Vokiškos kilmės namų apyvokos daiktų pavadinimai F. W. Haacko, P. Ruigio ir K. G. Milkaus žodynuose

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XLIII (2000) Nijolė ČEPIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius NAMES OF HOUSEHOLD ITEMS OF GERMAN ORIGIN IN THE DICTIONARIES OF F. W. HAACK, P. RUIGYS, AND K. G. MIELCKE The East Prussian philologist Friederichas Wilhelmas Haackas1 compiled the first small Lithuanian–German and German–Lithuanian dictionary on the basis of the “New Testament” and the Psalter, and therefore it contains few Germanisms. Much larger is Pily po? When the Germanisms in the dictionaries mentioned above were divided into thematic groups, it became clear that the largest groups comprise names of work tools, implements, devices, mechanisms and their parts, household items, buildings and their parts5, and names of people’s professions, duties, and occupations. This article discusses 45 names of household items of German origin, selected from the dictionaries under discussion. All the household-item names presented occur in the dictionaries of P. Ruigys and K. G. Mielcke, and only three occur in F. W. Haack’s dictionary (krága, lampa, žakas). Almost all the Germanisms in this group are found in Kazys Alminauskis’s book “Die Germanismen des Litauischen,” except for the following: klyderberštė, -is, pyrpanė (fyrpanė), vindas. Most of the Germanisms in the dictionaries mentioned... 1Vocabularivm Lithvanico-Germanicvm, et Germanico-Lithvanicvm… Ausgefertiget von Friederich Wilhelm Haack… zur Zeit Docente im Litthauischen Seminario zu Halle, Halle [1730]. 2Littauisch-Deutsches und Deutsch-Littauisches Lexicon… von Philipp Ru(h)ig…, Königsberg…1747. 3Weismann Ch. E. Lexicon bipartitum latino-germanicum et germanico-latinum, Stuttgart, 1741. 4Littauisch-deutsches und Deutsch-littauisches Wörter-Buch… von Christian Gottlieb Mielcke…, Königsberg, 1800. 5 For names of buildings and their parts, see Čepienė N. Germanisms in the 17th-century Western Highland dialect of Lithuania Minor (based on “Lexicon Lithuanicum”). – Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics 30, 1993, 37–46. 34 borrowed from Prussian German (hereafter Pr. v.) dialects: bėkis ‘basin, washbasin’ < Pr. v. bėk ‘the same’; dėršlakas ‘colander; strainer; tool for punching a hole’ < Pr. v. dėršlax ‘the same’; krágas, -a ‘pitcher; cup; goblet’ < Pr. v. krog ‘the same’; legerė, legėrė, legeris ‘small barrel’ < Pr. v. lėgel ‘the same’, liktis ‘candle’ < Pr. v. licht ‘the same’; mėzeris ‘pestle’ <Pr. v. mêser ‘the same’; purvelis ‘a piece of crushed cloth for striking a fire’ < Pr. v. Pulver ‘the same’; spinda, spinta ‘cupboard’ < Pr. v. spind ‘the same’. In the dictionaries of East Prussia, alongside many loanwords from German, synonyms are also found. This means that Germanisms were used not only to name unfamiliar objects, but that a loanword—a synonym—often appeared alongside a native word; sometimes it even replaced the native word. Many such synonyms are recorded in the dictionaries of P. Ruigys and K. G. Milkus. The following are household-item names of German origin recorded in their dictionaries, together with the synonyms listed alongside them: bėkis – washbasin, praustuvís, washbasin (R II 54, MŽ II 72); blásas – vessel, barrel, bósas (R II 134, MŽ II 176), tub (MŽ II 176); cápas – váģis, vóbe (R II 409; MŽ II 551); dėršlakas – chisel, strainer (R II 107, MŽ II 140); kárbas – distaff, distaff, rántas (R II 222, MŽ II 295); klyderberštė – brush for scrubbing clothes (R II 225, MŽ II 300), klyderberštis (R II 221); klucus, klocus – block (MŽ II 103, R II 78), kulbė (R II 226, MŽ II 302); krágas – vessel, container (R II 162, MŽ II 215), kružikas (R II 233, MŽ II 311); kùcus – wooden ladle, small ladle, strampas (R II 228), vezdas, stripinys (MŽ II 304); kùrbas – basket, basket (R II 229, MŽ II 306); liktis – candle, lamp (R II 244, MŽ II 326); lódė – chest (R II 236, MŽ II 314); lystė, lysta – shelf, small shelf (R II 243, MŽ II 324); lùnta – wick (R II 248, MŽ II 331); mėzerkylis – pėstókas, tulmóčius (R II 259, MŽ II 346); páne – skauradą (R II 276, MŽ II 369); pučėrus – žnypślė (R II 90, MŽ II 118), žvákžnypślė (R II 244, 283, MŽ II 326, 379); purvelis – skiltuvnyčia (R II 139, MŽ II 183); rindà – prá kartas, édžios (R II 233, MŽ II 310), lovys (R II 293, MŽ II 392); ryyzeris – trintùvė (R II 289, MŽ II 387); riùstas – kratelis (R II 294, MŽ II 393); šùpelė, šùpelė – lápeta (R II 181, MŽ II 241), vetvklė (R II 407, MŽ II 548); šólė – blúdas dubùs (R II 301, MŽ II 404); šrópa – kastùvas, gramdyklė (R II 316, MŽ II 423); trikteris – koštuvis, varėnka (R II 355, MŽ II 475); vánė – gėlda (R II 392, MŽ II 528); vyģė – supyklė, lopšys (R II 402, MŽ II 541); basket – basket, small basket, wicker basket (R II 69, MŽ II 92). All the synonyms listed above were found in the German–Lithuanian sections of P. Ruigys’s and K. G. Milkus’s dictionaries. Only žvakė and lentyna are also in the Lithuanian–German section 35 in sections. Several Germanisms are sometimes listed alongside one another to name certain objects, e.g.: blōsas, bōsas; klucus (klocus), kulbė; krāgas, kružikas; lōdė, skrynė. The following borrowings have no synonyms: cōberis ‘a low wooden vessel with handles’, dėkis ‘cover, covering’, karticė ‘candle’, lampa ‘lamp’, mezeris ‘pestle’, spinda (spinta), spunta ‘bung, wooden stopper for plugging a barrel’, (hybrid) šėpkaūšis ‘ladle, scoop’, širmas ‘screen’, trōgai ‘stretcher’, vėrpelis ‘gaming die, cube’, vindas ‘spinning wheel, winder’, vogà ‘scales’. F. W. Haack’s dictionary gives no synonyms. Apart from the meanings of household-item names given in the dictionaries mentioned above, many of the same Germanisms are also used with other meanings in dialects or older writings, e.g.: bōsas ‘barrel, tub’ – ‘large goblet’, ‘beer glass’ NG 194; ‘bowling ball’ B 774, N; ‘burly fellow, fat man’ Vrnv; dėkis ‘cover, covering’ – ‘ceiling’ Klp, Šlu; kurbas ‘basket, wicker basket’ – šėrimo kurbas ‘feeding basket’ K I 481; snūkio kurbas ‘muzzle’ K II 49; bičių kurbas ‘beehive’ N, K I 239; ‘cage’ N, Jrk 190, K I 189, PVG 437; liktis ‘candle’ – lėdo liktis ‘icicle’ K I 365, ledliktis B 402, N, R II 117, Sch 67, KŽ; stogo liktis ‘the same’ K; ‘procession with candles, Candlemas feast’ N, [K], KŽ II 1323; lōdė ‘box’ – ‘grain-storage chest’ (liōdis in Eičių, Trg. r.); ‘beater of a weaving loom’ Iš, Vp, see LKA I 134; ‘trough of a chopping or leaf-cutting machine’ J, Rs, Mrj, Lkš, Gs, PnmA; ‘leaf-cutting machine’ J, Up, Btg, Čk; ‘device for chopping cabbage’ Trg, Krkl, Ps, Grk; spinda, spinta – spindà ‘well-sweep post’ Kair, Stč; vindas ‘spinning wheel, winder’ – ‘wheel of a spinning wheel’ Rsn, Šlu; ‘well sweep’ Srv, Klov, Jrb, Šd; ‘hoop for twisting ropes’ Lkš, Vdk; ‘device for lifting heavy objects’ Slv, Vdk, Ūd, Up, Vlkj, Vv, Stak; ‘pole for tying a cradle or something else’ Grv, Krs. Only four Germanisms