M. Daukšos „Katekizmo“ (1595) lyginamieji sakiniai

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIII (2005), 23-31 M. DaukSos Comparati- (1595) ve sentences in the Catechism ArtorAS JUDZENTIS, JURATE PAJEDIENE Lithuanian Language Institute The article deals with comparative clauses in M. DaukSa's Catechism. They contain the same conjunctions modern Lithuanian. as in Modifier clauses expressing comparison quality are introduced of the conjunction kaip both the by in Catechism and the in Trump Buddha. A comparative clause of quantity introduced kiek by attested is only the in Catechism, and a correlative clause with kuo tuo only the - in Short Buddha. Comparative complement clauses expressing differences of degree, introduced by the conjunction neg, are used only the part the in of Catechism that has no Polish equivalent, and the in Short Buddha. Comparative clauses the of same type with the conjunction nekaip are used the in Catechism and the in preface the to Trump Buddha. They are used to compare to predicates. A comparative clause as a complement of the verb bevelyti, introduced neg, used by the text is portion in that independent the is of Polish model and presumably reflects the authentic usage. 1. In this article, the 1595 books published in Vilnius in 1990, traditionally called the Catechism of Mikalojus Daukšos, but in newer studies considered to be a convolute, which consists of works of different du proportions of originals', su structure and content ir are examined. — Catechisms (CATHECHISMS OR SCIENCE FOR EVERYONE KRISSZCZIONII PRIWALVS. PARASITES PER D. IAKVBA LEDESMA Theologians Societatis IESV. Executed iz Lieguvio Lgkifko ing Lietuvifka per 1983: 3rd place in the 3rd Kdn. 13fpduftas Wilniuie Metiife uggimimo Wiefspaties 1595) ir Trump Buddhas (Trumps Buddhas Attachme- / nt or detachment Nude. Drin tu kurie dagnai wartéia tii Sacrament. Y3 1999-2000 Lietiwifko was convicted. WILNIVI Métiiffé M. D. XCV.) — sudétiniy sentence research?. Comparison Siame 1 Guido Michelin has determined that "The text of the Ledesma Catechism is only the first part of the Polish book, because I'm just a little upset. ( > Trump Buddhas Pafifakimo / or 1zpazinimo Niidemiu) relies on others Saltiniais’ (Michelim 2000. 260, 2001: 228). M. The comparative sentences of the Catechism of ta the Catholic Church are ir described in the same order as other types of subjective sentences in previous authors' publications. (Zr. JudZentis, Pajedian 2001, 2005). The article uses authory performed ir Research funded by the 1r Lithuanian State Research Foundation,Sudety M. DaukSos 1595 m. Catechism sentences* results. Cituoyant DaukSos sentences used photographic text iS Vidos JakStienés ir Jono Palionis's edition of the Catechism (Jakétiené, Palionis, par., 1995). Lenkisky Ledesmos catechism said examples transh teruoti according to The Vilnius University Library holds a NAVKA CHR3ESCIANSKA belonging to the collection of Jurgis Lebedžio. Abo Kétechizmik dla dgtatek photocopy. 24 | ArTURAS JuDZENTIS, JURATE PAJEDIENE in the article are referred to as Salutinis sudetiniu jungiamujy sentencey démens having comparative purpose. 2. Comparative meaning connective sentences in ancient Lithuanian literature Eduardo Hermanno (1912), Jono Palionio (1967), Leonardo Drotvino (1968a, 1968b), Artiiro In (1995) JudZené's works, Dad M. During 1595 the day The comparative sentences of the Catechism have not yet been thoroughly studied. In this article Many comparative sentences are discussed in the article collection Syntax relations studies (Holvoet, Judzentis, red., on the 2003) theoretical basis of ideas. In solving some semantic questions of comparative sentences syntax ir structure, synthetic Works of the Western Linguistic Tradition (Residual 1992; Fauconnier [1985] 2003; Anderson [1997] 2004; Culicover, Jackendoff 2005), summarizing works of Lithuanian linguistics (Ambrazas, red., 1976, 1994, 1997; Morkiinas, par., 1999) ir special investigations (Ambrazas 1971°; Semeni 2002). 