Liaudiški augalų pavadinimai, siejami su augalo gydomosiomis savybėmis

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA L (2004), 11 - 24 The article deals with Lithuanian phytonyms (plant names) based on the healing properties attributed to the plants concerned. The material is taken both from writings and from the living dialects. The plant names discussed in this article contain (a) names of organs and fluids of the human body, (b) names of diseases which the plants in guestion are assumed to cure and (c) words referring to symptoms of such diseases. Plant names of this type are still widely used in the modern Lithuanian dialects, but their areal scope is usually narrow. 1. INTRODUCTION Since ancient times, people have used various medicinal plants to treat diseases and ailments. Folk medicine and herbalism traditions in Lithuania are very old. According to botanists, there are over 2,000 medicinal plants in Lithuania (Puidokas 2002: 4), so it is quite understandable that in the 19th and 20th centuries many Lithuanian rural inhabitants had no idea about herbal treatment — it was part of their everyday life. All of the herbs were considered medicine: All herbs are medicines, only you need to know what is for what Dj (LKŽ,). Only smilga is not a medicine, and tei[p] all herbs cure PNMZ (LKZ,,,, 947). According to R. Trimako, in the end of the 19th century, folk healing methods prevailed in the Lithuanian countryside. The services of official medicine were rarely used, the services of herbalists (sometimes messengers) were preferred in case of illness, and these people had considerable authority in the rural community. In the author’s opinion, there was even a kind of division between the sexes: folk surgery and veterinary medicine were considered male occupations, and herbalism was considered female (Trimakas 2001: 19). In the scientific literature, the rich material of folk medicine and veterinary medicine is often discussed in various aspects, because it can be the subject of study of several disciplines — anthropology, biology, ethnology, folklore, medicine, pharmacy and even linguistics. Old rural women still know many medicinal plants and name them with their own dialect names, which we will not find neither in botany textbooks nor in scientific descriptions of plants. Folk phytonyms (cf. gr. gutéy ‘plant’) are best understood by the local people and passed on from generation to generation and have survived to our days, because the knowledge accumulated by herbatists was not considered a secret (unlike the promisers of the wisdom), it was taken over by those who were more interested in or had a tendency to collect herbs (Trimakas 2001: 19). Thousands of picturesque folk names of plants are used in the living language (for example, in the dialects of the northern Panevėžys alone, over 800 different roots of folk phytonyms are recorded- ). Often the same plant is not only called differently in different dialects, but even in different villages, because 12 | AURELIJA GENELYTĖ Language users pay attention to different distinctive features of the plant, i.e. in the cognitive process there is a difference in the profile aspect (view angle), which becomes important in a certain situation when capturing an object or phenomenon. In the nomination process, profiling is extremely important, i.e., a certain specific perception of the object, based on one or another property, characteristic, function, etc. of the object, i.e., one or another categorization of the object, its assignment to one or another category (Gudavičius 2000: 50). In the living language, the names indicating the medicinal properties of the plant are used