„Nešinas“, „vedinas“, „tekinas“

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLVIII (2003), 19-34 Nesinas, vedinas, tekinas BERND GLIWA Sargeliai The article discusses Lithuanian words of the type nešinas, vedinas, tekinas. While these items have usually been categorized as adjectives, it is shown that their syntactic use provides evidence for their interpretation as participles. They behave in the same way as the semi-participles neSdamas, vesdamas, *tekdamas, with one difference: forms such as nešinas are used with the instrumental. 1. INTRODUCTION! The question of how the participle of the type nesinas, vedinas, tekinas is called is answered in the chapter on verbs in Lithuanian grammar (Ulvydas, ed., 1971: 7-424). Instead, there is a short entry under the heading Adjectives: "The verb-modal forms of the prefix -inas are now used narrowly, occurring only in individual sentences and in the Žemaičių dialektas with the adjective of a friend, e.g. : atlekia béginas, eina Zqsimis géninas, goose wing nėšinas, bėga skübinas, skuba tékinas, eina varinas dviračiu“ (Ulvydas, Hrsg., 1965: 564, $968 c). In the volume on syntax there are further brief remarks on the connection of “adjectives” of the type nesinas, vedinas with an object present in the instrumental (Ulvydas, ed., 1976: 243, $425). The classification as an adjective is unexpected, but it continues in the academic dictionary for individual words of the type: vedinas (IKZ 479), tekinas (LKZ,, 1121), nésinas (LKZ,,, 706) and others. This is surprising insofar as well-known linguists had already pointed out that it makes sense to consider corresponding words as participles (Būga 1959: 114-115; Zinkevičius 1966: 385-386). The Lietuvių kalbos gramatika does not question this position. In this paper we will discuss which word type nesinas, vedinas, tekinas are to be attributed to. Furthermore, the alleged exclusive distribution in the Lower Lithuanian language area (Ulvydas, ed., 1976: 243; Zinkevičius 1966: 385) is questioned and corresponding examples from Upper Lithuanian dialects are given. In addition, the alternative use with an instrumental or a vocal instrument is briefly discussed. The accusative object is introduced and the widespread adverbial use with adaptation to the morphological appearance of the adverbs is discussed. Some sentences are the question of the origin of the word form and possibly. Indo-European relatives. I would like to thank Prof. A. Holvoet (Vilnius) for his helpful comments on the subject and for his support in the procurement of literature and Mr. K. Grikša (Žaiginys) for the permission to use his private library. 20 | BERND GLIWA 2. WORDS The classification of words into word types is a task that can hardly be considered complete. Formal concepts fail particularly due to the diversity of languages and the local tradition of classification in a given language. The division into word types is a possible and often sensible measure, but by no means a universality that must a priori underlie a natural or formal language. In general, it is difficult to specify rules according to which a word can be clearly assigned to a word type. The Lithuanian language grammar gives as a description for an adjektiv: “BüdvardZii are words that denote the characteristic of the object and are harmonized with the nominative word in genus, number and vowel” (Ulvydas, Hrsg., 1965: 474). As you can see, this description, which can hardly be called a definition, also includes participles. Because of such problems with the definition, it is generally dispensed with postulating participles as a primary word type and they are referred to as mixed forms, which semantically belong to the verbs: “infinite verbal form [...] which belongs to the forms of the verb, but is declined like an adjective” (e.g. Conrad 1978: 192). Ähnlich Lithuanian grammar: "Participants are conjugated forms made from verb stems, having the characteristics of verbs and adjectives" (Gordon, 1971, pp. 311). In addition, however, there are the semi-participles, pusdalyvis and padalyvis, which, in turn, are not associated with the participles, since they are not declined (Ulvydas, ed., 1971: 375, 384). Here it is about the very concrete question, whether nešinas, vedinas, tekinas are to be regarded as adjectives, participles or semi-participles according to the usual classifications. In the short connections that Lietuvių kalbos gramatika gives as examples, try to replace the corresponding forms with an adjective of similar meaning: bega skūbinas leads to possible synonyms bėga greitai, bėga skubedamas, but the insertion of an adjective, *bega greitas, is not possible. The adjective greitas could only be used