Dvasininkų pavadinimai ir jų istorija

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLIV (2001), 189-200 Dvasininky pavadinimai Ir jų Istorija ALGIS RUBINAS Lietuvių kalbos institutas, Vilnius The article deals with the Lithuanian names for clergy, and their history. Among them, three layers can be distinguished: (1) older loan words, ultimately of Greek or Latin origin, but borrowed through the intermediary of other European languages (Polish, German etc.) and bearing traces of this mediation; (2) artificial loan words, created in recent times by adding Lithuanian endings to Latin stems; (3) loan translations created to replace words of foreign origin. 0. IVADAS Christianity came to Lithuania late, when our neighboring nations were already Christian. The old Lithuanian faith arose from the depths of centuries. It is as old as the Lithuanian nation and at the same time as the White people. During the proto-Baltic period, all the Balts spoke the same proto-language and had the same beliefs. The ancient Lithuanian religion was a religion of nature. Ancient Lithuanians worshipped gods, showing respect to fire, trees, the sun and the moon. When Christianity came to Lithuania, it was necessary to give up the old gods and rituals, and therefore the entire religious lexicon had to change, because the old pagan concepts were not suitable for naming the concepts of the new Christian religion. The old, pagan religion was regarded as a religion of demons, and therefore its rites and all religious concepts were abandoned. The old Lithuanian pagan vocabulary was pushed aside, and in its place had to come a completely new Christian vocabulary and new names, because neither the old pagan names nor the old pagan concepts were suitable for the new religion. A baptized Lithuanian received a new non-Lithuanian Christian name and had to participate in new Christian rites, which were unknown to him until then and of which he did not even know the name. It was necessary to name the most important rites and those who lead those rites, so the names of Christian clergymen and the main Christian concepts had to appear. This article will talk about how the names of priests appeared in the religious lexicon of Lithuanian language, because the names of priests were first encountered by a newly baptized person, so first of all it is necessary to find out what are the names of priests in the religious lexicon? How and when did Lithuanian names of priests appear? What routes could they have taken to come to Lithuania? How do they resemble the names of the priests of neighboring Christian nations and how do they differ? We will consider the names of the priests as the names of persons who have some kind of connection with God, and having a connection with God, they try to have that connection with as many people as possible. Most of this vocabulary 190 | ALGIS RUBINAS consists of persons who have any ceremonies or are lawfully admitted to the order of monks. Religious vocabulary came to Lithuania in two ways. Part of the religious vocabulary came through the neighbours, because Lithuanians had to interact with these neighbours in one way or another, encountered their languages, and more or less borrowed various words from them. The Germans baptized for the first time, and the Poles for the second, so it is possible that some of the religious vocabulary came through these languages. The other part of the religious vocabulary came through the works of theology written in church Latin. The aim of the article is to investigate how religious vocabulary came to Lithuania. By comparing the religious vocabulary of neighboring Christian nations, it will be attempted to determine where and when, under what conditions and how the Christian religious vocabulary entered the Lithuanian language. The main source for this article is the Lithuanian language dictionary and the old writings (catechisms, Bibles, postilla and old dictionaries). 