Analogija lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryboje. Potenciniai ir okaziniai dariniai

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLVI (2002), 73 - 80 Analogy in Lithuanian Word Formation. The article deals with analogy in Lithuanian word formation, i.e., the derivation of new lexical items on the basis of existing models. An analysis of recent developments in the Lithuanian lexicon shows that the model is more often a productive type of derivation than one particular lexical item. An attempt is made to show the similarities and differences between potential and occasional lexemes as well as to give a structural classification of occasional formations. Examples are cited to illustrate the working of analogy in the derivation of nouns denoting persons, names of tools, abstract nouns etc. The notion of productivity of derivational types is discussed. Finally, analogy is shown to be a source of derivational synonymy, contamination and word play. Active processes in word formation, continuous flow of new words — an important feature of language vitality, dynamism. The analysis of synchronous working processes is inseparable from the description of the conditions and ways of emergence of new words. One of the most important goals of researchers who look at word formation as a constantly changing system is to clarify not only existing but also potentially possible word formations. When talking about new words, even when defining neologisms, often only the extralinguistic reasons for their emergence are emphasized (the need to name newly-emerged objects, phenomena, concepts). Internal, linguistic, reasons, being less obvious, although no less important, are sometimes forgotten. In this article, we want to take a closer look at analogy — one of the most powerful internal mechanisms of language that leads to the emergence of new vocabulary. In the theory of word formation, analogy is understood as the formation of new words according to existing word formation models. The words can be made from an existing word (e.g., imitation of the moonwalker led to the word "marsier"). However, this is mostly based on productive types of work (Motsch 1999, Ferm 1994). The analysis of the Lithuanian language’s new creations, based on the data of contemporary journalism, fiction and scientific literature, shows that the ability to form words according to the already available examples is visible both from the useal and non-useal (potential or occasional) constructions, i.e., analogy is used very widely when making or creating new vocabulary units. It is precisely the emergence of words that have not entered into general usage that demonstrates the special power of analogy in the language system (Zemskaja 1992: 203), and such lexical structures are the main focus of this article. The concepts of potential and causal derivative are treated differently, as is their relationship. It is generally considered appropriate to divide the non-usual vocabulary in this way. į ar “Potential derivatives —are such words of very productive and regular types of construction, which do not enter into speech as separate lexical units, but are merely anticipated by those types and can be used in speech 74 | JURGITA MIKELIONIENĖ realized at every moment” (Urbutis 1978: 269). In the “Dictionary of the Language of the World” (1990: 136) occasionalisms are defined as words not characteristic of the general language usage, occurring only once in a certain context, atypical in terms of production, individual. Not all languages are capable of distinguishing between potential and causal forms. Their arguments—both potential and occasional derivatives are members of the same constructive system, both of which are duplicity—have a strictly defined structure and semantics, so that they are usually understood without context, and the construction of both potential and occasional derivatives is based on analogy. This view is generally not accepted by those who study the occasionalism of individual functional styles. The degree of occasionality of unusual fictional and non-fictional works is very different. The occasional works of the publicistic style are much closer to the potential than the pictorial works of authors of fiction (Ferm 1994: 92-93, Zemskaja 1992: 180-182). Such structures are not found in dictionaries, so from a purely lexicographical point of view they could be considered as new ones. There is a lot of debate about this in neology. In fact, it is extremely difficult to draw the line between the new-maker and the potential-maker, because it is not always clear whether an existing word is simply reproduced or is re-made each time according to the existing constructive models in language. The distinctive, eye-catching novelty of the resulting structure is one of its most important characteristics. However, it must be said that the criteria of singularity and individuality, as well as the mentioned feature of novelty, are not always maintained. Many of the occurrionalisms, especially those found in journalism, spread