XVII–XVIII amžių kauniečių (vyrų) pavardžių variantai

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLVII (2002), 31-40 The process of formation of surnames among the citizens of Kaunas was still far from its completion in the 17th and 18th centuries, as witnessed by the numerous variants recorded in the documents. Various factors contributed to this instability, notably the use of Polish and Latin in official documents, and the fact that little attention was paid to the accurate reproduction of surnames. 17th century variants of surnames are here classified into three groups: (1) orthographical and phonetic variants, (2) variants differing as to their endings, and (3) variants with different patronymical suffixes. The latter groups are referred to as morphological variants. In the article, most attention is paid to the first type. A similar instability, especially with regard to orthography and phonetics, is noted in 18th century documents. 0. IVADAS There is a discussion about the origin of the name. It was found that all groups of local Kaunas city-dwellers had their surnames formed at different times. It is believed that the name of the town originated from the name of the village. Even in the first half of the 16th century, persons of Germanic origin (probably Germans living in the city) and some Lithuanians from Kaunas, occupying a higher position in society, apparently could already be called by surnames. In the second half of this century and in the first half of the 17th century, the middle and lower classes of the urban class gradually acquired hereditary anthroponyms. In the second half of the 17th century, all Kaunas residents already had surnames (Ragauskaitė 2002: 123-143). However, at that time their final formation was not yet completed. It has been noted that the names of the 17th-18th century townspeople are characterized by great variability. Variants of the surname are here referred to as different forms of the same surname (see Podol'skaja 1978: 41). In other words, the change of one element of the surname (ending, suffix, etc.) already allows us to talk about the appearance of a new variant. This is not only a phenomenon related to the Kaunas namebook. The variation of surnames has also been observed in another 17th-century Lithuanian city —Vilnius, as well as in Poland, Rusi-: Similarly, the content of the concept of the surname variant is described in the works of other authors (cf. Zinkevičius: 1977; Bubak 1981: 251-257; 1986: 112-115, 151-152; Maciejauskienė 1997: 71 and others). 32 | ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ in her, Latvia and other European countries city directories. Variants of personal names of Vilnius residents from the beginning of the 17th century were discussed in detail, the circumstances of their origin were clarified (Zinkevičius 1977: 55-59; 91-93). A lot has been written about the variation of the surnames of Polish townspeople (Bubak 1986: 37, 98, 112). Mostly the theoretical problems of classification of Russian surname variants of this class are explained (Krakalija 1974: 53-58; Gvozdeva 1990: 13-14; Kučerenko 1990: 45-46). The variation of their nicknames was studied (Vizgalov 1973: 167-170). Phonetic variants of Russian anthroponyms were analyzed (Superanskaja 1969: 171-198; 1978: 414-430). He was interested in the variants of their historical names (Simina 1970: 189-194). A varijuojanciy classification of Latvian names was compiled (Dambe 1970: 218-219). The study of the further development of the names of the citizens of one of the largest cities of the LDK — Kaunas — seems also relevant. The aim of this article is to discuss the reasons for the emergence of variants of Kaunas surnames in the 17th-18th centuries, compare them with current Lithuanian surnames and distinguish the most important groups of them. In addition, it will be tried to see what influence the specificity of the selected sources and other factors had on the formation of variant pairs. The material for the article was collected from 39 books of records of Kaunas city in 1603-1800?