis (S₁ 480), Jędru(s)zkowicza (gen.; VSM 161), Jędrzejewiczem (instr.; V 58), Jędrzejowicz 2 (M 221; V 221), Jononis 2 (VSM 353, 396), Joz(e)phowicz 2 (MV 240, 243), Juchnowicz 3 (S₁ 735; S₂ 7; VSM 246), Juchnowicza (gen.; MV 64), Juchnowski 3 (MV 81; S₁ 625; VSM 375), Junayciem (instr.; V 58), Jurczun (MV 379), Jurewicz (S₂ 225), Jurgielewicz (MV 62), Jurgielis 2 (MV 104, 231), Jurgiewicza 2 (gen.; MV 139, 332), Jurgiewiczem (instr.; MV 371), Jurgiewiczowi 2 (dat.; MV 425; V 170), Juriewicz 3 (MV 101, 226; VSM 446), Juriewicza 2 (gen.; M 583; V 259), Juriewiczem (instr.; V 122), Jur(i)onis (M 153), Kasperowicz 2 (VSM 254, 346), Kasprowicz 3 (MV 418; S₁ 24; V 203), Kasprowiczowi (dat.; V 218), Każen (S₂ 22), Każena (gen.; MV 246), Kirel (VSM 353), Kondratowicz (M 532), Kotkun (M 96), Kręczonowicz 6 (M 145; MV 138, 420, 442; S₁ 528; S₂ 83), Krzysztofowicz (MV 68), Lawrynowi (dat.; S₂ 244), Lawrynowicz 5 (M 258, 448; MV 412, 422; S₂ 244), Lawrynowicza 2 (gen.; M 521; MV 358), Lenartowicz 2 (MV 168; S₂ 110), Lenartowiczowi (dat.; MV 190), Ludkuna (gen.; VSM 243), Ludwika (gen.; V 48), Ludwikiewicz (M 517), Ludwikowiczowi (dat.; V 186), Łukaszewicz 5 (M 521; MV 126, 262, 394; S₂ 55), Łukaſzewicza (gen.; V 22), Łukianowiczowi (dat.; MV 418), Macaytis (S₁ 694), Maciejewicza 4 (gen.; MV 65; S₁ 700; S₂ 166; VSM 277), Maciejowicza 5 102 (gen.; MV 186, 410, 413, 418; S₂ 227), Maciejowiczowi (dat.; V 213), Maciejowiczu (loc.; S₂ 162), Maciul (VSM 88), Maciulewiczu (loc.; VSM 489), Maciulowicz (S₁ 505), Mackiewiczowi (dat.; V 188), Marcinowicz 3 (M 254; S₁ 140; V 240), Marcinowicza 2 (gen.; MV 208; VSM 121), Marcinowiczem (instr.; V 43), Markiewicz (MV 160), Markiewiczem (instr.; VSM 396), Markowicz (VSM 480), Markusz (MV 362), Masiewicz (V 216), Masiewicz (VSM 244), Masonis (S₁ 666), Mateysunos (MV 413), Mathufonis (S₁ 721), Matyaszowicz 2 (MV 241, 427), Matłaycia 3 (gen.; V 64, 95, 145), Matłaytys 2 (MV 405; V 29), Matulewicz (S₂ 59), Matułonis (gen.; MV 183), Metałkaiciem (instr.; VSM 353), Michaitowicza (gen.; MV 284), Michalkowicz (MV 187), Michalowicz 2 (S₁ 531; S₂ 18), Michalowicza 2 (gen.; MV 147, 227), Michalowiczowi (dat.; S₂ 19), Michnaycia (gen.; MV 85), Michnowicz (S₁ 649), Michowkiego (gen.; S₂ 29), Mikiewicz 2 (MV 307; S₂ 19), Miktałzewicz 2 (S₁ 669; S₂ 116), Mikłałzewicza 2 (gen.; V 214; VSM 62), Mikołajewicza (gen.; MV 66), Mikołajewiczowi (dat.; MV 274), Mikołajowicza (gen.; V 20), Mitałewicz (MV 57), Mitkiewicza (gen.; MV 143), Moyzeszowicz (S₂ 134), Pacewicz (MV 178), Paciunas (M 244), Paskiewicz (S₁ 377), Paszkiewiczem (instr.; VSM 546), Pawłowicz 7 (M 56, 110, 413; MV 242, 34; S₁ 339, 657), Pawłowicza 3 (gen.; MV 172, 221; VSM 228), Petkiewicz (MV 237), Petkun (VSM 218), Piotrowicza 3 (gen.; M 434; V 197; VSM 286), Piotrowiczowi (dat.; S₂ 52), Romanowicz 5 (M 516; S₁ 229, 285; V 105; VSM 62), Romanowicza (gen.; VSM 71), Romanowski 3 (M 53; MV 408; S₂ 85), Romanowskiego (gen.; S₁ 285), Romanowskiemu (dat.; V 226), Romaszkiewicza (gen.; MV 319), Szczepanowicz 5 (M 261; MV 37; S₁ 140, 545; V 5), Szczęsnowicz 2 (M 99; VSM 316), Sidor (M 247), Sienkiewicz (MV 154), Simonis 3 (M 29; S₁ 28; S₂ 222), Symonowicz 3 (S₁ 46; V 93, 167), Stanisławowicza 3 (gen.; MV 29, 159, 397), Stanisławowiczowi 3 (dat.; MV 397; V 135, 155), Staniulewicza (gen.; MV 418), Stankiewicz (MV 434), Stankiewicza (gen.; MV 145), Stankiewiczu (dat.; MV 434), Stankowicz 2 (S₂ 31; V 44), Stankuna (gen.; MV 155), Stasiewicz (M 369), Stałkiewicz (S₂ 181), Stephanowicz 9 (M 517; MV 56, 88, 156, 182, 320; S₁ 14, 629; S₂ 112), Szymanowicz (S₂ 181), Szymanowski 2 (M 266; VSM 252), Szymkiewicza (gen.; V 51), Szymkowicz 4 (M 408; V 9, 109; VSM 240), Szymkowicza (gen.; V 15), Szymkun 2 (M 192; V 262), Szymkun(a) (gen.; VSM 343), Szymkunos (MV 54), Szymon (MV 338), Szymonowicz (MV 435), Tomałzewicz 5 (S₂ 64, 173; V 135, 215, 221), Tomkiewicz (S₂ 34), Tomkiewicza (gen.; VSM 453), Tomkun (S₂ 142), Urbanowicz 6 (M 230; MV 111; S₁ 61, 100; S₂ 133; VSM 34), Urbanowicza (gen.; MV 228), Wacławowicz 4 (M 176, 223; S₂ 159; V 249), Wayłkunas (VSM 160), Walentynowicz 6 (S₁ 175, 694; S₂ 69; VSM 59, 253, 281), Walentynowicza 2 (gen.; MV 27, 69), Walentynowiczowi (dat.; V 50), Wałowicz (V 42), Węcławowicz 4 (M 113, 285; S₂ 153, 165), Wenskiewicz (VSM 339), Więckiewicz (S₂ 216), Więckowicza 2 (gen.; S₁ 244; V 183), Więckowiczem (instr.; V 177), Woyciechowicz 8 (M 1, 335, 521; MV 157, 211; S₁ 46; S₂ 185, 236), Woyciechowicza (gen.; VSM 78), Woytkunowicz (S₂ 242), Wołtowicz (M 532), Zienicki (S₂ 232), and so on. 103 The sources yielded 270 personal names that can be linked to specific Slavic common nouns. These account for as much as 29% of anthroponyms of non-Lithuanian origin, e.g.: Balbierun (S₁ 554), Balwierowicz (M 142), Balwierun (M 52), Batwierż (MV 258), Baranowſki (MV 257), Bednarż 7 (MV 108, 179, 196, 298, 326; V 60, 219), Bednarża 2 (gen.; MV 192; VSM 281), Bielskiego (gen.; S₂ 30), Boiażyn (M 561), Brakarzewicz (S₂ 425), Budnik 2 (MV 291, 306), Budnika 2 (gen.; MV 103, 219), Cieszyński (S₂ 170), Czajewski 2 (M 165; S₂ 427), Czarnawski 4 (M 4, 239; V 274; VSM 199), Czarny (S₁ 187), Czernia (gen.; V 305), Dobrzałowski (S₂ 244), Garbarża (gen.; VSM 366), Garncarz (V 100), Garncarża 3 (gen.; MV 104, 397, 433), Gorſki 2 (S₁ 569; S₂ 211), Gradowſki 2 (M 281, 515), Gradowſkiego (gen.; V 150), Kalinowski (V 125), Kamieńskiemu (dat.; MV 390), Kobelski (S₂ 177), Kossowski (VSM 50), Kotlarz (M 137), Kotlarża 2 (gen.; MV 208; V 188), Koval 3 (M 554, MV 257, 413), Kovala (gen.; MV 257), Kovale 2 (pl. VSM 521), Kowalewſkim (instr.; MV 231), Kozakiewicz (MV 314), Koziełkowicz 2 (V 270; VSM 202), Kozieniakaitis (M 16), Kramnik 2 (MV 353; V 236), Krawiec (MV 364), Krupski 2 (MV 143; VSM 524), Kusznierża (gen.; VSM 21), Malarż (VSM 45), Malinowſki (MV 439), Masalski (VSM 221), Melnikowicz (S₁ 318), Mielnika (gen.; MV 140), Mielnikowicz (M 309), Mielnikowicża (gen.; VSM 280), Mielnikowiczowi (dat.; V 209), Mioduszewski (M 235), Mleczko (S₁ 663), Młynarża (gen.; V 125), Młodżianowski (S₁ 722), Mutarż 3 (MV 173, 258; VSM 133), Mularża 2 (gen.; MV 257, 433), Orłowſki (S₁ 547), Orłowſkiego 2 (gen.; MV 57, 60), Oftrowſki (MV 184), Piekarzowi (dat.; MV 426), Piwowara (gen.; MV 321), Piwowarowi (dat.; M 439), Poſtrzygacz 3 (M 53; MV 166; VSM 20), Przewoźnika (gen.; MV 150), Puczkiewicz (S₁ 614), Puczkiewiczem (instr.; V 232), Puhacz 2 (M 127; VSM 215), Raczko (S₁ 140), Rakowski (VSM 359), Rybak (MV 430), Rybnik a (gen.; MV 347), Rymarz 2 (M 41; VSM 138), Rymarża (gen.; MV 342), Rzeczyca (S₂ 166), Rzeczycki (S₂ 201), Rzeźnik 7 (M 66; MV 224, 240; S₁ 448; VSM 240, 371, 448), Rzeźnikiem (instr.; MV 216), Sczohoła (gen.; VSM 234), Siodlarż (MV 379), Skotnicki (VSM 230), Sloſarż 5 (MV 122, 238, 326, 353, 356), Słuszkiewicz (MV 224), Sokołowskiemu (dat.; MV 220), Stel mach (V 185), Stolarż 2 (M 353; MV 