Mikalojaus Daukšos „Postilės“ daiktavardžio linksniavimo tipų hierarchija (pagal „oksitoninių“ daiktavardžių paradigmas)

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XLIII (2000) Audra ZAVADZKAITĖ-IVANAUSKIENĖ Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius MIKALOJAUS DAUKŠOS POSTILĖS NUIMTAVARDZIO LIKSNIAVIMO TYPO HIERARCHIJA (pagal „oksitoninių“ genčių paradigmas) In 1977 Aleksas Girdenis and Albertas Rosinas drew attention to the fact that the order of the traditional Lithuanian nouns is “completely unmotivated and conditional, since it does not take into account neither the relatives of the nouns nor the similarity of the forms” (Girdenis, Rosinas 1977: 338). Thus, the study of noun conjugation according to conjugations is not useful from both a synchronic and a diachronic point of view: the interaction of different stems and the natural classification of conjugation types are not revealed. In Lithuanian grammar, noun conjugation is described traditionally, i.e. in the conditional order of five conjugations (LKG 1965: 210-230). In recent publications, for example, in Contemporary Lithuanian Grammar ('DLKG, DLKG, *DLKG), Lithuanian Grammar in English (Lithuanian Grammar 1997: 107-125), consonants are called stem names, taking into account their interrelationships and distribution by relatives. There are three types of conjugation according to the roots of the nouns and the similarity of the ending systems (Valeckienė 1998: 319-327). Thus, the noun conjugation system cannot be studied without taking into account the interrelationships of paradigms, which are precisely determined by the hierarchical grouping methodology. The reliability of the mentioned investigation method was proven by A. Girdenis and A. Rosinas, having established the hierarchy of noun conjugation types in the common language, the Žemaičių dialektas (Tirkšliai and Šaukėnai dialects) (Girdenis, Rosinas 1977: 338-348); A. Rosinas studied the conjugation of the noun in Simonas Stanevičius’ text in the same way (Rosinas 1994: 112-117). Therefore, according to the hierarchical grouping methodology, the paradigms of the noun Postila of Mikalojus Daukša were also studied. The research material was collected from Daukša Postila’s index-dictionary (Kudzinowski 1977), refined and compared with Postila’s text. All the forms of common and actual nouns used in Postila are selected and counted, but this article is limited to comparing the so-called “Oxitonic” noun paradigms’, except-! Unpronounced noun endings, especially in dialects (see Girdenis, Rosinas 1977: 342; Rosinas 1994: 114), may be abbreviated and have a different quality of vocalism than pronounced ones. These causes lead to various morphological processes, due to which the paradigms of baritone nouns of certain stems are intertwined. Therefore, the paradigms of “oxytonic” nouns are discussed first, 0 “baritonic” nouns of Postila are the subject of another study. 11 rus those cases where the required "Oxitonic" forms are not recorded in the text. In addition, the masculine and feminine noun paradigms are distinguished. “Oxitonic” nouns of M. Daukša Postila are conjugated as follows*: o kamienas io kamienas V. diėwas namai kėles keléi K. diéwo home raises the roads N. diėwui namamus krauiui kelamus G. diéwa namus kéla kelus In. Diewt namais kelū kelčis Vt. Diewė namūlė kelé krauiūlė iio kamienas a kamienas V. [opulis [opulei diena diėnos K. [6pulio [opuly dienos dienų N. wed3iui [opulamus dienai dienomus G. [opulj [6pulus diéna dienas In. [6pulu geiduléis diena dienomis Vt. [opuliié [opultfe dienoié dienosé ia kamienas ¢ kamienas V. *marti®, wieBpati kdnc3ios garbé garbes K. marc3iés kanc3ig garbės gie[miy N. kanc3zei kanc3iomus garbei giminėmus G. marc3ia kanczias garbę garbės In. kancžia kąnc3iomis garbė garbemis Vt. kancžioiė kąncziolė garbeié gie[melia i kamienas i. kamienas V. wagis wagis eye to eye K. wagies wagius eye eye N. krikBc3i6ni wagimus aki akimūs G. wagį wagis akj akis In. wagimi krikBc3ionimis akimi akimis See debeliié krikBc3ionilia akiié akile * Examples are given in the spelling of M. Daukša Postilés. 3 Star-marked are the forms of the verbs not recorded in the text, but reconstructed according to Postila's verb system. 