relatively little. Most of the phytonyms used in conversation consist of names based on the external characteristics of the plant (names that describe the shape, color, or similarity of the flowers, leaves, or fruits of the plant to any attribute in reality, etc.). Since people tend to perceive the whole world visually, the names based on visual features dominate the nomenclature system when naming plants. In addition, the older generation of the villagers of the early 20th century, who knew many medicinal plants, which herb cured which disease and named a number of plants according to these healing characteristics, is about to die out. However, while collecting ethnological material about folk medicine and recording folk names of plants in Lithuanian dialects, several dozen phytonyms (mostly names of medicinal plants) have been recorded, which describe the healing properties of a particular plant. The material collected by the author from the dialects, as well as the LKŽ and LKŽ, data show that folk phytonyms associated with the medicinal properties of the plant can be divided into several significant groups. 2. PHYTONIMES COMPOSED OF PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY DESCRIPTIONS There are two groups of such names. 2.1. Phytonyms with a reference word indicating the part of the body being treated: 2.1.1. eye: eye (SLu —2LKZ 152)! akisopai (LBZ 139 [PN]), akišvietė (LBZ 139 [P]), akisvita (LBZ 139 [P]), akšvita (P -LKZ 87), akute (LBZ 139) ‘akisveité’ _(Euphrasia) —an eye disease traditionally treated in folk medicine with herb decoctions (LBZ 139; VA 1973: 31); 2.1.2. ausis: ausgyda (P, LBZ 45 —*>LKŽ 500), ausiagydė (LBZ 45, RS —*LKŽ 1500), ausigydé (LBZ 45, BZ 40 —KZ, 500) ‘akenis’ (Ballota) —medicinal plant whose decoction treats ear diseases (LBZ 45; LVAS 1941: 16); 2.1.3. spleen: milkweed (J, K, LBZ 88 —2LKZ,957- ), milkweed (LL 228 —*LKZ, 957), milkweed (D.POSK —LEZ, 959) ‘bluznuté’ (Chrysosplenium) —decoction used for spleen diseases (LBZ 88); spleen fern (P, LBŽ 35 —?*LKŽ, 957) ‘asplenium' — a herb used in the past to treat spleen diseases (LBŽ 35); the name of the plant is also motivated in classical languages, e.g. gr. orAny ‘blush’; 2.1.4. teeth: dentgalba (LBZ 237 [P]) ‘skéstukas’ (Odontites) —infusion used for medicines against tooth pain (LBZ 237); dantvyra (LBZ 178 [P]) ‘debesylas’ (Inula) —decoction of the roots strengthens the gums (VA 1973: 79); In the article are pronounced those phytonyms, which are presented in LKŽ, LKŽ, or other sources. 2.1.5. kidneys: kidney globe (P, LBZ 247 —LKZ,, 171) “seagrass' (Parietaria) —medicinal plant used to treat kidney diseases (LBZ 247; LVAS 1941: 62); 2.1.6. neck: kaklazole (LBZ 57 [Brz, PN], RTN —LKZ, 92), kaklinélis (LBZ 57 [PN] —LKZ, 93), kaklinycia (LBZ 57 [BRZ] —LKZ, 93), kaklinikas (LS —LKZ, 94) ‘common blackhead’ (Prunella vulgaris) —in folk medicine, a decoction of the herb is used to rinse the throat (LBZ 58; VA 1973: 128; Jankevičienė 1987: 154): When the neck is blocked, you should drink a tea of neck tea Lš (LKZ, 94); 2.1.7. bone: gyvakaulé (MT —LKZ, 361), gyvakaulis (LBZ 338), kaulažolė (J, LBZ 338, Kp, Pc —LKŽ, 431; PNM —LKZ.), kaulazolé (VARN, Sp —LKŽ,, 431; GDR — LKZ,), kaulažolynis | (J, LBZ 338 [RK], NDŽ, ŠvNč, Ds —LKŽ, 431), kaulažolis (LBZ 338 [P], AK, NJ, Ds —LKZ, 431; PNM —LEZ), kauliaSaknis (PNM —LKZ,), kauliažolė (PNM —LKŽ k) kaulažolynis (GMz, KTK, TRGN—LKŽ „ 432), kauliažolis (Ds —LKZ, 432; PNM —1LKZ), kauliazolis (GDR —LKZ,) ‘medicinal oil' (Symphytum officinale) — the dried roots of the plant are used to treat bone fractures (LBZ 338; VA 1973: 359; VAK 1976: 688): bone fractures were treated with bonegrass by the Ds (LKZ, 