here if a syntactic unity was established with the following word: bega greitas Zmogus, bega greitasis, bega skubantysis, but that is something completely different. With this remark it becomes clear that the word category should be assigned rather to the adverbs (greitai) or even the semi-participles (pusdalyvis: skubedamas). In order to avoid misunderstandings, which could arise from connections that are unrelated to the context, the words in question should be examined in complete sentences, or at least in more complete syntactic structures. The examples come from various literature and occasionally from spoken language. Of course, only one selection can be made. (1) A mistress appears, carrying a bucket of geral (Katkus 1989: 50). “The housewife comes, carrying a bucket of food’. In (1) one could consider nešina as an adjective, if this sentence were possible: NesSinas, vedinas, tekinas | 21 (la) *The hostess appears. However, the further association of nesina with the instrumental object kibiru and the fact that the form in question is in a secondary sentence stand in the way of this. One could try to explain the syntactic distance between šeimininkė and nešina as a predicative construction: (1b), with two main sentences, or (1c), in the same division into main and secondary sentences. However, the additional elements required for this are missing in all examples. (1b) *The hostess is (was, seems to be) carrying and appearing. (lc) *The hostess, who is pregnant, appears. One could translate the sentence accordingly, with the help of a participle Pres. Akt., umformulieren: (1d) A hostess appears {kibirq géralo nešanti}. Instead of the parenthesis in the main sentence, however, Katkus uses a sub-sentence that looks something like this: (1e) Atsiranda šeimininkė, nešdama kibirą gėralo. Unlike in the original example (1), the object of the action here is in the accusative. In fact, the use of the instrumental is unexpected, since nešti is actually used with the accusative. Whereas for a number of concrete adjectives (gausus, gyvas, laimingas, skolingas, ginkluotas, kaltas) a clearly motivated use in connection with instrumental objects is indicated: (2) Not by bread alone does a man live J. JABL. “Man does not live by bread alone’; (3) One gold I left him in debt OB, (Ulvydas, ed., 1976: 242) ‘Ich blieb Ihnen einen Gulden schuldig’. which is undoubtedly in accordance with the semantics of the corresponding words and their cross-word-type relationship, as the possible sentence Ne vien duona Zmogus gyvena ‘Man lives not only on bread’ shows, words of the type nešinas are generally, i.e. structurally, attributed to a use with the instrumental (Ulvydas, ed., 1976: 243). This could of course also be related to the fact that all words of the type nesinas, velkinas, skubinas, varinas, etc. refer to certain, mostly complex, types of movement, whereby the structural use with the instrumental would correspond to a semantic one. However, the fact that the underlying verbs, unlike in the previous examples, do not require the instrumental, speaks against this. So the instrumental will follow from the syntactic use and not from the reaction of the concrete word. 22 | BERND GLIWA From (1d) and (le) it could already be seen that the semantic representation is possible by a participle (act present) or a semi-participle, whereby the semi-participle preserves the syntactic construction better; in both cases only the instrumental of the object is lost in favour of an accusative object. From a semantic point of view, it seems plausible to consider nesinas, velkinas, skubinas as an action and not as a property. As you can see, congruence by number and gender with the reference word is guaranteed. (4) A Tatar came, led by three more horses (Kunčinas 1991: 174). “The Tartar came riding, leading three horses (with him)”. (5) Grigienė returned, carrying V. KrEv with a jug of milk. (LKZ,, 706). “Grigienė returned carrying a milk jug’. (6) The brother just shouted: “Let’s run!”, and we just ran and jumped over the corner of the barn (Seskauskas, I). ‘The brother just shouted, ‘Get out of here!’ and we hurried around the corner of the store’. Whether a declination occurs cannot be said with certainty, because in almost all cases the reference word is the subject of the sentence. Eine seltene Ausnahme: (7) Liepé come with witnesses led by Daux. (LKZ,,, 480). ‘(He) ordered them to bring witnesses with them’. However, the vast majority of the examples suggest that the regular use is undeclined. This would make the closeness to the semi-participles nesdamas, vesdamas even clearer, because these also agree in gender and Number corresponds to the reference word, but lacks