1. OLD DEBT 1.1 Some names of priests have come into the Lithuanian language long ago, while others are new borrowings and derivatives. The pagan names of Lithuanian priests were not suitable for Christian priests, so the Christian religious vocabulary was borrowed from the nations that had baptized Lithuania. The Lithuanians were first baptized by the Germans, but this work of Lithuanian Christianization was soon interrupted after Mindaugas’ death. After the second baptism, which came through the Poles, the Christianization of Lithuania was completed. Along with the baptism, the first religious vocabulary borrowed from the Poles entered Lithuania. We call this old religious vocabulary old borrowings. This is primarily the case for priests with a degree of ordination. This would be a deacon, a priest and a bishop. First, it was necessary to appoint a priest, higher than the deacon and lower than the bishop, who was to maintain contact with the people and live near the church. He conducted services, preached sermons, baptized, married, buried, so people needed to know the name of the priest. The name of this priest was chosen from a German loan word, which was given a second meaning. The carnal now denotes only a priest, but its original meaning has been “lord, master; ruler, prince'. The word is used in the meaning of ruler in our oldest written monuments, cf. : With the kings Gemes and Kunigai lueiole rodon wienon prilch wielchpati | ir prifch io Chriltu MZ 506. The term is used in this sense: C, 908, KLG 24, R, Mz, K. In ancient writings, priest is also used in the meaning of a Catholic or Lutheran priest, higher than a deacon and lower than a bishop, cf. : Priest andant makitu me Mz 11. TAS jra ludimas Iona | kada fiunte S3idai ifch Igrufalem Priests and Levites /idant ghi klaultu /kas tu elli? VIN EE 7 IN 1.19. In this sense, the name is used in: BB JN 18,19, BP, 149, DK 13, 97,99, 68, 98, 101, 89, 100, PK 160, DP 17, 27, 50, 158, 67, 205, 65, 158, 67, 205, 322, 24, 49, 69, 95, 410, "SD 51, 67, 139, 172, SD 84, SP 41,73, MT 101, CHB IN 18,19, MK 1, 44, C 908, BK 22, 25, H, R, Mz, GN LK 10,31, IN 18,19, N, K, RTZ, M. Sirvydas in his dictionary only translates priest into Latin as ‘sacerdos’, Polish. ‘kaptan, ksiadz’, but the priestess meant to him not only the head of the monastery, but also a princess (Latin: principis uxor, Polish: księżna). The shorter form was used. This form is found in the Anonymous Catechism AK 30, 32. In ancient dictionaries, the form carnally is found, meaning “the Lord, 191 ruler, poną' N, “prince' R 208, K and ‘prince’ N. Valančius in the bishopric of Žemaitija uses the form kunig M. VALANČ Ž 19, 24 and i$ his made derived priestship. Latvians have the word kungs ‘lord’, but baznickungs is ‘Catholic priest’. The Prussian Elbing dictionary also contains the conagi ‘king’. All three Lithuanian priest names, as well as their Latvian and Prussian equivalents, are German borrowings. The word is borrowed from the Dutch. height. the form kunig ‘king’, which now corresponds to the German Konig ‘king’. Vid. vok. height. kunig is derived from germ. *kuningaz ‘king’: sen. vok. King of England, King of Scotland, King of Wales, King of Wales. In the second or third century from the germ. *kuningaz the Finns and Estonians have borrowed their king. From the same source, but perhaps somewhat later, comes the Slavic *kunęg», *kuneęzo: Rus. xua3b ‘prince’, Czech. kniez ‘prince’; kunigas’, lenk. ksiądz “priest” (meaning changed due to the influence of Latin dominus). In the 16th century, Poles called ksiądz not only a priest, but also a secular ruler. The Lithuanians did not communicate with the ancient Germans, so the king can not be considered a loan from the Germanic protolanguage. The lenders of all the Balts here were the Germans, who moved to Daugavpils at the end of the 12th century and some time later to Pavyslis. The brothers of the Teutonic Swordsmen and Crusaders had come from various parts of Germany and, of course, their language had considerable dialectal differences. These differences are also marked in the chronicles and documents of the time. In the 13th and 14th century sources we can distinguish four varieties: kunings, kuiges, kunges and konigs. From these written variants it can be concluded that s. vok. height. The pronunciation of kuning was not foreign to the 13th century, although the late 13th-century Lieutenancy chronicle uses only Middle German. height. King. The spelling also testifies to a later pronunciation of kung, konig. In practice, the name of the priest could be borrowed from the Germans in all these forms. Therefore, it is doubtful that both kung and lat. kungs would have originated from prijku, which later lost the vowel ii. Since the Lithuanians first encountered the Germans in Daugavpils, it is possible to assume that the corpse was borrowed from there around 1200. The King's Cross is a more traditionally-styled cross. In addition to the name kūnigas in the old writings we find the name kaplanas for this priest, so we must assume that the word kūnigas was not yet accepted and used universally. This oscillation between chaplain and priest is