Lietuvių kalbos tikslo konstrukcijos su slinkties veiksmažodžiais

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLIV (2001), 201–225 Purpose constructions with verbs of motion in Lithuanian ELENA VALIULYTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius With directional verbs, purpose is basically expressed by the genitive or the genitive with the infinitive (which has taken the place of the original supine), or by the sole infinitive. Alongside the genitive, prepositional phrases also occur, e.g., with į, prie, dėl. In many cases there is a relationship of synonymy between an infinitival final construction (either consisting of a mere infinitive or an infinitive and a noun) and a nominal construction (genitival or prepositional). Several series of synonymous means of expressing purpose are examined in the article. Attention is also paid to the lexical restrictions to which they are subject. The situation in the dialects and in older writings (Donelaitis) is also taken into account, especially with regard to the use of accusative and genitive with the infinitive of purpose. 0. INTRODUCTION 0.1. The semantic category of purpose comprises two distinct meanings: GOAL (i.e., the thing sought) and FUNCTION. Each of these meanings has its characteristic expression: a goal is expressed by the genitive—alone or with an infinitive—and by an infinitive alone occupying the position of the genitive (went for water, came back to fetch the key, went out nut-gathering); function is expressed by the dative—alone or with an infinitive—and by an infinitive alone occupying the position of the dative (has rye for seed, made a shelf for putting books on, laid a board to cross over). In addition, purpose with additional shades of meaning is also expressed by certain prepositional constructions: į with the accusative (went dancing), prie with the genitive (went out to the rye), už with the accusative (fights for freedom), and dėl with the genitive (competes for first place). On the other hand, purpose is also expressed by a subordinate clause in a complex sentence, e.g.: She sent the children out to pick berries. He opened the window to let in some fresh air. For more on this, see Ulvydas, ed. (1976: 884–889). 0.2. The choice of purpose constructions depends to a large extent on the verb in the main clause (or phrase). This article describes purpose constructions used with verbs of motion and similar verbs. It will seek to highlight the synonymy among the constructions. Accordingly, considerable attention will be devoted to their lexical expression. 0.3. The genitive of goal (purpose) (with an infinitive) is selected by verbs denoting the active, volitional actions of a living subject: (a) motion (to go, run, travel, fly, swim) and its interruption (to stop, to halt), (b) the prompting of motion (to invite, to ask 202 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ ‘and so on’, send, entice, drive, lead, take ‘take along’, deliver ‘make someone do something’, receive ‘let in for some purpose’, let ‘send someone for some purpose’) or its refusal (meet, leave, remain), (c) a change in the position of an object (lie down – lay down, sit down – seat, kneel – make kneel, squat – make squat, straighten up, bend over, stretch out, reach). For a more detailed discussion, see Ulvydas, ed. (1976: 28, 168); Grenda (1965: 50 ff.); Ambrazas, ed. (1997: 551); Šukys (1998: 112, 203). 0.4. In studies of valency, the strongly governed genitive with the verbs klausti (‘ask’ (for directions)), prašyti (‘ask for’ (money)), reikalauti (‘demand’ (an answer)), teirautis (‘inquire about’ (a book)), ieškoti (‘look for’ (a fern flower)), žvalgytis ‘and so on’ (‘look around’ (for a rich wife)) is regarded as a finitive, that is, as expressing purpose (Sližienė 1994: 23, 229, 349; 1998: 208, 290). 0.5. Given their valency properties, verbs from the above semantic groups (motion, its instigation, and change in an object’s position) primarily require an indication of direction (Dir): the endpoint (Ad), starting point (Ab), or path (Via), e.g.: drive to the capital (Ad), leave the house (Ab), walk through the forest (Via). Purpose (goal-oriented) constructions also combine well semantically with these, generally endpoint, constructions; that is, both can be used together, e.g.: (1) drove to the capital to look around (2) went to the river to pick up pebbles (3) left the house to visit From the perspective of valency, purpose constructions with motion verbs are free constituents. However, when the sentence lacks a required companion (i.e. a locative form—a directive), a purpose construction can take its place, leaving the sentence structurally sufficient; cf.: (4) The children went into the forest (to gather nuts). (5) The children went nut-gathering. Therefore, purpose constructions are often used on their own, without indications of place (direction). 0.6. There are a few verbs—sustoti, pasilikti—that take purpose-expressing word forms alongside forms denoting a place of being (locatives); incidentally, these may also be unexpressed or omitted, e.g.: (1) The passengers stopped (in the forest) to rest. (2) Grandmother stayed (at home) to look after the children. These verbs also have a motion seme in their semantic structure; cf. the definitions of their lexical meanings: sustoti ‘cease moving’ ³DŽ 367, pasilikti ‘not depart’ ³DŽ 367. This is what enables them to take purpose-expressing forms. 0.7. Purpose (goal) constructions also combine with the past simple form of būti ‘be’, used with a meaning close to that of a compound motion form, cf.: (1) I was in the forest to cut trees / pick mushrooms. LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TIKSLO KONSTRUKCIJOS 203 (2) I had gone into the forest to cut trees / pick mushrooms. 1. THE GENITIVE 1.0. The genitive of purpose can be expressed by both concrete and abstract nouns. Its synonymy depends to a large extent on the lexical expression of the genitive. 1.1. The genitive of purpose of concrete nouns is somewhat elliptical: an infinitive is almost always implied alongside it (except in the cases of 0.4). It can be supplied from the context or speech situation, e.g.: He went to the shed for firewood [to bring some back]. BK I’m leaving for the doctor’s at once [to bring him back]. JABL The gentleman rode up to the edge of the forest—he must return for the axe [to fetch it]. TTS The father sent his two clever sons for those medicines [to find them]. TTS There is enough housework, and yet one still has to go about hiring household help [to hire them]. ŽEM He went to the shop for bread [to buy some]. BK She calls me for tea [to drink]—I’m coming! ŠRAG Kaip yra nurodęs Jonas Šukys (1998: 114), „tokia numanoma bendratis dažniausiai yra įvairių gabenimo reikšmės veiksmažodžių (parnešti, parvežti, pargabenti...), dažnai su papildomu reikšmės atspalviu, jaučiamu iš situacijos ar konteksto (gauti, paimti, nupirkti, pasiskolinti...).“ With certain genitive-taking verbs (to look for, to look around ‘the same’, to seek, to ask, to request, to demand and so on), a single genitive is sufficient to indicate purpose, and the absence of an infinitive is not felt, e.g.: is looking for a fern flower is looking around for a bride with a dowry asked me for directions the old man asked for assistance the young man sought education the neighbor demanded the debt the cat lies in wait for the mouse However, depending on the context, the verb to look for can also take a genitive with an infinitive, e.g.: looking for a house to buy. 1.2. A separate group consists of nouns denoting the names of meals according to the time at which they are eaten during the day (at a particular moment). Most of them have two meanings: pusryčiai ‘1. a time in the morning that is not early. 