Dėl vienos kilmininko semantinės funkcijos

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLVIII (2003), 137-142 About the semantic function of a single noun ELENA VALIULYTĖ Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius The article deals with Lithuanian constructions of the type gauti (ką nors) dovanu. The genitive occurring in such constructions should be distinguished from the genitive as an object case (alternating with the accusative). The author argues that it reflects a semantic function different from that of object (patient); this function is here defined as that of ‘motive’. 1.In Lithuanian language verb-adjective sentences with adjective and adjective are not different in terms of lexical expression and semantic structure. The grammar of contemporary Lithuanian language indicates two variants of this model (N,--Vf-N,- -N.) (Ambrazas, ed., 1997: 595-596): (1) with the explanatory verbs klausti(s- ), prašyti, mokyti, etc. (The traveler asked the old way); (2) with prepositional suffixes, meaning filling something (Men filled a barrel with water). In both cases, the adjective represents the content (contentive) and the adjective the subject. 2. Transitive verbs, meaning receiving (get, buy, etc.) or giving (give, give, give, bring, etc.), together with the ending join the ancestor of certain nouns, which has a peculiar semantic function. Let's take the following sentence: I got a picture (Acc) as a gift (GEN). The verb get necessarily requires a suffix — an image, which performs the function of a direct adjective and denotes the patient. And the genitive gifts is also controlled by the verb (gavo), but it is not necessary for the sentence structure — it is a free member: if it is omitted, the sentence remains grammatical, cf. : I got a picture. On the other hand, the genitive of gifts can be used alone (without a suffix), cf. : I received a gift. In this case, it takes the position of the final and goes as a direct adjective: it differs from the final in partitive meaning. A different syntactic and semantic function has the same pronoun darų, used next to the adjective paveikslą, in the above-mentioned sentence: I got a picture as a gift. Syntactically, it is an indirect complement. And the meaning of this nobleman can be interpreted as + vns. gal. (as a gift), cf. : I received a painting as a gift (DZ? 128). For the given forms, the question can be raised: on what basis did I get the picture? This is the function of the motive (or the originator of the motive) (for its definition see Sližienė 1986: 53)'. 3. The originator of the motif (gifts) in the sentence can occupy various positions (in relation to other elements of the sentence). We present a simplified model (without a denominator), where the symbol V Ernst Fraenkel calls similar adjectives the Genetiv des Bereichs (Sachbetreffs) (Fraenkel 1928: 63). 138 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ —verb, Acc —adjective*, GEN —pronoun. We have several word order options. (1) V —Acc —GEN: I received a painting as a gift (cf. : I got an apartment as a gift from KT. Get a flower gift KT. (2) V —GEN —ACC: I received a painting as a gift (cf. : A good sign: to receive a gift of any plant, flower KT. The teacher gave a beautiful booklet DKS. (S. 616). He brought a gift similar amber saw KT. When Aldutė was very small, she got a little teddy bear as a gift. (3) AcC —GEN —V: I received the painting as a gift (cf.: The minister himself presented the book “Lithuanian chefs” as a gift to the Supreme Court). (4) GEN —AcC —V: I got a gift picture (see: I got a gift necklace from KTK). (5) Acc —V —GEN: I got the painting as a gift (see: I got a loaf of bread as a gift to the KT. A Kaunas man who came said he was bringing cheese as a gift to Moscow to the KT. I got a scooter as a gift to the KT. He got a parachute jump as a gift from his parents on their birthday to the KT). (6) GEN —V —ACC: I received a painting as a gift (cf. : And as a gift I brought my latest novel KT. V. Adamkus gave her an amber jewel as a gift to the KT. Rasa admitted that every year she gives her friends St. Patrick’s Day gifts. For Christmas buys calendar KT. He gets a beer KT as a gift. 4.The above-mentioned models differ from each other in the actual division: the postpositional (in relation to the adjective) originator usually denotes the rhyme (models 1, 3, 5), while the prepositional originator denotes the theme (models 2, 4, 6). In addition, the sentences of the latter models correspond to sentences in which there is an explanatory relationship between the adjective and the suffix. The sentence I received a picture as a gift (2) can be “read” as follows: when the noun gift is pronounced with emphasis and after a pause, an explanatory relation is established between it and the suffix (in the writing it is marked with punctuation marks), e.g. : I got a gift — a painting (cf.: I bragged about receiving a gift from the cook Niurna — her ex-husband’s winter hat KT). A word with a broader and more general lexical meaning (gifts) is interpreted, corrected by a word with a narrower meaning of the same function (picture). Both forms (pronoun and suffix) perform the same syntactic function — they are direct adjectives. 