very quickly, are remembered and become potential, and sometimes universally used words. This article takes the view that potential and occasional derivatives cannot be identified. Their main distinguishing feature is related to compliance or non-compliance with the rules of business. Ocasional construction, which, as many of its researchers emphasize, is an individual, authorial result, not so much of the work as of the creation based on analogy, usually violates the general laws of word formation. The creation of the product, which is considered potential, is without fault, it supplements the paradigm of production, type, category, is systematic, but still not considered usual. Potential derivatives can be made at any time, without any obstacles, whenever the need arises to name something, and they are often found in written sources, although they are not recorded in dictionaries. In order to clarify the role of analogy in the formation of potential words and to look at atypical, individual constructions, the article analyzes constructions belonging to the most abundant — personal names, abstracts and some less abundant, semantically rather strictly limited (e.g., meat names) construction categories, and gives examples of new prepositional derivatives of the most productive construction types. Explaining the mechanism of analogy, one inevitably comes across the concepts of productivity and activity of the work type. The question of how the activity of the model or formant is manifested, will be tried to be answered by examples of actual material selected from the VDU computer textbook of the current Lithuanian language. It must be said that the productivity of the formant type plays a decisive role in analogous word formation. However, it cannot be said that words are not formed according to unproductive verbs in The prepositional verb form was chosen for analysis as the most productive at the moment. POTENTIAL AND OCAZIONAL DERIVATES | 75 types. In the case of the verbs, the suffixes are -a, -ae, -e, -eo, -o, -oe, -oeo, -oeo, -oeo, -oeo, -oeo, -oeo, -oeo, -oeo, -oeo. However, they are also used to make derivatives, e.g., whisper, shoot, madišius, worms, fish, etc. Therefore, while not ruling out the importance of productivity for the work, we must also talk about the activity or vitality of the work type. Otherwise unproductive types of work can be activated in some periods and produce useful, potential or even occasional new work. I noticed: she knows how to dress, but not fashions. After waking up, Xavier, unaware of anything, looked at everyone with a cloudy, lunatic glance… We will now consider some types of work that are traditionally considered quite productive*. At the moment, as the collected material shows, they are also quite active. Most of the analyzed derivatives are considered potential derivatives, but there are also examples of occasional derivatives. A typical example of potential derivatives made by analogy are the derivatives of the suffix -iena in the category of meat names. The dictionaries contain the following commonly used words made up of animal and bird names: deer, deer meat, turkey, pork, deer meat, wild boar, veal, chicken, etc. Potential derivatives are the following derivatives found in the VDU text, but not recorded in the DLKŽ: kangaroo meat, chicken meat, bear meat, nutrijiena, pig meat, snail meat, snail meat, ostrich meat, stumbriena, šunniena, varliena, varniena, turtle meat, yellow meat, hamster meat, sparrow meat. Many of them denote the meat of a bird or animal eaten in our country or abroad. She was not picky about her food —... she didn't avoid Zaltiena and young crows roasted in the charcoal. Suitable snail for mixed dishes with boiled dried barberry. Every day, three tons of hamster are brought to the market in the southern province. With the same suffix there are several derivatives made from fish names, although in grammar this meaning is not given: salmon meat, pike meat, Zuviena. The fish of the Ossolineum is very tasty, although branched... it would be easier to buy smoked or salted salmon in the store. In his monograph (1978: 272) V. Urbutis does not consider such formations even potential and treats them only as errors of construction. We believe that the obvious semantic and operative analogy allows us to classify such constructs as if not potential, then at least occasional constructs, since “the norm of language is tolerant of different extravagance of the ocasionalisms” (Lykov 1976: 18). Based on the semantic and constructive structure of the word dvėseliena, made words lavoniena, moteriena. In terms of the meaning of their reference words, these Vedic ‘mésas' names are even more distant than the fish names from the typical examples of the analyzed type of action. True 2 To determine whether the type of work is productive, reference is made to the book Gramatika dabartinio lietuviško kalbos (Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopediju leidykla, 1994). 