Lietuvių kalbos tikslo konstrukcijos su slinkties veiksmažodžiais

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLIV (2001), 201-225 Lietuvių kalbos tikslo konstrukcijos With directional verbs, purpose is basically expressed by the genitive or the genitive with the infinitive (which has taken the place of the original supine), or by the sole infinitive. Alongside the genitive, prepositional phrases also occur, e.g., with į, prie, dėl. In many cases there is a relationship of synonymy between an infinitival final construction (either consisting of a mere infinitive or an infinitive and a noun) and a nominal construction (genitival or prepositional). Several series of synonymous means of expressing purpose are examined in the article. Attention is also paid to the lexical restrictions to which they are subject. The situation in the dialects and in older writings (Donelaitis) is also taken into account, especially with regard to the use of accusative and genitive with the infinitive of purpose. 0. IVADAS 0.1. The semantic category of the goal consists of two different meanings: PURPOSE (i.e. the objective) and PURPOSE. Each of these meanings has a characteristic expression: the aim is represented by a nobleman — one or with a nobleman and one nobleman occupying the position of the nobleman (he went to the water, returned to get the key, went out to pick nuts), the purpose is represented by a user — one or with a user and one user occupying the position of the user (he has rye seeds, made a shelf to put books on, prepared a board to cross). In addition, the purpose with additional shades of meaning is also expressed in some prepositional constructions: in with the final (goed to the dance), prie with the nobleman (goed to the rye), za with the final (fights for freedom) and dėl with the nobleman (races for the first place). On the other hand, the purpose is also expressed by the subordinate of compound conjunctive sentences, e.g. : Send the children to pick berries. He opened the window to let fresh air in. For more information, see. Ulvydas, red. (1976: 884–889). 0.2. The choice of objective constructions largely depends on the main sentence (or word combination) verb. The article describes the constructions of the object, used with the scroll and the verbs close to them. The synonymy of constructions will be highlighted. Therefore, great attention will be paid to the lexical expression of constructions. 0.3.The aim (goal) originator (with the communicative) is joined by verbs denoting active, voluntary actions of the living subject: (a) scrolling (go, run, drive, fly, swim) and its interruption (stop, stop), (b) stimulation of the scrolling 202 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ “t. p.', send, lure, drive, lead, take "take with you', present "force something to do', accept "let in for some purpose- ", allow "send something for some purpose') or its refusal (stay, leave, remain), (c) change of the position of an object (ligh — to lie down, sit — to sit down, kneel — to kneel down, land — to land down, stand, bend, stretch out, reach). For more information, see. Ulvydas, red. (1976: 28, 168); Grenda (1965: 50 tt); Ambrazas, ed. (1997: 551); 1998: 112, 203. 0.4. Valentingumo tyrimuose veiksmažodžių klausti (kelio), prašyti (pinigų), reika- (call, ask to wait (an answer), inquire (a book), search (a ring), search ‘t. p.' (the rich themselves) strongly controlled originator is considered finite, i.e. of goal value (Sližienė 1994: 23, 229, 349; 1998: 208, 290). 0.5.The verbs of the above mentioned semantic groups (movement, its stimulation, change of the position of the object) according to their valent characteristics first of all require the indication of the direction (DIR): the end point (AD), the starting point (AB) or the path (VIA), e.g.: go to the capital (AD), leave the house (AB), go through the forest (VIA). In addition to these, usually end-point constructions, constructions of the meaning of aim (goal) are well-compatible with these, i.e. they can both be used together, e.g.: (1) went to the capital to look around (2) went to the river to pick pebbles (3) left the house to visit. However, when the necessary conjunction (i.e., the local form — the directive) is not present in the sentence, it can be replaced by the construction of the object and the sentence remains structurally sufficient, cf.: (4) Die Kinder gingen in die Wald (nutteuten). (5) The children went to pick nuts. Therefore, the constructions of the goal are often used alone, without the indication of the location (direction). 0.6. There is another verb — zastaviti, pasilikti, which forms of words with the meaning of aim join next to the forms of the location (locative) (by the way, these may not be said or omitted), e.g.: (1) Passengers stopped (in the forest) to rest. (2) Grandma left (home) to watch the children. These verbs also have a shift semi in their semantic structure, cf. the definitions of their lexical meanings: to stop “flushing judéjus” *DZ 367, to remain ‘not to leave’? "D.J. 367. This allows them to join the forms of meaning of the aim. 0.7 The constructions of the meaning of the aim (goal) are also connected to the past participle form of the verb biti, used in a meaning close to the compound form of the transition, cf. : (1) I was in the forest cutting down trees/picking mushrooms. LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE PURPOSE CONSTRUCTIONS | 203 (2) I went to the forest to cut down trees. 