2. a meal eaten at that time’ ³DŽ 635; pietūs ‘1. a midday meal or feed. 2. midday...’ ³DŽ 553; vakarienė ‘an evening meal’ ³DŽ 906; priešpiečiai ‘1. the time before midday. 2. a meal eaten before lunch’ ³DŽ 602; priešpusryčiai ‘a meal eaten before breakfast’ ³DŽ 602; pó pietis ‘1. the time after lunch’ ³DŽ 576; ‘3. a meal before supper’ LKŽₓ 436; pavakariai ‘a summer meal between lunch and supper’ ³DŽ 529; naktipiečiai ‘a meal eaten at night during traditional communal work gatherings’ ³DŽ 413. 204 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ The genitives of these nouns, used with verbs of motion and verbs that induce motion, denote the purpose (aim) of the action. On the other hand, they can be replaced by the infinitive of a verb with the same root as the aforementioned nouns (cf.: lunch → to have lunch). They say the men are coming back from the fields for breakfast parjoja (PAUKŠT). He hasn’t even looked in for breakfast nespoksojęs (BOR). Everyone rushed off for lunch sudūmė, and there will be no one left to work (DS). We gathered for supper vakarienės, but he still hasn’t arrived (VLKV). Dad will be back for an afternoon snack priešpiečių. NM Call the helpers for a nighttime meal. DKŠ The whole family sat down to have a midday snack. RŠ The genitive can also be supplemented by the infinitive of the verb to eat. In this way, a three-member synonym series is formed, e.g.: comes back for breakfast / to have breakfast / to eat breakfast we gathered for supper / to have supper / to eat supper 1.3. Several semantic groups can be distinguished among abstract nouns whose genitive can denote the purpose of an action (a purposive): a) Names of periods or states of rest: atostogos, miegas, poilsis, pogulis ‘daytime rest while lying down’, pokaitis ‘rest after lunch, a nap’ ³DŽ 574, apypietė ‘1. rest after lunch, a nap’ ³DŽ 545, nakynė ‘2. spending the night’ ³DŽ 413, naktigultas ‘same’ ³DŽ 413. As we can see, most nouns in this group are deverbal (or share a root with verbs), and their purposive genitive is usually synonymous with the corresponding verb infinitive, e.g.: At that time Tijūnėlis substituted for the business manager who had gone on vacation (cf. atostogauti ‘to go on vacation’) . CV Jis nuėjo miego. CV (Plg. Žygimantas nuėjo miegoti. ŠALT) Sister Gailestingąją in the evening yesterday sent to rest. VENCL (Cf. The hundred little horses stopped to rest. KTK) Having eaten have a little nap. VB (Cf. Having eaten went to lie down. KTK) Then Pačiauska would watch for when the stork returns from its overnight stay. MAŠ Would you take someone in for the night? SLM (Cf. O young maidens, young girls, will you take the soldier in for the night? TTS) The form pokaičio cannot be replaced by the corresponding infinitive, since the meaning of the noun pokaitis is distinct from the meaning of the verb pasikaitinti, e.g.: the men lay down for an afternoon nap (/*to warm themselves), but this form can be replaced by the lexical synonyms pogulio, apypietės, per pietės, e.g.: The men collapsed for a nap. UŽP I had lunch and lay down for an afternoon nap. Names of periods of rest are used not only with verbs of motion and change of position LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TIKSLO KONSTRUKCIJOS | 205 verbs (to go, to lie down), but also with state verbs (to sleep, to doze, etc.), e.g.: We all slept after lunch. GrD The lad slept after lunch. TrŠ We dozed off for a nap. OB I dozed for a little while after lunch. Ktk In this case, the genitive marks not a purpose but the content of a state. The genitive of nouns denoting states of rest may be used with the infinitive of intransitive verbs to lie down (and its derivatives), as well as to sleep (and its derivatives), e.g.: Let’s go lie down around noon, we didn’t get much sleep. Dkš The king went out into the garden to sleep after lunch. SIMON The haymaker lay down by a stone to sleep a little at noon. BsV The family lay down to nap after lunch. GrŽ The genitive in these constructions (unlike in constructions with the infinitive of transitive verbs) marks the purpose of the infinitive’s action (not its object), cf.: 1) went out to sleep after lunch (will sleep after lunch – purpose) 2) went out to eat lunch (will eat lunch – object) b) Names for times of livestock herding and resting (rytągonė ‘1. herding livestock early in the morning. 2. keeping livestock in the barn after early herding’ LKŽXI 725, rytągonis ‘same’, rytelis ‘same’ LKŽXI 729, naktigonė ‘herding livestock (usually working animals) at night’ DŽ3 412, naktinė ‘same’ LKŽVIII 518). These words are ethnographic terms. Their use is stylistically restricted. In former times, it was customary, on the morning of Pentecost, for the girls, on behalf of the shepherds, to drive the cattle out to the morning pasture. Ds On holidays, the girls drove the livestock out early in the morning to graze for what was called the girls’ early-morning outing (morning pasture). RŠ In the evenings we used to ride out at night. Lb Here and there, horses grazed released for the night. RŠ In the morningwe bring them home at eleven o’clock. Kb Go and tell the herdsman to drive the livestock in for the morning grazing. PN When it is hot, they drive our livestock home for the early-morning grazing. SLM I have already driven the cows home for lunch. Ktk At midday we would bring them home,when it was warm. GL The nouns naktigonė, naktinė are generally used with the preposition į (or, respectively, the illative), e.g.: I’ll ride out to the night grazing. Dkš 206 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ We had to go to the night pasture. Nmč Who is going to the night pasture tonight, your father or Albinas? Trgn c) Names of holidays (usually events: Christmas Eve, Christmas, Easter, Pentecost, Corpus Christi), as well as religious services (Mass, vespers, prayers), e.g.: Juozas had only come home for Christmas. Maš The whole family gathered for Christmas Eve. Ktk They returned to the village for Pentecost. Bk He tied the horse to a post and went to Mass. Tts (Cf. They have already rung the bell for Mass. Lnkv) In the town they rang the bell for prayers. Vien In dialects and colloquial speech, these nouns are also used in the dative for the same purpose (to indicate purpose), e.g.: They used to return to their homeland for Easter. They have already rung the bell for Mass Rd. There are cases where only the dative is used, e.g.: they rang the bell for the service, the break, the lesson (not *service, break, lesson). d) Names of various events, feasts, ceremonies, and occasions (these are nouns morphologically related to verbs, e.g.: wedding celebrations, farewell parties, welcome celebrations, harvest-completion celebrations..., negotiations, meeting, conversation, tour, inspection, rehearsal), e.g.: The whole crew gathered for the farewell party. Balt Come to the end-of-harvest celebration. Dj Every year, he and other distinguished citizens were invited to Königsberg Castle for a beer-tasting. Rš (Cf. Come to the tasting; there is beer by the foaming mugful, and while tasting you will at least get a drink. Srv) The theater went on tour. Bk He used to go away on inspection (to conduct an inspection). Jabl Today we will gather for the meeting. Bk The young man used to go to his bride’s to drink wedding toasts. 