81), Stucżny (MV 183), Szablowſkiego (gen.; MV 401), Szeleźniewicz (MV 95), Szewca 2 (gen.; MV 199; S₁ 332), Szewcem 2 (instr.; VSM 300, 322), Szklarż 2 (V 172; VSM 376), Szwiec 2 (V 90, VSM 2), Tatarzyn (M 203), Tkacz 6 (MV 106, 232, 334, 351; V 185; VSM 223), Tokarz 2 (MV 340; VSM 249), Tokarża 2 (gen.; MV 104, 230), Wydra (S₁ 102), Wołk (V 64), Wolskiego (gen.; V 123), Zapolski (S₂ 225), Zapolskiemu (dat.; MV 81), Zarecki (V 94), Zawacki (MV 125), Złotnik (VSM 370), Złotnika (gen.; MV 81), Żuk (M 40), Żukowſki (MV 49), etc. The abundance of personal names of this origin should be regarded as a specific feature of the anthroponymy of the burgher estate (cf. also Zinkevičius 1977b: 116). 104 The emergence of some personal names in this group could be considered a consequence of the Slavicization of anthroponyms mentioned above. On the other hand, given the fact of burgher migration and other circumstances, the possibility that some of these anthroponyms were borrowed cannot be ruled out. The sources record 155 anthroponyms of Germanic origin. They make up a small subgroup of personal names of non-Lithuanian origin among the residents of Kaunas, i.e. 16%. Germans lived in Kaunas, and, naturally, their designations found their way into the city’s record books²⁴, e.g.: famatus Valentin Bekier civis cau(n)ensis (S1 134), hon(estus) Andreas Betkier civis caunen(sis) (S2 80), hon(estus) Matthias Biner civis caunen(sis) (S1 342), honestus Hieronimus Bitkier civis cau(n)ensis (S, 662), famat(us) Fridericus Bitner civis caunen(sis) (S. 440), stawetnego pana Andrija Braunhardta ławnika i mieszczanina kowieńskiego (gen.; V 221), famat(us) Hieronimus Butgier civis cau(n)en(sis) (VSM 158), pana Jakuba Ditrycha mieszczanina kowieńskiego (gen.; MV 151), uczciwego Faltina Eggierta piekarza i mieszczanina kowieńskiego (gen.; MV 151), hon(estus) Hanufius Fogiell civis et negotiator cau(n)en(sis) (S1 489), panu Michałowi Fokowi kupcowi obywatelowi kowień(skiemu) (dat.; VSM 521), famat(us) Christophor Fux civis et negotiator cau(n)en(sis) (S2 167), hon(estus) Valentinus Fus civis caunen(sis) (S₂ 195), stawetny pan Clauss Gross mieszczanin i ławnik kowieński (VSM 389), hon(estus) Georgius Halerth civis cau(n)en(sis) (S1 776), Matys Hein wójt kowieński (S₁ 445), hon(estus) Gabriel Hering civis et sartor cau(n)en(sis) (M 320), stawetnemu panu Hanus Hoffmanowi burmistrzowi kowieńskiemu (dat.; VSM 111), Reinholdum Janson civis cau(n)en(sis) (S₁ 20), hon(estus) Hanusius Jung sutor cau(n)en(sis) (S₂ 222), Nicolaus Kraus civis cau(n)en(sis) (S₂ 46), hon(estus) Marcin Kreczmer civis cau(n)en(sis) (M 403), pana Hanuja Lidki ławnika kowieńskiego (gen.; MV 201), stawetnemu panu Pawłowi Meierowi mieszczaninowi kowieńskiemu (dat.; S₂ 240), Christophor Petersen negotiator cau(n)en(sis) (S₂ 133), stawetnemu Jakubowi Smitowi obywatelowi kowieńskiemu (dat.; MV 55), pan Daniel Szepp(er) ławnik kowieński (V 99), uczciwego Pawła Szmuka mieszczanina kowieńskiego (gen.; MV 77), pana Michała Sziuberta ławnika kowieńskiego (gen.; MV 356), uczciwy Piotr Szulc piekarz (MV 168), Jakuba Uberscharza aptekarza i mieszczanina kowień(skiego) (gen.; V 64), hon(estus) Andreas Wegner civis cau(n)en(sis) (S₂ 196), pana Lorensa Weisa mieszczanina i balwierza kowień(skiego) (gen.; VSM 90), etc. Some of the anthroponyms under discussion became established in the Lithuanian name stock. This is a typical case of surname