1. KILMININKAS 1.0. Both concrete and abstract nouns can be used as the origin of the object. The lexical expression of the nobleman largely depends on his synonymy. 1.1 The objective origin of specific nouns is like an ellipse: next to it almost always (except in 0.4) there is an implied communicator. It can be reconstructed from context or language situation, e.g. : He went to the heap of firewood [to bring]. BK I'm going to get a doctor right away. JABL The gentleman came to the grove —he must return for the axe. TTS The Father sent his two wise sons to [find] those medicines. TTS Not enough homework, but still need to ride the family [hire]. ZEM went to the store for bread [to buy]. BK Calls me tea [to drink] —I go! ŠRAG As Jonas Šukys (1998: 114) has pointed out, “such implied communication is usually made up of various verbs with the meaning of transportation (parnešti, parvežti, parvežti- ...), often with an additional shade of meaning felt from the situation or context (gauti, paimti, nupirkti, pasiskolinti...)”. With certain noble verbs (to look, to search, to seek, to ask, to ask, to demand, etc.) one noble person is enough to mark the goal and the lack of communication is not felt, e.g.: ieško fernėčio žiedo žvalgosi pačios su kraičiu paklausė manęs kelio seniukas paprašė pašalpos jaunuolis siekė mokslo kaimynas reikalavo skolų katė tyko miškų However, the verb to look, depending on the context, can also connect the adjective with the communicative, e.g.: looking for a house to buy. 1.2 A separate group consists of nouns denoting the names of meals according to the time of eating at the relevant time of the day (moment- ). Most of them are ambiguous: buffet “1. early morning time. 2. the meal of the day' 3DŽ 635; lunch “1. lunch meal or feeding. 2. midday...” 3DŽ 553; vakariéné “evening meal’ *DŽ 906; lunch ‘1. time before noon. 2. meal before lunch’ 3DŽ 602; breakfast “meal before breakfast’ 3DŽ 602; afternoon “1. laikas po piety’ *DZ 576; ‘3. meal before dinnereg’ LKZ, 436; pavakariai “summer meal between lunch and dinnerés’ DZ 529; naktiečiai ‘eating of ancient talks at night’ DZ 413. 204 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ The origins of these nouns, used with the verbs of progress and its promotion, indicate the goal of the action. On the other hand, they can be replaced by the conjugation of verbs of the same root (as the above-mentioned nouns) (e.g.: pietūs — pavalgyti- ). They say, men from outdoor breakfasts are BIRDS. Sit down without breakfast (BOR). "Smoke Everybody's Gone, and Work Won't Be Done" (DS). We gathered for dinner, 0 jojo still not (VLKV). Dad's gonna bring lunch. NM Call the helpers nightmen. The whole family sat down for lunch. RS The noun can also be supplemented with the verb eat. In this way, a sequence of synonyms of three members is formed, e.g.: parjoja breakfast /pusryčiauti | breakfast eating susirinkome vakarienės | vakarienę /vakarienę valgyti There are several semantic groups of abstract nouns, the origin of which can indicate the purpose (goal) of the action: a) Names of rest time or rest state: atvasaras, miegs, atpūtis, gulēt “day rest lying down’, pokaitis “afternoon rest, gulēt’ *DZ 574, apypieté “1. rest after lunch, couchette' DZ 545, overnight stay “2. nakvojimas' DZ 413, naktigultas ‘t. p.) DZ 413. As we can see, most of the nouns in this group are verbs (or co-roots with verbs) and their objective originator is usually synonymous with the common noun of the respective verb, e.g. : At that time Tijūnėlis replaced the head of vacation affairs. Cv He went to sleep. Cv (e.g. Sigismund went to sleep. SALT) The Merciful Sister was released last night for rest. VENCL (Plg. The warm horses stopped to rest. K1K) Eat and get some sleep. VB (Plg. Pavalge went to lie down. KTK) Then Paciauska guarded when the eagles were sleeping. MAS Would you not accept a nightly? SIM (e.g. O merglės, mergužėlės jaunosios, ar priimsite kareivėlį nakvoti? TTS) The form of the pronoun pokaitis is not replaced by the corresponding communicative, because the meaning of the noun pokaitis is far from the meaning of the verb pasikaitinti, e.g.: vyrai atsigulė pokaičio (/*pasikaitinti), but this form is replaced by lexical synonyms pagulio, apypietės, perpietės, e.g. : Men overturned the bed. I had lunch and lay down afternoon | afternoon. Rest time names are said not only with scrolling and changing the position of the object LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE TARGET CONSTRUCTIONS | 205 verbs (go, lie), but also with state verbs (sleep, take a nap, etc.), e.g. : We all slept for lunch. GRD Child sleep shift. TRS Pogulio slept. OB I fell asleep an hour after lunch. In this case, the originator does not indicate the target, but the content of the state. The origin of nouns denoting rest states can be said with the conjugation of the intransitive verbs gulti (and its derivatives), as well as miegoti (and its derivatives), e.g. : Let's go to bed, we didn't sleep much. DKS King went to the garden to sleep for lunch. Simon The haycutter lay down by the stone to take a nap. The BSV Family lay down for a lunch nap. GRŽ The originator of these constructions (unlike constructions with transitive verbs) denotes the purpose (and not the object) of the communicative action, cf.: 1) išėjo pietų miegoti (miegos pietų — goal) 2) išėjo pietų valgyti (valgys pietų — object) b) The names of the grazing and rest periods of animals (rytūgonė “1. grazing livestock early in the morning. 