Kai kurios liūdesio koncepto raiškos ypatybės lietuvių kalboje

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLVIII (2003), 105 -118 Some characteristics of the expression of the concept of sadness in Lithuanian language SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ Šiaulių universitetas Lexical units describing emotions refer to situations. They single out a number of important situational elements: who experiences the emotional state, what is its cause, how can one define its essential features, how is it expressed. Such scenarios reflect the naive picture of the world. The aim of the present paper is to reveal how emotional states in the sphere of the general notion of sadness are conceptualized in Lithuanian. Attention is paid only to one part of the situational scenario associated with states of sadness, viz. the correlation between an emotional state and its causes. The relationship between emotions and language is special in that language expresses things that are not visible to the naked eye. Language categorizes the inner world, separates emotions from each other, defines their essence, indicates similarities and differences. The names of emotions partly reveal the content of consciousness. The sphere of feelings is not only abstract, but also the realm of reality that depends most on the experience of each person, but through language these different experiences are generalized and the respective states are named based on common features. By speaking about his emotions, by choosing the appropriate words, a person at the same time gives a sign of how he would like to be understood: cf. When I broke up with my friend, I was a little depressed vs. When I broke up with my friend, I was very grieved (Bamberg 1997 a: 212). In principle, all other sciences that study the senses are based on the material that language provides, because it is a kind of bridge between the invisible world of emotions and reality. One of the four basic emotions is HAPPINESS. In psychology, sadness is a feeling of spiritual pain, despair, or regret that arises from loss, lack, or lack of something. Sadness is expressed by not very strong experiences of suffering, decreased motivation for activity, passivity, idleness and includes pity and sympathy for oneself, wandering in one’s pain. This emotion helps to feel the flow of time, causes regret for the passing of time. Sadness is experienced when the personality gives up “false illusions, reconciles with fate” (Augis, Kočiūnas 1993: 157). When meaning is perceived only as a set of a defined number of sems, it is difficult to describe emotions — things that cannot be seen or touched. When looking at language from cognitivist positions, the understanding of meaning as the lowest degree of actualization of the concept is chosen (Gudavičius 2000: 55). A concept is all the information about an object that exists in the consciousness of people who speak a certain language. The content of the concept consists not only of linguistic meanings, but language is one of the means of forming the concept and its method of study. The content of the concept depends on the experience of individuals and can therefore vary greatly. Information about some features of the concept is recorded in dictionaries definitions- 106 | Silvija Papaureliete se. The concept in language is represented by lexical and phraseological compounds, simple word compounds, structural and positional sentence schemes with typical propositions (syntactic concepts). If it is necessary to clarify the concepts of an individual author, the object of analysis becomes entire texts (Popova, Sternin 1999: 8-11). Some of the conceptual content is revealed through conceptual metaphors. The concept represented by the word sadness in Lithuanian language is also associated with other names of emotional states. Note that the term word is used relatively. In this case, we mean not only the noun sadness, but also the words to grieve, sad, sadly. There is no more appropriate term to describe a group of words that describe the same feeling. A word is a set of grammatical forms. For example, participants are considered grammatical forms of the verb (Gudavičius 1994: 8). If we agree that to mourn and to be sad are one word, why can we not also call the words sadness, to mourn, sad, which differ essentially only in their grammatical meaning? The analysis of the dictionary definitions helped to compile a list of words representing the concept. Initially, only those words were inventoried, in the interpretation of the meaning of which the dominant word of the group — sadness — is repeated. In the following, we looked at what words are repeated in the interpretation of the meaning of the latter words. Of course, in this case, we have to rely on the intuition of the dictionary writers. In addition, it was checked whether the common part can be distinguished in the meanings of all words representing the concept. A