76 | JURGITA MIKELIONIENĖ occasionalisms, whose structural and semantic deformation is particularly pronounced, are bulvariena, formuliena, laikraštiena, žodiena, žodeliena, žurnalistiena..., because their base word does not name either animal or bird meat. Sometimes such Vedic names closer to the dishes (e.g. cold meat) or otherwise to the “meat' names of the body, e.g. rock meat, mushroom meat,...objects are made from the linguistic material — Zodiena. The above-mentioned occurrencealisms are unusual not so much in their construction as in their semantics. Our society has been fed newspapers with poison....it has a dog's smell and immediately runs away from a faded word, and in ours it is now mountains of mountains. Synthetic raw material is a mastered clot of non-existence, a thickened formula. We have called this substance formulaine. A strong influence of analogy is noticeable in the category of tool names. After analyzing the derivatives of the suffix -iklis, which are not fixed in the DLKŽ, but found in the text, the productivity and vitality of this type of work are clearly visible. This formant is actively used to create new computer terms (gripper, accumulator, shortener, controller), various equipment, devices (delay, receiver, charger, folding device, freezer, heater), substances with properties described by the base word (emulsifier, detergent, dye, binder), names. It is also common to make this type of structures as equivalents of borrowed words, e.g.: instead of container — držpič, instead of mixer — šľahač, instead of polyrol — lesk. Atypical, even not very regular examples of this type of construction are derived from prepositional stems, but they are not perceived as any unusual, individual, therefore not considered occasionalisms: iškaklis, nuėmiklis, pertraukiklis, praleidėjas, pranešėjas, prižieklis, susegiklis. Newer and more unusual appeared only perfume, lightener, indicator: To make the car smell, hang a special scent in the cabin. This pottery clay-prepared clay is of the same size as the one found in the already burned pots....to emphasize the following features: 1) the concept of the sentence as the main expression of thought...The examples presented show that although both constructions are based on analogy, the pragmatics, semantics and structure of the potential and occasional constructions sometimes, even if slightly, but certainly differ. The former are often the result of certain conditions (e.g., the variety of dishes served in restaurants), while the latter are the product of linguistic invention, the writer's imagination. Therefore, potential derivatives primarily perform a nominative function, and the role of occasionals is associated with the transmission of emotional-expressive evaluation. Thus, potential structures, often after some time transitioning into the category of systemic structures, arise due to the need to identify new spheres of activity. We will analyze the new noun abstracts of the -(inink)ystė type. For example, using the productive suffix -ininkystė make, but not yet included in the dictionaries, the names of the agricultural branches: mushroom farming, cereal farming, beef farming, quail farming, mussel farming, jam farming, grass farming. These words are based on the names of the animals and plants that are bred or grown, as well as the names of the products produced: sausage, cheese, newspaper, feed, spice. Other derivatives of this adverb also name the activity, but here the base word is the profession or duties of the person: housekeeping, operatorship, oracularism, oratory, papacy, shipbuilding- POTENTIAL AND OCCASINAL DERIVATIVES | 77 tė, Saulyste, coaching, cooking, craftsmanship. Often Sie forms have a hint of irony: premjerysté, prezidentysté, rašysytojysté. The productivity of the adverb is illustrated by the production of Vedic i$ new loanwords: sponsorysté, sutenerysté. Y identity is marked by such vedic as autsaiderysté, gėkybė, luosysté, nemoksysté, prisitaikélysté, verteivysté, nenorminiy word roots: Smuklerysté, šulerystė, Zulykiste. Almost all, except vegetarian, are negatively connoted. Among all the derivatives of this suffix, although they have different shades of meaning, there are quite a few derivatives of the compound root, the first element of which is the name of the object to which the action said by the second element is directed: niekdirbystė, stikladarbystė, ženklasdirbystė; Mother murder, tyranny murder. The analogy in the construction of these words is felt from the serial elements -dirbystė, -žudystė (cf. in the dictionaries found cross-working, fratricide). They are derived from the names of individuals of the compound stem. Another is herbalism. From the punches with the first adjective accent derived newborn, blindness. Some of them are book-writing, bloodsucking, belly-watering, image-making, craftsmanship, and man-eating. Because of their unusual semantics, they already resemble causative forms. Some examples of adjectives with an atypical second accent (noun or adjective instead of a verb) are: saldžiabalsystė, suktagalvystė, šleivakreivystė, šventpaikystė. Heresy, visionaryism, adulthood, middle-agedness, tele-government are even further away from proper conduct. And for those who prefer to travel on foot with backpacks on their shoulders, the center offers various hiking routes....I had agreed to take on the difficult burden of a short premiership..