4.1. The pronoun of gifts, connected with the suffix by the explanatory relation, will be called the explanatory pronoun (or the explanatory pronoun of the suffix). The explanatory suffix dárov is more often used in sentences with single (multiple) suffixes, e.g. : Upon arrival at the hotel I immediately received a gift — a projector and a drinking water bottle KT. - The final position in the sentence can be occupied by the partitive origin, as well as by the corresponding conjunctive word combination or homonymous sentence parts (for them see Ulvydas, ed., 1976: 584-585), e.g. : Receive gift flowers KT. Receive a gift letter or book KT. 139 From Israel they brought me a gift — a bottle of Italian wine and a CD of KT. Veža Anicetas presents: Vytukui pentinus, Dvyliokui getrus KT. In such a position, i.e. before homogeneous suffixes, the mentioned originator (dovanov) is said without emphasis — in the meaning of motive, e.g. : I also got some creams, perfumes and flowers from KT. I also got headphones and a watch with my image in CT. 4.2. The parent of gifts with a certificate is used only as an explanatory suffix (0 is not used as a motif function), e.g. : The Chinese emperor immediately sent him precious gifts: a greeting letter written in gold ink, an emerald rose of 108 beads, jade vessels and brocade garlands... Arvydas, who lives on the banks of the river, often receives strange “gifts” from it: rotten boats, stairs, ladders... They prepare big gifts for pensioners for Christmas: food packages and 150 litas KT. The same equivalent has the model ir GEN — V — Acc plg. : (6), He has received a vacuum cleaner, a TV stand, an ornamental plant, a su white wooden chair ir KT. — Father only as a gift sometimes got — prisoner- 's work axe ar spinning KT. 5. Ta the same function of the motif, as gifts, are ir used several other lexicons: lauktūvės “dgs. 1. waiting for gifts: you Ką brought gifts' DZ? 357; cross sections “dgs. (just slaughtered animal) meat given to the butcher to the ar neighbor: Bring the neighbor slaughterhouses' DZ? 701, LEZ, 836; pasoga ‘istor. dukteriai duodama dalis pinigais, gyvuliais’ DZ? 515, LKZ, 517; kraitis ‘bride’s property (clothes, clothing, furniture, ir etc.)’ DŽ3 328, LKŽ,, 404; magarycios ‘dgs. snail. 2. Annex: He paid back the debt with su his ass' DŽ3 376; shifter ‘etnogr. 1. už work given supplement with edible products, additional salary: spinning Už paid by the dave of the ir yard’ DŽ3 532; appendix “1. what is additionally given, provided: Gavo atlyginisu mą priedu’ DZ? 598, LKZ, 627. We present the usage of the originators of these ta “lexeme” in the same ir order as gifts (according to models). In a new line (after the hyphen) given usage of the ancestors (where such examples are available) the explanatory function. wild grass: V — GEN — Acc (2): [Giedrė] often took iš a gift accordion with her on trips KT. Bring the children a gift cake KT. One American brought a gift of country bread crumbs ir grown in the garden of parents apple KT. 140 | ELENA VALIULYTĖ —I brought a gift here —a bottle of red wine KT. Baltrušaičiai brought a welcome gift from Moscow — caviar, which was tasted with champagne KT. He gave the writer a gift — a beautiful bonbonniere, bound with a red silk ribbon KT. On that day they brought gifts to the school: writing tools, food products KT. I brought her some souvenirs from Kazakhstan: a handful of small wild apples, two heads of sunflowers and a few onions. GEN — Acc — V (4): The father of the baroness brought a string of gifts from the market KTK. —Well, maybe some gifts —fish will bring KT. Acc---VGEN (5): The desert locust was brought to her by a gift KT. GEN — V — Acc (6): After receiving a desert locust from Spain, Lina was surprised by CT. Souvenirs from Lithuania Griniai brings at least four branches KT. Gifts had brought cupcakes and chicken broth KT. For gifts they gladly buy amber jewelry and souvenirs in KT. The gifts were not cakes or candy, but a notebook of KT. —I spend time in the fresh air and I also bring gifts —garlic, parsley for my husband, berries for the children. As we can see, the models (2, 4, 6), in which the motif originator is prepositional in relation to the final, relate to sentences in which the originator and the final (respectively the partitive originator or the corresponding homonymous parts of the sentence) are connected by an explanatory relation: the originator is clarified by the words that follow it. cross-section: V — Acc — GEN (1): I brought my neighbor two legs and the Marne slaughterhouse KTK. V — GEN — Acc (2): I brought some breeze from the slaughterhouse. He brought a pair of dice Rs (KZ, 836) from the slaughterhouse. —When letting the guests go, the hostess would put a piece of slaughterhouse —blood yuka (bloody soup), intestines, intestinal fat, liver, kidney or papilla meat in the CT. kraitis: V - Acc — GEN (1): Baron Wilhelm von Rops, who married Countess Minsterite two centuries ago, received the manor in 1787 as a dowry KT. V - GEN — Acc (2): Also great-grandfather Jakub Svidra, married a baron from Starodub, received a couple of estates in Ukraine KT. And Gediminas’ daughter Aldona, Queen of Poland, wife of Casimir the Great, who had asked for herself the dowry of 20,000 Polish prisoners of war. She could have brought from home a bridal gown of valuable silver KT. Veronika was released for her husband in the third parish, adding a dowry of 1,000 litas and a stallion visited by the lineikon in the KT. GEN — V — Acc (6): [Agamemnon] will return Briseide, release for him one of his daughters, dowry will give many richy cities T. ON VIENOS KILMININKO FUNCTIONS | 141 —In return, he promised Pranu not only Diana’s hand, but also a cow and 9 liters of domestic KT. thread: V —- Acc - GEN (1): After receiving 300 (three hundred) rubles of pledge, he gave them to Antony KT. V — GEN — Acc (2): He received the atmustq guilt of SRD (LKZ,, 517). She received from her parents a beautiful detached house in Starabidisko near Šešupės KT. AcC — GEN — V (3): Marge's sweet pasogo (pasogos) give TRAK (XZ, 518). GEN — Acc — V (4): Horses du cow ir heifer su gave JRB (LKŽ,, 518). GEN — V — Acc (6): My brother gave me half of the land — of the farm KT. Magarry: V — Acc — GEN (1): He gave a cow and a heifer, and a bull of magaryčių PND (LKZ,,, 727). At the end of the film, Dunia received a fiftieth grade KT. V — GEN — Acc (2): Bring magaryciy schnapps KT. Acc —GEN —V (3): Offered to give you housing, even a bottle magaryciy without asking KT. Acc — V — GEN I (5): bought ir the table, the chair o was given by magaryčių GRS (LKŽ,,, 727). gear: V —GEN —Acc (2): The little shepherd brought a piece of bacon ir from the cow LNK ( LKZ, GEN 701). — V — Acc (6): Committee "paviržio" gave one po pound of sugar, courses in the village gold weighed KT. Maybe the owner will put some half-cup, maybe a flax spindle, as promised by the KT. attachments: V — Acc — GeN (1): Kasciai got another plot of land, the land is registered in the KT. Take care of the five shillings predo KT. GEN — V — Acc (6): In addition, I even got a shirt! KT. But I gave him an extra Čiurlionis reproduction bookgą KT. Gentlemen of the order, magaryčių, paviržio, annex (as the ir patrons of gifts, souvenirs, slaughterhouses, bedspreads) can be used in explanatory ir function. Page 142 | 143 6. Concluding remarks: a. Pronouns of certain nouns (dovanų, lauktuvių, skerstuvių, magaryčių, kraičio, pasogos, paviržio, priedo), used in sentences with transitive su giving verbs of receiving — together with the suffix su (resp. partitive pronoun ar with corresponding homonymous suffixes), — has a special motif meaning. b. The position of the motif's adjective in the sentence is free: it can go after the po adjective ir before it. c. Sentences su with a motif pronoun that precedes the adjective are semantically related to sentences in which there is an explanatory relationship between the pronoun and the adjective. d. The parent of the motif corresponds to the explanatory (which is explained) complement. e. Explanatory pronoun is more often used in ways su (uniform) add-ons, less often with one. ABBREVIATIONS Dkš— Daukšiai, Marijampolės apskritis r. DZ? — Dictionary of Modern English. 111 Revised ir and supplemented edition, red. St. Keinys ir kt., Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. J.R.R. Tolkien, J.R.R. Tolkien. KT — Vytautas Magnus University Computer Linguistics Centre Textbook (http: // donelaitis.vdu.lt) KTK —-Kūktiškės, Utenos r. LKŽ - English-Lithuanian dictionary: 3, 6,7, 9, 10, 12 Tom. 1998. "R.I.P.R.I.P.R- .I.P.R.I.P.R.I.- P.R.I.P.R.I.P.- R.I.P.R.I.P.R.I- .P.R.I.P.R.I.P.- R.I.P.R.I.P.R.I- .P.R.I.P.R.I.P.- R.I.P.R.I.P.R.I- .P.R.I.P.R.I.P.- R.I.P.R.I.P.R.I- .P.R.I.P.R.I.P.- R.I.P.R.I.P.". PND—Pandėlys, Rokiškio r. SRD—Seredžius, Jurbarko r. TRAK—Trakai. The Earth. LITTERATUR AMBRAZAS, V., ed. 1997: Grammar of the Lithuanian language. Third revised edition, Vilnius: Mokslo enciklopedijų ir leidykla. FRAENKEL, E. 1928: Syntax der litauischen Kasus, Kaunas: Valstybės spaustuvė. SLIŽIENĖ, N. 1986: Syntactic classification of Lithuanian verbs. ir Lithuanian Linguistics Questions 25, 45-96. ULvypas, K., ed. 1976: Grammar of the Lithuanian language 3. Syntax in Vilnius: Science. Elena Valiulytė Received 2003 01 28 Kalvarijų g. 142-9 2042 Vilnius, Lithuania