2. keeping livestock in the barn after early grazing' LKZ, | 125, rytagonis "et. p.’, rytelis “et. p. "LKŽ, in 129, nocturnal "animals (e.g. working) grazing at night DZ 412, nocturnal 't. p. "LKŽ/, 518). These words are ethnonyms. Their use is stylistically limited. In the past, it used to be, on Pentecost morning girls až (for) shepherds protected by rytagones. In the early morning of the holidays, the girls used the so-called rytelio (rytagonės) to hunt the animals. RŠ In the evenings we played nightclubs. LB Somewhere there were grazing horses that had been released at night. RS Rytagonis eleven o'clock drove home. KB Go and tell the shepherd to drive the cattle in the morning. PN When it's hot, our livestock gets home from work. SLM Already parged cows for lunch. KTK Afternoons we would go home when it was warm. GL The nouns naktigonė, naktinė are usually used with the prefix į (respectively iliative), e.g. : I'm riding to the nightingale. DKS 206 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ You need to go to the nightclub. NMC c) Kas jūsų šiąnakt naktigonėn joja — tėvas ar Albinas? TRGN Names of holidays (usually religious: Christmas, Easter, Pentecost, Novena), as well as religious rites (mass, misparas, poterias- ), e.g. : Joe had just arrived for Christmas. The whole family gathered for Christmas. I'll drive to the village on Pentecost. BC The horse was tied to the pole and entered the mass. TTS (Plg. Already called mass. LNKV) In the town called potters. VIEN In dialects and colloquial language, these nouns are also used as a noun for the same purpose, e.g. : He would come home for Easter. Already called Mass RD. There are cases when the user is only used, e.g.: called the sum, the break, the lesson (not *sums, breaks, lessons). d) Names of various events, banquets, ceremonies, occasions (these are nouns, verbically related to verbs, e.g.: anniversary, graduation, welcome, graduation..., negotiations, meeting, conversation, tours, revision, rehearsal), e.g. : The whole brigade gathered for the graduation party. BALT Come to the rye harvest graduation. D) Every year he and other honourable citizens were invited to Karaliaučius castle for a beer dinner. RS (E.g. Come to the koštuves, beer after one foam, for the poor at least a drink. SRV) The theatre went on tour. He went out to do the audit (revision- ). We're going to a meeting today. The young man drank with the young woman. *DG 879 These target causes are not common. They have substitutes. In almost all cases, the preposition can be used in the construction, e.g.: susirinko išleistuvių / į išleistuves, sukvietė instruktažo | į instruktažą, išvyko derybų / į derybas (see į + gal.). In some cases, when the meaning of the derived noun is not very far from the verb, the genitive can be replaced by the communicative (and the preposition to construction), e.g.: vyšel na turné | gastroliuoti /į gastroles susirinko posėdžio | posėdžiauti | į posėdį išėjo derybų | derėtis | į derybas nuėjo konsultacijos | konsultuotis | į konsultaciją From this trinar's synonyms order, the preposition to construction is used most often, less often —kilmininkas. LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE PURPOSE CONSTRUCTIONS | 207 When the meaning of a derived noun is far removed from the meaning of its constructive basis (verb), the pronoun cannot be replaced by a conjunction, e.g. susirinko pabaigtuvių | į baigtuves | *pabaigti. Graduation does not mean the act of graduation, but the ceremonies associated with that act—a feast, a banquet. On the other hand, some abstract nouns can veiksmažodžio bendratimi, pvz.: išvažiavo revizijos (daryti), sukvietė instruktažo (išalso be used with the transitive listen), went for negotiations (to lead), went for consultations (to receive). 1.4.Separately mentioned are the verbs with verb nouns (mainly derivatives of the suffix -tynės, cf. 1965. pp. 295. (e.g.) : Marches: Let's march — who will go further and faster. Š GALETYNES: So what, buck, maybe we'll go galétyniy? SML (e.g. White and blue beasts cling galétyniy. RS) WRESTLING: Shepherds go wrestling. JABL IMTYNES: Don't you want to go with me imtyniy? BsMT. Imtyniy going, you need to go three times. SML (Plg. also: Let wrestling oxen JABL. Shepherds let oxen starvation. Kp) JOTYNĖS: Eisma, after bathing the horses, wrestling? Ds CAPOTYNES: "We like to go to a whip fight." Ds RACING: When the horse was riding, still with the winds racing went KREV. Don't race with a shadow. Ds SHOTS: "Come, we'll throw a throw-a-- round." SL (E.g. Boys, let's go to the lake, we'll go to the mestynės. Ds) RISTYNĖS: At the harvest boys would go to the mestynės and traukynės. Kids, let's go hide and seek! I'm afraid to go with you to the train. SDK VELTYNĖS: My father used to go felt ANTS. The Bernese went to felts, that is, trekkings. KRS BETTING: Let's bet: you'll see — I'll win. The compound to go bet has several synonyms: to cross bet, to make a bet, to place a bet (LKZ,,, 216). The following examples can be used to explain the difference between the two: If a player is in a position to win, he must be able to win the game, and if he is in a position to lose, he must be able to lose the game. On the other hand, the verb to go in these compounds is desemantic and indicates the beginning of the action, cf. eiti