3. In subjunctive sentences su The salutary comparative démen compares two propositions* on a certain common basis. By function in the sudétic sentence all Salutative comparative sentences in the investigated convolute are adverbial, but syntactic ju relations in other parts of su the subject sentence Zodiiais different. Some comparative sentences are Melting (mostly to the verb verbs), others are controlled by the main demens verbs — (usually a certain form). jy 4, THE FOLLOWING COMPARATORS SAKINIAT divides into two groups ir according to the characteristics of j the grammatical structure. One group consists of comparative sentences, referring to ir positions that are the standard of basic comparison. By alignment pobtdi connectors ir They are divided into qualitative, j quantitative ir and comparative sentences. Other The fusion of comparative sentences means the identity of the degree su of the variable submark to with the ar degree of the other variable submark in the main démen. These are relational comparative sentences®. They have two correlated conjunctions Words ir 5 Vytautas Ambrazas in his article,The Comparative Sentence Structure of the Present Lithuanian Language* indicates that in the Lithuanian grammar tradition comparative sentences have been distinguished as a separate type of sentence only Jono Balkeviaus ,The Syntax of the Present Lithuanian Language“ (Embraces 1971: 161). It is true that in the aforementioned syntax, comparative sentences ir are described in the general section,Comparative Salutmiat sentences (Balkevičius 1963: 329-331) — according to grammatical characteris1r tics, ~ separately according to semantic relations: as comparative (ibid., pazyminio 339-341), comparatori (also, 345-346) ar comparative sentences time (also, 351-352) ar bdo (also, to explain the 358-360) circumstances Ambrazas comparative sentences in the article (1971 m. presented model of classification of comparative sentences was transferred to academic grammar) i presents according to grammatical form characteristics, taking into account grammatical j needs distancing from ir lexical contextual meaning ir (Ambrazas 1971: 162), Plg. Anneli It remained to give a (1992: 222), definition whose main idea was taken i8 A Grammar of Contemporary English: ,,The basic feature comparative of a construction that two is propositions are compared with respect something they have common* to in (Quirk et et al. 1972: 765) Comparative sentences are distinguished in the grammar tradition of ir Lithuanian language (about them Zr. Morkiinas, par., 1999: 379-380) The latter can be considered reduced comparative sentences (plg Holvoet, Judzentis 2003: 144-146). Reduced comparative sentences are not discussed in this article. Comparative sentences of relation are described by V. Ambrazo as Zymintys ,,between themselves related cries and sounds, which with one increasing decreasing, respectivear ly increases or decreases (Embraces 1971: 172). England Comparative sentences of relation in Lietuviy grammar (com- M. DaukSos Karexizmo (1595) LyGINAMigsiI saxinial | 25 Variable pronoun Signification in upper-secondary forms in both members of the subject sentence. 4.1 In the DaukSo texts, which are discussed in the comparative sentences of the Koxyses, as in the present common language, the conjunctive Zodis as is used. In the investigated convolute this is the main type of Salutiniy sentencey use® associated with this connective Word, e.g.: néri Bagni-//czia pagérbt fawtis {tinus //Bwettifius /kaip’ lie gérbé io //Diewa /ir Bagniczia Bwéta 67,,.. Usually, qualitative comparative sentences follow the main démens, as in the quoted sentence, which has no Polish equivalent. The same deémeny order is observed for sentences with a Polish original (as well as for the jy equivalents in the Polish translation of the Ledesma Catechism- ), e.g.: atléid mamus maf-//fy kaltés /kaip’ i més at-//taidgémé fawiémus kaltie- //mus 46,, (odpusé nam na&e winy / //idko y my odpuBcgZamy naBym // winowdicom 28,,,,)- Before the main deémeny, qualitative comparative sentences are rarely used; In such cases they usually correlate with the answering Words, e.g.: kaip’ andi //fkrinioi né biwo daiktas // bragé{nis / tiektai tobliczios // prifsakimo Diewo /idant’ //teip widuriie Bi[r]diés mano ///ne butG kita duma /nei né- //ras /tiektai taw6p Bwetdp //prifsakimop 166,,,, (idko w oney fkrgyni nie //byta rzec3 przedniey- &a /iedno //tablice zakonu / aby tak wnatrg //w fercu moim nie byta ina //myst ani chué /iedno ku twemu //naswietRemu 