Postpozicinių vietininkų sistema Chylinskio Naujojo Testamento vertime

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA XLIX (2003), 33-49 The system of postpositional pronouns in Chylinski's New Testament translation GINA The article deals with the structure of the system of local cases in Old Lithuanian as reflected in Chylinskis’ translation of the New Testament. It is argued that the traditional descriptions of the Lithuanian system of local cases should be revised in several important respects. As shown in earlier publications, inessive and adessive are not opposed in terms of case meaning, their distribution depending on the categorial properties of the noun phrase (animacy and individuation). The subsystem of lative cases shows no opposition between an internal (illative) and an external (allative) case either. It is only the illative that is marked in this respect; the allative is actually a general lative case, unmarked with regard to the opposition ‘internal: external’. The system of local cases is thus, in fact, ternary: it consists of one locative case with two varieties (inessive for inanimates and adessive for animates) and two lative cases, one of which is additionally marked as illative. The article continues the study of the use of Chylinskis language by locals, the first results of which were published in previous publications (Kavaliūnaitė 2001, 2002). In particular, the use of inesyvo and adhesyvo was investigated (Kavaliūnaitė 2001). The study confirmed the assumptions of Zigmas Zinkevičius (1982) and Wojciech Smoczynski (2001) about the association of adhesive with the category of vitality and the nature of this association was clarified. In the article it was shown that adhesive and inessive are used according to Silverstein’s hierarchy of vitality, the relationship of these verbs is determined by the additional distribution of semantic features. A later publication (Kavaliūnaitė 2002) discusses the use of liative verbs—iliative and aliative. It has been found that in the system of liative vowels, vitality also has a certain significance, but the aliative has functions that are not directly related to vitality. This article clarifies the previously formulated conclusions and formulates the general features of the structure of the deputy system. As previously established, the use of inessive and adesive is determined by the position of the noun or its noun substitute in the hierarchy of vitality. Nouns denoting inanimate objects (places, etc.) have only the inessive form, and nouns denoting only living beings or other nouns occupying a high position in the hierarchy of living things have only the adesive form (for more on this and the hierarchy of living things see Kavaliūnaitė 2001). Since the use of the verb forms is conditioned by the categorical properties of the noun, there is no contradiction in verb semantics between these verb forms. The question arises whether similar factors also determine the use of the corresponding liative vowels — the iliative and the aliative. From 34 | GINA KAVALIŪNAITĖ At first glance, it seems that there is a connection with life: only the illatives of nouns without the characteristic of life are used. Below are statistics showing the layout of the iliativ and the aliativ. In order to compare it with the distribution of inessive and adhesive, the table showing how adhesive relates to parts of speech and their subcategories (see Kavaliūnaitė 2001: 99) is repeated from the previous article: TABLE 1. FREQUENCY OF USE OF CHNT ADESYVO BY PARTS OF THE LANGUAGE AND THEIR SUBCATEGORIES Category Paliudytos formos First person pronouns adesyvai vns. manimp (44x), dgs.musimp (21x) Stickers for second-person pronouns tavimp (21x), dgs.musimp (21x) jusimp (59x) Regressive pronoun stickers savimpi (61x) Real name stickers Kristusiep (65x), Viešpatiep (55x), Jėzusiep (47x), Diewiep (44x), Tėviep (11x), Sunumpi (4x), Simoniep (4x) etc., in total 177 real name stickers Display and third person pronouns stickers jampi, tampi, kitampi (90x) Relative pronouns stickers kuriampi, kampi (23x) Names of persons stickers Zmogumpi (8x) Budvardziy stickers gwampi (1x), tikrampi (1x), iSmintingampi (1x) Names of living beings (not people) and inanimate objects are not stickers Total 307 Regarding the dependence of the inessive form on the categorical characteristics of the noun, it is important to emphasize that in the CHNT translation almost no inessive forms of the parts of the language occupying a high position in the hierarchy of vitality are used, there is no singular inessive form of any 1st and 2nd person pronouns occupying the highest position in the hierarchy of vitality. Of the several thousand inestives in the CHNT, only 17 are the names of living beings, 14 of which are plurals. CHYLINSKI’S SYSTEM OF POSTPOSITIVE PLATINUMS | 35 inestives of that, occupying a low position on the scale of the individuality hierarchy (about these exceptional cases see Kavaliūnaitė 2001: 101-103). There is no personal noun, no pronouns I, you, the lexicals God, Father, Jesus, Christ, etc. inessive. TABLE 2. CHNT USE OF INESYVO BY LANGUAGE PARTS AND THEIR SUBCATEGORIES Inesyvai Kategorija Paliudytos formos Iš viso of dead object names 1234x vns., 383x dgs. 1617x Initials of demonstrative and third-person pronouns aname (45x singular, 27x plural), jame (1x), 216x joj (7x), jose (28x), tame (77x), tose (22x), šiame (6x), šiose (1x), tokiame (2x) Pronounziy initials 142x 142x Initials of generalizing pronouns cielame (9x), kozname (5x), 114x koznoje (3x), niekame (1x), tillame (2x pts., 2x dgs.), all (26x), all (41x), various (25x) Questionative relative pronouns inestives katroj (6x), kitame (1x), kitoj (3x), 76x kokiame (3x), kokioj (2x), kuriame (38x), kurioje (19x), nekuriame (2x vns., 2x dgs.) Budvardziu inesyvai 47x vns., 20x dgs. 67x Numerals inesyvas 52x 52x Names of living beings inesyvas Ixvns., 15x dgs. 11x 11x Pabréziamojo pronomino inesyvas paciame (1x) Ix 1st and 2nd person pronouns incsyvai néra Total 2312 36 | GINA KAVALIŪNAITĖ In tables 3 and 4 we will repeat the respectively grouped data illustrating the use of the iliative and aliative (Kavaliūnaitė 2002: 84-86): TABLE 3. CHNT ILIATIVE USE BY PARTS OF LANGUAGE AND THEIR SUBCATEGORY Iliatives of the names of inanimate objects 611x 611x Iliatives of real names (pronouns) 212x 212x Iliatives of adjectives 22x 22x Iliatives of Kategorija Paliudytos formos Iš viso demonstrative pronouns and 3rd person personal pronouns jan (9x), juosna (3x), anan (1x), 15x Iliatives of numerals 11x 11x Iliatives of clausical and relative pronouns kurian (5x). kuriosna (1x), 9x katrian (2x), katriosna (1x) Indefinite pronouns iliatives kitan (4x), nekurion (1x), 7x nekuriosne (1x), cielon (1x) Participle iliatives 2x 2x Pronoun iliatives savon (1x) ix Pronouns of persons iliatives žmogun (1x) 1x Pronouns of living beings (non-persons) iliatives are not found — Pronouns of circumstantial and 1st and 2nd person personal pronouns are not found pronouns iliatives are not found IS 891x CHYLINSKI'S SYSTEM OF POSTPOSITIVE PLATINUMS | 37 TABLE 4: CHNT ALIATIVE USE BY LANGUAGE PART AND ITS SUBCATEGORY Aliatives of demonstrative pronouns and 3rd person Kategorija Paliudytos formos Iš viso personal pronouns Jop (344x), josp (33x), jump (305x), 736x pronouns anop (11x), top (23x), tosp (2x), tump (16x), topgi (1x), takoop (1x) 327x 327x Aliatives of real names 235x 235x Aliatives of personal names 164x 164x Aliatives of 2nd person personal pronouns tavęsp (20x), jūsump (99x) 119x Aliatives of 1st person personal pronouns savęsp (57x) 57x Aliatives of 1st person personal pronouns manęsp (40x), mūsump (7x) 47x Aliatives of indefinite pronouns kitop (9x), kitump (14x), visop (2x), 41x visump (7x), cielop (2x), nekuriosp (2x), non-recursive (2x), no header (3x) Aliatives of adjectives 37x 37x Aliatives of relative pronouns kuriop (12x), kuriump (2x), 24x kop (8x), catrop (2x) Aliatives of participles 16x 16x Aliatives of numerals 10x 10x Aliatives of adjectives savmp (1x), saviskiump (1x), 3x tavump (1x) Aliatives of names of living beings (not persons) 2x 2x Total 1818x 38 | GINA KAVALIŪNAITĖ These data partly correspond to those obtained by comparing the use of adhesive and inessive. There are no illustrative pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person in the hierarchy of life. There is also no evidence of the illiative of nouns denoting living beings: here only one exception is observed — the illiative žmogun (see Kavaliūnaitė 2002: 95). On the other hand, there is a striking difference: the relatively large number of alligative names (inanimata) of inanimate objects (327). As shown in Table 1, the adhesives of such nouns are not certified. What this difference means will be discussed in this article further. The tables show that the vitality category has an impact on the distribution of domestic and foreign natives. The fact that nouns denoting living beings (animata) do not have an iliative shows that the use of the iliative, like the inessive, is related to the noun attribute [-gyvas]. Since the adverb is associated with the notation [+ alive], we would expect that the alif would be similarly marked. However, this limitation is not applicable to the aliat. Thus, it is possible to expect cases where one noun will have both the iliative and the aliative forms. In fact, there are quite a few such cases. The following forms are used in the NT: garbėn and garbėsp: LK 9,26 CHNT ateyo garben [awo, ir (garben) Tewa, ir Bwentu Anjelu STB wanneer hy komen [al in /ijne heerlickheyt /ende [in de heerlickheyt) des Vaders /ende der heylige Engelen GpDB gdy przydzie w chwale [wey /y w Ojcowikiey /y swigtych Anjotow JN 11,4 CHNT liga n’elt /mertie[- p, bet garbe [p Diewo STB Dele kranckheyt en is niet tot der doot | maer ter heerlickheyt Godts GpDB Ta choroba nie znaka na smierc | ale dla chwaly Božey karalystén ir karalystésp: LK 18,24 CHNT Kaypo nepigiey tie kuriey turi turtus ieyo Karaliften Diewo STB Hoe [waerlick [ullen de gene die goet hebben in het Koninckrijcke Godts ingaen GDB Idkoj trudno či co mdjg pienigdse /wnidg do krole [twa Bojego Arp 1,3 CHNT ir bekatba —kalb<ed- >amac ape dayktuo prigulinciuc —kurie pryguli karalifte/p Diewo STB ende [prekende van de dingen /die het Koninckrijcke Godts aengaen GDB y mowigc o kroleftwie Božym międzyan ir medZiop: Romans 11, 24 NKJV STB Jeygu neo tujen [...] eli [...] prief prygimima giaran aliwoc Median i[odyntac: For if ghy [...] 