12 u stem iu stem V. Tunas [Gnus wailiūs wailigs K. [unaus sina wailiaus wailių N. [nui funūmus karaliui karalumus G. [Gnu [Gnus wailiy wailiūs In. funūmi [Gnumis waifiumi karalumis Vt. [Gnuie [ynulé¢ waifiuia wailiūsč C_ stem C, stem V. piemū shepherd's daughter shepherd's daughters shepherd's daughters N. piėmęni piėmenimus dūktėri duktėrimus G. piėmenį piėmis dūkterį dūkteris In. piemenimis piemenimis dokterimi [¢[lerimis See piemeniie wandenile *dukteriie moterile The natural classification of conjugation types and the hierarchy between them is determined not only by the relatives of the nouns, but also by the similarity of the conjugation types. In this case, the most reliable criterion is the frequency of converging extremities in the comparable paradigms. In examining the paradigms of M. Daukša's Postila noun, both identical endings and endings of phonetic variants differing in phonological change a: €, a: ė and having systemic abbreviation were considered identical, for example, Postila's (i)o, iio, (i)a, i. stems plural user: namdmus and alkinimams, dūPiomus and dufioms', gentimus and deBimtims, etc. The limbs were not divided into a stem and a "real" limb. For example, the nouns diend and garbė coincide in the paradigms by 5 vowels, thus the indicator of similarity (m) of these paradigms would be equal to 5. Counting the coinciding endings in the comparable paradigms of Postiles nouns and considering the resulting numbers as similarity indices of conjugation types proved inaccurate: first, the plural genitive ending is common to all comparable paradigms, second, the singular Postiles exclamator varies, depending on specific words, the plural form of the exclamator coincides with the nominative. For these reasons, the vocal and plural forms of the noun were not counted. Attention should be drawn to the differences in the frequency of verbs: after counting all verbs of nouns used in M. Daukša’s Postila, it turned out that the most common are singular pronoun (29.8%), singular noun (18.9%), singular suffix (17.6%), and the rarest — plural noun (1.3%) and plural pronoun (1.4%). This is due to the differences in the frequency of use (and in the weighting system). Therefore, in determining the similarity of the types of conjugation, a correction (p.) was introduced for each conjugation. The correction of singular verbs is a fraction, approximately equal to twice the relative frequency of the corresponding verbs in M. Daukšos Postila. The correction for plural verbs shall be equal to half the corresponding correction for singular verbs (see Table 1). Frequency data rounded up. 13 1 Table 1 M. Corrections to the similarity indexes of Postile conjugation types Singular Plural V. 0.50 0.25 K. 0,70 — N. 0.10 0.05 G. 040 0.20 In. 0,20 0,10 See 0.10 0.05 The corrections are added to the index showing that the ending of any of the verbs of the different roots being compared is the same. Thus, the similarity indices of the noun conjugation types of M. Daukša Postila were calculated according to the formula m I=m+ 2p, m — sutampanciy number of verb endings, p, — correction of a particular verb. Each of the three categories was defined as a different type of conjugation, which differed from each other in at least one conjugation ending. By binary comparison of the Postila noun paradigms, the results (see Table 2) showed that the following conjugation types can be distinguished: (i)o (diéwas, kéles), iio (fopulis), a (diena), ia (*marti), ė (garbe), i (wagis, akis), u (funūs), iu (wailiūs), C, (piemū) and C, (dukté). According to similarity they are arranged as follows: iu, (i)o, iio, u, Cs Ci é, ja a. Table 2 M. Similarity indexes of noun conjugation types of Daukšos Postila Types | (1)o 1i0 a ia € i u iu Cm Ci (1)o = 9,6 1.4 14 0 0 2.3 33 0 0 green — 0 0 0 2,5 2,3 3.3 2.5 2.5 a 12.1 4.9 0 0 0 0 0 i -4.9 0 0 0 0 0 i -0 0 9.2 9.2 6 = 1,5 0 0 0 0 u = 12,6 0 0 iu - 0 0 Cm — 12,1 Cr — — > A more precise relationship between the types of inflection is revealed by hierarchical grouping. The grouping procedures were carried out using the maximums method, i.e., after combining the most similar types, new classes were formed according to the highest of the previous indices. The hierarchical classification of noun conjugation types by M. Daukša Postila (see Figure 1) clearly shows that there were three main classes: 1) nouns of the wu, iu,(i)o, iio roots, 2) nouns of the consonant (C,,, C,) and i roots, 3) nouns of the ė and ia, 4 roots. All words of the first class are masculine, the second — both masculine and feminine, the third — almost all feminine, with such exceptions as Seneka, wargeta, /ūdjia, etc. to DP T L135 2 + | 25 3 == «3.3 a1" 4.9 5 ers 6 units yf 8 _. oo 9.6 9.2 10 — 11 —— 12 (126 12.1 p 12.1 a | 1 i ai Wu iu (io io C, CC 1 € ja a Figure 1: A hierarchical grouping “tree” of the noun conjugation types of M. Daukša Postilė Thus, M. Daukša Postilė’s nouns have three main types of conjugation: masculine, mixed and feminine. In the first there is a strong opposition between the stems u, iu (funūus, wailius) and (i)o, iio (diewas, kéles, fopulis), in the second — between the stems of the prefixes (piemti, duktė) and i (wagis, akis), in the third — between the stems of ė (garbė) and a, ia (diena, *marti). It should be noted that the o and io stems of the Postila noun do not form opposition — there are no consonants that separate them. In modern Lithuanian, the singular localis endings of these stems differ, for example, in name, but in the way, and in Postilas the forms of this vowel coincide, for example, diewé and kele. Thus, the nouns of Postila's o and io stems form one conjugation paradigm. Only the plural pronoun distinguishes the conjugation paradigms of the u and iu roots, e.g. /unufė (the old form of the u root) and waifliusė (the ending coincides with the plural pronoun of the (i)o paradigm nouns, e.g. namiifle, krauiūlė). Postila uses the singular noun of the noun wiefpati and other verbs, the singular origin of marc3ios singular suffix marc3jigą, so the singular ir noun of the latter noun *marti was reconstructed. The form of this vowel, as in current common language, only distinguishes the ia root paradigm of M. Daukša Postila from the @ root paradigm. In comparison with the corresponding “tree” of the present common Lithuanian language, drawn up by A. Girdenis and A. Rosinas (Girdenis, Rosinas 1977: 341), M. Daukša Postila’s hierarchical grouping “tree” of noun conjugation types is slightly lower. The postile conjugation types are more strictly differentiated by stems, 0 not by genera. This is shown by the type of mixed conjugation: the masculine nouns of the consonant roots, for example, piemti, are separated from the feminine nouns, for example, duktė (but feftt), only by the singular noun, and the masculine nouns of the i root, for example, wagis, and the feminine nouns, for example, akis, have a completely identical conjugation. In the present common language, it is different, i.e., there are both masculine and feminine conjugation types of consonant roots and i-root nouns. Thus, the differentiation of verb types according to relatives is a relatively new phenomenon. LITERATURE '"DLKG -Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1994, 68-81. *DLKG —Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996, 68-81. *"DLKG -Grammar of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Institute of Publishing of Science and Encyclopedias, Girdenis 1997, 68-81. A., Rosinas A. 1977: Hierarchy of noun conjugation types in Lithuanian language and its main trends of change (by general language and Žemaičių dialect data). —Baltistica 13 (2), 338-348. Kudzinowski Cz 1977: Index — reference to „Daukšos Postilė“ 1-2, Poznan: University of Poznan, 1977. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan. Lithuanian Grammar 1997, Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 107-125. LKG I-Lithuanian Grammar 1, Vilnius: Mintis, 1965, 210-230. Rosinas A. 1994: Hierarchy of noun conjugation types in Simonas Stanevičius’ texts.— Lithuanian Linguistics Issues 34,112—117. 1998: Functional grammar of the Lithuanian language, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing, 319-327. The hierarchy of substantival declination types in Mikalojus Dauksa's Postile (the oxytonic paradigms) Summary The substantival declination paradigms in Daukša's Postile are here classified according to the principle of hierarchical grouping. The paper focuses on the oxytonic substantival paradigms, of which a comparative analysis is given. 16 The declension types having been exhaustively classified according to the hierarchical principle, the existence of three fundamental types of substantives could be established for the language of the Postile: (1) masculine nouns, with a clearly marked opposition between u-, iustems on the one hand and (i)o-, iio-stems on the other; (2) masculine and feminine nouns, with a clearly marked opposition between consonantal stems and i-stems; and (3) feminine nouns, with a clearly marked opposition between é-stems on the one hand and ia-, @-stems on the other. The nouns in Daukša's Postilė can thus belong to a masculine, a mixed-gender or a feminine declination type. In Postilė, o and io-stems are not clearly opposed to each other, as there is no case form that would differentiate them. For uand ju-stems such a differentiating case form is the locative plural, for aand ia-stems it is the nominative singular. If we compare the substantive declination types attested in Mikalojus Dauksa's Postilė with those of the modern standard language, we see that they are still clearly differentiated according to their stems, not according to gender: this is shown by the existence of mixed-gender declination types. The differentiation of declension types according to gender is thus shown to be a relatively recent phenomenon. Audra ZAVADZKAITE-IVANAUSKIENE Received 18 December 1998 Lithuanian Language Institute Antakalnio g. 6 LT-2055, Vilnius, Lithuania 17