3akonowi 125,,-126,). The syntactic structure of the quoted sentence depends on the original. However, in the Catechism there are also independent from the original prepositional comparative sentences; they usually do not have an equivalent in the Polish Ledesma Catechism, e.g.: kaip’ pirmas //Adémas téwas miiffy /at-//néBe mimus pafkadinima //per paragawima waiféus //médgio v3drautto /teip’ //antras Adémas Jefus Chri-// {tus /4tnéBe mamus i$ga-//nima /per méd3ia krigéus //Rwéto 35, Konvoluut found only one case of qualitati3-16" ve interposition of a comparative sentence. parative clauses of proportion) are defined as Denoting a comparison of the intensity of the degree of different actions or events (Ambrazas 1997: 750). ® _In the case of time limits has a sample-time connective verb already as connected sentences (cf. Judéentis, Pajediené 2005: 60-61). 26 | Artūras JupZentis, JORATE PAJEDIENE It is used in the Short Bud: Eimi [...] kaip nufi-// déies tikr6fp wérfmesp tei-//sibes / idant tu mané teik-//timbeis nutéifint 151,,,, (Jde [...] idko grgeBny do [pra-//wiedliwego Srgodta [prawie-/- /dliwoséi /abys ty mnie rac3yt //viprawiedliwié 112,,,,). Retorical words are used not only with prepositional (as in 35,,,), but also with postpositional qualitative comparative sentences (though in the Katechismus there are not many such cases), e.g.: teip’ Diewas mimus daris // kaip’ més ir darifsimé kitiémus // 54,, ,, (Fig. 1) // Mr. Bog bed3ie So deal with us // anyhow. 3 / my 3// We ignore them. 34, ,). In the quoted sentence of Daukios, the position of the response is different from the original, in addition, there is a particle and attached to the connecting word, which does not have an equivalent in the original. In the short Budenet treédalis all postpositional qualitative comparative sentences have a Zodi answering them, e.g.: né miléio artimt [awd //teip /kaipo pats norétus //idant ij milety 128,,,, (nie mitowat blignich fwoich //tak Iakoby fam chéiat byé mi-//towan 92,,,). A response that goes immediately before the conjunctive of a word can form a functional unit with it — the substantive conjunctive of a word, cf. : Both of you have / to take a break // from / your daily / routine. // ma / maite / fadara /teip6 // as Chriftus turi fudéréii- // ma fu bagnicgia fawo 102,,-103, (both mayan web sites) // 3achowaé / rooms iednosé / wid- // re / mitogsé / tak Iako egyni Pan // Chryptus 3 koséiotem fwoim 70, ,,). The boundaries between qualitative and ir quantitative categories are not clear; some adverbial sentences with conjunction su 111,,-112, (niektor3y ieBege dla te-//go ir mniemAnia/ig fie ni-//gdy nie [powiddaia tak //dofkonale/iako fa powin-//ni 78,,). The special quantity-- comparison conjunction Word somewhat used only with one comparative sentence of the Katechism (note that the Polish equivalent of this sentence in the Ledesma Catechism is with the personal verb form Word): né //fkaitit knigy né wiéSliwu ///né katbét’ Zodgiu /nei giedét //giefmid gédiBku /kiek pri-//manant 85,,,, (nie c3ytaé ksiag wRetec3-- //nych /ani mowié ftow /ani //$piewaé piesni nieuc3¢iwych: //ani ich fluchaé ile byé moge 54,,-55,). M. DaukSos Karexizmo (1595) tyGinamiest saxiniat | 27 4.2. The convolute contains only one comparative sentence of the sanryō.’ Jo connecting Zodis kuo (originally used old-fashioned connecting rod) The word form im) correlates® with the su response: Néffa ki a &{mi n&werté- // nis / ti tu garbéfnis tam- // pi 150, , (I will tell im ia you- // {tem neworthyy- / &y tym ty // The glorious sophistication 111,.,). 5. REPUBLICS COMPARATORS SAKINIAI® are also non-uniform according to the ironing method. One means jy the amount of a positive (or degree) comparison", in other comparative sentences the whole of the verb is compared su with the main verb. Degree comparative sentences Many are used with su the conjunction neg. They correspond to Polish comparatsu ive sentences with the conjunctitu on nizli, // e.g.: / daugéffi a& gali atlait neg gali // dafsitaist 137,,, (more // ty can't be dismiss- / ed id // moge dopuséié 99. 