431). Bone herb is used when a person is ill with bones, bone diseases Ds (LKZ, 431). KduliaRoot blooms white. It's roots are there, there's only the flowers. You have to dig and rake and fence. So, when it hurts, when someone breaks the bones, it breaks down, heals faster Pnm (L.C.) Similar motivation for the plant's name in other languages: lot. Symphytum derived from gr. cupgpvo ‘to grow’; plg. vok. Beinwell, boneset, left. brightness; 2.1.8. hepatica: hepatica nobilis (P, LBZ 22 —LKZ, 581), hepatica Zolelé (LBZ 22). It is a derivative of the Greek nap, navos ‘liver’ —the plant’s triangular leaves resemble a liver in their shape?. The same name is used in many other languages. Leberbliimchen, engl. liverwort, rus. neuenounuųa; 2.1.9. bloodsucker: crayfish (D.Pošk, P, Sp —LKŽ, x 960), bloodsucker (LBZ 5 [BRZ]), bloodsucker (LBZ 5 [PN], DZ, DKK, ŠMN —LKŽ,, 461), bloodsucker (LBZ 5 [ŠvNč] —LKZ,, 463), bloodsucker (BZ 107, Mr, LBZ 5 -LKZ,, 463), bloodsucker (J, LBZ 5, AL, AUK, SLv —LKZ,, 466), bloodsucker (NDZ —LKZ,, 485) ranjazolé (Achillea) — preparations of flowers, leaves and grass are used to stop various bleedings, increase blood clotting (LBZ 6; VA 1973: 163; VAK 1976: 16; VAA 1983: 58; Jankevičienė 1987: 140): Bloodsucker shut your nose, and the blood stops DKK (LKZ,, 461). "Duoks kraujanosio — baisi béga kraujas UT" (LKZ,, 461). In order to "stop the blood, they put blood on the wound AUK (LKZ,, 466). Put on a bloodsucker, and blood will stop flowing SLv (LKZ,, 466); blood-pit (LBZ 310 —LKZ, | 462), kraijasakné (TRGN —LKZ,, 462), bloodélis (TRGN —LKŽ,, 463), bloody (TRGN —“LEZ,, 463), blood-teeth (LBZ 310 [1]), blood-sucking (IM 1862, 31, LBZ 310 1] -465), bleeding (BZ 218, LBZ 310, NDZ —LEZ,, 466), kraustaba (P, LBZ 310 —sy „ 472), kraiizole (J, KAIR -LKZ,, 485) blood-aké’ (Sanguisorba) — a decoction of the herb used by the people for wounds 2 According to Levi-Strauss, plant species that have some memorable characteristic, a certain shape, color or smell, give the observer the right to believe and claim that the mentioned characteristics indicate certain, also memorable, but hidden characteristics of the plants. Therefore, people, albeit temporarily, pay attention to the sensory connection between two things, for example, that yellow plant juices cure spleen diseases, yellow or red flowering plants are suitable for the treatment of internal organs having that color, leaves resembling liver cure liver diseases, and so on. 1997: 28). 14 | AURELIJA GENELYTĖ treatment, infusion is drunk from bloody diarrhea (LBŽ 311; Jankevičienė 1987: 172; MVAE 2002: 353): Bloodwort for animals from urination with blood KAIR (LKZ, 485). See also other names for this plant in other languages: lat. Sanguisorbia derived from sanguis 'blood', sorbere 'to suck' —the rhizome is rich in tannins and stops bleeding. Also, see R.S.A.R.X- .A.B.K., pg. blood-root; 462) "Comarum palustre" — herb decoction in folk medicine Used against high blood pressure and against various bleedings (VA 1973: 361): Blood vessels when added, immediately stops the blood VRN (LKŽ,, 462); 2.1.10. lymphatic: lymphatic grass (P, LBZ317.