borrowing, in which people designated by personal names of Germanic origin apparently gradually became Lithuanianized over time, owing to cultural ties with members of another nation and to historical circumstances²⁵. This fact is partly attested by the fact that 48 (31%) of these ²⁴ For more on the German Lutheran community living in Kaunas in the 16th–18th centuries, see Kiaupa 1977: 13–26; 1988: 28; 2000: 67. For more on oikonyms of Germanic origin in Freda, a part of the city of Kaunas, see Taluntvtė 1998: 157–165. ²⁵ Apie tokį reiškinį žr. TMOI 1986: 123. 105 Some personal names have survived to the present day, that is, they are now in use in the Lithuanian name system. Comparing the aforementioned anthroponyms with present-day Lithuanian surnames, it was observed that some of these surnames of Germanic origin are also recorded in the Kaunas area, for example: Bėkeris, Bitkeris, Fögelis, Füksas, Höfmanas, Kräuze, Mejeris, Šūlcas, Vėgneris, Veisas26 and others. Some of the personal names under study, as already mentioned, are assigned to the third group, designated other personal names. There are 115 of them, accounting for 8% of all anthroponyms. These are mainly personal names of unclear origin. There are about 80 of them, i.e. 70% of the anthroponyms in this group, for example: Brandżavcia (origin; MV 137), Brandżavtis 3 (M 148; S2 19; V 34), Cieklik (S2 34), Cyrewicza (origin; VSM 361), Digris (S2 212), Gielnis (V 55), Gruminajcia (origin; V 26), Kruszavys (MV 202), Kuncewic 3 (V 305), Kuncze (MV 283), Plekaytis (VSM 284), Pozera (MV 376), Szydziszko (M 511), Zuman (MV 130), and others. The remaining personal names are those whose origin can be interpreted in several ways. There are about 35 of them, accounting for 30% of the personal names in the third group: Dyluna (origin; MV 274), Gasciewicz 2 (V 551; VSM 551), Gasciewicza (origin; S1 244), Kalikowicz (MV 398), Karp (V 16), Labunowkjiego (origin; MV 398), Lesiowicz (MV 73), Niefłananyts (MV 309), Pilecki (MV 351), Podeygis (MV 384), Pracewicz (MV 273), Rawa 3 (S1 552; V 52; VSM 49), Rawy 2 (origin; V 69, 218), Rudzjanki 2 (S2 74, 88), Sakowski 2 (M 23; S2 41), Sotkun (VSM 105), Szukniewicza (origin; MV 431), Szwab (S1 171), Szwabowicz 2 (M 276; V227), Szwabowicza (origin; VSM 203), Tylewicz 2 (S2 124; V 161), Tylewicza 2 (origin; V 220, 277), Tuszevki (S2 141), Wilaikowiczowi (uncertain; VSM 184), Witkowicz (MV 284), Witkowski (MV 200). To highlight the specific features of the origins of personal names among the burgher estate, the research data were compared with the results of an analysis of the origins of anthroponyms in the baptismal register of 1687–1691 and the marriage register of 1679–1693 from the Kriaunos parish (cf. Maciejauskienė 1993: 97)27. As noted above, assessment of the origins of 1,463 personal names of Kaunas burghers (the second elements of two-member naming) yielded three anthroponym groups: personal names of Lithuanian origin, personal names of non-Lithuanian origin, and other personal names (anthroponyms of unclear origin or potentially open to multiple interpretations). The 1,044 personal names examined from the Kriaunos parish were classified in a similar way. Among the anthroponyms of Kaunas residents, 27% are of Lithuanian origin, whereas among the personal names in the parish church source from Kriaunos, anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin account for about 44%. 