*. They are written in Polish and Latin. The content of the documents varies. The Magistrate's books contain the decisions of the council, the debts of the townspeople and financial matters. There are also guild regulations, court records, wills of residents and other documents reflecting the realities of city life. The book consists of protocols of smaller cases. In the books of the benchmen are bound the complaints of the disputing persons and the minutes of the cases examined. In the records books were written various purchase-sale contracts, wills, gifts, etc. Since the 18th century, these books have recorded decisions of central appeals courts, city and other courts, as well as letters of various officials to the city of Kaunas. Cases dealt with by the Lentvaičiai (vaito deputies) are recorded in separate books. The books of the mayor reflect the activities of the mayors and city treasurers. They contained reports on the city's income and expenditure, and various accounts." A total of 2,911 names of different men were recorded from the sources discussed. The 17th-century documents are collected. 1511 Tarp jų 1311 (86, 9696 of total 22) is a a. double-sided. : Albertus Baranowicz (S, 152)*, Gr3egorz Bortkiewicz (MS, 338), Georgius Demer (S. 77), Mark Fiedorowicza (NO; MS „ 437), Matthias Iodbelis (MS, 438), Marcin Kafprowicz (S, 168), Valentine Kielaycia (GEN; MS, 258), Andreas Long (MS, 304), Jerzy Maiulewicza (GEN; MS, 313), Matyafžu Milkozientysu (DAT; S, 286), Michael Naugard (S, 321), Kaspra Oszkapaltis (MS, 286), Simon Pupeykiewicz (5: 129), Adam Wisztoklis (S, 429), Hanufa Zagiera (GEN; S, 148) ir kt 2 Ju list at the end of the article. One more. 1636-1646 m. The Kaunas Magistrate's Book is stored in the Russian State Archives of Old Acts Moscow (FE. 356. Ap. 1. B. 19588). Ja was not available. For more information on documents from this period, see Kiaupa (1973: 125-140). 3 4 All of the characters in the story are named. In parentheses is the abbreviated page number of the history source. ir The following names are commonly used for the ancestors: — GEN, the servant — DAT, adjutant — INSTR. 33 200 (13, 04%) of the townspeople were registered with two Christian names and surnames, e.g. : Augustyn Pawet Dowiata (S, 307), Jana Euftachego Koiatowicza (GEN; S, 277), Marcin Jan Kozakiewic3 (MS, 97), Jerzy Konftanty Mackiewicz (S, 491), Piotr Kazimiers Saurymowicz (S,238), Chriftianum Franciscum Schacht (MS, 125), Joannem Alexandrum Štephanowic3 (MS, 470), Kazimierz Michat Surwit (S, 79), Joannes Andreas Szymanowfki (MS, 310), Kazimierz Stefan Urbanowicz (S, 444) bei kt. From the 18th century, 1400 persons were collected in jvardijimy. 1152 (i.e. 82, 28% of all 18th-century entries) Kaunas citizens are written by name and surname, e.g. : Antoni Dukiewicz (GEN; AI, 560), Jan Faber (L, 71), Michael Fok (MS, 157), Barttomiey Gruzdz (Al, 280), Maciei Hintz (DAT; Al, 72), Ernesto Hirfzfelt (DAT; MS, 203), Michal Hofman (GEN; MS, 202), Jan Kalof (GEN; L, 109), Jan Kieyzer (GEN; L 0), Joannes Kifter (MS, 157), Michat Kleyn (L, 132), Tomasz Pieczulewicz (AĮ, 197), Matys Reyter (L,, 90), Jozef Rex (L, 140), Johan Szreyter (L, 100), Kr3y[5tofowi Walterowi (DAT; MS, 147) et al. Apparently, for reasons of brevity, 128 (9.15%) townspeople are mentioned only by name, e.g. : Augowiczowi (DAT; L, 71), Bartoszewicza (GEN; Al, 147), Jasiulewicza (GEN; L, 74), Markiewicza (GEN; AKA, 64), Mazurkiewicza (GEN; L, 48), Michalkiewiczowi (DAT; L, 48), Sokolowski (M, 324), etc. Compared with the 17th century, there was an increase in the number of citizens with three anthroponyms – two Christian names and surnames. 