very pronounced in Wilen’s Gospels and Epistles. In one place he uses kaplanas, plg. : Nūlidawe then | iog eia tit toeliu kaplanas | and ifchwidgs ghn aplenke EE 107 (Luke 10,31); But go /and palfirodik to the pastor /VIN EE 27-28 (MT 8,4); a chaplain by the name of Zacharialchus BB 1.x 1,5, BB Lk 10,31, CHB LK 10,31, BP, 375 (LK 10,31), DP 56, SP, 81, KN 263, and elsewhere the priest uses: Chriltus elti ateghigs /ieng ghis butu wiraulelil kunigas VLN EE 51 (HBR 9,11). Other forms of this loanword are used in old dictionaries: kaplonas N, Mz 119, kaplionas K. The form kaplonas came from the Polish language, cf. polk. Kaplan. The Lithuanians made the priest a prince, which is already recorded in the writings of Mažvydas, cf. : In the name of Kings and Princes I pray and [gndara dūtumbi Prafchom tawe ilch klaulik mus Mz 557 and in the Gospels and Epistles of Wilens: N¢fa ifch tawgs ateis man Prince | kurlai bus Wielchpatis ant mana ffmoniu Ifrahel EE 22 MT 2,6; Ifch Suda priegtam iog Prince [chio Swieta iau apluditas jra EE 69 JN 16,11. The word "priest" is derived from the Latin word sacerdos, meaning "priest". The name of the priest has many meanings. Some derivatives of this name belong to Catholics alone or to Catholics and Protestants, while others belong to Protestants alone. Cataliiš su 192 | ALGIS RUBINAS to whom and to Protestants belong the derivatives: kunigauti LKZ, 893 'to be a priest', kunigavimas LKZ,, 893 "being a priest", kunigbuvis LKZ,„ 893 "former priest', kunigėdra LKZ, „893 "enemy of priests', knygėjimas LKZ,, 893 'priesthood with priestly characteristics', kunigėti LKZ, 894 gauti kunigo ypatybių- ", kunigesnis LKZ, „894 more possessing priestly characteristics", kunigyba LKZ, „894 ‘priesthood’, kunigybe LKZ, 894° kunigyste’, kunigija LKZ, „894 'priests, their whole'. „To the forms exclusively belonging to the Protestants belong the forms found in the dictionaries of Lesser Lithuania: kuniginas LKZ, „894 ‘pastor’, kunigynė "former priest's farm', kunigininkas LKZ,,894 “priest's pupil, being prepared for initiation- ', kuniginis LKZ,, 894 “who has the views of a priest, priests Salininkas’, kunigpalaikis LKZ, „895 ‘small priest’, kunigužis LKZ,,, 895 "Protestant or Lutheran priest’. How the Lithuanians themselves in ancient times, when they were still pagans, actually called their priests, we do not know for sure. In Lithuanian folk songs, the word priest (Reiks maldyti šventikus, kad laikytų maldeles JD 1228) seems to be a rather old word: first, this word is still used in Lithuanian as the surname Šventikas, which is completely in agreement with the Prussian personal name Sventicke. The original meaning of the word could have been ‘holy man, holy, holy man’. Apparently, the ancient Lithuanians, like some other ancient Indo-European peoples, have named the representatives of their religious cult, among other things, after the sanctity, cf. the ancient Greek ispsug "priest, sacrificer, priestess, priest' (from iepoc "strong, powerful, divine; holy, holy'), Latin sacerdos 'priest' (from *sacri-dot-'Sventadavis': sacer'saint' and done from the verb dare 'to give' root), Russian ceswennux'saint'. In other Christian nations, a priest, higher than a deacon and lower than a bishop, is called differently. In the Slavic Orthodox languages, the person admitted to the clergy is called pope (the word is also used in Lithuanian), and the Polish Catholic priest in Russian has the name kcends, which is borrowed from the Polish ksiądz. The Germans have Priester; who came from the church. lat. k. presbyter ‘presbyter, senior priest’. In the church. In Latin it came from the Greek zpsoButepoz < tpsoBurnc “old, honorable, important”. In the dictionaries of religion and international words we find the term presbyter, which means “the leader of the early Christian community”. Who was the priest, who was called a presbyter, is not clear. Even now theologians cannot say, because there is no data, what was called the Latin word presbyter. There are many different translations of the Latin presbyter into Lithuanian. In the Bretkūno Bible we find Plebonai (paragraph Wirefnieij) who 1 Tim 5,17. Giedraitis translates this place as Priests, who gracefully priweizda 1 Tim 5,17. In the Chylinski Bible we find Teprypasyfta that Wiraufiey who redi gierey. Skvireckas translates Good overseers priests 1 Tim 5:17. The Latvians have mūcitējs. In Protestant communities, to distinguish them from Catholics, the priest is called a pastor. Although the priest led the services and administered the sacraments, he could