grumtynių ~ pradėti grumtynes | grumtis. Therefore, the parent of the compounds in question can only be assigned to the target parent conditionally. Page 208 | 208 2. THE PERPETUAL KILLER WITH HIS PARTNERS 2.0. The objective participle is more often used with transitive verbs, e.g. went to water the flowers (see laistys gėles). This construction in the sentence performs one semantic function — it indicates the purpose of the action expressed by the main verb — the object to be achieved and the intended effect on it (that object). In other words, there is an objective relationship between the elements of this construction. The objective genitive with the communicative transitive verbs is special in that the object of the communicative action Cia is expressed not by the usual ending but by the genitive. It depends on the nature of the syntactic connections of the construction (see diagram 1): 1 SCHEMA geliy went to water 7 The noun and the participle (each separately) are directly dependent on the main verb (see went to water + went to water), but there is also an objective relationship between them (see water flowers — will water flowers). Thus, the compounds of the conjugation verbs with the adjective and the conjunctive form a closed syntactic structure with bimodal syntactic relations. 2.1. The originator joins the association of relevant verbs of the recipient. 2.1.1. Verb combinations with the objective and conjunction according to the order of the elements form several patterns': (1) V —GEN INF: went /to cut rye (2) V —INF GEN: went/to harvest rye (3) GEN INF —V: rye crossing / went (4) INF GEN —V: cross the rye / went (5) GEN —V —INF: rye / went / harvest (6) INF —V —GEN: cross / went | rye The word order may affect the stability / instability of the construction (rearrangement of syntactic links). (1) V — GEN INF: V —intransitive transitive verb; subject —living being: The gardener goes to water the vegetables. MAS Just closed my eyes, and came to lift me. RM Soon I'll go to you to clean up. LZP Anupras smoked a pipe and went to the lamp to light the flame. BOR The young woman ran after another cherry to read the letter. Cv Goes the son-in-law of the mother-in-law to see if he has frozen. SZ. | Used Sie symbols: V —substantive verb (both transitive and intransitive), Gen (genitive) —pronoun, Inf (infinitive) —common noun. LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE TARGET CONSTRUCTIONS | 209 w Let him find a job and a room, and he'll fly over to get her. AvY7. He sat down and went out to catch fish. GRV came back to pick up stuff. We stopped to rest the horses. UT GEN INF also goes with intransitive verbs to prepare, when there is an end-point construction next to it, which signals the presence of an implied (or omitted) transitive verb (it can be reconstructed from context or language situation), e.g. : I'm going to my hometown to celebrate Christmas. That morning he and his brother set out to the river to launch the boats. I am going to the market to buy seeds. The children set out to make a bonfire on the castle hill. In colloquial language, with the indicated verbs GEN INF is also said alone (without indicating the ending point), e.g. : Preparing [to go] bulby kast. LP However, in this position, it is more common to say the transitive verb komunitis with the adjective, e.g. : The hostess was preparing to welcome the guests. For the conjugation of the above verbs, see 2008; 29: 320–321. V — transitive verb for the promotion of movement: Invites to indulge in the warfare of strength. BALTR All the cities sent delegations to greet him. BALC And here you, dragons, soldiers, ordinary people, are left to be beaten by the same people. MYK-PUT Mother took everyone to the grooming room to show the grooming. VA1ZG Carrying a hammer to wash cups. 1.5 The director let me go for a couple of days to get things home. VENCL O Juozapėlis was brought to chop beets. PAUKST Left me to guard the house. CTK V —intransitive or transitive verb of change of position of the object: Pavakarotę sėdėdavo prie stalo valgyti vakarienės. VIEN [Joseph] sat down on the stump to rest and to light the pipe. LZP Stood up to preach. He lay down for an hour to rest his legs. KTK planted a guest to eat dinner. CTC stumbled children pottery talk. UT Stretched out his hand to open the door. This model is stylistically neutral and the most common. Page 216 | 217 3.5. For verbs with the suffix -auti, derived from the names of plants (uogauti), animals (peliauti), and more rarely other objects (eiduliniauti), the objective communicator can be replaced by the communicator of the transitive verb of the corresponding noun, denoting the ordinary action directed at the specified object: RINKTI: went out to pick raspberries | raspberry picking got ready to pick mushrooms | mushroom picking GAUDYTI: hurried to pick fish | fish picking went cat to pick mushrooms | mice picking IEŠKOTI: went out to feed | feed search HUNŽIOTI: went out to hunt hares / hare hunting, catching SKINTI: went to pick nuts /nuts picking, search go hares pick cabbage, collect BIŠTI: went out to sweep | broom binding By the way, these synonym lines can usually be supplemented with a communicator, e.g.: išėjo aviečiauti | raspberry picking /raspberry. This special form of the meaning of the goal is no longer used in common language, it has been replaced by the common language. “The word ‘siekis’ is now used only in the