~ LEZ, 393), lymphatic grass (LBZ 317, AK — LKŽ,, 392), lymphatic grass (J, LBZ 317 —LEZ, 393) ‘bervidis’ (Scrophularia) — a herb infusion used in folk medicine as a remedy against gland swelling (LBZ 317; LVAS 1941: 81); gland herb (GRG —LKZ,, 392), gland herb (LBZ 156, GRG —LKZ,, 392), gland herb (J.JABL —LKZ,, 392) ‘SliauzianCioji tramazole’ (Glechoma hederacea): This gland herb (gland herb) is brewed and given to pigs with glands affected by GRG (LKZ,,, 2.1.11. mūcica (Polish: macica ‘womb’): múcicos 392); herb (LBZ 278, GRG —LKZ., 722) ‘true silver herb’ (Potentilla argentea) — a decoction of the herb is used in cases of painful menstruation (VA 1973: 302; MVAE 2002: 346); 2.1.12. nosis: sraujanose, sraujanosė (LBZ 6, NDZ, LKA, 264 [DBK, AN] —LKZ, 568), sraujandsis, sraujandésis (S, LBZ 6 [PN, RK, UT, ZR], NpZ, K. BUG [Ds], LKA, 264 [RK], LEL, KP, ADM, SKP, ON, VB, AND, DKK, UT —LKŽ,,, 568), sravanosė, sravandsé (L 461, LBZ 6 [Brz], NDZ, LKA, 168 [SLC, SKRB, KRC], INSK —LKŽ, 570), sravandsis, sravanésis (L 813, LBZ 6 [PN, RK], 168 [SK] —LKZ,, 577), srevanosis, is (LBZ 6 [BRŽ, KLP], NDZ, Ps, GRZ —LKZ ss srevenose (LKA, 168 [Ps] — 577), srevendsis (LKA, 168 [KvT], JNšK —LKŽ PN), NDZ —KZ, 579), sriavandsis (NDZ —LKZ, ut 280), sruvanosis (LBZ 6 [RK], Sv -LKZ,, 601), straujanosis (KRSN, ANTZ —LKZ, on). stravanose (LKA, 168 [SLČ, SKRB] —LKZ, 941), stravandsis (LKA, 168 [VB] —LKZ, 941), strevanosis (LKA, 168 [SLC, KRrC], Ps —LKZ.., 953) ‘paprastoji vibe (Achillea millefolium) —in folk medicine, the crushed herb is widely used to stop the blood flowing from the nose (LBŽ 6; VA 1973: 163; VAA 1983: 55; Jankevičienė 1987: 140; MVAE 2002: 202): As soon as you open the nose with the blood flowing, the blood stops flowing UT KZ, 568). It is necessary to pick sravanosių: very good to keep blood AR (LKŽ... 570). Straujanosis —medicine for blood having ANTZ (LEZ... 940); 2.1.13. belly: belly (P, LBZ 220, NDZ — LKZ, x 1029), belly (MT, BZ 29, NpZ — LKZ, x 1029) ‘trilapis pupalaiskis’ (Menyanthes trifoliata) — leaf tea stimulates appetite, improves digestion (LBZ 220; VA 1973: 237; MVAE 2002: 294); 2.1.14. lungs: plaūčninkas (LBZ 287, NDŽ —LKŽ, 89) ‘plauté’ (Pulmonaria) — herb tea treated bronchitis and other lung diseases (LBZ 287; VA 1973: 234); pulmoniaZolé 1) ‘Calla palustris’ (LBZ 62 [BRrz]), 2) ‘Gentiana pneumonanthe’ (LBZ 153) — tea of the flowers and leaves of the plant for the treatment of lung diseases (LBZ 62, 153); xm, O77), sriaunandosis (LBZ bs [KDN, XIII RZ 2.1.15. bladder: bladder (LBZ 322, LF, 308 —LKZ, 1044; DGp, GDR, Krr, KZT, AKM, YL —LKZ,), puslelyté (KLT —LKZ,), bladder herb (AKM —LEZ, « 60), bladder (SMLN, SKT -LKZ), bladder (GDR, UT —LKZ,), bladder (Jsv —LKZ,) ‘naktiziede’ (Silene) — decoction of the herb is drunk against inflammation of the bladder: bladder from bladder gert GDR (LKZ,). Bubbles such as these, once from the bladder gert KLT (LKZ J Piislikés urine is retained by ŠKT (LKZ,); “medicinal foam' (Saponaria officinalis) —in folk medicine bladder diseases treated with decoction of the roots of the foam (VA 1973: 248; MVAE 2002: 297): Horses get sick, urine too much, then blisters boil ALZ (LKŽ,); 2.1.16. neck: spinner (LBZ 64), spinner (LBZ 64 [P]), spinner (LBZ 65 [P]) "spinner" (Campanula trachelium) — Greek word, cf. gr. Tpaynhos ‘neck’; the decoction of the plant is used for medicines against neck diseases (LBZ 65); 2.1.17. thighs: thigh herbs (Mit, 141, LBZ 269, LF, 544 —LKZ, x 960), thigh herb (KZ, MT —LKZ,,, 951) “medicinal white root' (Polygonatum odoratum) —in folk medicine white root is used to treat rheumatism, its infusion is rubbed on aching joints, waist, 0 berries help prevent pregnancy (LBZ 269; VA 1973: 59; MVAE 2002: 63); 2.1.18. heart: heartwort (MT, BZ 41 —LKZ.,, 846) ‘gentiana’ —decoction of gentiana root strengthens the heart (MVAE 2002: 136); heartwort (L, L 445, RTR, TRGN — LKZ 846), heartwort (LBZ 195 [P], NDZ —LKZ,., 848), heartwort (F, LBZ 195, NDZ —LKZ,, 849) ‘sukatzolé’ (Leonurus) —in folk medicine, the decoction of the leaf of sukatzolés is used to treat cardiovascular neurosis, cardiosclerosis, the decoction of the roots improves the heart rhythm and increases the contraction power of the heart (LBŽ 195; VA 1973: 