1620) Su conjunction used in comparative sentences Word's not good. In the original, they correspond ir to the sentences junku nizli, e.g.: pigéus numirt tirimé su nékaip // / iy [Goddess] pageift 70,, ,, (rac3ey vmrgeé ma- // my ni§li go obragi¢ 43, sas) 7 Ignore the abundance of the relation's comparative sentences ir DaukSos Postile (Zr. Czestawo Kudzinowski index, (1t.) 1977 : 354; 1977 (2t.): 316). In it you bend sentences with a su correlated conjunction Zodziu im... tym corresponds to lietuvi8ki su sentences kuo. . yours Example , Wujeko Postilés sakinys fie im koscvot wigcey nabogeriftwo na gotuie/ tym wigcey smat alee bldgnuie y Converted between: kt Ba = Sniesta daugéus ant ndbagnumo sopéftiies/ didgéus ti pafaulis féucSe ir Bu = tiie, 102, ,.. About the im... tym comparative constructs in ancient Polish Zr. Klemensiewicz et et al. (1955: 479-480). * On the correlated comparative constructs of the English language, their closest grammatical equivalents ir Zr. Culicover, Jackendoff (2005: 500tt). V. These are called the "differential comparisons" of Ambrazo. : Comparative sentences of difference There is a significant difference between comparable actions and real actions. Siy sakiniy Salutational nouns, beginning with conjunctions negu, nelabai, kaip, are connected in the main nouns with adjectives, su adverbs or differentiating nouns of the higher degree.” (Ambrazas 1971: 173). Loretos The study by Seménienés shows that ,bidvardziy aukValentiné ir property of the upper upper grade form to join comparative constructions is typical of the biword as a [...] specific ne language division, only for the morphological category of the degree, 0 which includes only the biwords, but not the adverbs* ne ir (Semen 2002: 142). | comparative structure structure ir action va ir John M. Anderson (2004: 126). Viadimiras Plungianas associates the emergence of the comparison indicator with the need for a su second argument: the second argument is necessary to reveal the intensity of the main argument characteristic1 (Plungran ar 2003: 212). More about the classification of the controlling comparative sentences of the degree indicator to the prepositional sakimyy type ir about the fact that the syntactic category of comparative sentences is determined by the controlling Zodz10 morphological class is not important, Zr. Holvoet, Judzentis (2003: 1491). 28 | Artūras Jupzentis, JORATE PAJEDIENE In the latter type of sentences there is a distinct comparative pozymiy prefix. These sentences are close to the connective type of the comparative sentences, it shows the comparative sentence ir 113, ,, lenki8kas correspondisu ng conjunction A set of a words having only ne semantic, but syntactic features of ir a comparative ir sentence, e.g.: ntidemes // 3menu teifffiu // [...] lékéus éft i3g aplaidimo gérq daikty // (kuri // paSintis wargéfne) // somehow y3 padarimo // pikto 113,,5 (grgechy lud3i // {righteous [...] fa fast // 3 Rejecting good words // (whose messages are difficult to // understand) // 4 3 79,..). Only one sentence of the Catechism with the conjunction neg, the comparison criterion of which is the action "Wodis bevelyti": This sentence is close to the sentences with "nakaip" (see quoted sentence 70), e.g.: bewe-//lit numirt neg ij pageift ku-//rime daikte 28,.. 1213 The usual place of the comparison criterion in subjective comparative sentences —prieS standard. In cases where the comparison standard goes before the object, the criterion can be placed before both of them, cf. : First of all, I'm sorry to say that // I'm guilty of two / things. // tu 119 17-19 (irwey ni3 begin powiddaé sins // {woie / ma Fie daé owe those 3 cSterech // rgec3y 84,,.,.). The quoted sentence is the only case DaukSos In the Catechism, when the criterion of comparison is the number of interjections before the adverb. It is regarded as a subjunctive comparative dél signify ir jy relationy du raiSkos: the predicates are compared with respect to time’*. Salutative comparative _ Although it is used only once in the Catechism, Postilé is a verb of Slavic origin (SkardZius [1931] 1998. 