120 (8, 5796) Kaunas people are written as follows, e.g. : Daniela Fryderyka Kantela (GEN; Al, 262), Janowi Krystyanowi Lerchowi (DAT; AĮ, 21), Janowi Krzy[5tophowi Plewowi (DAT; MS, 147), Krystyan Henryk Pohibel (M, 353), Piotr Wiadystaw Surwit (Al, 52), Martinus Joannes Szawlowski (AL, 54), Jan Krzysztoff Szrewer (AL 49), Maciey Jozef Wieliczko (AL 20), Stanistaw Piotr Wierzbicki (MS, 435) and others. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the name of a single saint was not always used. This is not only typical of the residents of Kaunas. It turns out that such inscriptions can be linked in a broad sense with the tradition of naming the inhabitants of other European cities. It is believed that it was especially established in Germany. In this country, as early as the 15th century, privileged urban families baptized their children with two names (Benson 1990: 195). It is interesting that in many cases the Germans who lived in Kaunas were also registered with two Christian names, e.g. : Adam Jerzy Dyryng (L, 112), Jan Krystyan Gaterman (GEN; Al 205), Andrzey Jakub Hirfzfeld (Al, 6), Jakub Frydrych Stolc (MS, 235), Jan Bernarda Szwarca (GEN; Al 160), Karol Reinhold Wunderam (Al,,482) and others. It is noteworthy that in the records of Kaunas court cases. the same people from Kaunas are mentioned more than once. As it turned out, some cases were transferred to another court of instance. The identity of individuals in the records of different years is helped by the names of townspeople, titles of positions and trades. It is clear from the examples given that only variants of the same person's name will be covered, e.g. : Bartlomiei Hrys3kaitis (VSM 82) —honest Bartlomiei Hrys3kiewicz, a citizen of Kowna (GEN; VSM 82); honest Kasper Perkunelis, a Swede and a citizen of Kowie(ski) (MV 216) —honest Kasper Perkunowics, a Swede and a citizen of Kowie(ski) (MV 62); m(an) Kazimierz Hofzkiewicz councillor of Kaunas (SV, 105) —m(ana) Kazimierza Ofzkiewicza (GEN; SV, 127); Antoniui Narodzkiemu, councillor of the city of Kaunas (DAT; SV, 254) —Antoniui Narockiemu, councillor of Kaunas (DAT; SV, 254) and so on. 34 | ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ When discussing cases of variation of Kaunas surnames, their forms will be compared with current surnames". First, the structurally closest surnames are given, which is necessary to justify the divergent genders. Since the variants of names of a particular city are studied, the localization of the names of today is also taken into account. Of course, we must not forget that people have migrated throughout history. Residents of other towns and villages also came and stayed permanently in such a large city as Kaunas. As mentioned, all Kaunas residents probably already had surnames in the 17th century. Thus, the discussion of the genders of surnames begins in this century." 1. VARIETIES OF SURNAMES IN THE 17TH CENTURY 1.0. Since the 17th century, various variants of surnames have been noted in sources. They were classified into three groups: 1) variants of surnames due to graphic and phonetic differences, 2) variants of surnames with different endings, and 3) variants of surnames with different patronymic suffixes. The variants of the last two groups here are called MORPHOLOGICAL. 