3DŽ 879 These purposive genitives are not common. They have alternatives. In almost all cases, a construction with the preposition į can be used, e.g.: gathered for the graduation ceremony / to the graduation ceremony, summoned people for the briefing / to the briefing, departed for negotiations / to the negotiations (see į + acc.). In individual cases, when the meaning of a deverbal noun is not very far removed from that of the verb, the genitive can be replaced by an infinitive (and a construction with the preposition į), e.g.: departed on tour / to tour / to the tour; gathered for a meeting / to meet / to the meeting; departed for negotiations / to negotiate / to the negotiations; went for a consultation / to consult / to the consultation Of these three synonymous options, the construction with the preposition į is used most often, and the genitive less often. LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TIKSLO KONSTRUKCIJOS | 207 When the meaning of a deverbal noun is considerably removed from that of its derivational base (the verb), the genitive cannot be replaced by an infinitive, e.g.: gathered for the completion feast / to the completion feast / *to complete. The completion feast refers not to the act of finishing, but to a celebration—a feast or banquet—associated with that act. On the other hand, some abstract genitives can also be used with the infinitive of a transitive verb, e.g.: went for an audit (to conduct), summoned people for a briefing (to attend), departed for work (to lead), went for a consultation (to receive). 1.4. The constructions of the verb eiti with deverbal nouns (mostly derivatives with the suffix -tynės in the genitive, cf. Ulvydas, ed. (1965: 295)) merit separate mention, e.g.: RACING: Let’s go racing—whoever goes farther and faster. Š WRESTLING: Well then, godfather, shall we go wrestling? SML (Cf. White and bluish beasts lock horns to wrestle. RŠ) WRESTLING: The shepherds go to wrestle. JABL WRESTLING: Would you like to go with me wrestling? BsMT. When going wrestling, you have to go three times. SML (Cf. also: Let the bulls out to wrestle JABL. The shepherds let the bulls out to butt heads. Kp) RIDING: Shall we go,having bathed the horses, riding? Ds WHIPPING: We really like going whipping with a whip. Ds RACING: When he rode the little horse, the bay raced with the winds KREV. Don’t go racing with your shadow. Ds THROWING: Come on, let’s throw—whoever throws farther or higher. SL (Cf. Boys, let’s go to the lake and have a throwing contest. Ds) WRESTLING: Around haymaking time the lads would go wrestling and tug-of-war. Kp HIDE-AND-SEEK: Children, let’s play hide-and-seek! TUG-OF-WAR: I’m afraid to go tug-of-war with you. SDK WRESTLING: My father used to go wrestling ANTŠ. The lads used to go wrestling, that is, tug-of-war. KRS WAGERING: Let’s make a bet: you’ll see—I’ll win. KTG The expression eiti lažybų (‘go betting’) has several synonyms: kirsti lažybų, daryti lažybas, dėti lažybas (‘make a bet’) (LKŽVII 216). The genitives mentioned can be replaced by the corresponding infinitive, cf.: eiti grumtynių ~ eiti grumtis eiti lažybų ~ eiti lažintis eiti slėpynių ~ eiti slėptis Expressions with the genitive have a generalized meaning, whereas those with the infinitive have a more specific one. On the other hand, the verb eiti (‘go’) in these expressions has become desemanticized and indicates the beginning of an action, cf. eiti grumtynių ~ pradėti grumtynes / grumtis (‘go wrestling’ ~ ‘start wrestling / to wrestle’). Therefore, the genitive in the expressions under discussion can only conditionally be classified as a genitive of purpose. 208 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ 2. GENITIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE 2.0. The genitive of purpose is more often used with the infinitive of transitive verbs, e.g.: went to water the flowers (cf. will water the flowers). In a sentence, this construction performs a single semantic function—it marks the purpose of the action expressed by the main verb: the intended object and, at the same time, the anticipated effect on it (that object). In other words, the constituents of this construction stand in an object relation. The genitive of purpose with the infinitive of transitive verbs is distinctive in that the object of the action denoted by the infinitive is expressed here not by the usual accusative, but by the genitive. This depends on the nature of the syntactic relations within the construction (see Scheme 1): SCHEME 1 The genitive and the infinitive (each separately) depend directly on the main verb (cf. went for flowers + went to water), but an object relation is also perceived between them (cf. to water flowers → will water the flowers). Thus, combinations of motion verbs with a genitive and an infinitive form a closed syntactic structure with dual syntactic relations. 2.1. The genitive combines with the infinitive of verbs that govern the ACCUSATIVE. 2.1.1. Verb combinations with the genitive of purpose and the infinitive form several models according to the order of their constituents1: (1) V – GEN INF: went / to reap rye (2) V – INF GEN: went / to reap rye (3) GEN INF – V: to reap rye / went (4) INF GEN – V: to reap rye / went (5) GEN – V – INF: rye / went / to reap (6) INF – V – GEN: to reap / went / rye Word order can affect the stability / instability of the construction (the regrouping of syntactic relations). (1) V – GEN INF: V – an intransitive motion verb; subject – a living being: The gardener is going to water the vegetables. Maš I had only just closed my eyes when he came to wake me. Rm It will not be long before I come to your place too to put things in order. LzP Anupras fiddled with his pipe and came up to the lamp to light his pipe. Bor The young woman ran under another cherry tree to read the letter. Cv That son-in-law is driving over to see his mother-in-law, to find out whether she has frozen yet. SŽ 1 The following symbols are used: V – the main verb (both transitive and intransitive), Gen (genitive) – genitive, Inf (infinitive) – infinitive. LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TIKSLO KONSTRUKCIJOS Let her just find work and a room, and like a bird she will fly to fetch her. Avyž Having sat down, he rowed off to catch fish. Grv He returned to fetch his things. Ktk We stopped to let the horses rest. Ut GEN INF also occurs with intransitive verbs rengtis, ruoštis ‘get dressed, prepare’, when there is an endpoint construction nearby, signaling an implicit (or omitted) verb of motion (which can be recovered from the context or speech situation), e.g.: I am getting ready [to go] to my home region to celebrate Christmas. That morning he and his little brother got ready [to go] to the river to launch little boats. I am getting ready [to go] to the market to buy seeds. The children got ready [to go] up to the hillfort to build a bonfire. In colloquial speech, with the verbs mentioned, GEN INF is also used alone (without an endpoint indication), e.g.: We are getting ready [to go] dig potatoes. Lp However, in this position, the infinitive of a transitive verb with the accusative is more commonly used, e.g.: The hostess was preparing to welcome the guests. For the valency of the verbs mentioned, see Sližienė (1998: 297–298; 320–321). V – a transitive verb of induced motion: They invite the bridesmaids to peel potatoes at the wedding feast. Baltr All the cities sent delegations to congratulate him. Balč And here you are, having brought dragoons, soldiers, and ordinary people to beat people just like themselves. Myk-Put Mother led everyone into the granary to show them the dowry. Vaižg They brought the young wife home to wash the pots. Ls The director let me go home for a couple of days to bring my belongings. Vencl And Juozapėlis was sent to chop beets. Paukšt They left me to guard the house. Ktk V – an intransitive or transitive verb denoting a change in the position of an object: After spending the evening together, they would sit down at the table to eat supper. Vien [Juozas] sat down on a stump to rest and light a cigarette. LzP He stood up to deliver a sermon. Bk He lay down for a while to rest his legs. Ktk They seated the guest to eat supper. Ktk They made the children kneel to say their prayers. Ut He stretched out his hand to open the door. This pattern is stylistically neutral and the most frequent. 