eastern and southern parts of the eastern Highland dialect and in the works of writers from this dialect (mostly as a certain stylistic means). It has been found throughout Lithuania. Even in ancient writings it was used not only by representatives of the eastern, but also of the central and western Altay dialects (M. Daukša, J. Bretkūnas, less often M. Mažvydas)” (Ulvydas, ed. 1971: 418). The aim is used with the same verbs as the purpose communicate: with the movement, its promotion, the change of the position of the object, and one more. The object of transitive verbs (as well as the communicative pronoun that replaced it, see 3.) is used with the object genitive, e.g. : We have breakfast and we go to the linen shop. When they were with you, they came and weed and bring anddenium. Si M Ažusuk would have a beer. PND Aisma, brothers, hay mowed. Ds came back to chop eat. VA1ZG All jumped locked doors, their property hidden. BIL Skubinas like a lazy work would work. Sv Perform rye harvest. JABL Even at the age of nine, they already drove out the road repairers. GUD-GUZ Don't feed the wolf's sheep. DKK Everyone was frightened and, without thinking, pushed Katrę to take the bério out of the strange part. SHE HAS INVITED KUNOT... TO TASTE THE GREEN MEAD, TO LISTEN TO THE OLD WAIDYLA. In the spring, she was released to goose grazing. WINE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE PURPOSE CONSTRUCTIONS | 217 Having no more livelihood, he went back to the sheepfolBeje, pastaruoju atveju bendrinėje kalboje vartojama bendratis ne su kilmininku, o ds. BM with a backward participle, e.g. took up grazing sheep. On the other hand, ir su sickle (as ir su transitive verb in communicative form, see 2.4.) Instead of a noun, a suffix is sometimes used, e.g.: I'll go get a stick, I'll go mow the hay. KTV [Bielinis] ran a lamb from summer- 's farms. VIEN The aim of intransitive verbs, e.g. : We'll have to run away like fish. VAIZG Tomorrow it will be nice weather, it is a chance to (v)pick berries and mushrooms. PNM The next day the mercenaries gathered to sit down. WINE [Podziunas] lay down on the couch to rest. VIEN [Joniuka] will have to let the shepherds. BIL Once he asked for mergaitė crankshafts. JABL The men got tired of going to the green forest. KRĖV 5. APPENDICES CONSTRUCTION 5.0. In certain cases, the purpose Some prepositional constructioir ns can indicate (target): (1) in with the finalis: Sons went hunting. (2) to the su nobleman: The family went to the rye. (3) for with the nobleman: Father came for the son. The meaning of the first two constructions (in with the adjective and at with the pronoun) is emphasized by certain lexical terms next to their main meaning of the endpoint. And the meaning of the preposition for the purpose of constructions is related to the basic meaning of the cause. 5.1. The target is marked WITH THE END. 5.1.1. Verbs in terms of valency į su in the sentence of the construction can completely replace the valence satellite —the directional construction (see Sližienė 1994: 31). Therefore, it is rarely used alongside directional constructions, e.g. : He went to Duset for a horse race. On Sunday we will go to the castle hill in May. 5.1.2. Į constructions denoting a purpose, used with the same su verbs as the originator ir (in conversatisu on): scroll (see section 4.4). 0.3a), its promotion (see section 4.4). 0.3b) also ir with the verbs take (for hunting), receive (for guarding- ), give (for recruiting). However, they are not used in verbs that su change the position of an object (plg. 0.3c), as well as with the verbs to stop, (to) stay. 5.1.3. Objective constructions are usually made with verb nouns su (abstracts of verbs), less often — su other abstract nouns (lazas, punishing, imprisonment, may). 218 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ 5.1.4. Some prepositional objective į constructions can be replaced by a corresponding generality with a more generalized objective meaning. The following examples illustrate the construction su of į prepositions: Su Andriumi often į goes hunting ir Kate. Cv Urte will be surprised that she will have to go on į duty today. SIMON The bear ordered the hare to į return the guard. MAS When they į were riding in war, they sounded long trumpets. IVAN The next night, secretly climbing out of the į window, they go dancing. BIRDS Then he sat on his horse and ir embarkį ed on a journey. GD I need to eat to go to work. ir į Pc When they į grew up and returned from the night, the young ne sparrows already listened to tales... MAS The lonely, ir despondent, hot people did not dare į to go to rest. SIMON Don't tell your brother that mom told you ir jį call for a į rally. PAUKST His į father helps him out. Cv The verbs of the same root are used with ir a similar meaning: goes to hunt, rides to serve, returned to guard, rides to war, goes to dance, etc. ir 5.1.5. Prepositional į constructions, made up of verb su nouns, denoting the actions themselves, ne related rites, feasts and o su other events that are held ar į (see section 4.4). Ambrazas, red. 1997: 144), usually irreplaceable by the objective communicative, e.g. : Alksnienė went to į the wedding (/*vesti). PAUKŠT Invited į neighbors to the founding party (/*establish). RŠ All those births į gathered, then the father chose the cows. SŽ Po 1-2 weeks, the girls’ parents would invite į them back to get to know the su husband’s parents’ life. RS