3ijt [...] against nature grafted into the good olive tree CHYLINSKI'S SYSTEM OF POSTPOSITIVE PLATINUMS | 39 GDB LK 17.6 CHNT STB GDB a Lk 8.31 CHNT STB Ende odejs¢ w GDB Zyvatan and Zyvatosp: IJN 3.14 CHNT STB GDB 2 Corinthians 2:16 STB To GDB Abowiem jellis ty[...] pr3ečiwko naturze jeltes wBeżepieny w dobrą oliwę tarytumbite top figoc-lauka med3siop: JiiPaknik, ir ifilodynk Mariofe, 6 paktaulitu julu ghy [oudet tegen de fen moerbe fieboom [eggen /Wort ontwortelt / ende in de jee geplant: ende hy [oude u gehoorfaem 3ijn wlad3 šię w mor3u; ultuchdtoby was Prafe tada ghi kad nelieptu jemo eyt prapultyn afgront henen te varen priepasc Bet meojen nefme if tu kurie r3eklibyscie temu drjewu lesney figi: I'll break 3 roots/a prapultin ir prapultiesp: atfitraukia prapultiep, bet if tu kurie tyki ujtureimop 3ywata derve | maer van de gene die gelooven tot behoudinge der 3iele ale 3 tych [y baden him /dat hy haer niet bevelen en [oude in den GDB Tedy go prosili /aby im nie ro3kazowat z tamtąd ktor3y wier3g ku pozy/kdniu dufle HEeBR 10,39 CHNT STB Maer wy en 3ijn niet van de gene /die haer ontrecken ten verZynom jog perejom if} [merties jywatan, jog milim brolus weten dat overgegaen Lec3 my nie jelte[my 3 tych ktor3y šię 3chranidjg ku jginieniu: Wy / wy 3ijn uyt doot het de leven in dewijle wy de / broeders lief hebben My wiemy želmy pr3eniesieni 3 šmierči do jywotd /iz mitujemy bračią Tiemuo tiela kwapu Smertiec smertie[- p, but aniemuc kwapu zywato, zywatop eenen reuck des levens the deaf a smell of death to death; lean genes ten leven Tymči wonnoscig Smierci na šmierč /dle onym wonnoščią 3ywota ku jywotowi There are cases where the choice, at least at first glance, seems to depend on whether the noun denotes a living being or an inanimate thing. An example is the word church, which can mean either a building or a community of believers. When referring to a building, the affix is used, and when this word is addressed to the believers, the affix is used: App 13,14 CHNT STB ir ataję Bajznicjion Subatooc diena, [edoc ende gegaen 3ijnde in de Synagoge op den dagh des Sabbaths / faten [y neder 40 | GINA KAVALIŪNAITĖ GDB a wPedPy do bojnice w džien Sobotni /usiedli APR 3,6 CHNT Kao turi aulic, tektaulo, ką dwalia kalba Bajsnicziump STB Die ooren heeft /die hoore wat de Geelt tot de gemeenten [eght GbpB Kto ma uy niechaj [fucha /co Duch mowi 3borom But in this case it cannot be said that the opposition between the iliative and the aliative is based only on life or death. It is difficult to determine what factors determine the choice of the syllable in the phrase kalba bažnyčiump. Constructions with the verb to speak, i.e. speech predicates, at least in prototypical cases presuppose the addressee’s vitality, therefore their meaning is characterized by a certain combination of direction (directing the act of speech to the addressee) and the addressee’s vitality characteristics; therefore, it is not easy to determine exactly which factor determines the use of aliative. Thus, in order to differentially reduce the number of characteristics and to determine the “minimum pair”, according to which the criterion for the choice of a verb could be determined, it is necessary to examine at least a few examples in which the aliteratives of nouns denoting inanimate objects are used with pure verbs of movement (avoiding the sampling of directional meaning with vitality, characteristic of, for example, speech predicates). In order to investigate the functional relationship of aliative and iliative, several commonly used nouns of spatial meaning were chosen. Let's discuss the nouns grabs and eldia example. The aliphatic grabop of this word iliatyvai, išskyrus vieną atveji', atitinka olandiškas konstrukcijas su prielinksniu in, ir is used 10 times, and the iliphatic graban 8 times. All of them denote situations where the body of a dead person (usually Jesus) is placed in a tomb, or where the disciples enter Jesus’ tomb in a cave. In both cases it is clear that the end point of the movement is inside the tomb: MK 6,29 CHNT atajo and ateme jo kuna, and izdejo graban STB gingen [y ende namen [ijn doot lichaem wech /ende leydden