a declination (rare exceptions in Ulvydas, ed., 1971: 378, $615), since they refer exclusively to the subject of the sentence. The almost exclusive use in the nominative is little suitable to support the thesis of the adjective. Jablonskis vehemently opposes a positioning as a participle and calls the forms considered “simple adjectives”. He cites several arguments: to the sentence (8) The shepherd goes with geese geninas. ‘The shepherd goes driving the geese’. missing a corresponding *jis viena žąsis geninas, which should provide an active participle while retaining the reaction of the verb; a passive participle would require the subject of the action in the genitive (Jablonskis 1957: 302-303, $171). However, since the expression *jis eina Zqsimis [greitas] is not used either, Jablonskis postulates de facto deviations from the rule here as well. If you still accept such deviations, then why take detours? Pragmatically speaking, one finds sentences of the type (8) in which geninas etc. represent an action, i.e. can be assigned to a verbal paradigm. This is not to say that all words NeSinas, vedinas, tekinas | 23 are to be treated according to the form -inas, they are only then when the same syntactic use is added. Insofern hat Jablonskis recht, dass kupinas in (9) Piūrą kupiną davė (= with plenty) (Jablonskis 1957: 303). “[He, she, someone] gave a heap of sheaves (=with heaps)’ is an adjective, because it is syntactically like an adjective. However, with the implicit conclusion that because kupinas is an adjective, geninas must also be an adjective, he is completely wrong. This would correspond to the assertion: because kupinas is an adjective, katinas ‘cat’, Velinas ‘a deity’, Zirginas “männl. Inflorescence at alder, birch’ be adjectives, which is obviously wrong. The appearance of a morpheme alone does not necessarily allow word-type classification. The fact that the underlying root for the formation of the forms discussed varies: geninas from the present root, sklidinas from the past root and kupinas not even from verb forms (Jablonskis 1957: 303), can result on the one hand from the fact that they are forms of different origin. On the other hand, the syntactic use, in addition to etymological considerations, indicates a respectable age of form formation with possible loss of the base (see tekinas s.u.). This also makes this argument of Jablonski, who mostly argued from a synchronous perspective anyway, inappropriate. Büga had the comparison of (10) with (11): (10) Eit mötyna su vaikais vedina. ‘The mother leads the children’. (11) Ploughing with bulls. “The wasteland is plowed with oxen’ is given as an argument for the fact that “vedinas, nesinas, velkinas, varinas, geninas, palikinas, pametinas are also participles that should not be given other names” (Büga 1959: 114). He may have been prompted to do so by the use of the instrumental in the respective examples mentioned above, which, however, do not correspond functionally to each other. Similarly, the comparison with the passive participle äriamas is misleading. However, Büga does not specify that they are participative adjectives: “ISveiksmazodiniai adjectives, or participants...” (Büga 1959: 115) and neither discusses what participations it could be. With reference to examples from Soviet-Lithuanian literature led by Lenin's ideas, we boldly We're trying to... noted Tarvydas that vedini here instead of the Passive participle vedami was used. Er explains further that with es vedinas, nesinas does not um passive participles acts and, moreover, the Use with Genitive not the usual Use with the Instrumental corresponds. In der Tarvydas also speaks of deverbative adjectives (Tarvydas 1961: 43-44). Zinkevičius does not specify what participle it might be, but in the metalinguistic “translations” of (12) and (13) he notes: 24 | BERND GLIWA (12) ei(a) foot velkinas ‘goes with the Beinen schleppend’ = (12 a) goes dragging legs ‘goes the Legs dragged'; I (13) pierced the rubber I got ir copper to go 'I pierced the Rubber and had pushing go’ zu = (13 a) I punctured my bicycle tire I had to ir go pushing “I pierced the bicycle tube and had to go pushing’ chooses the er Semiparticiple (pusdalyvis) zur Playback of the facts and emphasizes that non-passive es um Participles acts like the Versions of Büga could suggest. Nevertheless, use the er Terms "verb adjective" (1966: 386). Die Playback with the Semiparticiple also prefers LKZ, z. B. for varinas 'pedestrian driving' KZ... 190). Example (13) with the "Translation" of Zinkevičius (13 a) is also by Narrow staircase listed: „Lithuanian verbal adjectives in -inas are also sometimes considered to be participles” (Schmalstieg 2000: 375). Again no