neither ordain priests nor administer the sacrament of Confirmation. This could only be done by a Christian clergyman who had the highest ordinations, a priest who had attained the fullness of the priesthood through the ordinations of episcopate—a bishop. The bishop governed the bishopric, appointed priests to the parishes, and dealt with various matters. The word in this meaning is found in the very first Lithuanian language monuments: *SD, 400, SP, 60, 160, SP, 285-286, SP, 198, O 182, H 163, R, R75, MZ, GN 1 TrM 3,2, FIL 1,1, KLG 160, Sur, D. "Pošk, N, K, Mir VI 42, M. VALANĖ, PRL, 8, JV 1005, NS 1251 (SkKN), J, K. BUG. 193 The source of the name bishop is the church. The Latin word episcopus, which is derived from was understood in the literal sense of the word —to oversee the life of the community. The name came to the Lithuanian language through intermediary languages. The name was originally given by the Germans, plg., s. height. bischof, vid. vok. height. bischof. The Czechs borrowed from the Germans, e.g. biskup, and the Polish borrowed from the Czechs, e.g. polk. Bishop, bishop. The word has been translated into Lithuanian through the Polish language. This Christian name of a cleric with the highest ordination corresponds to the Polish biskup, wiskup, Russian enuckon (directly from Greek), German Bischof (from Latvian form biskaps), English bishop. In M. Mažvydas’ Catechism we find the now extinct form bishop for a priest with the highest ordinations, cf. It is not necessary that Bilkup was cjiltas jr unanoepta kuna MzK 29. Other authors of Lesser Lithuania translate this Bible passage: Bllkupas tur buti benutarties VLN ENCH 39 (1 Tim 3,2); But Bilcopus must be understood as BB 1 Tim 3,2. In Daukšos Catholic postilla we also find bif/kupai DP 120, 28, 59, 61, 205, 68. In the Evangelical Reformed postilla of Mark we find Bifkupas MP, 82. In the Chylinski Bible we find the bishop's name ujweyjdetojas CHB 1 Tim 3,2, Fir 1,1. It must be assumed that this iii occurrence was influenced by the Dutch source word opFrom this name came a number of derivatives, whose meanings are closely related to the meaning of this word: vyskupduti DZ, NDZ, LE, 275, vyskupduti N DZ ‘to be bishop’, išvyskupduti NDZ ‘to be bishop for some time’, episkopavimas NpZ, DZ!, A 1884, 96, LE,, 89, NDZ, episkopystė S, RZ, DZ, NpZ,KZ,Q 93, H 163, D. Posk, N, M, L, ST 34, vyskūpjstė (2) K, RTR, FRNW, R 75, MZ 100, SG, 76, GN 1 PvTM 3,1 ‘the title of the bishop and the position he occupies’, vskupiskas, NpŽ, KŽ, SD 14, D. Pošk, N, L, LL 8, episkopiškas (1) KRS, vyskūpiškas (1) K, 242, K, RTR, NDZ “of the bishop, belonging to the bishop, characteristic of the bishop’, 1 vyskupiškis, -ė (2) NDZ, KZ, D. PosK, vyskiipiskis, -(2) K, NDZ “a person living with the bishop, protected by the bishop’. The priest with the first degree of the sacrament of the priesthood could not perform the services in the church and the deacons did not have any contact with the people, so the name of the deacon came through written sources, especially through the Holy Scripture. The word has been used in this sense in the oldest Lithuanian language monuments: CHB 1 Tim 3, 8-12, CHB FiL 1,1,GN 1 Tim 3, 8-12, GN FiL 1,1. In Mažvydas' writings, instead of the word deacon, the borrowed words chaplain (Kaplanai telta wenas moteis wirai MZK 30 1 Tim 3, 12) and priest (Priests [chito budu wel5liby, ne dwilel5uwei MZK 30 1 Tim 3, 8) are used. Bretkūnas translated this passage from Teipuieg, Deacons must be c3eltingi BB 1 Tim 3, 12. In the Chylinski Bible this place is translated Diakoney teypag (reykia idand) butu wiesliweys CHB 1 Tim 3, 12. In Giedraitis' New Testament this passage is translated Diakonay teipajeg giedingi GN 1 Tim 3, 12. It is unclear why Mažvydas uses the words priest and chaplain to refer to a deacon, because this place in the Holy Scriptures Mažvydas took from the Latin Catechism of J. Willich, which uses the word diaconus. The name deacon is derived from the Greek word dtaxovog ‘servant’. From Greek, it first entered Latin through the New Testament, cf. diaconus. The word came from the Latin language and was translated into the English language as "diabetes". When I entered the church. Lot. k. 194 | ALGIS RUBIN The word has retained its original Greek form diaconus. The Greek word Staxovos entered the European languages through two paths: through Church Latin and through popular Latin. The Germans borrowed the word diacus from the popular Latin. Avg. height Diaconus, Latin for "diacon". Deacon. From the German, both forms of the name diacus