group of representatives of the concept based on these principles should look like this: sadness, depression, mourning, grief, longing, melancholy, nostalgia, despair, boredom, sadness, heartache. These are not absolutely all the words associated with sadness. The list does not include dialects, such as sirdperša, širdskaudis. The aim of this article is to reveal, based on examples of usage, how the emotional states of sadness are perceived and differentiated in the Lithuanian language worldview. The object of the analysis —not only the mentioned nouns, but also examples of use of verbs and adjectives having the same root. More than 5000 examples from the Vytautas Magnus University Computer Linguistics Center Textbook of Lithuanian fiction and publications were used. The definitions of Lithuanian dictionaries provide little information about this concept. To support this statement, it is enough to analyze only a few examples: sadness (3") spiritual pain, feeling of despair, sadness: L. pressed his chest. The eyes are full of sadness. All were covered I(indesys) DZ 371; sadness (3") a feeling of spiritual pain, despair, disappointment; sielvartas, graudulys: And longing gnawed the heart, and sorrow pressed the breast (V. Krėvė). Time cured the sadness (sh). A happy face smiles out of the window, barely obscured by the visible sadness. Sadness decreases strength (Rs) LKZ, 598. nusimiiti [...] make litdnam: The poor man went home upset DZ. 450. gėda (1) grief, sadness: He said goodbye to ~a. He got sick. Isleed his ~q DZ 809; heartache (1) [...] grief, sadness: It will be your heartache that your heart will be bitter, you will be angry (J). I'm so sorry for my son! (Ss.) With terrible heartache I have to say that my father's "Examples taken from the textbook are marked with the letters KT. In other cases, the author and the source are given. 107 namai pasidarė kontrabandininky nezdas (I. Simonaitytė) LKZ,,, 847. sielvartas (1) susikrimtimas, rūpestis, širdgėla: Make, cause ~q. From a big ~o got sick DŽ 690; sielvartas (1) |...) susikrimtimas, rūpestis, širdgėla: Pressing, depressing my heart heavy sorrow (S. Nėris). She is very pale, but she can no longer cry, although the grief does not cease to gnawing (I. Simonaitytė). My soul is full of sorrow now (V. Krėvė). [...] He is in great sorrow. Cause grief (NdZ). Oh, my greatest grief! (V. Kudirka) LKZ,, 521-522. It is inevitable to rely on a synonymous way of interpreting the meaning, which is not very suitable for such a lexicon, so words of similar but not the same meaning are ignored. It turns out that sadness is the same as disappointment, disappointment is no different from being disappointed, and words that clearly indicate emotional states of different intensity, heartache, sorrow, sadness mean almost the same. The situation is slightly corrected by an allusion to the metaphorical description of an emotional state: sadness is described as spiritual pain—the interrelation of spiritual disability with physical disability is indicated. Most often, the easiest way is chosen in the dictionary: one goes in circles, i.e. one word is interpreted by another. Therefore, more informative ways of describing words of this meaning are needed. After analyzing at least part of the text, which talks about human emotions, it is possible to say that the vocabulary naming them is situational. Any words representing emotional concepts orient the consciousness to capture some of the most important moments: who is experiencing an emotional state, what is the reason for the state, how to describe the essence of this emotional state, what is its expression, etc. In each sentence not necessarily all these elements are described directly, some can be understood only from a wider context: But I immediately remembered that my joy is egoistical, and I said: “I (subject) will rejoice, and he (subject) may be sad that you will not be with your parents (cause)… I am a great egoist” NR JVUS 57; The old man (subject) stammered in place. "I'm freezing, I'm going," he said. “I know, not my little beast, but everyone’- s, the wild one. If you get caught, don't tell me. Somehow warm in the heart: there is a God’s bug living and you are living… If he isn’t there (cause), it will be sad, it seems, then I too will have to fight for my life…” M VD 72. Thus, it is obvious that in each case the sentence indicates certain elements of the situation: the subject, the cause, the expression of the emotional state. This statement can be supported by the recent work of linguists studying the vocabulary of emotions, which states that such vocabulary is necessarily associated with a certain situation, the elements of the scenario of that situation are indicated (Bamberg 1997 b: 315). Anna Wierzbicka (1999: 503-526) emphasizes the situational nature of the vocabulary naming emotions and the associated way of describing meaning. The descriptive formulas presented by this linguist are