Waiting for the day, waiting for the second, third day the earth — shook this old father-in-- į law reviews came back. KRĖV (Plg. more: Here everything agrees asks that ir parents come for reviews. Lp) Father went to į the meeting (/*to assemble). The student returned to į teach). (/* Generally, prepositional constructioį ns cannot be replaced by a general object if the noun has a preposition, jų e.g. : He ordered the landless ir cowboys to į hold an important meeting. CV Artists gathered į for a general rehearsal. Cv [They] had also come į šį a banquet. VENCL I put the boy in the big car. JD I can go out some į grand constructions. JACIN His son was į called into military service. RŠ Only occasionally do extended prepositional constructioį ns occur, which can be replaced by a communicatively dependent su word, e.g.: odchádza ďaleko loviť.) ENGLISH LANGUAGE TARGET CONSTRUCTIONS | 219 Ships go for long-distance fishing. RiMK (Plg. When a noun goes with a pronoun denoting the object of action, the construction canreplace the pronoun with a communicative, e.g. : ma su The men went out to hunt wild boar | wild boar hunting. 5.1.6. It is also used in constructions formed with certain abstract nouns of non-verbal origin, e.g. : There was some lightness on everyone’s faces, as if they had gathered in May. CV I walked į away, my hair from my head. VLKJ Dabar himself goes to the baron's house to play. SIMON 5.1.7. A similar shade of purpose can be seen in sentences with nouns ir denoting su specific objects, used to describe actions related to those objects, e.g. : You need to go to the mushrooms early. SKD (E.g. need to go mushroom picking.) We went to berries last year. Nv (Plg. we went to pick berries.) KAIR (e.g. we're going to get blue.) Such sayings are typical of dialects. 5.1.8. In dialects where the preposition in with the suffix is used instead of the illative, this vowel is said to mark the purpose, e.g. : You can call all the sodas talkon |[i.e. to the talk) to write. LP I needed you for the night. NMC After removing the fur from the bitter, he dressed the older son for the night. BALT Who is riding tonight, your father or Albin? TRGN Adopted jį naktigultan. VRN They both wished him good evening and asked for a night's rest. SNER Ten neighbors in a row drive their cows out early every tenth day. RŠ My father did not like to visit, but still sometimes, at his father's urging, he would go to visit and get bored there. IVAN He made ready for the journey and departed. BSMT 5.2. The destination is marked BY WITH THE PRODUCTOR. 5.21. The meaning of the prefix to the object with the adjective in certain cases appears next to the main meaning of the endpoint, cf.: (1) The children went to the river (endpoint). (2) The women went to the hay (end point and purpose). 220 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ The meaning of the object is emphasized in cases when the noun does not denote a specific place (1), but an indefinite object (2). The latter construction can be replaced by the adjective of the object with a complement, e.g. : The women went to rake hay. The construction of the preposition to the object is thus a contraction of the noble with the communicative. It is used when it is clear from the situation that the intended action is directed at the specified object. On the other hand, the structure of the prepositional objective construction is complete: it cannot be communicated as the objective noun, cf.: (3) išėjo prie hayno (*grėbti) (4) nuėjo vandenį (atnešti) The prepositional objective with the objective can be used next to the final point constructions, e.g. : The women went to the brook for hay. However, the construction of the end is more often alone and replaces the valence consonant of the verb denoting the final point. 5.2.2. Constructions with nouns denoting certain objects (not places) can be replaced by a noun with a communicative function (by reconstructing the communicative function from the context or language situation), e.g. : The women went to the flax (i.e. flax spinning). BK Anelė put the jug back and, already alive, hurried back to her feet (i.e. to tie her feet). BALT Let's go to the rye today (i.e. to harvest rye). PLV Butvila sends Sviderskis to the heaviest trees (i.e. to cut down trees). Cv Elders ran from morning to night around the villages, wagging young and old to the stones (i.e. collecting stones). Cv Trudė, still a young girl, obediently peeled potatoes, here and there secretly running to her handicrafts (i.e. embroidery). SIMON I mean, maybe somehow... and in the summer we'll sit by the book (i.e. read the book). BALTR And when the day turned to evening, Anskis, like a real master, called the family to the books. SIMON Everyone sat down for dinner (i.e., to eat dinner, to have dinner). The meaning of the purpose is also felt in constructions made with nouns denoting living beings, e.g. : Nettle took me back to the pigs (i.e. to graze pigs, to feed pigs). JABL Go home to the children (i.e. babysitting). Goes to the horses (to the horses) (i.e. to graze the horses). IMB introduced Jonukas to the geese (i.e. to graze geese). In the cases discussed, nouns denote the object that will be affected by the corresponding action, e.g.: seděl u knihy /knihy číst — bude číst knihu. However, sometimes a noun can also indicate the instrument of an implied (intended) action, e.g. : ENGLISH LANGUAGE PURPOSE CONSTRUCTIONS | 221 Anne