1.1. A number of variants have been collected, formed due to writing and phonetic differences. They are listed in alphabetical order: 1607 Maciey Balicki (V, 231) | 1606 Maciei Belicki (V, 19), cf. db. pvd. Balickis and Belickis; 1610 Jan Barankisskis (VSM 438) | 1610 Jan Berankifkis (VSM 438), cf. only db. pvd. Berarikis; 1665 m. Georgio Cafimiro Barowfki (S, 160) | 1668 m. Georgio Cafimiro Borowfki (S, 288), plg. db. pvd. Barauskas, Barovskis and Borduskas, Borovskis; 1610 m. Joannes Casparowic3 (M, 561) | 1610 m. Joannes Casprowic3 (M. 562), plg. db. pvd. Kasparavicius; 1625 Jakub Daugielis (MV 150) | 1626 Jacobi Dagiel (MV 308), cf. db. pvd. Many and Daisy; 1662 m. Joannes Dembkow/ki (S. 6) | 1672 m. Joannes Dempkowski (S, 340), see only pvd. Muffler; 1668 m. Macieja Gorfkiego (GEN; S, 298) | 1663 m. Mathice Gurfki (S, 23), plg. db. pvd. Gorsky and Gursky, Gursky; 1670 Jofepho Jauczykiewicz (S. 406) | 1670 Jofepho Jauczukiewicz (S, 406), we do not have such names today; 1625 m. of Jerzy Eabanow/fki (GEN; MV 136) | 1627 m. of Jerzy Labunow/fki (GEN; MV 398), plg. db. pvd. Labanauskas, Labanovskis and Labunduskas, Labunovskas, Labunovskis; 1612 m. Mathias Plekaicis (S, 5) | 1617 m. Mathice Plakaitys (S, 522), see db. pvd. Plekaitis and Plakys; 1631 m. Joannis Raczkiewicz (S, 173) | 1640 m. Joannis Roczkiewicz (S, 248), plg. db. pvd. Račkėvičius and Ročka, Ročkaitis and others. ; 1625 m. Woyciech Rud3ianski (GEN; MV 154) | 1627 m. Woyciech Rudsin/ki (GEN; MV 390), plg. db. pvd. Rudziansk and Rudzinsk; 1666 m. Kafpra Zydkiewicza (GEN; S, 257) | 1666 m. Gafparum Zytkiewicz (S. 256), plg. db. pvd. Scientists and Scientists. As already mentioned, the legal and administrative documents of the city in the 17th century were written by people whose mother tongue was usually not Lithuanian. When they recorded names, they presented certain genders very differently. There are 116 members of the House of Commons, represented by 116 seats (1985–2010). 4 When discussing the variants of the names of the inhabitants of Kaunas in the 17th-18th centuries, the works of Z. Zinkevičius, J. Bubak, V. Maciejauskienė and others were referred to in one way or another (see Zinkevičius 1977; Bubak 1981: 251-257; 1986: 112-115; 151-152; Maciejauskienė 1990: 263-273; 1991: 118-151; 1993: 34-99; 1997: 71-88). XVII-XVIII A. KAUNIEČIŲ PAVARANTAI SU NAME | 35 variously changed. Because of the interaction of Slavic and Lithuanian languages, vowels aire, a and o, o and u are not distinguished by law. Consonants b and p, t and d are confused. 1.2. Only a few cases are classified as the second type of surname variants with different endings. This is: 1615 Valentin Burnifkis (S, 368) | 1615 Valentin Burnifko (S, 367), cf. only db. pvd. Burys, Būrnikas and others. ; 1609 Matys Csernis (VSM 245) | 1609 Matys Csernius (VSM 246), see db. pvd. Černis, Černys and Černius; 1607 m. Andrjei Raudos (V, 257) | 1607 m. Raudis (V, 220), plg. db. pvd. Weeping and Crying, Crying. There are not many variants of this group, because the surnames in non-Lithuanian texts were often written without endings. 1.3. The third group includes the genders of surnames with different patronymic suffixes. They were further divided into three subgroups: 1) variants of surnames with varying Lithuanian patronymic suffixes, 2) variants of surnames with varying Slavic patronymic suffixes and 3) variants of surnames with patronymic suffixes of different origin. 1.3.1. The first subgroup includes names with different Lithuanian patronymic suffixes. Only a few such cases are mentioned, e.g.: in 1612 Georgius Brandziun (S, 25) | in 1613 Georgius Brandzaytis (S, 89), nowadays such names do not exist; 1626 m. Matysowi Dylonowi (DAT; MV 259) | 1626 m. Macieia Dyluna (GEN; MV 274), plg. tik db. pvd. Diliūnas; 1621 Joannes Perdaytis (S, 745) | 1621 Joannes Perdonis (S, 748), now such names are unknown. This is also the case for the 1880 version (see below). It is obvious that foreign writers confused not only Slavic but also Lithuanian patronymic suffixes -aitis, -onis, -ūnas. There may