dat in een graf GpB pr3yBli y wiigli ciato jego /y položyli je w grobie IN 20,6 CHNT Simonac tada Petrac atajo ir ejo palkuy ghi, ir iejo graban STB Simon Petrus dan guam ende volghde hem /ende gingh in het graf GpDB Pr3ypedti tež y Symon Piotr idąc 3d nim /y wBedt w grob The use of the alif corresponds to the Dutch constructions with the prepositions naar and tot. This describes the situations in which the disciples go to the place where Jesus’ tomb is. Such a localization could be considered aliative (off-shore), i.e., when the end point is a place near the grave: MK 16,2 CHNT atajo labey akflty grabop “ kad Y., ustekyuc [auley 1 Arp 8,2: nunefe Stefona (podraug) graban (CHNT), brought Stephen to [amen [to the grave] (STB), Y pogrsebli Siciepand (GDB). 41 STB guamen [y tot het graf /als de [onne opgingh GbpB pr3yply do grobu gdy weflo [force In a few sentences, the following describes how the disciples who came to the tomb enter the tomb itself: MK 16,5 CHNT Jr ieję graban, iBwido jauniki, [edinti po defyney (Paliy) STB Ende in het graf ingegaen 3ijnde /[agen Ty een jongelingh /[ittende ter rechter GpB Y wpedfy w grob /ujrzaly mtodžienca Sied3gcego na prawicy These examples do not contradict the assumption that the illative denotes the direction when the final point of movement is inside the object, and the aliative denotes the place near the object as the final point of movement. However, it should be noted that such a value does not have a corresponding value in the system of static pronouns, because the adverb does not have the meaning of being present to the object. This fact has already been noted in the literature (Gelumbeckaitė 2002:120) and is confirmed by Chylinski- ’s data. The corresponding meaning in Chylinski- 's language is conveyed by the preposition pas with the suffix? *: IN 20,11 CHNT O Maria [towejo ore and > pao graba werkdama, kad tada werkie, palilękie graban STB Ende Maria [tont buyten by het graf /wenende. As [y then wept /buckte [y in the tomb GDB Ale Marya [tald u grobu na dworse pliciac. And when the bird's neck is w bent over the grave LK 24,22 CHNT Batayg y nekurioc Moterifkiec —Moterio iP mulu, izgandyno muc, kurioc anklty ryta meta pac graba buwo STB Maer oock fommige vrouwen uyt ons /hebben ons ontltelt / die vroegh in den morgen[- tont aen het graf geweelt 3ijn GpB Lecj y niewidlty niektore 3 napych pr3eltrapyty nas /ktore raniuciko byly u grobu: The adverb in the CHNT is used 41 times in total: 26 times with non-living nouns (inanimata), 0 15 times with person-dependent nouns (animata) or their jverbal substitutes. When the adverb pas is used with a personal name, its meaning was probably close to that of the adverb, as we find: idand hume —ume Pyrdiec atfiliktu WiePpatiep —pa WieBpati CHNT (App 11,23); with a purpose of the deer with the Lord to remain (STB); in preedsigwsigciu ferca remained with the Lord (GDB). In this way, the Viespaiep almost always responds to the constructions in den Heere sv xugto", cf. kalbedami drg fey Wiefpatiep CHNT (Arp 14,3), vrymoediglick [prekende in den Heere (STB), be [piecinie mowigc w Panu (GDB): gijate wienok Diewuy CHriftu fiep Jesu fiep Wiefpatiep mufu CHNT (Rom 6,11), maer Gode levende 5ijt in Christo Jefu /on fen Heere (STB), dlescie 5ywymi Bogu w CHry ftusie IE3ušie PAnu ndfym (GpB) and so on. There were certainly differences between the adverb and the prepositional compound with pas; adhesive is used when it comes to accommodation in someone- 's house, such a shade is noticeable and 2 5,8: gieydsiame —welijame giwent iff —nog kuna, 6 giwent WiePpatiep (CUNT), have more pleasure in dwelling out of the body | and in dwelling with the