wiped her blurred tears and went back to the circle. BALTR The tailor sat down at the sewing table. BALT Equestrians are sitting at the cards again. Cv These constructions can be replaced by synonymic interaction with the noun, e.g.: grįžo prie ratelio (/spinti rateliu), sėdo prie kortelių (/žaisti kortelėmis- ). Expanding the construction with the corresponding communicative, the semantic function of the construction changes: it only indicates the end point, and the communicative denotes the goal, e.g.: returned to the wheel spinning; sat at the piano to play. 5.2.3. Sometimes the objective meaning is also given by the adverbs with abstract verbs. The most commonly used construction at work, e.g.: 1) The next afternoon, the teacher introduced the seniors to MAS immediately at work. 2) Nobody wanted to rush to work Cv. In the first sentence, pri with the noun can be replaced by communicative (prezental k delu / delu), and in the second sentence — v with the adjective (hurried to work / hurried to work). The general in this case should already have a content meaning (rush to work). 5.2.4. In dialects, the prefix to constructions also occurs with other verb nouns. And they can be replaced by a noble object with a communicative, e.g. : I was taken to the manor to cook (i.e. to cook meals). SKR Queen pri (pri) porodu (i.e. to supervise the birth) ordered the maid to name the second sister. ŠLV Go to the hymns (i.e. sing hymns). J Your son has been a bad student all year... so... we both drank and went to school (i.e. prepared for the lessons). BALTR 5.3. The purpose is marked WITH THE PRODUCTOR. Due to the construction of the purpose of marking with scroll verbs are rarely used, e.g. : I went to Felix for a gun. SA) When you come back, do not forget to come for yourself (i.e. for your own sake, for your own benefit). MIKEL First [Perkūnas] really visited because of the tape, and later because of the beautiful Vaiva. KRĖV I came for money (to consult). However, the use of the adjectives to indicate a purpose is broader: these constructions are also combined with other verbs of active action (to race, fight, compete, work, etc.), e.g. : The children race for a knife: whoever runs first will get the knife. sp The Order fraternized with the Swordsmen, but both competed for the Žemaičių region. ONE I fed the horse for a handsome one. They work like oxen all day long for a dry bread crust. Cv In general, del with adjective purpose constructions also have a shade of causal meaning. Page 222 | 223 6. CONCLUSIONS 1. Konstrukcijos su slinkties veiksmažodžiais, prie kurių skiriami ir slinkties skatiThe verbs nimo (to call, send) and changing the position of the object (sit — sit) denote the goal as the objective. The purpose in Lithuanian is expressed by a nobleman (one), a nobleman with a conjunct or one conjunct occupying the position of a nobleman (he went to bring water | to bathe). 2.The purpose can also be indicated by the construction of prepositions of a certain lexical composition: in with the ending of abstract nouns, usually verb nouns (goed naar de vergadering), in with the origin of nouns denoting certain objects (ging naar de rye, zat bij de boeken). In such cases, the meaning of the end point of the scroll, which is the main one for these prepositions, remains. The purpose is marked by a prefix for construction with a nobleman. They are used not only with scroll, but also with some other verbs of active action (to race for the first place, to fight for independence, to compete for land). The meaning of the goal often has a shade of the meaning of the cause. The central place in the system of means of meaning is occupied by the communicative – one and with the adjective, and the prepositional constructions form the periphery of that system. The objective originator of specific nouns can go alone and with a conjunctive. When walking alone, it can be considered elliptical, e.g.: went to water (to bring). In the case of abstract, usually verb nouns, the originator is used alone and can be replaced by the appropriate communicative, e.g. nuėjo pagulio | gulėti. One objective pronoun (without communicative) is used with the necessary verbs of this verb: ask (way), ask (money), demand (debt), inquire (news), seek (happiness). 4. Target constructions are related to each other by synonymic relationships. There are several synonymic rows, which include communicate —alone or with a nobleman: 1) communicate / nobleman (abstract verbs) (go to lie down / leg, lay down to rest | rest, gathered to talk | conversation); 2) communicative (from nouns derived verbs with the suffix -auti) /pronoun with the communicative of another verb, denoting the action of o6yminčio to the object ( went to lunch | lunch /lunch eating, went nutmeg | nuts /nuts picking, sent raspberry /raspberry | raspberry picking); 3) to communicate /in abstracts of verbs with the final part (if their meaning is not very far from the base verb) ( went hunting /in hunting, hurried to help /to help, returned to guard /to guard); 4) to nouns denoting certain objects (not places) with the adjective / the adjective of the same noun with a verb in the communicative case, denoting an ordinary action directed at the specified object (goed to the rye / to reap the rye, sat at the book / to read the book, sent the child to the geese | to herd geese); 5) pri with nobleman /companion with nobleman (when the noun denotes an