have been another factor. In the early 17th century, the people of Kaunas spoke Lithuanian in courts. When they apologised or complained of their offenders, they had to present themselves. In Lithuanian he explained where he lived, who he served, whose relative he was, etc. I guess they were not very conscious at the time and could have called themselves differently. Therefore, the tendency to use Lithuanian patronymic prepositions has become established in judicial acts. 1.3.2. In the second subgroup —cases of use of the same surnames with different Slavic patronymic suffixes: in 1609 Piotr Baltromieiewic3 (VSM 251) | in 1610 Piotr Bartlomieiowic3 (VSM 436), cf. only db. pvd. Baltramiejūnas; 1626 m. Jozeph Borowic3 (MV 297) | 1628 m. Jozeph Borewic3 (MV 435), cf. only db. pvd. Baravicius; 1625 m. Adam Dominikiewic; (MV 123) | 1625 m. Adam Dominikowic3 (MV 105), cf. only db. v. Dominykas®; 1625 m. Stephanowi Dwilowic3owi (DAT; MV 174) | Stephana Dwilewic3a (GEN; MV 173), plg. db. pvd. Dvylavičius, Dvylovičius and Dvilevičius; 1608 m. Banis Grygowic3 (VSM 86) | 1608 m. Bania Grygiewic3a (GEN; VSM 21). Plg. db. pvd. Grigavičius, Grigovičius and Grigėvičius; 1607 m. Piotr Gulbinowicz (V, 278) | 1607 m. Piotr Gulbiniewicz (DAT; V, 158). See only db. pvd. Gulbinavicius, Gulbinovicius; 1626 m. Krz3ys3toff Jeremias3ewic3 (MV 204) | 1626 m. Kr3ysjtoffa Jeremias3owicza (GEN; MV 182), no such names now; 1626 Jana 8 The current name is quoted from: Kuzavinis, Savukynas (1994). 36 | ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ Macieiowicja (GEN; MV 166) | 1624 m. Jana Macieiewicsa (GEN; MV 65), plg. db. pvd. Maciejauskas, Maciejaūskas, Maciejénas, Maciejėvskis, Maciejovskis; 1610 m. Piotr Maciulowic3 (VSM 484) | 1610 m. Piotru Maciulewic3u (DAT; VSM 484), plg. db. pvd. Maciulavičius and Maciulėvičius; 1610 m. Jakub Markowic3 (VSM 480) | 1610 m. Jakubem Markiewic3zem (INSTR; VSM 396), plg. db. pvd. Markavičius and Markėvičius; 1606 m. Jana Mikotaiowicja (GEN; V, 20) | 1607 m. Jan Mikotlaiewic5 (V, 154), plg. db. pvd. Mikolajunas, Mikolajūnas, Mykolojinas; 1607 m. Jozef Pukienowic3 (V,233) | 1607 m. Jojefowi Pukienewicsowi (DAT; V, 236), plg. only db. pvd. Pukėnas, Pūkėnas, Pūkėnas, Pukėnis, Pitkénis; 1607 m. Mathias Szymkiewics (M, 263) | 1610 m. Matys Szymkowic3 (M, 558), plg. db. pvd. Simkévicius and Simkavicius; 1670 m. Paulo Walowicz (S,411) | 1673 m. Pavla Walewicza (GEN; S, 563), plg. db. pvd. Valavicius ir Valévicius. The name is probably derived from the former name of the local slaves. Slavic patronymic suffixes for foreign writers -evich ir - You were. "Russian limb form for son" (Jablonskis 1979: 243). The same name was used for both of them. 1.3.3. The third subgroup includes variants of surnames with patronymic suffixes of different origin: 1604—1610 Gregorius Balwierun (M, 136) | 1604-1610 m. Georgius Balwierowic; 3 (M, now 142), there are no such names; 1606 m. Lenart Braidziewicz (VSM 74) | 1607 m. Leonardo Braidsiun (VSM does 401), not have such names either; 1604-1610 m. Casparis Gruminaytis (M, 221) | 1604-1610 m. Caspar Gruminovich (M, there 44), are no such names now; 1603-1629 m. Marcin Janonis (MV) 51) | 1603-1629 m. Marcin Janowic3 (MV 181), plg. db. pvd. Janonis and Janavicius:; 1684 m. Valentine Mifselunas (MS, 234) | 1684 m. Valentinum Mifselewicz (MS, plg. 248), db. pvd. Miscellaneous; 1603-1629 m. Dominica Narkuna (GEN; MV 212) | 16031629 m. Dominica Narkevitsa (GEN; MV 212), plg. db. pvd. Narkinas ir Narkėvičius; 1603-1629 m. Johns Nieflanaytes (DAT; MV 57) | 1603-1629 m. Jan Neftanovichy (MV does 86), not have such names either; 1603-1629 m. Jana Stankuna (GEN; MV 155) | 1603-1629 m. Jana Stankiewic3a (GEN; MV 331), plg. db. pvd. Stankévičius ir Stanchin; 1604-1610 m. Bernardus Szymkun (M, 