209 210 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ (2) V–Inf Gen: Once I worked for them and in the evening stopped by to visit the sick person. PAUKŠT [Baltaragis] went back into the parlor once more to see his daughter. BOR The marshal quickly announced that he would go to Lithuania to find himself a wife. SIMON [Jurgutis] ran home to look at his pigeons. MAŠ Everyone was talking; the bolder ones went up to deliver speeches. VENCL The queen sends a servant to buy apples. ŠŽ They called an electrician to screw in a light bulb. SP Day and night, the drivers drove crowds upon crowds to build the dreadful fortress. BOR Julė dragged him to the well to wash his feet. JACIN [Ančiulis] led [the teacher] to inspect the room. BALTR Barbelė stopped by, ostensibly to make a bundle. LzP [Tutkus] bent down to kiss her hand. VENCL This model is inverse with respect to the position of the genitive relative to the infinitive. The genitive’s postposition may be determined by the sentence structure: by the presence of a postpositive modifier (following the genitive) (a), or by the presence of several coordinated genitives (b): (a) She came to the window to hum a song about a sprig of guelder rose. CV In spring, Kadmó would go to the seaside to hunt young seals that had come ashore to bask in the sun. MAŠ (b) I went out to look at the fields, the river, and the meadow. PAUKŠT Models (1) and (2) differ in semantic emphasis: the first places greater emphasis on the intended object, with the genitive marking it appearing after the main verb, while the second emphasizes the intended action; cf.: (1) went to visit his grandmother and (2) went to visit his grandmother. The latter model lends itself to regrouping syntactic relations: the genitive following the infinitive can be replaced by the accusative, cf. went to visit his grandmother. (3) Gen Inf – V: It so happened that, from the evening, my mother came to visit me. AVYŽ Birds of Northern Europe head along the Baltic coast to spend the winter. IVAN They would go out to float logs downstream. CV They head into the dark, to the edge of the forest, to steal trees. DON In the morning, two went out hunting again, whilethey left Geležminkis to prepare lunch. ŠŽ (4) Inf Gen – V: Sent them to weed the garden. KTK The use of patterns (3) and (4) may be structurally conditioned by an interrogative sentence with the negation not, e.g.: Did they really come to buy a mill? BOR LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TIKSLO KONSTRUKCIJOS Did the children really run off to pick apples? Ktk (5) GEN – V – INF: I am rushing to bring some water. ĖR The barn door creaked—they went to check on the livestock. BUBN I will go to greet the new morning. BRDŽ (6) INF – V – GEN: Went out to inspect the fields. Ktk These patterns with verb interposition are rare, especially the latter one (6). They show that the genitive-plus-infinitive construction is separable and that its constituents are relatively independent of one another. 2.2. The genitive combines with the infinitive of verbs that govern the genitive. 2.2.0. With verbs of motion, urging motion, and the like (see 0.3), not only does the genitive combine with the infinitive of transitive verbs, but it also combines with the infinitive of verbs that govern the genitive (see Schema 2): SCHEMA 2 These combinations have the same syntactic and semantic structure as combinations with the infinitive of a transitive verb. Kilmininkinių veiksmažodžių nėra daug (žr. Ambrazas, red. 1997: 510). Be to, ne visi jie gali būti vartojami tikslui reikšti. Ypač dažnos konstrukcijos su bendratimi ieškoti, pvz.: [Vizgirdą] went out to look for the real culprit. BOR But sleep weighs not on my eyelids, and we went out into the steppe to wait for dawn… BALT We stopped by a cottage to ask the way. Ktk They sat down to listen to stories. VENCL He gets up earlier and has already been going for a whole month to study organ playing. CV 2.2.1. Purpose constructions also include verbs governing the genitive, derived from transitive verbs with prefixes, most often with pa-, at-, e.g.: Let’s hurry to hull some rye. MAŠ (Cf. hulled some rye, but hulled the rye.) You can go to the pine forest to break off some branches. SIMON 211 212 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ [Raiboji] realized, that it was a pepper, calmed down, and sent someone to get some water to drink. MAŠ (Cf. drank some water, but drank the water.) 2.2.2. Durable purpose constructions also consist of the infinitive of transitive verbs with the partitive (indefinite quantity) genitive (the noun usually denotes a substance), e.g.: Now we’ll go to buy some salt. ŠŽ (Cf. bought some salt and bought the salt.) I am rushing to fetch some water. ĖR (Cf. brought some water and brought the water.) It used to be great fun to go to the orchard and bring back some apples. IVAN (Cf. brought back some apples and brought back the apples.) [The snakes] would come to drink some milkfrom the same bowl as the children. IVAN Apie dalies kilmininką plačiau žr. Švambarytė (1996: 39 tt). 2.3. The GENITIVE position is occupied by a SUBORDINATE CLAUSE. The genitive position alongside the purpose infinitive can also be occupied by a subordinate clause of an appositional construction, e.g.: Trembling all over, Jurga ran up to the window to see (what?), what had happened. BOR And Viliukas ran off to tell Barkushow good Mommy was. SIMON Jonas stayed behind to waitto see where that fear would appear from. ŠŽ Plačiau apie tai žr. Ulvydas, red. (1976: 815). In terms of communicative content, infinitival purpose constructions are close to combinations of two verbs (one of them a verb of motion) in the imperative (a) or future tense (b), cf.: (a) Go put on your bast shoes. DON (Cf. Go to put on bast shoes.) (b) I’ll go bring some water. (Cf. I’ll go to bring some water.) The first form may be imperative, the second future tense, for example: Go pick me some apples. ŠŽ (Cf. Go to pick me some apples.) 2.4. THE ACCUSATIVE is also used instead of the genitive. 2.4.1. Although the purpose genitive with the infinitive of a transitive verb is considered standard in Lithuanian, the accusative is also used instead of the genitive (see Scheme 3). The paired constructions differ not only morphologically (one has the genitive, the other the accusative), but also in syntactic structure. The genitive (1) is directly related both to the main verb (we’ll go for hay) and to the infinitive (to rake hay) (two syntactic relations), whereas the accusative (2) is strongly governed by the infinitive-governing verb- LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TIKSLO KONSTRUKCIJOS 213 and has no direct relation to the main (motion) verb. Thus, a regrouping of syntactic relations has taken place. SCHEME 3 (1) we’ll go to rake hay (2) we’ll go to rake the hay It may be added that the status of this accusative has also changed at the level of sentence constituents (compared with the genitive): the accusative functions as an adjunct to a sentence constituent (the purpose adjunct expressed by an infinitive), rather than as a component of a complex adjunct (as the genitive does). 