and diaconus were borrowed by the Czechs, where diacus became Zdk and diaconus became diakon. Both forms of the name have been introduced into the Polish language from Czech. The name came to the Lithuanian language through Polish. The name in this meaning spread throughout all Christian lands: Latvians call it diakons, Russians duaxon, which came into Russian through Church Slavic from Greek 8taxovog (Vasmer 1964: 512). The Russians have other forms of this name dx and Obxaxon. The Poles have dyakon, diakon, the Germans have diakon. German evangelicals have another word for a deacon called Gemeindehelfer. This name appears to date back to the first centuries of Christianity, when one of the deacons' duties was to help the poor and widows. From the same source comes the word žėkas, which has two meanings: one of them means the student M. VALANČ:: Hey you, žėke, žėkeli, teacher of all žėkes, reader of the holy scripture Rr. Tell me, little one, who heard in heaven? LTR (ROD). Teacher of the Esmi Scripture, Holy Scripture Filler LMD (TVR); The other means “priest's servant during mass' Mz 494: Kadda Lord God ira worshipped [chwentomis gielmelemis, then and ghie together fu Gekeleis tur sung BP II 357; After that Priest alba jžekelei tur gedoti Mz 500. It seems that Mažvydas is trying to restore the former meaning of deacon—- to perform auxiliary work in the church. The name Žëkas is found in the ancient writings 'SD 208, Q 465, Sut, N, RTZ, M. The word's source is the popular Latin word diacus, which is gr. Staxov's abbreviation. The word came into the Lithuanian language through the Polish language. Zak is a student. The word is borrowed from the Czech language. Zak ‘a pupil’. The word was borrowed from the Polish by the Russians, e.g. »xax “pupil of a Catholic school’ and the Ukrainians, e.g. ukr. ocak ‘student, seminarist, student of the seminary’. After the introduction of Christianity, it was necessary to name the newly arising duties of priests, therefore the names of priests, which name priests according to their duties, are to be included in the old debts. First, it was necessary to appoint a parish governor, who had to maintain contact with the people and had to live near the church. The name of the parish administrator was chosen from the Polish loan word pleban, which was used until the 17th century. This name is found in BB SK 31,31, BP 1, DP 388, 366, 299, "SD 123, *SD 114. The form pleban came through the Polish language, cf. pleban. The word is probably derived from the Czech word ček. pleban “village priest”), and the Czechs from the church. Latin (FRNW)!. Mažvydas uses two forms of the name of the parish administrator: plebonas Mz 11, 95, 556 and plebanas Mz 11. The word plebanus is also found in Wilento Enchiridione Catechifimas mafas | deel palpalitu Plebonu i Koznadiju VLN ENCH 1, Margarita theologica first appears in the form Klibonas MT XIX, sometimes used alongside Klibonas and plebonas. From the second half of the 17th century onwards, the gender clergyman prevails in writings. Since the 16th century, the Polish language had a pleban and a polek. dial. d Salys (1985: 280) believes that the Lithuanian plebonas, klebonas, klibonas spelling place agrees with the Gudi pleban, kleban, klibūn, so the Gudi will most likely have mediated in borrowing us the word klebonas, because if it was borrowed directly from the Poles, it should be klébonas. 1955: The name and history of the parish priest. The word has been used with this meaning in the oldest Lithuanian language monuments: KLG 158, Lex 133, B, R, MZ, GN Mr 12,5. In the later sources, the name is mentioned as K, M, J, RTZ. There are many other names for this religious group. Some derivatives of this name belong only to Catholics or Catholics and Protestants, others — only to Protestants. Catholics and Protestants have the following derivatives: klebonduti LKZ,, vi 21 be a priest’, paklebonduti LKZ, 21 kiek, kurį laiką klebonauti’, praklebonduti 1LKZ, 21 “be a priest for some time’, klebonūvimas LKZ,, 21 “being a priest’, kleboniétis LKZ,, 22 “resident of a parish’, klebonysté LKZ, 2 “being a priest, priest’s place’. To the exclusively Protestants belong the following forms found in the dictionaries of Lithuania Minor: klebonditis C,, 204, N, O 396 “son of the priest”, klebonaičia [K], N ‘priest’s daughter’, klebonienė K, N, R “priest’s wife”), klebonikė [K], N “priest’s daughter”, kleboniškas “belonging to the priest”, klebonytis C, 204 “son of the priest”, klebonka K, 115 ‘priest’s wife’. In addition to pleban, Polish also