- ..only librarians could understand my book-reading, even my younger brother Vytas....belvapenystė became a habit for me, but also a deadly algae flood. Sometimes the author’s work is also visible from the presentation of the occurrences in the text, they go along with the word that they imitate, they rely on it:..prisliauZe the lizards licked his eyelids, ears, head… From this came Prout’s clairvoyance, clairaudience and clear-mindedness. They'll have a pig (or a rat). Here the derivative clairaudience in relation to the action is considered potential (complies with the model clairement entend, clairement voir), and clairvoyance can also be causative, because here the second element of the action is noun (clear mind). In dictionaries, similar derivatives, made from compound nouns, whose first accent is clear-/clearly-, the second accent of the basis of the construction is verb. By analogy with omniscience, make omniscience and omnipotence. In general, the variety of potential and occasional derivatives of one type of action can be illustrated by abstract examples of noun suffixes -ość. Among the nouns with the suffix -ybė not found in the "Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language" (2000), but recorded in the VDU computer textbook, there are a lot of potential nouns, i.e. those that are only substitutes for the suffix -umas, without any difference in meaning, but sounding a little more unusual, newer than them, e.g.: ribotybė, sodrybė, drėgmė, vaiskybė, vienišybė, žiaurybė:...lets imagine that we suddenly lose all our knowledge, all theories about the visible world: what chaos, what loneliness will open up before man....and the blackness, saltyness, wetness of that bread! — 78 | JURGITA MIKELIONIENĖ like salted soap...... at the highest point — the fertility of paradise, and at the lowest — the darkness of hell.... read about the misfortune , of our days — countless crimes, indescribable atrocities. There are no obvious verb counterparts to be derived from the not very typical base words abundance, nothingness, unpredictability, familiarity, innerness: Humor in this narrative — a living abundance. The only quality and essence of the pure word is precisely its nothingness....the future — the realm of uncertainty and unpredictability....the thing which has entered the horizon of theory does not lose all its comprehensibility and all its familiarity. More interesting are the vedic sanctity, knowingness, which in sentences perform the function of adjective antonyms to the prepositional vedic unholyness, ignorance. The individual causative form of this adverb can be considered the derivative kosmybė: From the very beginning of Lithuanian television, the viewer was accustomed to seeing the lemonade-like sacrality from that box… Thus, the contradiction of known and unknown appears in the consciousness. The Union is something unknown, some sort of “Soyuz”, but not the one that the Russians used to let into space. Another noticeable feature of potential structures is that they very quickly expand constructive nests, each member of which can also be analyzed by analogy. This often results in a verb that denotes the action performed by the person who is said to be the subject: yrininkauti, jūrininkauti, customininkauti. Often the name of the action appears together —pensininkauti, pensininkavimas; travel, travelling, touring; entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship. There is an abstract and without a fixed verb: kilpininkavimas, kultūrininkavimas, palūkininkavimas, konspiracinė veikla. Obviously, the appearance of verbs in the press is only a matter of time. It is often observed that potential derivatives supplement the lines of operative synonyms. However, they are neither very picturesque nor stylistically marked and are to be considered only as a kind of language excess or even ballast: for example, in the dictionary we find the derivative víninyké, and in the press, in addition to it, with the same suffix are also recorded vínyászat, vínyászati: The year was particularly successful for winemaking: nature was particularly friendly to vine growers and winemakers. Nature’s tricks are of great importance for winemaking – rain, hail and storms destroy the vineyards… The Ahr Valley is one of the most northern wine-growing regions. In this case, the adjectives -ybė, -(išk)umas, -izmas: vanity, cripple, modernity, patriotism, selfishness (see vanity, cripple, modernism, patriotism, selfishness). We are convinced that without a spiritual basis sobriety will not grow stronger, at best it will only lead to the emergence of supporters of passive sobriety. POTENTIALS IR OCAZINIA DERIVATIVES | 79 There are quite a few hybrids between potential and causal derivatives. The analogy in hybrid construction is observed