2.4.2. The use of the accusative instead of the purpose genitive is not new. The encroachment of the accusative began long ago: it is attested in 17th-century texts (Ambrazas 1995: 82). The accusative is used instead of the purpose genitive in some dialects as well: mainly in Western Aukštaitian and in parts of Samogitian, and less often elsewhere (Dumašiūtė 1967: 25; Piročkinas 1972: 131 ff.; Ambrazas 1995: 82; Šukys 1998: 204). Here is a set of examples from dialects: I’m going to tie up the cow (and the cow). Dkš (Marijampolė district) Father sent her to the market to buy heifers. Klvr (Marijampolė district) That man rushed to draw water from the well, and [and] both drowned. Grdž (Jurbarko r.) I picked one cherry; I’ll go and pick another. Skr (Jurbarko r.) In the evening, they sent the little maid to bring a bundle of tow from the pantry. Všv (Telšių r.) He would rush to the chair, onto the little tub, eager to speak. Šts (Skuodo r.) And she left that little girl to look after it. Ožk (Vilkaviškio r.) I sat down at the little table to read a letter. Plm (Kaišiadorių r.) You go drive the cart; you’ll get there faster. Bsg (Radviliškio r.) Such accusatives (with a purposive infinitive) occur in the dialects of the southern and eastern Highlanders, for example: The girl leaves the cakes to bake. Dv (Šalčininkų r.) We’ll go slaughter the ducklings. Šmn (Kupiškio r.) They sit down to examine the gangrenous leg. Balt In contemporary written language, both constructions vary. The genitive with the infinitive predominates. The accusative is more frequent in the writings of authors representing the western dialects (especially Lithuania Minor). For instance, in Kristijonas Donelaitis’s “Metai” (prepared by K. Ulvydas, Vilnius, 1983), the accusative clearly predominates. J. Šukys (1996: 55) has provided the following statistics: the accusative with a purposive infinitive accounts for as much as 87%, while the genitive accounts for only 13%. Let us give examples of the accusative with a purposive infinitive, arranged according to construction word-order patterns (cf. 2.1.). 214 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ (1) V – ACC INF: All at once they came swarming out to greet us in summer. 21 We are returning to revive you now.to revive. 105 And what is more, you have wandered off to trouble Lithuania. 106 (3) ACC INF – V: Flies and beetles, mosquitoes with a swarm of fleas have come upon us again to torment us in swarms. 21 But how strange it is that not one of the large crowd, weeping or sighing, came back to visit us. 22 He hurried down to the valley to catch something to eat. 22 For they too, every year,would journey here to visit us. 25 As our housewives do when, in wintertime, they sit in groups to spin. 38 To Königsberg he simply went to buy a scythe. 54 Since several of them had already gone with mushrooms to Königsberg to sell them to merchants and to buy somethingto bring back. 58 With the girls, somewill sit down to spin by the warm stove. 58 And we, as hired farmhands,have come together to work the fields. 60 jo žaizdas aptvert susirinko. 85 Not only Germans of all kinds came to see us, but also many Frenchmengathered to love us. 95 There, the little fox from afar shecomes running to visit. 116 Youurge [them] to hurry to sow vegetables in the garden. 39 (4) INF ACC – V: But both bears and wolves rejoiced, leaping about, andset off into the woods to tear something apart. 21 Likewiseto devour my soulkept reaching into the bed. 48 (5) ACC – V – INF: And the bristling north wind again comes rushing to foretell our fate. 90 The genitive of purpose with the infinitive is used only a few times, for example: And the women themselves, as required, hurry to pull the flax. 58 They steal the trees, making for the edge of the forest in the dark. 79 He hurried off at once with a gun to shoot crows, as many as needed. 99 It is possible that the predominance of the accusative here was encouraged by the influence of German, while instances of genitive use were taken over from a dialect in which these forms must have been used interchangeably. 3. INFINITIVE 3.1. With the same verbs as the genitive (with an infinitive), (0.3) a single infinitive is also used to express purpose, usually with intransitive verbs, e.g.: LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TIKSLO KONSTRUKCIJOS went out for a walk, gathered to discuss, stayed overnight, sent to inspect, released to serve, knelt down to pray, sat down to rest, got up to leave. Šešelga went outside to look around. BOR Holidaymakers plunge into the restless sea to swim. SP Today, Deveika’s little bees came out of the hive for the first time to bask in the sun. CV The grey horses stopped to rest. Ktk Stasiukas’s parents were building a new house and sent their son to stay with his uncle for a while. Maš Mykolas pakvietė atsisėsti ir virėją. Vien He led them, with the little chicken, to the pond to give it water. Maš The beasts of the forest were raising a family… the old bearthey seated in the middle on a stump to preside. Maš 3.2. Purpose can also be indicated by a single infinitive of a transitive verb (without a genitive) when its object is obvious or irrelevant, e.g.: The women sat down to spin. Call the family to eat. Sent the son to herd (cattle). The old man is leading the calves to drink. ŠŽ The daughter went to Vilnius to study. Nainys went out to smoke. Mikel There, I sometimes used to drive with my brothers to hunt. Ivan 3.3. The infinitive of purpose with certain verbs can be replaced by the genitive of a noun with the same root, e.g.: went to lie down / for a nap lay down to rest / for a rest stayed overnight / for the night / for an overnight stay invited [someone] to have lunch / to lunch / to eat lunch gathered to have dinner / for dinner / to eat dinner invited [someone] to dance / to a dance left to negotiate / for negotiations / to negotiations gathered to hold a meeting / for a meeting / to a meeting 3.4. The infinitive of purpose may be synonymous with an *į* prepositional construction expressing the corresponding lexical meaning, e.g.: went out to hunt / on a hunting trip went out to visit / to visit friends came to stay for a while / for a visit went off to fight / to war gathered to feast / for a feast went to confer / to a meeting 215 216 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ 3.5. With verbs ending in the suffix -auti, derived from the names of plants (uogauti), animals (peliauti), and, less commonly, other things (kiaušinėti), the purposive infinitive may be replaced by the genitive of the corresponding noun plus the infinitive of a transitive verb denoting a customary action directed at the indicated object: TO GATHER: went out to pick raspberries / to gather raspberries set out to pick mushrooms / to gather mushrooms TO CATCH: hurried off to fish / to catch fish the cat went to catch mice / to hunt mice TO LOOK FOR: drove off to forage / to look for fodder TO HUNT: went out to hunt hares / to hunt, catch hares TO PICK: went to gather nuts / to pick, look for nuts go pick wood sorrel / to gather, pick wood sorrel TO BE LINKED: went to make brooms / to bind brooms Incidentally, these synonym series can usually also be supplemented with the genitive, e.g.: went berry-picking / to pick raspberries / raspberries. 