has proboszcz, borrowed from Latin propositus through German (Middle High German brobest, German Propst). In the old dictionaries, writings and dialects of Lithuanian we find the name of the parish administrator prabaščius borrowed from Polish proboszcz N, [K], S. DAUK, ŽEM, ŠLN, Ds, C: Prabaščius rašo gromatą an dzekoną, klausia rodos VOL 373; O senasis prabaštėlis dar gyvas? SKRD. In Latin, the parish priest is called parochus, which used to mean the master of the post office in ancient Rome. He had to provide a flat and maintenance for travelling magistrates and messengers for a certain fee set by the state. Later, with the emergence of parishes (in the 4th century), the word acquired the meaning of parish governor. This word in Latin came from the Greek wagoyoc. The clergyman of the parish had one or more assistant priests. The name "Vicar" came through Polish, plg. wikary ‘vicar’. The source of the word vicar is the Latin vicarius ‘vice-president’. In the Daukša postilla we find forms of this name: Wikorius DP 99, 247,612, Wikariumis DP 203. In the Polish postilla of Jakub Wujek, we find Wikary in that place. The name was simply taken from the Polish language. As many parishes arose, it was necessary for an elder priest to oversee the group of parishes, to be the dean's administrator. The name dean came through Polish, plg. polk. dziekan ‘dean’. The term was used for the first time in the 1997 book "S.W.A.T.- ". The name of the dean's source is the church. Latin word decanus ‘decacenturion’, derived from the Latin word decem ‘ten’. In ancient Rome, the term decanus was used to refer to the senior of the ten lower officials of the emperor- 's court. The term "priest" in the Church Latin language came into use later, when bishops appointed deacons to ten parishes. Through ecclesiastical Latin, the word spread to all Christian countries and now everywhere means the priest head of the deanery: Latvian has dekans, Polish dziekan, German Dekan (older form Dechant), French doyen (English). jo dean). The head of the Catholic Church is the Pope. The name has been widely used in the oldest monuments of our writing: VLN 4, DK 39, PK 206, DP 50, MTP 38, SD 241,'SD119,0 68, 274,Mz,K,RTZ. R 196 | ALGIS RUBINAS The source of the name Pope is the church. the Latin word for papa ‘tévas’. The name came to the Lithuanian language through intermediary languages. The name was first used by the Germans, cf. Bavarian papes, s. vok. height. babes. The Czechs borrowed the name from the Germans, see papež, and the Polish borrowed it from the Ischeks, see polk. Pope. The word entered the Lithuanian language through Polish (Būga 1959: 26; FRNW). From this name came a number of Vedic terms: Popeise the head of the Protestant Church of England woman' DP 85 "popiežuti being pope NDZ "popiežiavitmas "being pope" with him related' NDZ, popieiylta 'popiezysté' DP 19 spopiezylte "pontifical authority" K, 104, 0.68, 'SD 119, R 274, DP 84, popiežifkas "belonging to the pope, characteristic of him' DP 89, MT 75, pontifically K, pontifical "belonging to the pope, related to him' MT XXV. The Catholic priest was required to work not only in the parishes, but also to perform the liturgy in private chapels or monasteries, and to be a teacher of faith. A priest in this position is called a chaplain. This is an old word, recorded already in K. Sirvydas- 's dictionary kapelonas 'SD 83, SD 96. The source of the Lithuanian kapelionas is the church. Latin capellanus. Other forms are also used in old writings: kapelionis M, M. VALANĖ, kaplionas K, kaplonas N, MŽ 119. The Lithuanian form kapelionas soft consonant reflects the Polish form kapelan. The name is also common in other languages, e.g. German Kapellan, French chapelain, English chaplain, Latin kapelans. From this name came the words whose meanings are closely related to its meaning: kapelionauti 'to be a chaplain', kapelionavimas 'to be a chaplain'. 1.3. In ancient writings, names of priests are used to denote honorary titles of priests. We have two such names: one of them is canoniuikas. The word has been used in this sense in the ancient monuments of the Lithuanian language S. DAuK, [K], M. VALANC. In the old writings we find the form canon WP 199, KL 30, SD 83. The old name canon came through the Polish language, cf. polk. canon of the church Latin canonicus. In Latin the word came from the Greek, pgl. gr. xavv “norm, rule”. The name is also used in other languages, such as Latin canonicus, Polish. Cannonball, cannonball. In the Polish language, besides the current form kanonik, there is also a nearby form kanownik, which could be (although this cannot be proven) the source of the Lithuanian form kanauninkas. Another Catholic priest with the honorary title of prelate. The Latin word pralotas, recorded in S. DAUK, M. VALANC, VOL 104, is used in the old writings. In the Polish language, it is used as a loanword. plg. The second tewai according to Dwasha, that is, priests, Pratotai and mokitoei DK 82. The source of the word is bazn. Latin praelatus, which means ‘the preferred, the best’. The name of the territory was changed to "Provincia de Valparaíso". 