instrument) (sitting at the wheel | spinning the wheel, sitting at the piano | playing the piano, sitting at the cards | playing cards). In the case of transitive verbs, the genitive is sometimes replaced by the adjective due to syntactic regrouping, e.g.: šel navštívit babičku / babičku. LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TIKSLO KONSTRUKCIJOS ABBREVIATIONS ANTS —Antašava, Kupiškio r. APUT —Juozas Aputis AvVYZ-Jonas Avyžius BALC —Juozas Balčikonis BALT — Juozas Baltušis BALTR —Aleksas Baltrūnas BIL —Jonas Biliūnas BK—a common language BM -Lithuanian dialects, collected by A. Baranowski... Leipzig, 1920. BokR —Kazys Boruta BRDŽ-Bernardas Brazdžionis BsG —Baisogala, Radviliškio r. BsMT J. Basanavičius. Shenandoah, 1898, 1902. BsV —From the ghosts and devils of life. Collected by Dr. J. Basanavičius, Chicago, 1903. BUBN —Vytautas Bubnys Cv —Petras Cvirka ČIURL-—Sofija Čiurlionienė-- Kymantaitė Dj —Daujėnai, Pasvalio r. DKK —Duodiškis, Rokiškio r. DkS —Daukšiai, Marijampolės r. DoNwN-Kristijonas Donelaitis DR —Darbėnai, Kretingos r. Ds —Dusetos, Utenos r. Dv -Dievėniškės, Šalčininkų r. *DŽ-Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius, 1993 ER Ėriškiai, Panevėžio r. GpD-Gadūnavas, Telšių r. GrL-Gelgaudiškis, Šakių r. GRD -Gifdiske, Šilalės district GRrDZ -Girdžiai, Jurbarko r. GRv —Gervetsy, Belarus GRŽ-Grūžiai, Pasvalio r. Gs-Geistarai, Vilkaviškio r. Gup-Guz-Aleksandras Gudaitis-Guzevičius IMB-Imbradas, Zarasai r. IVAN —Tadas Ivanauskas JAntanas Juška JABL-- Jonas Jablonskis JACIN — Leonidas Jacinevičius JD —Lietuviškos dainos 1-3, written by Antanas Juška, Vilnius, 1954. KAIR —Kairiai, Šiaulių r. KBKabéliai, Varėnos district r. KrvRKalvarija, Marijampolės district r. | 223 224 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ Kp —Kūpiškis KREV —Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius KRrs —Karsakiškis, Panevėžio r. KTK-—Kūktiškės, Utenos r. KTv -Kietaviškės, Kaišiadorių r. LB-Labanėras, Švenčionių r. LKZ -Dictionary of Lithuanian language LNKV —Linkuva, Pakruojo r. LP-—Lčipalingis, Lazdijų r. Lš-Liškiava, Varėnos r. LzP —Lazdynų Pelėda MAS —Pranas Mašiotas MIKEL —Jonas Mikelinskas MYK-PUT-Vincas Mykolaitis-- Putinas Nu —Kudirkos Naumiestis, Šakių r. NmMč —Nemenčinė, Vilniaus r. Nv —Nevarėnai, Telšių r. OB —Obéliai, Rokiškio r. OŽžKk —Ožkabaliai, Vilkaviškio r. PAUuKšT-Juozas Paukštelis Pc-Pociūnėliai, Radviliškio r. PLM —Palémene, Kaišiadorių r. Prv —Pilviškiai, Vilkaviškio r. PN —Panevėžys PND —Pandėlys, Rokiškio r. PNM —Panemunėlis, Rokiškio r. PNMR —Panemūnis, Rokiškio r. RD —Radviliškis RM -Ramygala, Panevėžio r. RS — found RT-Rietavas, Plungės r. SAJ-Kazys Saja SDK —Sudeikiai, Utenos r. SIMON —Ieva Simonaitytė SKD —Skuodas SKR —Skifsnemuné, Jurbarko r. SL—Salos, Rokiškio r. SLM —Salamiestis, Kupiškio r. SML-Smilgiai, Panevėžio r. SNER —Salomėja Nėris SP — press 1999. pp. 10. "Svedasai, Anykščių r. SZ —Stebuklingas žodis". Lithuanian Folk Tales, prepared by K. Aleksynas, Kaunas, 1985. LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE TARGET CONSTRUCTIONS | 225 Š—Dictionary of Lithuanian and Russian languages, compiled by J. Šlapelis, Vilnius, 1921 ŠALT— Saulius Šaltenis Srv — Šiluva, Raseinių r. ŠMN — Šimonys, Kupiškio r. ŠRAGŠatrijos Ragana Sts — Šatės, Skuodo district r. TRGN —Tauragnai, Utenos district TRš — Tryškiai, Telšių apskritis r. TTS — tautosaka Ur — Utena Uzp — Užpaliai, Utenos district r. VAIŽG-Vaižgantas VB -Vabalninkas, Biržai r. VENCL-Antanas Venclova VIEN —Antanas Vienuolis VrLxJ-Vilkija, Kaunas r. VLKV —Vilkaviškis VRN—Varėna Všv —Viešvėnai, Telšių r. ZEM Žemaitė LITERATURA AMBRAZAS, V. 1995: Development of communicative constructions in Lithuanian language. Lithuanian Linguistics Questions 33, 74-109. AMBRAZAS, V., ed. 1997: Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. BABICKIENE, Z. 1984: Words denoting the time of day and the meal eaten at that time. Language Culture 47,29-31. DUMASIUTE, Z. 1967: On the use of object circumstance constructions. Language Culture 13, 24-28. GRENDA, C. 1965: Verb combinations with object communicativeness. Kalbotyra 13, 29-54. LABUTIS, V. 1976: Management of direct object, objective and quantity originators. Our Speech 4, 4-10. PALIONIS, J. 1974: The use of supino in Lithuanian script monuments of the 16th-17th centuries. Baltistica 10 (2), 143-147. PIROCKINAS, A. 1972: On the use of genitive and dative with the common noun to express the purpose of the circumstance. Baltistica, Appendix 1, 131-134. SAVICIOTE, G. 1980: Predicates of purpose and predicates of causation. The Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Serija literature i jezika 39 (6), 539-548. SLIZIENE, N. 1994, 1998: Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary 1, 2(1), Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Šukys, J. 1996: On the Originators of Negative and Objective in K. Donelaičio "Metai". Language Culture 68, 49-56. Šukys, J. 1998: Lithuanian verbs and prepositions: use and norms, Kaunas: Šviesa. ŠVAMBARYTĖ, J. 1996: Definition and uncertainty and their expression. Language Culture 68, 39-49. ULvypas, K., ed. 1965, 1971, 1976: Grammar of Lithuanian Language 1, Phonetics and Morphology; 2, Morphology, Vilnius: Mintis; 3, Syntax, Vilnius: Mokslas. VALIULYTĖ, E. 1988: The Originator of Aspiration and its Synonyms. Language Culture 54, 30-36. Elena Valiulytė Received 20/03/2001 Lithuanian Language Institute Antakalnio g. 6, 2055 Vilnius, Lithuania