treated as a comparison of the emotion experienced by the person about whom it is spoken with the emotion that arises in memory or imagination after reading the description of the situation. E. M. VoI'f states that the representation of the human inner world in language reflects the naive worldview, which is very different from the scientific one (Vol'f 1989: 55). Pasak 108 | SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ According to Vol'f, statements describing emotional states are like models corresponding to a certain fragment of the inner world. There are three main elements in this model: (1) the subject of the emotion, (2) the emotional state itself, and (3) the cause of the emotional state. For example: He (the subject) was pleased (the predicate of the emotional state, i.e. the emotional state itself), that Vytautas came (the cause). Russian linguists Valentina Apresyan and Yuri Apresyan believe that when describing the meaning of such words, it is necessary to emphasize the reference to a common or common case, i.e. the experience of many people related to a particular case. The meaning of the emotion described in their suggested way looks like this: pity for X-o Y-o (Eco »xanocmb K O6016bKbiM Obra noucmunHe becnpedeavrou ‘His pity for the sick was simply boundless) = “a feeling disturbing the mental equilibrium of X-o and caused by Y-o X-o; such a feeling encompasses a person when he thinks that someone has been put in a bad position and that situation is worse than someone deserved (cause), a person feels something similar to what the human body feels when it hurts, to such a feeling the human body reacts as to pain (metaphor of the body), a person experiencing this feeling wants to change the position of another being so that it is not so bad (consequences)” (Apresjan, Apresjan 1993: 35). Later, this theory was modified. He tries to reconstruct that naive worldview of emotions, the model of the human emotional world, which is reflected and conveyed by means of Russian language. Apresjan describes the scenario of the development of emotions based not on the data of psychology, but on what is conveyed by language, i.e. how language “sees”, “understands” and “expresses” it as it happens (Apresjan 1995: 52-53). After analyzing several ways of interpreting the meaning of words naming emotions, it is clear that the approach to the meaning of these words as a model of a certain situation is extremely convenient, because it reflects not only the dynamics of emotion, but also those factors without which a specific emotion is not imagined. The scenario of an emotional situation reveals a naive worldview. In our opinion, the following factors are important for the description of emotional states of SAdness: (a) the subject of the emotion, (b) the cause of the emotion, (c) the location of the emotion, (d) the characteristics of the emotional state, (e) the expression of the emotion, (f) the consequences. We're modifying the theory of prototypes a little bit. Traditionally, it is believed that the objects or phenomena that make up categories represent them differently: some — better, others — worse. In human consciousness, an abstract or concrete image of objects belonging to a category is formed. This image is called a prototype if it is the basis on which a person perceives reality. The member of a category closest to the prototype is considered the best example of the class of objects in that category. When determining the status of an element, a person compares it with the prototype and only then decides whether the element belongs to this category (Eleanor Rosch; cited by Belyavskaya 2000: 11). A set of features required for prototype characteristics. But what to do in the case of having in mind some abstract, of which not only typical, but in general any features are difficult to describe? Therefore, prototype theory is more suitable for describing semantica for classes of concrete objects than for abstract ones. To apply it to the semantic representation of emotions EXPRESSION OF THE CONCEPT OF SUFFERING | 109, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of this lexicon. The concept best represented by the word sadness, we consider a certain emotional category. The most typical representative of this concept in language is the word sadness, because, according to the dictionary of synonyms (Lyberis 2002: 44), its meaning most accurately reflects the general meaning of the synonyms. This is the center of the category. All other lexems differ from the latter in that they do not describe the entire sphere of emotional reality, but only individual parts of it. Common features of the meaning of words representing the concept—- elements of the situational scenario. After all, every emotion belonging to this continuum has a subject and a cause (loss or lack of an important thing, a necessary person, moral values). But they are distinguished by the nature of the cause, the