4. SUPINE This special form expressing purpose is no longer used in the standard language—it has been replaced by the infinitive. “The supine is now used only in the eastern and southern part of the Eastern Aukštaitian dialect area and in works by writers originating from this dialect (most often as a particular stylistic device). In the past, it was current throughout Lithuania. Even in old writings it was used not only by representatives of the Eastern, but also of the Central and Western Aukštaitian dialects (M. Daukša, J. Bretkūnas, more rarely M. Mažvydas)” (Ulvydas, ed. 1971: 418). The supine is used with the same verbs as the infinitive of purpose: verbs of motion, verbs inducing motion, verbs that change an object’s position, and a few others. The supine of transitive verbs (like the infinitive that replaced it, see 3) is used with the genitive of the object, e.g.: We have breakfast and go to strip the pine trees. ŠMN When she was at your place, she would set to work both to weed and to bring water. SLM Come over for a drink of beer. PND Come on, brothers, to mow hay. Ds The helpers came back to eat the slaughtered animals. VAIŽG Everyone jumped up to lock the doors, to hide their belongings. BIL The quick one like a lazy person to do the work. Sv Come to reap the rye. JABL And having reached the age of nine, he was already driven out to repair the road. GUD-GUZ Don’t send a wolf to herd lambs to herd. DKK Everyone grew frightened and, before you knew it, they pushed Katrė out to drive the bay horse from someone else’s land. VAIŽG Kunotas summoned them… to taste green mead, to listen to the old vaidila…. KRĖV In spring she sent her out to herd geese. VIEN LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TIKSLO KONSTRUKCIJOS | 217 Having no means left to live on, once again he undertook to herd lambs. BM Incidentally, in the latter case, standard language uses the infinitive not with the genitive but with the accusative, e.g.: undertook to herd the lambs. On the other hand, with the purposive form too (as with the infinitive of a transitive verb, see 2.4.), the accusative is occasionally used instead of the genitive, e.g.: I’ll go and take a scythe; I’ll go to mow the hay. KTY [Bielinis] ran off to drive the lamb out of the summer crops. VIEN The purposive form of intransitive verbs, for example: We’ll have to run off to the side to peck at something, like the fish. VAIŽG If the weather is nice, we’ll dash out to pick berries and mushrooms. PNM The next day, the hired hands gathered to spend the evening together. VIEN [Puodžiūnas] lay down on the sofa to rest. VIEN [Joniuką] it will be necessary to let him go tend sheep. BIL Once, the girl got permission to go mushroom-picking. JABL The men gathered to ride into the green forest. KRĖV 5. PREPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS 5.0. In certain cases, purpose (the goal) can also be expressed by some prepositional constructions: (1) į with the accusative: The sons went hunting. (2) prie with the genitive: The family went to the rye field. (3) dėl with the genitive: The father came for his son. The purpose meaning of the first two constructions (į with the accusative and prie with the genitive) emerges under certain lexical conditions alongside their basic meaning of an endpoint. In constructions with the preposition dėl, the purpose meaning is related to its basic meaning of cause. 5.1. Purpose is expressed by į WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. 5.1.1. From the perspective of verb valency, į-with-accusative constructions in a sentence can entirely replace a valency complement—a directional construction (cf. Sližienė 1994: 31). Therefore, directional constructions are rarely used alongside them, e.g.: They drove to Dusetos for the horse races. On Sunday we’ll go to the hillfort for the May festival. 5.1.2. Purpose-expressing į-constructions are used with the same verbs as the genitive construction (with the infinitive): with verbs of motion (see 0.3a), verbs of encouragement (see 0.3b), and also with the verbs take (hunting), accept (into the guard), draft (into recruits). However, they are not used with verbs that denote changing an object's position (cf. 0.3c), nor with the verbs stop, (re)main. 5.1.3. Purpose constructions are most often formed with deverbal nouns (verbal abstracts), and less often with other nouns of abstract meaning (corvée, serfdom, captivity, May festival). 218 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ 5.1.4. Some goal constructions with the preposition į can be replaced by the corresponding infinitive, which has a more generalized goal meaning. The following examples illustrate a construction with the preposition į: Kete often goes hunting with Andrius. Cv Urtė will be surprised that she has to go to work today already. SIMON The bear told the hare to return to guard duty. MAŠ As they rode off to war, they sounded long trumpets. IVAN At night, having secretly climbed out through the window, the girls go dancing. PAUKŠT Then he mounted his horse and set off on a journey. GD I need to eat and go to work. PC When grown and returned for the night, the young sparrows no longer listened to fairy tales… MAŠ Frightened and disheartened, the forest homesteaders did not dare go to rest. SIMON He does not tell his brother that Mother also told him to invite him to the communal work bee. PAUKŠT His father rushes to his aid. CV A similar meaning is also conveyed by the infinitive of a verb with the same root: goes hunting, goes to serve, returned to guard, rides off to fight, goes dancing, and so on. 5.1.5. Constructions with the preposition į formed with deverbal nouns denoting not the actions themselves but associated rituals, feasts, or other events to which one goes (see Ambrazas, ed. 1997: 144) are generally not replaceable by a goal infinitive, e.g.: Alksnienė went to a wedding (/*to wed). PAUKŠT They invited the neighbors to a housewarming (/*to settle in). RŠ Everyone gathered at those christenings, then the father chose the godparents. ŠŽ After one or two weeks, the girl’s parents would be invited to the return visit, so that they could become acquainted with their son-in-law’s parents’ way of life. RŠ They wait one day, wait a second, and on the third day the earth trembled—it was the old father-in-law riding over for the inspection. KRĖV (Cf. also: Here they agree on everything and ask the parents to come for the inspection. LP) The father went to the meeting (/*to meet). The pupil returned to the lesson (/*to teach). Usually, prepositional į constructions cannot be replaced by a purposive infinitive if their noun has a modifier, e.g.: He ordered the farmhands and landless peasants to be summoned to an important meeting. CV The actors gathered for a dress rehearsal. CV [They] also had come to this banquet. VENCL I sent the lad off to the great war. JD I can go off to some grand construction works. JACIN The son was called up for military service. RŠ Only occasionally do expanded prepositional į constructions occur that can be replaced by an infinitive with a dependent word, e.g.: LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TIKSLO KONSTRUKCIJOS 219 Ships set out on a distant fishing expedition. Rimk (cf. set out to fish far away.) When a noun occurs with a genitive marking the object of an action, the construction can be replaced by a genitive with an infinitive, e.g.: The men went hunting ermine / to hunt ermine. 