293, Fraenkel is 1965: 1219) used quite often. In the latter This verb controls the subjunctive The verbs rather than connected comparative constructions, which in the Polish text of Wuyeko Posulés correspond to sentences with the verb wole¢ (,,rather want, give (give) preference, more towards Vaitkevitiité 1979: 877), e.g.: beweliii kakla dit/neg atftat’ nig W. sawo 344,, (wolif gardlo daé/nigli odftapié od Pana fwego) Comparative sentences with verbs rather than connected comparative constructions ir Konstantino Sirvydo In points Sakymy (for the comparative sentence search was used Sirvydo Punkty Sakymy concordance, created by the Lithuanian Language Institute under the,,1996-2005 State Language Use and Education Programme of the Republic of Lithuania‘), e.g. : Is there a link? tu 3od3iu / bewelida=mas tilet negi / niekus kat=bet / Rwanday daro (kto te=dy [take the figs] Now/ wo=tge milezeé/ nig fraSki mo=wié swietobhwie cyni) PS, 55, 5 Bewelia badu kilt / ir fun=kiey wargt / negi i3 {wetimu runku penukfto tikot (wola glod êrpiec/ y Gresko ng =dgowaé/4 nig 3 cudgych rak pokarmu c3ek4é) PS,, 103, 5. 2 The relationship of comparative sentences with temporal sentences is recognized by Anelli Lieko:,Comparative sentences have a natural link [...] with temporal sentences, the times of events can be compared as well as their temporal counterparts.'*, The order of the démeny of the sudétino sentence corresponds to the order of the démeny of the polki8ko sentence, the short form M. DauxSos Karexism (1595) COMPARATORS SECTIONS | 29 of the conjunction i neg ir corresponds to the original niz". o Can be ir different Interpretation of this sudétic sentence: first consider the samplaic connecting Word, beginning the Salutinj time sentencej’®. Such an interpretation would be based ir on punctuation, identical to the original punctuation, the nearest surrounding of the sentence and the prior use of connective clauses su DaukSos "Postiléje". Sentencsu es before the time, o ne at the end of the comparison sentence Eduardas Hermannas (1912: 34-35)'8, Jonas Jablonskis (1957: 510-511), Leonard Drotvin (1968)!%, Jonas Palionis (1967: 202). Properties. (Lieko 1992. 223). Plg. V. Ambroz's description of the sentences is as follows:,,The difference in the action The greeting demu is associated su with various adverbs of the upper degree, adverbs otherwise, pwma etc., which indicate the type of ir action. Selutiaw démuo is said to that adverb, po reéiau kity po Zodziy, which are described by this adverb. * (Embraces 1971: 174). 13 According to Jaroslav Bauer, the old éeky language nez is a callus of i8 the ir negative pamaiu virtes with a time switch (Bauer 1972: 227). Geku language connective Sodz1o niZ reik3meé irto laikun begant változtatás. the meaning of time and its comparative meaning in constructions where This conjunction éjo of the po comparative déve or the adverb prvé (Bauer 1972: 448); for comparison Gia presents DaukSos Postiles sentence neg, used to su describe the time relationship, although the original is prerwey niz: Bia ndktj/ neg cock kart du pragis three / times manés v3gilsies 148,, (d31é tey nocy pierwey / dwdkroé ni kur I'm so sorry. 34pr3y&). © Apragant DaukSos Catechism time sentences (Judzentis, Payédienne 2005) This sentence was not mentioned, because the possibility of two grammatical interpretations is more convenient to discuss in one place, that place is chosen at the most common conjunction In other words, ir without trying to determine which semantic aspect of the relationship between the propositions exists ~alignment ar time ratio is more — important (about indirect ar comparison in any subjunctive statements plg. Lyons 1993: 274tt). Comparing du actions requires comparing jy i8sidéstyma in a particular (for example, time) scale (plg. Fauconnier 2003: 137). Daukos Catechism 119 page new topic Science Jpaginmo (Nudging) Spomidddnia) begins A salutary participle time sentence ending with a period (plg. : Reply J3pazinumq wif-// fadieny ). Prie jo The subject sentence 119,, ,, begins with a su capital letter. Therefore, each of the po different grammatical structures has different temporal circumstances, the second one specifying the first one. Didzigja dalj (80%) Two Postilée esanéiy sentences form a contemporpm ary neg usage: kat kuriy demeny ju order punctuatiir on like allowed to 1r first assign to Salutny demeni, e.g.: teifstrem weling igg Rirdy fawy pirm’ neg / patis bus imefti ing tamfibes wirButines 507 ,.