128) | 1604-1610 m. Bernardum Szymkowicy (M, plg. 144), db. pvd. Simkiin ir Simbavidius, Apparently, mostly due to the influence of the Russian written tradition, authentic Lithuanian t. y. patronymic suffixes used by the townspeople themselves -aitis, -ėnas, -onis, -ūnas, court clerks replaced with Slavic -evich ir -Ovic. 2. XVIII AGE SURNAMES OPTIONS 2.1. The 18th a. century names were also spelled inaccurately, and the jų genders fluctuated. There are many tų variants of the name themselves, which have arisen due to graphic and phonetic peculiarities, for example: 1773-1775 m." Alexander Anifzhkevich (L, 125) | Alexander Anufzkiewicz (L, plg. 100), db. pvd. Aniškėvičius ir Anuškėvičius; 1768-1771 m. Jerzy Dyminfki (L, When the ’ pages of the documents are very confused, only approximate, chronological boundaries of the document indicated in the archive description are given. 109) | Jerzy Tyminfki (GEN; L, 22), plg. db. pvd. Diminskis and Timinskis; 1775—1776 m. Stan Dobrowskiemu (DAT; L. 77) | Stanistaw Dombrow/ki (L 91), plg. db. pvd. Dabrduskas and Dambrauskas, Dambrauskis, Dambraiiskis, Dombrduskas, Dombrovskis; 1754-1759 m. Tomasz Dzigkiewicz (GEN; L, 58) | Tomaszowi Dzinkiewiczowi (DAT; L, 45), plg. db. pvd. Dzenkévičius and Dzinkévičius; 1763-1765 m. Symon Katucki (L, 16) | Symon Kotucki (L, 15), plg. db. pvd. Kaluga; 1763-1765 m. Tom/for Kontakiewicz (GEN: L, 25) | Tomafzowi Kantukiewiczowi (DAT; L. 119), plg. tik db. pvd. Cantacuzino; 1763-1765 m. Maciej Kopylowicz (DAT; L..42) | Maciey Koputowicz (L. 153), plg. tik db. pvd. Kapulskis; 1763-1765 m. Franciszek Loszakiewicz (L, 35) | Francifzek tafzžukiewicz (L. 15), plg. db. pvd. Lašakevičius and Lasukas; 1768—1771 m. Jerzemu Lugaytowi (DAT; L, 109) | Jerzemu Lungayto (1,30), cf. only db. pvd. Liugdila; 1773 Antoniemu Miranowiczowi (DAT; L 45) —Antoni Mironowicz (L, 126), plg. tik db. pvd. Mironavicius; 1776-1778 m. Piotr Moraw/ki (L, 25) | Piotrowi Murawskiemu (DAT; L, 73), plg. db. pvd. Mordus, Moravskis and Murauskas; 1763— 1767 m. Antoniemu Narockiemu (DAT; SV,254) | Antoniemu Narodzkiemu (DAT; SV, 326), plg. db. pvd. Narockis; 1775-1776 Jan Paziemkow- /ki (L 64) | Jana Pozienkow/- fkiego (GEN; L 45), no such names now; 1763-1765 to Dominik Radziewicz (GEN; L. 2) | Dominikowi Rodziewiczowi (DAT; L. 182); 1763-1765 m. of Jakuba Rodziewicz (GEN; L, 192) | Jakub Rudziewicz (L. 28), plg. db. pvd. Radzėvičius, Rodzėvičius and Rudzėvičius; 1715-1737 by Adam Stanisław Skuderewicz (GEN; Al, 134) | Stanisław Skuderewicz (GEN; Al, 145), gift plg. db. pvd. Skuderis; 1780-1781 Jozeff Sosinfki (L, 61) | Jozeff Susinski (L, 213), now such surnames are unknown; 1773 m. Michal Taramowicz (L, 127) | Michat Tarymowicz (L, 25), plg. db. pvd. Flooring; 1776-1778 m. Jan Zygmantowicz (L,6) | Jan Zygmuntowicz (L,76), plg. db. pvd. Zigmantavicius and Zigmuntavicius, Zigmuntovicius. The variety of genders of the 18th-century kaunieCiy names presented here is surprising. And in this age, some vowels are replaced by others, rightly and wrongly. It has been observed that the vowel «a in some cases is replaced by 0,0 —4,0 — u, e —i. One way or another, the consonants c and ¢, d and f, m and n are alternated. This was influenced by the changed, non-Lithuanian writing environment of Kaunas in the 18th century. Therefore, during this period, most variants of names with various Slavic suffixes appeared, their phonetics is not Lithuanian. 2.2. There are morphological variants of individual surnames. 2.2.1. There are cases of variation with Lithuanian and Slavic patronymic suffixes, e.g. : Krzysztoff and Anna Giedrayciw (GEN; AĮ,,402) | Giedrowiczowie (AI, 143), plg. db. pvd. Giedraitis and Giedravicius. 2.2. 