319; Šimkūnaitė 1994: 34; MVAE 2002: 356); Sirdiés herbs (I, P, KLvK 82, LBZ 78 —LKZ., 960), Sirdziazole, heartwort (BRS, ALK, NC —LKZ, v 900), heartwort, heartwort (KZT, Kit —LKZ,,, 900), heartwort (F, LTR [KLTN]) —LRZ,, 900) ‘Sirdazole’ (Centaurium) —folk use for heart diseases (LBZ 78; VA 1973: 341; MVAE 2002: 373); heartwort (MZ, N, [K], E, BzBK,, 18, NDZ, KZ, LTR [KLIN] —LKZ,,, 900) ‘medicinal rosehip’ (Tanacetum parthenium) — the tea of the plant used in the past to treat heart diseases; heart (GDR —LKZ,) “marsh mandrauninké’ (Parnasia palustris) —decoction of leaves and roots treats cardiac neurosis, it regulates cardiovascular activity (VA 1973: 183; MVAE 2002: 232); heartwort (TRGN —LEZ... 899), heartwort (LTR [TRGN] —LKŽ,,, 900), heartwort (NDZ, KZ, TRAK —LKZ 900) ‘common sunflower’ (Helianthemum nummularium) — sunflower preparations used in folk medicine to treat heart diseases; heart herb (P — KZ 960) ‘pieviné gencamigoe’ (Gentianella amarella) — a decoction of the roots calms the nerves, strengthens the heart (VA 1973:109); 2.1.19. bile: common gallbladder (Sisymbrium sophia) (LBZ 324 [BRž], NDZ, LF, 491 —LKZ... 13) —in popular veterinary medicine, the decoction of the herb is used to treat animal gall diseases (LBZ 324); Potentilla argentea (LBZ 278 [BRZ], NDZ —LEZ... 13); gall-grass (Aps, KZT —EKZ 13), gall-grass 'half-yellow' (Scorzonera humilis) (LBZ 324) —the motivation of the last three names is as if double-measured: the plants are not only medicinal, curing gall diseases, —all their flowers are yellow, i.e. bile-colored; 16 | AURELIJA GENELYTĖ 2.1.20. žyvatas- *: žyvatrama ‘piikelis’ (Gnaphalium) (P, LBZ 158, NDŽ —LKŽ,. 825) —decoction of the grass and roots of the spruce increases the peristalsis of the intestine (VA 1973: 235). 2.2 Not all phytonyms which have the names of organs of the human body as a base word indicate the medicinal powers of the plant. Sometimes such names only indicate that some part of the plant is externally similar to that organ. The following phytonyms indicate the shape of the plant’s inflorescence: srdíčko (BZF 182, LBZ 120, KZ, PLšK —LKZ, 846), srdíčka (Š, LBZ 120, LF, 470, NDZ, VAIZG, Nė, BRŽ, Ds —LEZ... 846), Sirdikés (LTR [LS], DSN —LKZ_ 899) ‘auskareliar’ (Dicentra); hearts (S, LBZ 56, LF, 470, NDZ, LMD [BRrz], VAIZG, Brz, Ds —LKZ,,, 846) ‘hares tears’ (Briza media). X The form of the leaves or fruits is indicated by the following plant names: dvidantis (LBZ 49) ‘lakiSius’ (Bidens) — the fruits of the plant are wedge-shaped, with 2-4 acute, tooth-like teeth at the top (LF, 65); ‘kriimsargé’ (Cucubalus), a plant so named because of its round fruits (LF, 326); sirlapapéliai (LBZ 210 [Brz], NDZ, LF, 543 —IKZ,., 899) ‘dvilap¢ medute’ (Majanthemum bifolium) — leaves Sirdiskai kiaušiniški (LF, 543); heart-leaf (MT, KZ —LBZ... 899) ‘cloud-leaf’ (Inula) —the upper leaves of the plant embrace the stem with heart-shaped bases (LF, 57). The following names also indicate not the medicinal, but only the external properties of the plant: toothwort (Dentaria) (cf. Latin: dens, dentis ‘tooth’, German: Zahnwurz, English: toothwort, Russian: 3y6anxa, Latin: zuobainites) — the rhizome of the plant is covered with tooth-like scales (LBZ 117); Ditrichum — the tips of the peristomal hairs are double (BVZ 1998: 115); dvéndarité (Dicranum) — the peristom teeth are bifurcated (BVŽ 1998: 111); Anomodon (cf. gr. ėvopos ‘irregular’, ėŠovę, ėdodvros ‘teeth’) —the peristom teeth are irregularly shaped (BVZ 1998: 35); skeleton (Ps —LK, 354), skeleton (LBŽ 264 [BRZ, PN], PN, JNšK, BRZ, PL, ER —LKZ, 354; KRC, RGV, SUR, Ps, PL, SLM —LKZ,), skeleton (LN, VLK —LKZ,), skeleton (PBR, PMP, PSS, Mžš —LKZ,), skeleton (K, 341, M, LDVN —LKZ 354; SKP, PPL, SUR, SDB —LKZ Ly)» skeleton (LBZ 264 [PN]; SD —LKZ,), skeleton (KRC —LKZ,), skeleton (OB —LKZ.), skeleton (KC, KpC —LKZ,), skeleton (PNM, TVR, BD —LKZ 355; PNs, Dv, SB —LKZ,), skeleton (KVR, DBK, LkM, SLK, VI, DGLS, SsK, Ds, TRGN, ML, SVNC —LKZ,, 356; KTK, SLK, Dar, PG, SLD, IG, DGLS, VDZ, KzT, TRGN, PsN, ALN, MIT —LKZ,), skeleton (Ds —LKZ, 356), skeleton (MSG —LKZ 356), skeleton (ANT — LKZ,, 356; Dar —LKZ,), skeleton (MRK, INS, PKR, GRv, NMN, MS —LKZ, 356; Bsa, KpC —'LKZ,) fingergrass (F, LBZ 121 — LKZ, 33), fingergrass (P, LBZ 121 — LKZ, 33), fingergrass (MT — LKZ, 33) ‘Digitaria’ (cf. Latin digitus ‘finger’, German S Fingergras, Fingerhirse, English fingergrass) — a compound inflorescence consisting of several bells arranged fingerwise at the top of the stem (LF, 128); Blepharostoma — perianth mouths covered with hairs (BVZ 1998: 53); Hairy cucumber (Borrago) (LBZ 52 [I]) — the stems and leaves of the plant are coarsely hairy (LF, 248); Asplenium trichomanes ‘Seriné kalnarūtė’ (LBŽ 35 [P]) —the stem of the plant is covered with fine ciliated scales (LF, 44); 3 LRZ 824 indicates that žyvatū in the living language and in older writings can be called ‘belly, bowels; it also refers to two diseases related to diarrhea- —‘diarrhea and bleeding’. FOLK PLANT NAME | 17 split-dented (Fissidens) (cf. Latin fissus ‘split’, dens ‘tooth’) —the teeth of the peristom are split (BVZ 1998: 132). 3. PHYTONIMS WITH THE WORDS OF ANY NAME Phytonyms of this motivation group indicate that the plant named by the word of such a root is usually suitable for the treatment of a particular disease. Others: others (LBŽ 318 [I]), witch hazel, drugiazolé (MT, AK, I, ALv, Kp —1KZ, 751), witch hazel (KZT —LKZ,), witch hazel (O 183, P, D.POSK —LKŽ,, 959), witch hazel. grass (MZ, K, J —*LKŽ, | 752) ‘Sedum’ (LBZ 318 [1]); drugzolé 1) ‘Chimaphila umbelata’ (LBZ 85), 2) ‘Centaurium erythraea’ (LBZ 78); ‘Trifolium pubescens’ (LBŽ 220) (Menyanthes trifoliata); drugpupis (LBZ 280 [I]) ‘almond’ (Amygdalus) —in the opinion of the people, these plants are suitable for the treatment of the disease of cholera (malaria) (LBZ 318; VA 1973: 339), cf. *LKŽ, 752 illustrative sentence: Drūgžolė balo auga, gydo nuo drugio J; caries, to eat: eating grass, eating grass (LBZ 151 [BRZ]) “hanging grass' (Galium aparine) —the people use the grass against caries (LBZ 151); gąstas: gasto žolė (Š, I —*LKŽ,, 151)* “herb for frightening’; tuber: gumbo grass (D.POSK, LBŽ 341 —LKŽ,,. 959) ‘bitkrésle’ (Tanacetum vulgare); 1) ‘medicinal dais’ (Satrureja calamintha) (LBZ 313); (2) ‘meadow gentian’ (Gentiana amarella) (LBZ 152 [PN]); (3) ‘Dianthus deltoides’ (LBZ 119 [PN]); (4) ‘Pyrola uniflora’ (LBZ 263); (5) ‘Vaistine Melisa’ (Melissa officinalis) (RDM —LKZ x); (6) ‘peat-spotted geranium’ (Geranium palustre) (LBZ 154); (7) ‘Centaurium erythraea’ (LBZ 78); gumbo métra (LBZ 129 [KLp]) ‘scented anise’ (Elsholtzia ciliata) —all the plants listed here are considered medicinal in folk medicine and used to treat various diseases. Often it is even difficult to determine for what specific disease they are used, because in the living language a tuber can mean even several diseases. Plg. LKŽ,, 723 specifies the following meanings of gumbo: 1) “growth, swelling, lump (on the body of a person or animal); skaudulys, votis’, 2) “abdominal rhinitis or some kind of diarrhea; 3) ‘uterine disease’, 4) ‘hernia’, 5) ‘pest’. For example, anise is very similar to peppermint, and these preparations are used in folk medicine to treat stomach and intestinal diseases, cervical erosion (VA 1973: 230; MVAE 2002: 282); Umbrella heartwort infusions treat stomach and bowel diseases, colitis, dysentery (VA 1973: 341; MVAE 2002: 374); stomach catarrhal treated with melissa preparations (VA 1973: 192): From gumbo an very old bacon was sprinkled crushed gumbus RDM (LKŽ,); gentian tea is used for indigestion, appetite, flatulence (VA 1973: 109; MVAE 2002: 136) and so on. ; rash: rash grass (AKM —LKZ, x 960) ‘red Ziognage’ (Geum rivale): Kraiiliges grass nu bovine rash AkM (LKZ, 960); 4 Gastas —‘iSgastis, fear' (LKZ, 151). In the living language and in the writings even several diseases are referred to as croup, hemorrhagic fever: 1) “bovine disease manifested by bloody urination (haemoglobinuria)- ”, 2) “blood disease”, 3) ‘bloody’ (LKŽ,, 468). 18 | AURELIJA GENELYTĖ masonry: petrorhagia (LBŽ 357) — the herb was used in the past as a remedy against plague (LBŽ 357); nuomario: numaržolė (LBZ 318 [Brz], LTR [AN] —LEZ, 941) “aitrusis Silokas’ (Sedum acre) —the people of Siloka use it to treat numaržolė (LBZ 318): Nuo nuomario gydosi nuomarzolém LTR [AN] (LKZ,, 941); priemétis: prieméczolé, priemétZolé —the following names are used for several medicinal plants: 1) ‘Scutellaria galericulata’ (LBZ 318 [PN]); (2) ‘bitter cardamom’ (Cardamine amara) (LBZ 68); (3) ‘forest pea’ (Lathyrus silvester) (LBZ 191); (4) ‘pepper seed’ (Lepidium sativum) (LBZ 196); (5) ‘putoksle’ (Polygala) (LBZ 268 [BrZ, PN]); 6) “Forest silverweed’ (Potentilla erecta) (LBZ 278 [BRZ]): That from the priemécio inside released, it is only prieméczole and hold TRGN (LKZ, 659); 7) ‘zlinge’ (Stellaria) (MT, LBZ 334, LF, 274 —LKZ, 660). Some of these plants (e.g., forest silverbrazole) are now used for medicines against priemecio®, the healing properties of others are somewhat forgotten; attack: witch hazel (LBZ 143, NDŽ, LTR [KLIN], VL —LKZ, 670), witch hazel (LTR [Lr] —LKZ, 670) “peat willow’ (Filipendula ulmaria) — herb infusion treats various attacks: kidney, heart, headaches, diarrhea, fear (LBZ 143; VA 1973: 393; MVAE 2002: 427): witch hazel tea from fear LTR [KLTN] (LKZ, 670). Herbs are used against frightening LTR [Lp] (LKZ, 670); prefabricated: prefabricated grass ([K], LBZ 57 —LKŽ, 725), prefabricated grass (C, 402, K, 264, P, AK —LKŽ, 725) 'common blackhead' (Pruneila vulgaris) — the decoction of the grass is used by the people for diarrhea (LBZ 58; VA: 1973, 128); prievaržolė (J —LKZ, 725) "such a mountain grass, blue-flowering, used from the spring"; [pa Jsiutimas, siustas, siutas: pasiutzolé (MT —LKZ x 477), stirrup (LBZ 209, NDZ —LKZ,,, 620), stirrup (NDZ, Jz, stirrup RZ, LBZ 209 [PN], MTT 5, 221, KLK 3, 47, Viz, DKST, KP —LKZ,, 630), siusto grass (Kos 134 —LKZ, x 960) ‘Lythrum salicaria’ —in folk medicine, a decoction of the grass is used to treat bites from rabid animals (LBZ 209; VA 1973: 261); (1) ‘arable mint’ (Mentha arvensis) (LBZ 219); (2) ‘Lipicum vulgare’ (Galium mollugo) (LBZ 151 [BRZ]): tea of mint and lipicum was previously used for the treatment of epilepsy (LBZ 151); (3) ‘Stellaria graminea’ (LBZ 334 [BRrZ]) — its tea is used for the treatment of rash (LBZ 334); 4) ‘black drig' (Hyoscyamus niger) (LBZ 174) — a poisonous plant, ingestion of which leads to death (LBZ 493); siūtgalba (P, LBŽ 18, NDŽ, LF, 538 —LKZ,, 630), siutgloba (NDZ, siutgléba MT, RTR, SER, BZ 37, LBZ 18, LF, 538 LKZ,,, 630) ‘ship’ (Alyssum) — Greek derivative, cf. gr. ėAuooov from Avooa ‘feeling’; the plant has been used in medicines against rabies (LBZ 18); scurvy: scorbutrama "spring firefly' (Ficaria verna) (this name is mentioned by J. Dagys in his article about J. Pabrėža- 's novelties, see Dagys: 1972: 19). It is believed that the herb was used for scurvy. The same name is also used in other languages, including English. Scharbockskraut, rus. yucmsk; 6 In