5.1.6. A purposive nuance is also found in constructions with the preposition į, formed with certain abstract deverbal nouns, e.g.: A certain lightness could be seen on everyone’s faces, as if they had gathered for a May festival. CVNuž̌̌̌? Nuž̌̌̌? 220 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ The purposive meaning is clear in cases where the noun denotes not a specific place (1), but an unspecified thing (2). The latter construction can be replaced by the purposive genitive with an infinitive, cf.: The women went for hay / to rake hay. Thus the purposive construction with the preposition prie is, as it were, a condensed form of the genitive with an infinitive. It is used when the situation makes clear the intended action directed toward the object mentioned. On the other hand, the structure of the purposive construction with the preposition prie is complete: an infinitive cannot be added to it, unlike to the purposive genitive, cf.: (3) went for hay (*to rake) (4) went for water (to fetch) The preposition prie with the genitive, marking purpose, may be used alongside constructions denoting a goal, e.g.: The women went to the riverside for hay. However, the purposive construction more often occurs alone and serves as the verb’s valency complement denoting a goal. 5.2.2. Constructions with nouns denoting particular things (not places) can be replaced by a genitive with an infinitive (the infinitive being recovered from the context or speech situation), e.g.: The women went for flax (i.e. to pull flax). BK Anelė put the jug back and, feeling better now, hurried again to the feet (i.e. to bind feet). BALT We’ll go for rye today (i.e. to reap rye). PLV Butvila sends Sviderskis to the hardest-to-cut trees (i.e. to cut down trees). CV From morning until night the village elders ran around the villages driving young and old to the stones (i.e. to gather stones). CV Still very young, Trudė obediently shaved the former, secretly darting over here and there to her needlework (i.e. to embroider). SIMON I say, perhaps somehow... And in summer we’ll sit you down with a book (i.e. to read a book). BALTR And when the day leaned toward evening, Anskis, like a true master of the house, called the household to the books. SIMON Everyone sat down to supper (i.e. to eat supper, to have supper). ČIURL A purposive meaning is also felt in constructions formed with nouns denoting living beings, e.g.: Dilgėlienė took me back to the pigs (i.e. to herd the pigs, to feed the pigs). JABL Go home to the children (i.e. to look after the children). ŽEM He goes to the horses (to the horses) (i.e. to herd the horses). IMB They assigned little Jonas to the geese (i.e. to herd the geese). In the cases discussed, the nouns denote an object that will be affected by the corresponding action, e.g.: sat down with a book / to read a book → will read a book. However, sometimes the noun can also denote the instrument of the implied (intended) action, e.g.: LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TIKSLO KONSTRUKCIJOS Ane wiped away the tears that had welled up and returned to the spinning wheel. BALTR The tailor sat down at the sewing machine. BALT The stable hands sat down at the cards again. Cv These constructions can be replaced by a synonymous infinitive with the instrumental, cf.: returned to the spinning wheel (/to spin at the wheel), sat down at the cards (/to play cards). When the construction is expanded by the corresponding infinitive, its semantic function changes: it indicates only the endpoint, while the infinitive denotes the purpose, cf.: returned to the spinning wheel to spin; sat down at the piano to play. 5.2.3. The prepositional construction with prie and verbal abstracts sometimes also has a purposive meaning. The construction prie darbo ‘to work’ is most commonly used, e.g.: 1) The following afternoon the teacher immediately put the older pupils to work Maš. 2) Nobody wanted to hurry to work Cv. In the first sentence, prie with the genitive can be replaced by an infinitive (put to work / to work), while in the second it can be replaced by į with the accusative (hurries to work / hurries into work). In this case the infinitive would already have a content meaning (hurries to work). 5.2.4. In dialects, constructions with the preposition prie also occur with other verbal nouns. These too can be replaced by the purposive genitive with an infinitive, e.g.: They brought me back to the manor for cooking (i.e. to cook food). SKR The queen, about to give birth (i.e. to attend the birth), ordered the maidservant to name the second sister. Šlv Go to the hymns (i.e. to sing hymns). J Your son was a bad student all year… So… We scolded him and drove him to lessons (i.e. to make him prepare his lessons) . BALTR 5.3. Purpose is marked by DĖL WITH THE GENITIVE. Dėl constructions are rarely used to mark purpose with verbs of motion, for example: I dropped by Feliksas’s place for the gun. SAJ When you return, don’t forget to come for yourself too (i.e., for your own business, for your own benefit). MIKEL At first [Perkūnas] had certainly come for the sash, and later for the beautiful Vaiva. KRĖV I came for the money (to discuss it). KTK However, dėl with the genitive is more widely used to express purpose: these constructions also combine with other verbs denoting active action (race, fight, compete, work, etc.), for example: The children are racing for the little knife: whoever gets there first will have the knife. SP The Order fraternized with the Sword-Brothers, but both competed for the Samogitian territories. VIEN I fed the little horse for its beauty. KRĖV They work like oxen all day long for a crust of dry bread. Cv In general, dėl purpose constructions with the genitive also carry a shade of causal meaning. 221 222 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ 6. CONCLUSIONS 1. Constructions with verbs of motion, which also include verbs that encourage movement (invite, send) and verbs that change an object's position (sit down – seat), denote the goal as an intended outcome (a purpose). In Lithuanian, the goal is expressed by the genitive alone, by the genitive with an infinitive, or by an infinitive alone occupying the genitive position (went for water / to bring water / to bathe). 2. The goal can also be marked by prepositional constructions of a particular lexical composition: į with the accusative of abstract nouns, usually deverbal nouns (went to a meeting), and prie su with the genitive of nouns denoting certain objects (went to the rye, sat down at the books). In such cases, the meaning of a motion endpoint, which is the primary meaning of these prepositions, is also retained. The goal is also marked by constructions with the preposition dėl and the genitive. They are used not only with verbs of motion, but also with some other verbs of active action (compete for first place, fight for independence, vie for land). The meaning of purpose often also carries a nuance of causation. 