characteristics of expression. Say, by the word sadness, it is most likely possible to call the emotional state caused by various losses, and the cause of grief is defined more strictly. In this article we will limit ourselves only to one part of the scenario of the situation associated with sadness emotions — the analysis of the correlation between the names of emotional states and their causes. This choice also determined the volume of analyzed material. Here we will not analyze the conceptual metaphors revealing part of the content of this concept, the semantics of the corresponding phraseology, 0 we will confine ourselves to the analysis of individual statements in which the words representing this concept appear. The general cause of the emotions of the continuity of SAINTS—loss or lack of something—can be differentiated in various ways. The cause of the emotion is inseparable from the object of loss or lack: a person, an animal, an object. The loss of moral values also causes emotions of SAdness. It is clear that the emotions in question are experienced only if the lost or missing object is important to a person. The degree of importance also varies. The object of the need may be simply necessary to satisfy everyday needs (but it is possible to live without it) or vitally important — one without which life becomes impossible. All the causes of SAIRY emotions can be divided into two groups: loss and lack (the lack in this case is not a consequence of loss, a person longs for what he never had). This type of emotion is experienced in the absence of people, animals, moral values, activities, objects, or other things of minor importance. The losses caused by them are twofold. If what is important (people, animals, moral values, objects) is lost only temporarily, it is still possible to return to the previous situation. In this case, the emotional state predicts the future perspective. The total loss (most often in this case, the death of a person is in mind, as well as the loss of moral values) is irreversible. The nature and intensity of the emotional state perhaps depends most on the degree of loss. Based on the available material, it can be argued that the causes of an emotional state called sadness by the word cover a very wide spectrum. The prototypical situation of SORROW can most likely be associated with the physical (death) or spiritual (separation) loss of a loved one. In the second case, the situation can be changed (at least there is such a theoretical possibility): My little heart would still be sad, | That I would not see my boy KID, 125; But when I heard that he was leaving us, I have no idea why I became sad, I felt sorry for him BR, 162; 110 | SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ After all, every love is felt. She constantly reminds us of the beloved thing, tells us to miss it, to grieve when it is lost, and to rejoice when it is there M-P AS 19; The girl decided to forget the deceiver and entered a prestigious college. They separated for four years, but André was not long in grief at KT. Grief when feeling the lack of certainly not the most important things, objects or abstract values: As they say, maybe it is better to sin and regret sometimes than to grieve all your life that you have not sinned KT, It was a beautiful act of his part. I did not get a ticket to "Faust" and I was indescribably sad at KT, always a leader and extremely active and sociable girl, sad only when she did not think, act ką KT. In these cases, the losses are not large, and what is currently lacking can be more or less easily obtained again. The physical loss of a loved one, the death of many people is an irreversible process, therefore the emotional state is far from being comparable to the one that comes with not having a ticket to a performance or not knowing what to do, but it can still be called the same word: Finally Kaunas —the city of your sadness, because in the outskirts of this city you buried your son and sister MC LMM 30; When the war began, the murders, the demolitions, the doctor became more and more saddened: he was overwhelmed by the atrocities of the Nazis, the starvation of war prisoners, the murder of Jews, the slaughter of Lithuanians... We cried, we mourned, as if we had lost our true brother, who died for Lithuania, for Vilnius CT. After all, the dead do not disappear anywhere, they remain. You can't make them grieve too much, weeping to disturb eternity ną jų ICC, We are, of course, very sorry that diplomats were killed in the former Yugoslavia this Sunday, and the international military is also very sad about this at the ICC. The experiences caused by the loss of a beloved animal can also be named: Ieva and Aivaras were very sad when our dog KT died of plague. It can be concluded that in certain cases language does not tend to differentiate emotional states, because the same word is used to describe emotional states caused by sufficiently different