for household items found in these dictionaries are now used in Standard Lithuanian: bōsas, the variant lėmpa, spinta and the variant širma, whereas many more occur in the dialects. About 30 Germanisms in this group are attested in the dialects⁶, 16 of them more widely. Bōsas, dėkis (dėkis Šl, Rd, Pln, Tl, Klm), lėmpa, lempà (lėmpė Prn), šiūpelė, -is are known almost throughout Lithuania. However, most Germanisms are found in the Samogitian and Western Aukštaitian dialects, e.g.: klūcas ‘stick, rod, cart pole’ Klm, Šil, Klp, Šlu, Pln, Tl, Šl, kliūcas Rs, Vrn, klūcis Akm, Krtn, Mžk, Pln, Skd, Šl; kurbas ‘basket, wicker basket’ Jrb, Šlu, Trg; rindà ‘trough made of boards for feeding livestock’; 6 The distribution of a Germanism (by district) is generally indicated on the basis of data from LKŽ, its card index, LKA, and dialect texts. 36 ‘trough’ Jrb, Mrj, Kn, Prn, Šk, VIkv, Rs, Trg, Šil, Šlu, Tl; vygė ‘cradle’ Jnš, Jrb, Mrj, Kn, Prn, Šk, VIkv, Klp, Šlu, Rs, Šil, Trg, Pln; vānė ‘large elongated washing vessel’ Klm, Rs, Šil, Trg, Šlu, vānė Klp, Jrb, Šk; viñdas ‘spinning wheel; winder’ Jon, Jrb, Mrj, Šk, VIkv, Šil, Trg, Šlu. About 10 borrowings from German in the group under discussion entered the Southern Aukštaitian dialect: pūrvelis ‘scorched cloth used to start a fire’; rindā, viñdas, vōga, vygē (Al, Lzd, Vrn), among others. Germanisms are least widespread in the Eastern Aukštaitian dialects: bōsas, dēkis (dēkis), lēmpa, (lempa), širma, šiūpelis, viñdas, vōga (vogà). Some of these may have arrived here through Slavic languages. These Germanisms have been recorded in only one or a few places (most of them in southwestern Lithuania): cāpas ‘barrel stave, bung’ Kp; cōberis ‘low wooden vessel with handles’ Mrj, VIkv, coberỹs Šk, VIkv; liktis ‘candle’ Lzd, VIkv; liōdē ‘box’ Šk; the variant liūntas ‘wick’; lỹstē ‘shelf’ Pkr; pānē ‘frying pan’; ỹvyzeris ‘grater’; hybrid šēpkaušis ‘large ladle, dipper’ Klp; rùstas ‘the grate in an oven or stove on which things are baked or dried’ Šlu; šriōpos ‘horse comb, currycomb, scraper’ Mrj, Kt, Jnš; trìkteris ‘funnel’ Jrb; vérpelis ‘gaming die, small cube’ Trg. r. The following borrowings are known only from Lithuanian dictionaries of East Prussia: bēkis ‘bowl, washbasin’; blāsas ‘barrel, tub’; fyrpanē, pyrpanē ‘frying pan’; karticē ‘candle’; kylikas ‘goblet’; klyderberštē, -is ‘clothes brush’; mēzeris ‘mortar’; mēzerkylis ‘tool for crushing or grinding something’; pučerus ‘tongs’; spūnta ‘bung, wooden stopper for a barrel’; šolē ‘vessel, bowl’; trōgai ‘stretcher’ (the latter is used in dialects with a different meaning: ‘a box made of slats, placed on a sleigh for sitting’). Almost all of them, except fyrpanē, pyrpanē, klyderberštē, -is ir pučerus, -ē, are also found in later nineteenth- and twentieth-century dictionaries (by Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselmann, Friedrich Kurschat, and Aleksandras Kuršaitis). In addition to dictionaries, the following borrowings from the household-item group are widespread in old writings: kragas BB, Lpn, K. Donel.; kucius K. Donel.; kurbas PVG; lampa BP, DP, PK, SD, VlnE, PVG; lampē BB; legēre K. Donel. Some of them occur in folklore: bosas JV, KlvD, Sim, Sln, PP; kraga, -as, liktis JV, KlvD; kurbas BsP, KlvD; vygē BsO, DvD, JD, LB; viñdas BsP, KlvD, Jrk, JD; žakas Jrk, JV, KlvD, RD. Many household-item names with the same root and meaning are also found in Latvian, for example: bekenis < OHighG becken (Sehw