3. The infinitive occupies a central place in the system of means for expressing purpose—both on its own and with the genitive—while prepositional constructions form the periphery of that system. The genitive of a concrete noun denoting purpose can occur alone or with an infinitive. When used alone, it can be regarded as elliptical, e.g.: went for water (to fetch it). The genitive of abstract nouns, usually deverbal nouns, is used alone and can be replaced by the corresponding infinitive, e.g.: went for a nap / to lie down. The genitive of purpose alone (without an infinitive) is used with verbs that govern this case: klausti (ask for directions), prašyti (ask for money), reikalauti (demand payment of a debt), teirautis (inquire about news), ieškoti (seek happiness). 4. Purpose constructions are related to one another by synonymic relations. Several synonym sets arise, including the infinitive, either alone or with the genitive: 1) infinitive / genitive (of deverbal abstract nouns) (went to lie down / for a nap, lay down to rest / for a rest, gathered to talk / for a conversation); 2) infinitive (of verbs derived from nouns with the suffix -auti) / genitive with an infinitive of another verb denoting an action directed at the same object (went to dine / for lunch / to eat lunch, went out nutting / for nuts / to gather nuts, sent someone raspberry-picking / for raspberries / to gather raspberries); 3) infinitive / į with the accusative of deverbal abstract nouns (if their meaning is not very far removed from that of the base verb) (left to hunt / for a hunt, hurried to help / to the aid, returned to guard / to guard duty); 4) prie with the genitive of nouns denoting certain objects (not places) / the genitive of the same noun with an infinitive of a verb denoting a customary action directed at the specified object (went to the rye / to reap the rye, sat down at the book / to read the book, sent the child to the geese / to herd the geese); 5) prie with the genitive / infinitive with the instrumental (when the noun denotes an instrument) (sat down at the spinning wheel / to spin with a spinning wheel, sat down at the piano / to play the piano, sat down at the cards / to play cards). Because of the regrouping of syntactic relations, the genitive accompanying the infinitive of transitive verbs is sometimes replaced by the accusative, e.g.: went to visit her grandmother / his grandmother. LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TIKSLO KONSTRUKCIJOS | 223 ABBREVIATIONS ANTŠ – Antasavà, Kupiškio r. APUT – Juozas Aputis AVYŽ – Jonas Avyžius BALČ – Juozas Balčikonis BALT – Juozas Baltušis BALTR – Aleksas Baltrūnas BIL – Jonas Biliūnas BK – standard language BM – Litauische Mundarten, gesammelt von A. Baranowski... Leipzig, 1920. BOR – Kazys Boruta BRDŽ – Bernardas Brazdžionis BSG – Baisógala, Radviliškio r. BsMT – J. Basanavičius. Lietuviškos pasakos... Shenandoah, 1898, 1902. BsV – Iš gyvenimo vėlių ir velnių. Surinko dr. J. Basanavičius, Chicago, 1903. BUBN – Vytautas Bubnys CV – Petras Cvirka ČIURL – Sofija Čiurlionienė-Kymantaitė DJ – Daujėnai, Pasvalio r. DKK – Duokiškis, Rokiškis District DKŠ – Daukšiai, Marijampolė District DON – Kristijonas Donelaitis DR – Darbėnai, Kretinga District DS – Dusetos, Utena District DV – Dieveniškės, Šalčininkai District 3DŽ – Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, Vilnius, 1993 ĖR – Ėriškiai, Panevėžys District GD – Gadūnavas, Telšiai District GL – Gelgaudiškis, Šakiai District GRD – Girdiškė, Šilalė District GRDŽ – Girdžiai, Jurbarkas District GRV – Gervėčiai, Belarus GRŽ – Grūžiai, Pasvalys District GS – Geistarai, Vilkaviškis District GUD-GUZ – Aleksandras Gudaitis-Guzevičius IMB – Imbrādas, Zarasai district IVAN – Tadas Ivanauskas J – Antanas Juška JABL – Jonas Jablonskis JACIN – Leonidas Jacinevičius JD – Lithuanian Songs 1–3, recorded by Antanas Juška, Vilnius, 1954. KAIR – Kairiai, Šiauliai district KB – Kabėliai, Varėna district KLV R – Kalvarija, Marijampolė district 224 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ Kp – Kupiškis Krėv – Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius Krs – Karsakiškis, Panevėžys District Ktk – Kuktiškės, Utena District Ktv – Kietaviškės, Kaišiadorys District Lb – Labanóras, Švenčionys District LKŽ – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language LNKV – Linkuva, Pakruojis District Lp – Leipalingis, Lazdijai District Lš – Liškiava, Varėna District LzP – Lazdynų Pelėda Maš – Pranas Mašiotas Mikel – Jonas Mikelinskas Myk-Put – Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas Nm – Kudirkos Naumiestis, Šakiai District Nmč – Nemenčinė, Vilnius District Nv – Nevarėnai, Telšiai district Ob – Obeliai, Rokiškis district Ožk – Ožkabalai, Vilkaviškis district Paukšt – Juozas Paukštelis Pc – Pociūnėliai, Radviliškis district Plm – Palomenė, Kaišiadorys district Plv – Pilviškiai, Vilkaviškis district Pn – Panevėžys Pnd – Pandėlys, Rokiškis district Pnm – Panemunėlis, Rokiškis district PnmR – Panemunis, Rokiškis district Rd – Radviliškis Rm – Ramygala, Panevėžys district Rš – writings Rt – Rietavas, Plungė district Sal – Kazys Saja Sdk – Sudeikiai, Utena District Simon – Ieva Simonaitytė Skd – Skuodas Skr – Skirsnemunė, Jurbarkas District Sl – Salos, Rokiškis District Slm – Salamiestis, Kupiškis District Sml – Smilgiai, Panevėžys District Snėr – Salomėja Nėris Sp – print Srv – Surviliškis, Kėdainiai District Sv – Svėdasai, Anykščiai District ŠŽ – The Magic Word. Lithuanian Folk Tales, prepared by K. Aleksynas, Kaunas, 1985. LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TIKSLO KONSTRUKCIJOS | 225 Š – Dictionary of Lithuanian and Russian, compiled by J. Šlapelis, Vilnius, 1921 ŠALT – Saulius Šaltenis ŠLV – Šiluva, Raseiniai District ŠMN – Šimónys, Kupiškis District ŠRAG – Šatrijos Ragana ŠTS – Šatės, Skuodas District TRGN – Tauragnai, Utena District TRŠ – Tryškiai, Telšiai District TTS – folklore UT – Utena UZP – Užpaliai, Utena District VAŽG – Vaižgantas VB – Vabalninkas, Biržai District VENCL – Antanas Venclova VIEN – Antanas Vienuolis VLKJ – Vilkija, Kaunas District VLKV – Vilkaviškis VRN – Varėnà VŠV – Viešvėnai, Telšių r. ŽEM – Žemaitė LITERATŪRA AMBRAZAS, V. 1995: Lietuvių kalbos bendraties konstrukcijų raida. Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 33, 74–109. AMBRAZAS, V., red. 1997: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. BABICKIENĖ, Z. 1984: Žodžiai, reiškiantys paros laiką ir tuo metu valgomą valgį. Kalbos kultūra 47, 29–31. DUMAŠIŪTĖ, Z. 1967: Dėl tikslo aplinkybės konstrukcijų vartojimo. Kalbos kultūra 13, 24–28. GRENDA, Č. 1965: Veiksmažodžių junginiai su objekto bendratimi. Kalbotyra 13, 29–54. LABUTIS, V. 1976: Tiesioginio objekto, tikslo ir kiekio kilmininkų valdymas. Mūsų kalba 4, 4–10. PALIONIS, J. 1974: Supino vartojimas XVI–XVII a. lietuvių rašto paminkluose. Baltistica 10 (2), 143–147. PIROČKINAS, A. 1972: Dėl kilmininko ir galininko su bendratimi vartojimo tikslo aplinkybei reikšti. Baltistica 1 priedas, 131–134. SAVIČIŪTĖ, G. 1980: Predikaty celi i predikaty kauzaciji. Izvestija akademii nauk SSSR. Serija literatury i jazyka 39 (6), 539–548. SLIŽIENĖ, N. 1994, 1998: Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžių junglumo žodynas 1, 2(1), Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. ŠUKYS, J. 1996: Dėl neiginio ir tikslo kilmininkų K. Donelaičio „Metuose“. Kalbos kultūra 68, 49–56. ŠUKYS, J. 1998: Lietuvių kalbos linksniai ir prielinksniai: vartosena ir normos, Kaunas: Šviesa. ŠVAMBARYTĖ, J. 1996: Apibrėžtumas ir neapibrėžtumas bei jų raiška. Kalbos kultūra 68, 39–49. ULVYDAS, K., red. 1965, 1971, 1976: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1, Fonетika ir morfologija; 2, Morfologija, Vilnius: Mintis; 3, Sintaksė, Vilnius: Mokslas. VALIULYTĖ, E. 1988: Siekimo kilmininkas ir jo sinonimai. Kalbos kultūra 54, 30–36. Elena Valiulytė Gauta 2001 03 20 Lietuvių kalbos institutas Antakalnio g. 6, 2055 Vilnius, Lietuva