causes, i.e., of different intensity and with different consequences. The death of a loved one and the loss of an animal, however loved, usually do not cause identical experiences, but in the language worldview they can be defined in the same way. Therefore, it seems entirely justified to consider the word sorrow as the dominant of the corresponding synonymic order — it generally defines the meaning of the whole group of words. | 111 The words expressing the concept of DISAPPOINTsu MENT are associated with such emotional states, the reasons for which are usually the ar loss of moral values close to them: the conversatiIš on in the director’s office got stuck so much that my services are no longer needed by the company, but I should not be disappointed, because I will receive my salary už du months į ahead, in o time I'll tą find a ir new job KT. Disappointment is caused by unfulfilled expectations (a person is disappointed because ar he did not get it, time ką important necessary, ir fails to do important work): do not be disappointIr ed if you are not like į Miss World crown winner. Being ir beautiful is not the same ir KT, During the sessions, simple games were used to convince women that they should not be disappointed if something fails the first time iš KT: Sirmis loved to participate in horse races. Riding it was an incredible pleasure at the time. I just felt that he had the same desire as me: to win. ir We won, of course. Disappointed competitors, the boys of the soil, comforted themselves: "Lightning, o ne Horsey! There can be no good with him in the race” Š K 7. The reason for REMEMBERING can be a temporary separation su from a dear ar very important person: Didn't come She wasn't going to church the next Sunday. I was completely depressed. Terrible anxiety pierced my heart like nails Š K 69. Any example of consumption shows that we are talking about events whose consequences are still being corrected. Thus, the loss of a sense of lack is temporary. ir Therefore, MEMORY “Weight” ir negative charge is still smaller, if we compare jį su I'm sad. LONGING, like all ir emotional su states associated with this semantic field, is determined by the lack of loss. ir There are important du moments ko here: ir there is a lack of longing, how long this situation can continue. The object of LONGING is never associated with su material values, such as money, real estate, objects. A prototypical situation of longing for a beloved dear person, who is now not nearby: — ir As I ride / aš the long In road, / you will Ar miss / Me, virgin? VD, 126; Although she lived half-hungry at ir home, ir everyone misses her home and parents. But most hopelessly. Parents ir don't come KT, I would Aš also like to see familiar faces as often as possible, I miss the participants, how teachers miss their students KT; War Troubles su Family (husband ir with two daughte- — rs of five ir and seven years) nublokšta į Germany, į Freiburg, I be really missed it Moms left in Lithuania KT. A similar feeling is experienced ir with respect to the most beloved pets: I had a St. Bernard That Fox ir Terrier Chita. |...) But I still aš missed Bucky. Buggy was the ideal dog for me KT. Also often the word longing is used when talking about the lack of abstract things, moral values: 112 | We long for the truth, for productive work, let the stagnation of those long years pass as soon as possible, let those leaders who showed themselves and believed in their omniscience leave their chairs as soon as possible K NS 17; The computerized, technocratic and pragmatic world of the end of the 20th century unexpectedly reveals that it most longs for true feelings, love, human warmth KT;... a Lithuanian, speaking or singing the Holy Mass, will be able to see the truth. The litany of the Virgin Mary, it is called the most beautiful titles. These titles contain the spiritual beauty that a person tired of life’s hardships and internal problems longs for in KT; If you want to have a family, you long for feminine tenderness and the warmth of childish hands, if you are sure that you can love, become a friend... KT. The feeling of loss, experienced when far from home or home, is also called longing: Are these children satisfied with street life? No, no, no, no. Both very much miss home CT; But no matter how beautiful my future was, I missed my homeland. Without her, without her people, who am I?.. It's scary to think! KT. All these objects of longing have one thing in common: what is longed for has already been in the past and left the best impression. The separation that caused the unpleasant state now experienced is probably temporary. The previous situation can still be repeated, at least that is expected. It is not only loss, felt by not having what is dear, own and necessary, but at the same time also joy about the forthcoming meeting. Such an emotional state is oriented towards the future. Longing is almost never called such an emotional