when a productive foreign affix is attached to a self-originating root: in grammar, the suffix -izm is presented as one of the most commonly used borrowed affixes. The analogy becomes clear when it is used to make derivatives from actual nouns related to political, social or cultural life: Lukashism, Miltinism, Stashaitism, Tomism, Urkinism, Vydunism, Zhiugzdism. When the reference word is general and means the names of some directions, systems, orders or otherwise any characteristics, the vedic can be potential (urbanism, monumentalism, raidism, rushism, sarmatism, wordism), but often their semantics and construction unusualness connects them with causal construction (ism, clausutism). The work is based on both old and new foreignness (svogerizem, ubagizmem; snoumenizem), atypical base word (pluugžmizmas, saldzialyrizmas). The desire for a miracle is no snoumenism....the fear of being accused of brother-in-lawship prompted the inclusion of such provisions in the Lawyers' Act....the story of Teklė's life is imbued with sweet lyricism typical of Lithuanian prose ("jiedu sustojo ir ilgai žvelgė į raudoną saulėlydį"). The analogy applies ir even to such constructions that arise from the merger of parts of two words. There jų are also a number of mixed breeds. True, contamination, even ir deliberate, of some actors (Urbutis 1978: 301) is not considered to be a true word formation, but in the case of adjectives we would think that it can be considered an atypical word formation: ją darboholikas, muzikoholikas, seksoholikas, šokoladoholikas; pilvocracy, pornocracy, semiocracy; maustification. The democratic world has become a pillotry. The strain of our well-groomed, enlightened young man are the Kriuk, who can be recognized by the uniform tubers on their low foreheads, — which indicate that the brains needed for the iš audacity of the Kriuk in ir the times of maustification were highly developed, not to say about the brains of the right and left hemispheres, so that their intellect was squeezed into ko the lower part of the body... The use of analogy also leads to a word play, a kind of paronomastia, which is based not only on the similarity of the verb, but ir also on the sound of words with different meanings. Such derivatives usually differ only by one sound, e.g. pluralism — pluralism. ...the history reminds us to recognize simple ir things. Ir only then pluralism, — pluralism and other nice "things". The agreement with the industrialists requires clarification of what is meant by lobbying or lubism, in terms of business interests....- privatization in the hands of nimble guys turned ‘privatisation’. XX a. The history of Europe — is the history of all sorts of Bolshevisms, Fascisms, Nazisms, “Nazisms”, intimidations and threats to democracy. Therefore, the Lithuanian language vocabulary is constantly supplemented with examples of new vocabulary, among which there are many potential constructions. The productive and currently active formants of the verb lead to the emergence of ir occasional lexicon. The unusualness of Lithuanian occurrionalisms is manifested both in atypical meaning and in non-rule-compir liant construction, but they are always ne characterized by 80 | JURGITA MIKELIONIENĖ timeless novelty, extraordinary. Among the occasional constructions based on analogy, several structural types can be distinguished: 1) occasional constructions, created by analogy with a word existing in the language, do not violate the rules of construction, e.g.: aiškiaregystė —aiškiagirdystė, uogautojas —vabalautojas, statyba —ėmyba; 2) occasional constructs, created on the basis of existing constructive models, with some violations of the rules of construction characteristic to them: naivity, dog-likeness, promiscuity; 3) occasional constructions, made not only according to the analogy of the model, but also based on the similarity of the sound of the word being imitated, e.g., nacizmas — našizmas; 4) occasional formations, made by contamination: caucodrome, sexodrome (cf. cosmodrome); sexosaurus, sportosaurus (cf. dinosaur). The influence of analogy in the formation of both potential and occasional words is obvious. It is precisely this that leads to the emergence of many new units of lexical usage, both usual and non-usual. FERM, L. 1994: Ocobennocmu paszeumus pycckou nexcuxku 6 noeeiimuiū nepuod (Ka Mamepuane 2a3em), Uppsala. (Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia slavica Upsaliensia, 33.) GAIVENIS, K., KEINYS, S. 1990: A Dictionary of Language Terms, Kaunas: Šviesa. Lykov, A. G. 1976: Coespewennas pycckas nekcukonozusa (pycckoe oKKa3uonanbKkoe ¢i06o), MocKBa: Briciias mixona. Morscn, W. 1999: German word formation in basic languages, Berlin-New York: de Gruyter. (Schriften des Instituts fiir deutsche Sprache, 8.) URBUTIS, V. 1978: Zodziy darybos teorija, Vilnius: Mokslas. ZeMsSKAJA, E. A. 1992: Crosoobpasosanue kak desmearsnocms, Mocksa: Hayka. Jurgita Mikelioniene Gauta 15 April 2002 Vytautas University of Kaunas S. Daukanto g. 28, 3000 Kaunas, Lithuania jurgita mikelioniene(dfc.vdu.lt