Try the Type of Determine participles more zu precisely. The following Examples explicitly show the similar Use of the Forms with -ina(s) and der Semiparticiples on -woman(s): (14) She said my mother killed the horse, so she teased all the way saying ir you're home. SLM (LKZ,, 1122). ‘[Someone] said that Mama vom horse was killed, and [she] ran the whole Way screaming and hurrying after Hause'. (15) I'd run through the manor tekina, liquid grandmother crying Liedtext, NiEM 30; (LKZ 1122) “I was walking through the Court rushing, crying I complained Mother of mine Leid". Thus, the Assignatizu on den Semiparticiples (participant) ab. 3. REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION Lithuanian grammar und Zinkevičius state a Use of the discussed word forms exclusively in Lower Lithuania (Zinkevičius 1966: 385; Ulvydas, Hrsg., 1965: 564) and the in Literary language (Ulvydas, Hrsg., 1976: 243). Palionis limits itself im Comment zu Jablonskis on a “slightly more frequent use of the Type in Lower Lithuania" (Jablonskis 1957: 676). Occasion zu of this investigation, however, gave Example and (1) other corresponding de Uses of nesinas in Balance gadyne von Katkus, who from Ažytėnai im westaukstaitiškosios Siauliai subdialect originates, and several Examples of Seskauskas of (6), commonly used tekinas: (16) Only mom saw, turned, tekina home (Seskauskas, I). Nesine, vedine, tecine | 25 ‘Mom just saw it, turned around and [hurried] home.” While in (16) it would be possible, instead of the zero realization of a verb of movement also tekina as 3. To assume person to tekinti (though with a change in the use of the tenses, which is known for narratives, especially fairy tales, as a stylistic means of expression), the above example (6) does not allow this view. Seskauskas comes from Sargeliai, which is 12 km away from Ažytėnai. There I recently came across the use of nesinas by several people Ears. Other examples from High Lithuanian dialects: (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) "Kažin ko Kazys net béginas atlekia TRGN" (LKZ, 718). “Who knows why, Kazys even rushed over. followed by a “bobutė- ”, carrying a baby (Kupiškis; Dundulienė 1958: 402). “the midwife followed her, carrying the infant’. After some time he returned carrying the chebats’ soil (Daukniünu k., Biržų r.; Balys 2002: 348). 'After some time he came back carrying an arm full of shoes'. And after an hour he returned, carrying many flowers (Daukniünu k., Biržų r.; Balys 2002: 348). 'After a while he returned wearing many rings'. 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Kréve-Mickevicius). While she is so busy, her father leaves, carrying bread, salt and fire “on the bottom” (taces) (Kréve-Mickevicius 1930: 65). “While she is crying, the father comes in, carrying bread, salt and fire on the tray. The following example: (23) Therefore, he is so hasty, that without baptism he does not die... (Slančiauskas 1975: II 277). ‘Therefore one hurried so that it would not die without baptism’ can be understood in different ways, either in the typical use of participles for Slanliauskas (“Beveik visos pasakos užrašytos tame krašte ypač mėgstama dalyvine kalba”, Vėlius 1974: 35) with the omission of the “normal” verb form, here a zero realization of esti, daryti or veikti, as is completely normal for Slančiauskas. But one can also see in (23) in skubinas- (i) a form of skubintis. In the Dictionarium trium linguarum one finds this entry: (24) Lat. Volu, cursu magno feror: Lit. Tekinomis tami | Szokinomis teku | Skubinomis / Skubiey braukiu (Szyrwid 1642: 15) in an adjective form and use. 26 | BERND GLIWA 4. USE WITH INSTRUMENTAL BZW. ACUSATIVE Die Song lyrics line: (25) Ruibis [ein Kater] tekinas, paukščių nešinas, bėgo į kuknele (Liedtext, KL; 1122) 1122. “Ruibis, eilend, Vögelchen tragend, lief in die Küche’ with instrumental object finds its correspondence with the accusative in (26) Ruibis tekins, paukstelius nešins, puolė į kuknike. ‘Ruibis rushed into the kitchen, carrying birds’. (JD: 628, No. 1512; LKZ,,, 707). In the original: tékins, paukstelus and nésens, kuknike (JD: 628, No. 1512), therefore it is doubtful whether the i in LKZ *nesins here shows the correct accent. Furthermore, LKZ introduces a comma (after tekins) to mark the text break of the stanza in the renovated version (LKZ,,, 707); the comma is missing in the original, where there is no line break at this point; but it seems sensible. Der Hauptsatz ist: Ruibis puolė į kuknike. Tekins could also be seen in this context as a direct attribute to Ruibis, thus as an adjective. Or tekinas would be an adverb to puolė, quite in accordance with the above bėga skubinas or mes tik tekini uzlekiam in (6). Further examples with the accusative are found in Büga (1959: 114). Es überwiegt jedoch der Instrumental: (27) One day a Jew passed by carrying a box for sale (Kunčinas 1991: 101). “One day a Jew came by carrying a box for sale. (28) Men carry ZEM with braids, bands and fringes. (LEZ 706). ‘The men waded upturned, wearing bridles and shackles- ’. The instrumental is quite plausible in: (29) Įėjo pilvu varinas, ridinas J.JABL., ZEM. (LKZ,, 537). ‘(He) came in with the belly pushing and rolling’, for the owner of the belly uses it, as an instrument in a way, to perhaps push the door open or even perform a belly dance. This raises the question of which variant is the older: the use with the accusative or instrumental. While the transition from instrumental to accusative can be explained as normalization by adaptation to the usual reaction of the respective verbs, the use of the instrumental is usually unmotivated and can only be explained from tradition, without the deeper meaning of the same being obvious. The use of the accusative therefore appears to be an innovation, albeit already in Daukša: Nesine, vedine, tecine | 27 (30) leave home FAQ. (Būga 1959: 114). ‘leaving the house'. Further examples from old Lithuanian literature (Daukša, Bretkūnas) at Būga (1959: 114-115), both with instrumental and with accusative or without object. From the concrete examples of older and newer Lithuanian literature, no significant change in the use of the word form under consideration can be deduced, apart from the cases to be dealt with in section 6. 5. ADVERBIAL USE Intransitive verbs do not require an object, so their use here can be described as adverbial: cf. (17) KaZin ko Kazys net beginas atlekia TRGN (LKZ, (31) Tit, motyn, būk prie 718). ligonio, o tu, Juozai, greitesnis, bėk skubinas ZEM. (LKZ 1110). ‘You, Mom, stay with the sick man, and you, Juozas, who are faster, run in haste.’ The following cases are ambiguous as in example (23), because here it may be more likely to be the instrumental of a noun than one of the discussed forms. In: (32) Drunken goes Slitine, 0 ana runs bégine, i. e. tekina J. (LKZ, 718). ‘The drunken man walks in a hurry, and she runs in a running pace, i.e. running’ bégine is represented as an adverb: „begine adv. begte, begtinai, begeiomis“ (LKZ, 718), although it is apparently the instrumental of the noun *begine “the Running, a gait’ or is identical with it, cf. risčia ‘running in small steps, trotting’ (LKZ,, 681-682); riscia is sometimes used as an adverb (Ulvydas, ed., 1976: 503), sometimes as an instrumental (Ulvydas, ed., 1976: 504) in the same syntactic role. The same applies to slitine (INSTR.): Slitine ‘a way of walking, wandering...’, litinys ‘d.’, cf. Slitinas which is in turn marked as an adjective and brings with it exactly these two excellent examples: (33) A reik vyrams taip prisivaryti Slitinims eiti! 1084) (c. “Let the guys be so full, that they go turkelins!’ (34) Atsigeres orielkeles, ejau slitins į svirneli (Song, D 105; LKZ 1084). When I had drunk plenty of schnapps, I walked into the chamber- .’ As you can see, the classification as instrumental or adverb is arbitrary, and shows the limits of the possibilities of classification into word types, the limits are fluid. In (33) we should also point to the agreement in the dative of vyrams and $litinims, if the latter is not a distorted instrumental. 34 | BERND GLIWA KRAHE, H. 1969: Germanic Linguistics III. Theory of word formation. 7th edition, edited by MEID, W., Berlin, New York: W. de Gruyter. LYBERIS, A. et al., Hrsg., 1979: First Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslas. LKZ = Lithuanian Language Dictionary I-XX, Vilnius: Mintis, Mokslas, Institute for Publishing of Science and Encyclopedias, Lithuanian Language Institute, 1956-2002. MEIER-BRÜGGER, M. 2000: Indo-European Linguistics. 7th, fully revised edition with the collaboration of Matthias Fritz and Manfred Mayrhofer, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. Rıx, H.et al. 2001: Dictionary of Indo-European Verbs, Wiesbaden: Reichert. SCHMALSTIEG, W. 2000: The Historical Morphology of the Baltic Verb. (= Journal of Indo-European Studies, Monograph 37.) SZYRWID, C. 1642: Dictionarium trium linguarum. Facsimile reprint in: Lyberis 1979: 95-658. TARVYDAS, J. 1961: Del veiksmaZodiniy adjectives vedinas, nešinas and other use. Urvypas, K. et al., Hrsg., 1965, 1971, 1976: Grammar of the Lithuanian language 1-111, Vilnius: Mintis, Mokslas. ZINKEVIČIUS, Z. 1966: Lithuanian dialectology, Vilnius: Mintis. ZINKEVIČIUS, Z. 1981: Historical grammar of Lithuanian 43-44. language II, Vilnius: Mokslas. Bernd Gliwa Gauta 2003 02 25 Sargeliai, LT 4404 Žaiginys [email protected]