2. INNOVATIONS In the second half of the 19th century, the Lithuanian nation found itself on the brink of the abyss, and people were concerned about the survival of the Lithuanian nation. The national revival movement began. There was a fierce struggle for the rights of the native language, especially in the church. 197 Concern for the need of a common language for all Lithuanians. There was an effort to improve it, to cleanse it from centuries-old plaques—- foreign constructions, vocabulary barbarisms. However, the ecclesiastical language has long lagged behind the secular one. The existing state of the Lithuanian church language did not satisfy the reborn intelligentsia. At the end of the 19th century, Lithuanian was spoken among priests and in parishes. Polish priests who preached in Lithuanian were not tolerated. When it became clear that most foreign words had entered the Lithuanian language through the church, efforts were made to correct past mistakes. It was necessary to remove barbarisms from the religious vocabulary and create a new Lithuanian vocabulary. Therefore, the old borrowed religious vocabulary was translated into Lithuanian. This was the origin of the Lithuanian names for priests, and the introduction of new forms of names that were closer to the original Latin forms. As an example can be mentioned the form prelate, which was made of the older form praelatus in order to approach the Latin word praelatus. The name is recorded in LKŽ, 602. A completely new name pastor appeared, which means a Protestant evangelical priest. The word is recorded in LKZ 535 in this meaning. This is also the case for the 1084. The word is derived from the Latin word pastor'shepherd, pastor, priest'. The name is also used in other languages, such as Latin pastors, Polish pastors. pastor, rus. nacmop, vok. Pastor, angl. pastor. 2.2 With the beginning of the revival, the old Polish borrowings were abandoned and new Lithuanian names of priests were made according to models of other languages. There was a need to have a common name for all persons who were lawfully admitted to the clergy, made monastic vows or belonged in some way to the ecclesiastical hierarchy. The reason for the emergence of the clergyman was the fact that next to the priest a new special name became necessary to denote a certain religious concept, namely — as in English priest (English Saxon préost from the later Latin presbyter from Greek TosoBūrTepo ‘older’), French prētre, German. Priest is distinguished from the English clergyman, French ecclésiastique (from Latin ecclėsiasticus, "ecclesiastical, belonging to the church"), German Priester. Geistlicher, so also in Lithuanian language over time priest "representative of religious cult, who, having received the sacrament of priesthood, performs the duties of a priest" was begun to be distinguished from the clergyman "member of the spiritual class, consecrated to the service of God". The term "priest" has a broader meaning than "priest": "priest" is a general term, and "priest" is a subspecies of "priest". The word priest was made. The word is recorded in LKZ, "942. In addition to the above-mentioned meaning, the word priest is also used in Lithuanian dialects with another meaning: “who catches spirits, has dealings with spirits” (LKZ, 942). The name is derived from the Greek word δάσκαλος, δάσκαλος, meaning "teacher" and is often used to refer to a person who teaches. The name of the priest appeared recently, first found in Jablonski's writings. Various forms of this name were used for persons admitted to the clergy: Sirvydas uses the form clergy "SD 27, SD 47, [K]; dvasiškija Š*dvasininkų luomas’, dvasiškis S, dvasionis, plg. Half of the public schools are run by priests. Similarly, this name is made in other languages: Latvians have the word garidznieks, Polish duchowieristwo "priesthood", Russian dyxoeexcmeo "priesthood". From this name came the clerical, -a LKŽ, 943 “characteristic of a priest, as a priest’.