the Eastern Highland dialects, the name of the disease is ‘such a nervous disease, convulsions’ (LKZ, 660). L In the Eastern Highland dialects (Rm, KVR, KM, Ds, Uzp, SLM) the prefix means “medium hardening” (LKZ, 725). FOLK PLANT NAME | 19 sukatas: sukatiné (PST —LKZ.. 58) “pharmaceutical notera’ (Betonica officinalis) —decoction of leaves and herb treats catarrh and cough of respiratory diseases (VA 1973: 199; MVAE 2002: 251); sukatzolé (Leonurus), sukata grass (LBZ 159) ‘forest pickle’ (Gnaphalium sylvaticum) — tea of both herbs treats drought (LBZ 195); sūsas, sūskis, susna: susazolé (LBZ 291, NDZ —LKZ,, 221), suskazolé (RT —LKZ,,, 227), sūskė (Uzv —LKZ,,, 227), sūsnažolė (LBZ 291 [PN], NDŽ —KZ... 230) ‘vedrynas’ (Ranunculus); sūskio žolė (AKM —LEZ, « 960) ‘aitrusis védrynas’ (Ranunculus acris) —the decoction of the plant is used in folk medicine for treating elms, suski (i.e. such fungal skin disease, elms, scabies (favus) Kz... 230); sassafras: wicked sassafras (MT, LBZ 342 [BRZ, PN], Kp, SML, JNSK, SB, ER, SMLN, VB —LKŽ,, 960); PNM —LKZ,), sassafras (LBZ 342 [Brz, PN], DZ, NDZ, SLC, Kes, KP, Mžš, BRŽ —LKZ,, 537), sassafras (LBZ 342 [PN], J.JABL, NDZ, JNšK, Ps, DJ, PMP —LKZ,,, 540), sassafras (LBZ 342, NDZ —LKZ,,, 540) “dandelion' (Taraxacum) —in folk medicine, the decoction of the roots is used for eczema, furuncles (VA 1973: 150; VAA 1983: 139; MVAE 2002: 179); skrūpas: skrūpažolė (LBZ 270 [Brz], NDZ, LF, 208 —LKŽ,,, 990) —‘vijolinis pelevirkstis’ (Fallopia convolvulus) —people treat skrūpas with herb decoction? ; traida: traiduolė (LBZ 346, NDZ, LF, 578 —LKŽ,,, 526) “dirvinė čiužutė' (Thlaspi arvense) — the decoction of the herb is used against diarrhea; tryda, trizna: trydažolė (MT, LBZ 175, NDŽ —LKZ,,, 809), triznazolé (LBZ 175, NDZ -1KZ... 935) 'jonazolé' (Hypericum) — a decoction of the herb used for dysentery, colitis, diarrhea (LBZ 175; VA 1973: 127; MVAE 2002: 159)"; trukis: tritkazole (BZ 106, NDZ, DZ, KZ, tritkazolé MT, TVR —LKZ, 962), triikaZolynis (DGLS, KZT, ŠvNč, VDS, IGN —LKŽ,,, 962), tritkiazolé, tritkiaZolé (LBZ 262, NDZ -LEZ... 968) ‘grūšlapė' (Pyrola); The motivation of the names is revealed by the illustrative sentences given in LKZ: Nuo patrūkio gert tritkazolynio VDš KZ, 963). Cap the navel, the end of the abdomen that hurts, then you need to drink thyme IGN AKZ... 963); chicory (BZ 106, NpZ, DZ,, KZ, Kos 126 [Sv], ENc,, 856, SB, tritkazolé LBZ 88, TVR — LKZ,,, 962), chicory (NDŽ, chicory LMD [BRŽ], Ds —LKZ.., 968), tritxol (J, DRrSKZ, Pc, GRD, Pv, KTV, SIL, chicory RZ, NDZ, LTR [BR], V.KREV, SKR, KZR, KPC, Up, PIN —KZ... 1008), trixol (SLVN, DG —1LKZ... 1009) ‘trukazole’ (Cichorium). For the motivation of the names, see the following sentences: KatriuSyciy (herb) tea —from trichiasis LMD [BRZ] (LKZ,,, 968). The deficiency was previously treated with thyme, and now drinks fish oil Ds (LKŽ,,.,,,„ 968). The weeds were now broken GRD (LKZ,,, 1008). Tritkzoles kasdavom, dzZiovydavom, kap patriksta |kas), kap pakeli ką [per sunkiai] Pv (LKŽ.., 1008). It should be eaten with eggs for the breakdown and appetite SIL (LKZ,., 1008). In living language diiriniais, whose first sandu goes root trūk-, jvardija8 Even several diseases are called rounded in the living language. The singular form most often means: 1) “sheep stupidity (Coenurus cerebralis)’, 2) “horse disease similar to rabies’, 3) ‘diarrhea’ (LKZ,,, 58). The plural form in Eastern Highland Snektos usually means dziova (LEZ... 59). * Croup, croup in older dictionaries and living language refers to “inflammation of the upper part of the throat; diphtheria' (LKZ,,,‘990, LKZ,, 714). "= Dysentery — infectious inflammation of the large intestine (DZ, 126).