state, which is motivated by the complete loss of an important object, his death (if it is a person). This word should be used to describe the emotional state that enters into the continuum of SOULFULNESS, which is characterized by a strong positive disposition, because, as already mentioned, it describes such a situation when it is expected that the currently missing subject or object will still be near one day. NOSTALGIA is focused on the past. The common feature of the objects of NOSTALGY is that they have already been sufficiently significant, pleasant and useful in the past and, apparently, will not be repeated again. What was in the past is idealized. NOSTALGY always turns to some object of the past. It is not only the homeland, the native land: what is important is the constant, daily return to the past. And not the romanticization of the past, not the nostalgia of the homeland is what we need most now, when explaining the meaning of this day, but the then assessment of the environment and self in the CT; Thus, the thirteen- -year-old boy was overwhelmed by language barriers, longing for his native land and home. It is a nostalgia for the land that raised and educated him, a subconscious and conscious attitude of the spirit that connected him with his native KT. Such an emotional state is often caused by memories of the past: This is how one leftist leader commented on the survey published in “Lietuvos rytas”. It is not nostalgia for past times, 0 the natural reaction of people to the actions of the authorities that the left opposition explains the declining ratings of the authorities in the public opinion polls,... in this case it is easy to speculate about the past and it is easy to accuse of nostalgia for the Soviet past anyone who proposes to see in Russia serious, inevitable, albeit threatening, but — partners of the CT. | 113 Absolutely impossible NOSTALGY for a ar deceased friend. SORRY of iš others The words naming the emotions of SAdness are distinguished by a very defined scope of use. This word refers not only to an ne emotional state, but to certain norms of ir behavior: when mourning is prepared accordingly, it is conducted, ir abstaining from fun. GEDULAS is associated su with total loss, this situation can no longer be changed. The emotional cause of the state — is the death of a loved one linked by ar kinship or marriage: Losing one's loved one is extremely difficult. be For the rest of your life KT: On the .. eve of the funeral, those who wanted to su say goodbye to the deceased girl barely fit into the armoury. Covered coffin drowned in white flowers. Renata's older brother mourned Darius, three years younger sister Jurgita, grandfather, guardians, other relatives KT; and she ... bore a son, du and lived happily, for he was a ir hardworking man. Unfortunately, a jį tumor took him away į young. Hermina mourned her husband for a long time, patiently carried the widow's share on her shoulders, but time finally healed the heartache KT. Grief ir over the death of a dear ar person known to the ir whole nation and even Už the ir world: these other Vytautas’ huge merits for Lithuania were commemorated jį Vytautas the Great. His death was mourned ne only by his relatives, ir but all Lithuania KT: A Hindu fanatic killed the Indian leader. Message about M. Gandi's death shook the world. Presidents, prime ministers, kings dictators ir mourned the ascetic 78 of the year KT. The emotional state called SELF-LOSSING is usually caused by the complete loss of a very important object, a major disaster. Return to į the starting position, t. y. such as when a man will again have the thing now lacking, is impossible. It is about the separation from a loved su one. The loss can be both spiritual broken connections and physical death: — — When the child has to be weaned, the mother mourns that ir ji ir the child becomes more and ir more separated KT; Rolandas was very sad about the divorce when his wife found another life partner KT; Stories written with exile motives are printed in a book The writer who (1990). O returned from “Two Galaxies” lamented that most jo of his acquaintances, writers turned away from him... KT, we will «+ find a lot of songs comforting loved ones, especially mothers beloved. ir These songs inspired the spirit of fighting, called for the replacement of fallen brothers. There was no time to mourn for the dead KT, You mourn for a dead son, blame the moment of — birth, when jo he was born his death was prophesied KT. This is the name of ir ta the emotional state caused by the loss of a loved one: laughter was full 10 The heart of Baltazar, he ir moved silently like a shadow, listening with joy, sometimes so saddened that he jo could not find ir anywhere for o himself [the father knew that he could soon lose his daughter] — S. P] B BM 33; J. Griniuvienė was very grieved, cried and depressed because of her son’s illness, as this was her į second unsuccessful birth KT.