2. The following examples illustrate the tendency to use Slavic prepositions: 1755-1763 Bartlomieiowi Maciulewiczowi (DAT; L, 177) | Bartlomieiowi Maczulfkiemu (DAT; L, 139), cf. db. pvd. Maciulėvičius and Maculskis. 1773 m. Samuelem Wafilewic3 (MS, 234) —1771 m. Samuel Wasilewski (MS, 158), plg. db. pvd. Vassiliev and Vasilyev. It is clear from the presented variants that the use of different languages in the 18th century also prevented the establishment of the written gender of the surname. Page 38 | 39 3. GENERAL REMARKS Summarizing what has been stated in this article, it can be said that the final formation of Kaunas names in the XVIIXVIII century was not yet over. This is evidenced by the abundance of different variants of names. Their appearance was conditioned by various circumstances. First of all, Kaunas city council, vaito, court clerks wrote their books, in which the names of Kaunas residents were recorded, not in Lithuanian, but in the old Polish and Latin language. Thus, the anthroponyms of the townspeople were glorified, latinized, etc. Therefore, the already formed name of the same person in different records of the file could have been changed in some way. The linguistic phenomenon was influenced by the specificity of the investigated books of acts. They were usually written for practical reasons, so no one cared about the exact spelling of Kaunas names. The plaintiff or defendant already mentioned could have been recorded in another record of the proceedings with a different form of the surname. This variation is also partly related to the unofficial description of the townspeople. In the courts of Kaunas in the 17th and 18th centuries, they were allowed to speak and answer various questions. It is quite possible that these individuals used to call themselves differently. In the 18th century, when the city’s writing environment became non-Lithuanian, there were particularly favourable conditions for the spread of various forms of the same surname. In conclusion, the following conclusions can be made: 1. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the gender of the names of Kaunas citizens still fluctuated. 2. Variations of surnames in the 17th century are divided into three groups: 1) variations of surnames resulting from spelling and phonetic peculiarities, 2) variations of surnames differing in endings, and 3) variations of surnames with different patronymic suffixes. The latter two groups of variants are called MORPHOLOGICAL. Most of the first group of names are discussed. 3. The names recorded in the 18th century Kaunas city records also varied. There are many different types of phonetic spelling. SOURCES Al, —1693 Act Record Book. Manuscripts Department of Vilnius University Library (hereinafter —VUBRS). E.7. B. 13868, 1. Al, -1738-1749 Act Record Book. VUBRS. E.7. B. 13868, 2. Al, —1743-1748 Act Record Book. VUBRS. EF. 7. B. 13868, 3. Al, —1749-1753 Act Record Book. VUBRS. E.7. B. 13868, 4. AĮ,-1747-1768 m. aktų įrašų knyga. The Lithuanian State History Archive (hereinafter —LVIA). E SA. B. 13870. Al, —1763-1773 Act Record Book. LVIA. E. SA. B. 13871. 1771-1781 Act Record Book. LVIA. E SA. B. 13872. 1780-1784 Act Record Book. LVIA. F. SA. B. 13873. AĮ,—1781-1788 m. aktu įrašų knyga. LVIA. E SA. B. 13874. AĮ,,—1789-1792 m. aktų įrašų knyga. LVIA. E SA. B. 13877. AĮ,,—1796-1798 m. aktų įrašų knyga. LVIA. E SA. B. 13877. AKA, —-1779-1781 m. archive book description, 2. LVIA. E SA. B. 18657. AKA, -1788-1809 m. archive book description. LVIA. E. SA. B. 18653. XVII-XVIII CENTURY VARIATIONS OF KAUNIANES SURNAMES |39 B,—1779-1780 m. burmistrza książka. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19625. B,-1780-1785 m. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19622. 