-508, (dyabta 3 ferc You are the first person to be ejected externally. w Cemnosti), Pragik’ mané néris ko iddné taw padaricz.o/ pirm’ neg baifiu imtas ntig tawes DP 236,, (Pros odemnie co chef bymeéi vegynit / pierwey nix bede wiet od You). Part jy punctuation separates Sala einanéius pirm neg, ir e.g.: v3éik pirm’/ neg numirs funtis manas DP 355(2) (step 1 if you want / me to die) \© The fact that the connecting Word preceding linked sentence Hermanns laiké latko circumstances of the island, see i8 jo submission date (1s is given separately from the sentence neg) as well su as the translation in German, j cf. : ,Before you start, his Sins call, zu one should consider because of the following four Things fur schuldig erklären* (Hermann 1912: 34-35). Otherwise (writing about Bretktine Postinjection) samples before use Hermann's a su German-born man, and he's married. (ibid., United Kingdom) 29), Research of words in the summary table first written in the time requirement column (Hermann 1912). In Drotvin's opinion, the first (and jo variants first negative, first negative...) is prijungiamey: conjunctions, which in the ancient Lithuanian language are used to connect the circumstances of time (1968a, 1968b. 89). Drotvin indicates that Sie ,specialiis time switches [. .] are not used all8kar 18 30 | ARTURAS JUDZENTIS, JURATE PAJEDIENE 6. isvapos. In the comparative sentences of M. DaukSos Catechism the same connective words are used as in the present Lithuanian language. In the Catechism and in the Short Buddha, the qualitative comparative sentences are used with the connective word as. The quantitative comparative sentence with the connecting Word what is used only in the Catechism, and the relational comparative sentence with the correlated connecting Word what — only in the Short Buddha. The sentences with the conjunction neg, which refer to the degree of the comparative pronoun, are used only in the section of the Catechism which has no Polish equivalent and in the Short Buddha. Comparative sentences of the same syntactic type with a connecting word are not used in the Catechism and in the Trump's Buddha's Preface. They compare predicates. The verb-freely controlled comparative sentence with the conjunction neg used in a text passage independent of the Polish original probably reflects the authenticity of the use of this type of sentence. The syntactic structure of comparative sentences together with other features of substantive sentence structure supports the proposition already expressed in previous studies that su ir The Catechism and the Short Buddha are considered separate texts with different relationships to the originals and a distinct syntactic structure. The text of the Catechism, taken separately, is heterogeneous, consisting of at least several heterogeneous parts: a translation, a text containing the Polish original, and a text without a Polish equivalent. SUTRUPINIMAIL DP ~ Mikalojus Dauk¥os 1599 meti POSTILE 1r her Saltiniai. Leidima parenge Jonas Palionis, Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 2001. PS —[Konstantinas Sirvydas] PVNKTY KAZAN from Advent 43 to Poftu, Lithuanian language, with translation into Polish by KSied34 Konstanreco Szyrwipa /Theologa Societatis IESV / Z PERMISSION OF PARENTS issued. W Vilnius W Printers Akademiey Societatis Iesv Roku M.DC.XXIX. (Used with photographic authorization: Franz Speci, Szyrwids Punktay sakimu, Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1929) LITERATURA Awprazas, V. 1971: Dabartinés lietuviy kalbos lyginamuyu sakinty sandara. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 2000, 161-177. Amerazas, V. 1976: Prijungiamieji sakiniai. In: Ulvydas, K., red., 1976: Ltetuviy kalbos gramatika 3. Syntaksé, Vilnius: Mokslas, 789-916. Awrazas, 1994a: V. A broad sentence. In: Ambrazas, V., ed., Modern Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Science ir encyclopedia publishing 625-637. house, Awarazas, V. 1994: Connective sentences. In. Ambrazas, V., ed., Modern Lithuanian Grammar, Vilmus: Science ir encyclopedia publisher, 659-696. consistent, because ,,the same actiony time relationship in various monuments (or even in the same monument) is ir expressed by various means of connection"(1968b: to,,the main component pur gah biti in the main sentence, the second component 95); be neg, as a correlation of the first [...] ir o — Your greeting* (same). Ir iS truly, the placement of the action in the time is obvious in sentences where the ir adverbs before the conjunction neg are used ir separately, but in such cases the comparison is more iSrySkeya. Drotvin also found that under lenkisky jungiamyjy Sodziu first than, pierwiey nizeli modelj formed connecting The word prm neg is used more frequently (1968b: nei 97) dissociated conjunction neg adverb pr. ir As already mentioned, in DaukSos Postileje the sampled first use accounts for four fifths of all cases. M. DauxSos Karekizmas (1595) COMPARATIVE CLAUSE | 31 Amarazas, V. 1997: Comparative clauses. In: Ambrazas, V., red., Lithuanian Grammar. Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 748-751. ANDERSON, J. M. 2004 [1997]: A notional theory of syntactic categories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Batkevidius, J. 1963* Syntax of contemporary Lithuanian language. Vilnius: Valstybiné politinés ir mokslinés literatiiros leidykla. Bauer, J. 1972: Syntactica Slavica. Brno: J. E. Purkyně University. Cuticover, P. W., JackeNporr, R. 2005: Simpler Syntax. Oxford: University Press. Drotvinas, L_1968a: The structure of the conjunctive tense in ancient Lithuanian writings. Kalbotyra 19, 67-88. Drorvinas, L_ 1968b: Time circumstances and means of joining salutiniy sentences in ancient Lithuanian writings. Kalbotyra 19, 89-98. Fauconnier, G., 2003 [1985]: Mental spaces. Cambridge: University Press. Fraenket, 1965: Lithuanian etymological dictionary. Volume II Heidelberg. Winter, Gétingen: Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht. Hermann, E. 1912: On the Development of Lithuanian Conjunctive Laws. Jena: Frommansche Buchdruckerei. Howvoer, A., Jupzenis, A. 2003: The basics of the expression of a connective sentence. In: Holvoet, Judzentis, ed., 2003, 115-172. Howvorr, A., Jupzenis, A., ed., 2003: Syntax relations studies, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Jasionskis, J. 1911/1957: Syntax of Lithuanian language. Cited by: Rinktiniat rastat 1. J. Palionis. Vilnius: Valstybine politines ir mokslinés literatiros leidykla, 435-549. JAKSTIENE, V., PALIONIS, J., par., 1995: The 1595 Anniversary of Mikalojus Dauk¥as, Catechism. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijy leidykla. Jupdennis, A. 1995: Comparative constructions of the Old Lithuanian language. Doctoral dissertation, Vilnius. Jupzentis, A., Pasepiene, J. 2001: Conjunctive sentences in the Catechism of Mikalojus DaukSos (1595). Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 45, 63-92 Jupzentis, A., Pastotent, J. 2005: Components or connecting sentences of place and time in the Catechism of Mikalojus Dauk¥as (1595). Baltu Filologija 14 (1), 53-65. KieMmenstewicz, Z., LEHR-Spawinskl, T., URBANCzv«, S. 1955: Historical Grammar of Polish Language. Warsaw: Kupzinowsxt, Cz. 1977: Index to,,DaukSos Postilé“ 1 (A-N), Il (O-Z), Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University Publishing House. Lirko, A. 1992: The Development of Complex sentences. Helsinki: Finnish Society of Literature. Lyons, J. 1993: Semantics, Vol. 1, Cambridge: University Press. Michel ni, G. 2000: Questions about the Sources of the Catholic Catechism. Balustica 34 (2), 259-261. Micneunt, G. 2001: Italic Ledesma Catechism Doctrina Christiana: Sourcebook of widely used Polish text. Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 44, 227-250. Monxtwas, K., par., 1999: Lietuviy kalbos enciklopedija. Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. Patiomis, J. 1967: Lietuviy literatiriné kalba XVI-XVIT a. Vilnius: Minus. PLuNeIan, V. A. 2003: OGiyaa Mopdostozus. Mocksa: YPCC. Quink, R., Greewsaum, S., Lec, G., Svanrvik, J. 1972: A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman Group Sementene, L. 2002: The valency of badvardziy of the upper and lower degree. Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 46, 131-144. Skarpzivs, Pr. 1998 [1931]: Rinkuniai rastai 4 Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopediyy leidybos institutas. Varrkevici0re, V. 1979: Lenky—lietuviy kalby Zodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas. Artiiras Judzentis Jiiraté Pajédiené Lithuanian Language Institute Lithuanian Language Institute P, Vileigio g. 5, 10308 Vilnius, Lithuania P. Vilei8io g. 5, 10308 Vilnius, Lithuania