ers 1918: 143); laṃpa < OHighG lampe (Sehw ers 1918: 116), lunte < Germ. Lunte (ME II 514), duršlāgs < Germ. Durchslag (Sehw ers 1918: 117); liste, lists < OHighG liste (Sehw ers 1918: 153), legeris < LowG leggel (Sehw ers 1953: 70). Quite a few, as in Lithuanian, are used only in dialects, for example: mēzeris (Sehw ers 1918: 117), klucis ‘writing nib’ (Sehw ers 1953: 187), or are already almost unknown: kūze, kūze ‘ladle’ < OHighG kūse (Sehw ers 1918: 152), pučšēres ‘tongs (for candles)’ (Sehw ers 1918: 156). Some Germanisms are shared by Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian, for example: Lithuanian dēkis, Latvian dekis, Estonian tekk; Lithuanian kùrb as, Latvian kurvis, Estonian korw; Lithuanian pānē, Latvian pānna, Estonian pann; Lithuanian spūnta, Latvian spuñde, Estonian punn; Lithuanian vānē, Latvian wānna, Estonian vānn. 37 Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians learned from the Germans to make some dishes, tools, and other objects out of wood, brass, and sheet metal. According to J. Sehw, in most cases the Germans were not the inventors of these objects, but merely intermediaries of Western European culture. ABBREVIATIONS NG – Naujoji Gadynė, an LSDP journal published from 1906 05 18 to 1907 01 10 in Vilnius. PVG – Prūsijos valdžios gramatos, pagraudenimai ir apsakymai lietuviams valstiečiams, compiled by P. Pakarklis, Vilnius, 1960. Other abbreviations are as in the large Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. LITERATŪRA Alminauskis K. [1934]: Die Germanismen des Litauischen. Teil 1: Die deutschen Lehnwörter im Litauischen, Kaunas. Frischbier H. 1882–1883: Preussisches Wörterbuch. Ost- und Westpreussische Provinzialismen in alphabetischer Folge 1–2, Berlin: Verlag von Th. Chr. Fr. Enslin. ME 1923–1932: K. M ü l e n b a c h a Latviešu valodas vārdnīca, rediģējis, papildinājis, turpinājis J. E n d z e l ī n s, 1–4, Rīgā: Kultūras fonda izdevums. S e h w e r s J. 1918: Die deutschen Lehnwörter im Lettischen, Zürich. S e h w e r s J. 1953: Sprachlich – kulturhistorische Untersuchungen vornehmlich über den deutschen Einfluss im Lettischen, Berlin: In Kommission bei Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden. DEUTSCHE LEHNWÖRTER IM BEREICH DER BEZEICHNUNGEN FÜR HAUSGERÄTE IN DEN WÖRTERBÜCHERN VON F.W. HAACK, P. RUHIG UND CHR. G. MIELCKE Zusammenfassung Im diesem Aufsatz werden 45 Germanismen im Bereich der Bezeichnungen für Hausgeräte besprochen, die aus den Wörterbüchern von F.W. Haack, P. Ruhig und Chr. G. Mielcke gesammelt worden sind. Deutsche Lehnwörter treten in den erwähnten Wörterbüchern nicht nur als Bezeichnungen unbekannter Gegenstände auf, sondern sie stehen oft als Synonyme neben echtlitauischen Wörtern. Einige der in den erwähnten Wörterbüchern enthaltenen Germanismen sind in den Mundarten sowie im Schrifttum in anderen Bedeutungen belegt. Zu diesen deutschen Lehnwörtern sind wurzel- und bedeutungsverwandte Entsprechungen auch im Lettischen und Estnischen belegt. Litauer, Letten und Esten haben die Herstellung einiger Arten von Geschirr sowie verschiedener Geräte aus Holz und Metall von den Deutschen gelernt. Wie J. Sehwers dargelegt hat, waren die Deutschen in vielen Fällen nicht die Erfinder der betreffenden Geräte, sondern nur Vermittler europäischen Kulturguts. Nijolė ČEPIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Antakalnio g. 6 LT-2055, Vilnius, Lietuva El. paštas [email protected] Gauta 1999 03 22 38