26 Present-day surnames are taken from: Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas 1–2, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985–1989. 27 Having studied the origins of personal names in the Kriaunos parish in the seventeenth century, V. Maciejauskienė identified the following main groups: those of Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian origin. In addition to these, two further groups of anthroponyms were distinguished: those that may also be of Lithuanian origin, and those of unclear origin (cf. Maciejauskienė 1993: 59). 106 Non-Lithuanian-origin anthroponyms account for 65% of the personal names of Kaunas burghers. By contrast, in the Kriaunos parish they make up only 32% of all personal names. The comparison shows that Kaunas city record books contain significantly more anthroponyms of non-Lithuanian origin than the church source from the Kriaunos parish. This substantial stratum of Kaunas residents’ personal names should be regarded as a specific feature of the anthroponymy of the burgher estate. It is likely that this was characteristic of the historical anthroponymy of burghers throughout Lithuania28. Conclusions 1. An origin-based study of 1,463 personal names of Kaunas residents (the second elements of two-part naming) found in seventeenth-century Kaunas city record books distinguished three groups of anthroponyms: personal names of Lithuanian origin, personal names of non-Lithuanian origin, and other personal names (of uncertain origin or anthroponyms that may be interpreted in several ways). 2. The 400 anthroponyms of Kaunas townspeople discussed here (27% of all personal names) are of Lithuanian origin. This group comprises 43 (11%) old Lithuanian compound names and patronymics derived from them, 30 (~8%) shortened compound personal names and suffixal derivatives of the latter, and 327 (81%) names of byname origin. 3. The group of anthroponyms of non-Lithuanian origin contains 948 personal names (65% of all those studied). Among them are 523 (55%) anthroponyms derived from Christian names, 270 (29%) personal names of Slavic appellative origin, and 155 (16%) anthroponyms of Germanic origin. 4. The third group comprises 115 personal names, i.e., 8% of all anthroponyms. It consists of 80 (70%) personal names of uncertain origin and 35 (30%) anthroponyms whose origin may be interpreted in several ways. 5. Comparing the study’s findings with the results of an analysis of the origins of personal names in the seventeenth-century Kriaunos parish baptism and marriage register shows that anthroponyms of non-Lithuanian origin account for about 65% of those in Kaunas city record books, but only 32% in the Kriaunos ecclesiastical source. This attests to the distinctive origins of personal names in the townspeople’s estate. LITERATŪRA Bahlow H. 1967: Deutsches Namenlexikon, München: Keysersche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Biryla M. 1966: Б и р ы л а М. Б. Беларуская антрапанімія, Мінск: Навука і тэхніка. Biryla M. 1969: Б и р ы л а М. Б. Беларуская антрапанімія, Мінск: Навука і тэхніка. Biryla M. 1982: Б і р ы л а М. Б. Беларуская антрапанімія, Мінск: Навука і тэхніка. 28 Panašios miestiečių asmenvardžių kilmės tendencijos pastebėtos 1752–1798 m. Kėdainių parapinės šv. Jurgio bažnyčios krikšto knygoje (LVIA. F. 1424. Ap.1. 