1754–1759, 1759–1764, 1764–1765, 1765–1767, 1767–1769, 1769–1770, 1770–1771, 1771–1772, 1772–1773, 1773–1774, 1774–1775, 1775–1776, 1776–1777, 1777–1779, 1779–1780, 1780–1781, 1781–1782, 1782–1783, 1784–1785. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19588. 1755–1763, 1763–1765, 1765–1766, 1766–1767, 1767–1769, 1769–1770, 1770–1771, 1771–1772, 1772–1773, 1773–1774, 1775–1776, 1776–1777, 1777–1778, 1778–1779, 1779–1780, 1781–1782, 1782–1783, 1784–1785. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19592. 1763–1765: The New Testament. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19602. 1768–1771: The 1768–1771 Lentvaičio book. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19596. 1771–1773: The Book of Lentvaitis. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19599. 1773 - The New York Times. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19601. 1773–1775: The Book of Lentvaitis. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19605. 1775–1776: The 1775–1776 War. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19606. 1776–1778: The 1776–1778 Lentvaičio book. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19607. 1778–1781: The 1778–1781 Lentvaičio book. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19627. 1780–1781: The 1780–1781 Lentvaičio book. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19610. 1604–1610: The Magistrate's Book. VUBRS. E.7. B. 13856. 1752-1786: Minutes of the Magistrate's Meetings. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19587. M, -1786-1796 Magistrate's Meetings Book. LVIA. E. SA. B. 19560. MS, —1683-1773 mixed book: minutes of magistrate's meetings, minutes and acts of magistrate's and benchmen's courts. VUBRS. E.7. B. 13867. MS, —1686-1776 mixed book: minutes of magistrate's meetings, minutes and acts of magistrate's and benchmen's courts. VUBRS. E.7. B. 13867. MV -1603-1629 mixed book of magistrate and vaito. VUBRS. E.7. B. 13855. 1610–1622: The Book of the Benchers. VUBRS. F.7. B. 13861. S, —1622-1640 book of benchmen. LVIA. E. SA. B. 13863. 1662–1673: The Book of the Benchers. VUBRS. E.7. B. 13865. SV, —1738-1762 Benchers and Vaito Court Book. LVIA. E SA. B. 19589. 1763–1767: The Court of the Benchers and the Vaito. LVIA. E SA. B. 19593. 1606–1608, 1608–1609, 1609–1610, 1610–1611, 1611–1612, 1612–1613, 1613–1614, 1615–1616. VUBRS. EF. 7. B. 13859. VSM -1608-1616 mixed book of vaito, benolininkų and magistrato. VUBRS. EF. 7. B. 13860. LITERATŪRA BENSON, S. 1990: Variations in the Swedish forename system. Proceedings of the XVIIth International Congress of Onomastic Sciences 1. Helsinki, 13-18 August 1990, Helsinki: The University of Helsinki and the Finnish Research Centre for Domestic Languages, 194-201. BuUBAK, J. 1981: Ilponecc popmupoBanHs IIOJIbCKHX (paMHINI B IOXHOH 4aCTH TEDpDpHTOpHH Maso ITOJIbINH B XV-XVII Be. Proceedings of the International Congress of Onomastic Sciences 1. Cracow, August 21-25, 1978, Wroctaw-Warszawa—-Krakow-Gdansk-L.6dz: Zaktad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich, 251-257. BUBAK, J. 1986: Proces ksztattowania si¢ polskiego nazwiska mieszczarnskiego i chlopskiego, Krakow: Nakladem Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego. DAMBE, V.[JIaMsE B. O] 1970: BapuanTs! narsiickux ume. Hukonos, B. A., Cynepanckas, A. B., pexn., Arnmpononumuxa, Mocksa: Hayxka, 218-219. GvOzDEVA, E. L. 1990: Mopdonornyeckne BapHaHThl MYKCKHX KaJIeHAapPHBIX HMEH B PYCCKO# J1€710BOH nucbMeHHocTH XIV-XVI BB. [llocma pecnybaikancoka onomacmuyna kongepenyis 4—6 zpydna 1990 poky. Te3u donoeidei i nosioomaens. Teopemuuna ma i icmopuuna onomacmuxa, Onecca: IHCTITYT MOBO3HABCTBA IM. 0.0. Ilore6ni 13-14. JABLONSKIS, K. 1979: Istorija ir jos šaltiniai, Vilnius: Mokslas. Kiaura, Z. 1973: Kauno miesto senojo archyvo likimas. Lietuvos TSR mokslų akademijos darbai. Serija A, 2 (43), 125-140.