Lord (STB), wolemy racjey wynis¢ 3 čiala /a is¢ na miefkdnie do Pand (GpB). It seems that Chylinskis distinguished the inessive variant of “living in someone- ’s house” from the casual, temporary “being near something” — the latter meaning is conveyed by the construction with the preposition pas. 48 | GINA KAVALIŪNAITĖ As can be seen, the results of the functional analysis differ from the structure of the local system, which could be obtained by mechanically transferring morphological features to the semantic domain. The system of postpositional pronouns is quaternary and symmetric. It is based on two characteristics: the present and past participles are opposed, and the internal and external locutors are distinguished by another characteristic. In fact, the latter semantic contradiction does not exist in Chylinsky- 's language. External localization (‘being near an object’) is either unimportant or may not exist at all. SANTRUMPOS CHNT —CZESLAW KUDZINOWSKI, JAN OTREBSKI, ed., Lithuanian Bible of Chylinski. New Testament 2, Text, Poznan: Zaktad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich, 1958. G —NESTLE-ALAND, Hrsg., Novum Testamentum Graece, 27. Aufl., Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, GDB -Bible swigta, Tho iest, Ksiggi of the Old and New Covenant of the Jewish and Greek 1975. Language and Polish diligently and faithfully translated [...], [Dantzig], 1632. STB -Biblia, That Is The Gant che H. Schrifture, containing all the Canonical Books of the Old and New Testament. By la ft der Hoogh-Mog: Heren Staten Generael van de Vereenighde Nederlanden [...] Uyt de Oor/[pronkelijcke talen in on fe Nederlandt che tale getrouwelijck over-gefet [...] ende Door gemeene orde der Nederland [che Kercken verbetert van Druckfauten en Mis [tellingen die in den Eersten Druck gevonden worden. T' Amsteldam, Printed by the Widow of the late Paulus Aertfz van Ravelteijn [...] Year 1657. SIGNS [--] banknote is man[s] reconstructed abbreviation —keista i r koreksymo pradžia Z išbraukta“ deleted LITERATŪRA GELUMBECKAITĖ, J. 2002: The Syntax of Verbs and Prepositions in the Gospel of John Bretkūnas, Vilnius: Lietuvos kalbos instituto leidykla. (Opera Linguistica Lithuanica, 1.) HaAmMP, E. P. 1997: The inand ad-forms of case in XVI and XVIII c. Baltic. Baltistica 32 (1, 40. Kavaliūnaitė. 2001: Adesyvas in Chylinski's translation of the New Testament. Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 45, KAVALIŪNAITĖ, G. 2002 [2003]: The postpositional lokalkasus in Chylinskis' translation of the New Testament. Linguistica Baltica 10, 81-97. KUDZINOWSKI, Cz. 1964: The Lithuanian Bible of Chyliniski. New 93-111. Testament 3, Index, Poznan: State Scientific Publishing House. LAIGONAITE, A. 1957: Localities of Pasalis in the present language. Lemchenas, Ch., ed., Some Questions of Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 21-39. PALIONIS, J. 1967: Lithuanian literary language in the 16th-17th centuries, Vilnius: Mintis. RANGE, J.-D. 1995: Allative and Adessive in Old Lithuanian Texts of the 16th Century. Jahrhunderts. Linguistica Baltica 4, SMOCZYNSKI, W. 2001: Local cases of Baltic languages. Id., Lithuanian Language in Comparative Perspective, Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press, 214-216. 96-102. CHYLINSKIO POSTPOSITION LOCAL SYSTEM | 49 ZINKEVICIUS, Z. 1980: Historical grammar of the Lithuanian language, Vilnius: Mokslas. ZINKEVIČIUS, Z. 1982: Postpositional locals of Lithuanian language. Baltistica 18 (1), 21-38. Gina Kavaliūnaitė Received 2003 10 04 Institute of Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, 10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]