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Słownik nazwisk współcześnie w Polsce używanych 1–10, Kraków: Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Języka Polskiego, 1992–1994. S t a l t m a n è V. 1981: С т а л т м а н е В. Э. Латышская антропонимия. Фамилии, Москва: Наука. T a l u n t y t è N. 1998: Istoriniai Fredos vietovardžiai. – Kauno istorijos metraštis 1: Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, 157–165. ТМОИ – Теория и методика ономастических исследований, Москва: Наука, 1986. U n b e g a u n O. 1989: У н б е г а у н О. Б. Русские фамилии, Москва: Прогресс. W o l f f A. 1957: Projekt instrukcji wydawniczej dla pisanych źródeł historycznych do połowy XVI wieku. – Studia źródłoznawcze 1, 155–181. Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. 1976: W sprawie kontaktów językowych litewsko-polskich w Wilnie w XVII wieku. – Acta Baltico-Slavica 9, 125–131. Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. 1977a: Iš lituanizmų Vilniaus XVII a. pradžios lenkiškuose rankraščiuose. – Žmonės ir kalba, Vilnius: Mintis, 93–101. Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. 1977b: Lietuvių antroponimika. Vilniaus lietuvių asmenvardžiai XVII a. pradžioje, Vilnius: Mokslas. Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. 1977c: Tėvardinė asmenvardžių sistema Lietuvoje. – Baltistica. II priedas, 151–156. Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. 1997: XVII a. dvarų inventoriai – Rytų Lietuvos antroponimikos ir demografijos šaltinis. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 38, 63–80. ON THE ORIGIN OF PROPER NAMES BORNE BY RESIDENTS OF KAUNAS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17th CENTURY Summary For this paper, the names of 1463 townsmen, entered into official documents of the town of Kaunas in the first half of the 17th century, were examined with regard to their origin. Only the second components of bipartite anthroponyms were taken into consideration. Three groups were singled out: names of Lithuanian origin, names of non-Lithuanian origin and names whose origin is unclear or allows of more than one interpretation. Among the names singled out for examination, 400 (27%) were of Lithuanian origin. They comprised archaic Lithuanian compound names and patronymics derived from them (43 = 11%), shortened forms and suffixal derivatives of such compound names (30 = 8%), and second names that originated as nicknames. 948 names proved to be of non-Lithuanian origin (65% of those examined). Among them were 523 names associated with the Christian tradition (55%), 270 names derived from Slavic appellatives (29%) and 155 names of Germanic origin (16%). The third group, consisting of 115 names, made up 8% of the total number of anthroponyms singled out for investigation. Among them, 80 (= 70%) were unclear as to their origin, and 35 (= 30%) were susceptible of several interpretations. 109 By way of comparison, the proper names entered in the same period into the birth and marriage registers of the parish of Kriaunai were also examined with regard to their origin. In the Kaunas documents, names of non-Lithuanian origin make up some 65% of the total number, whereas in the church books of Kriaunai they amount to a mere 32%. This shows that townsfolk had distinctive features of their own as far as the origin of their proper names are concerned. Alma RAGAUSKAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Antakalnio g. 6 LT-2055, Vilnius, Lietuva Gauta 2000 02 24 110