Dėl esamojo ir būtojo kartinio laiko dalyvių bei padalyvių darybos ir morfeminio skaidymo

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LIV (2006), 83 -93 Dél jelenojo bitojo ir kartinio laiko dalyviy bei padalyviy darybos morpheminio skaidymo Siauliy ir universitetas this article JOLANTA VASKELIENE new attempt made In defining, from a synchronic point of view, is the at morphological structure a present and past of the of present and past present tense. of (semelfactive) past participles and gerunds. Grammars and manuals differ the in way which these in forms are segmented. The treatment depends, first all, of whether on the 3rd person present indicative forms which they are on based, and the inflectional affixes, are viewed diachronically synchronically. or Often the examples cited the literature contradict the in definition offered for inflectional ending, and the interpretation an of 3rd person forms may vary between thematic vowel and ending throughout one work. This article shows how the formation of present and past participles and gerunds can described the assumption that the be historical on thematic vowels of 3rd person forms are, synchronically, endings. Morphology, according to A. Paulauskienés- ,,,is a part of the language science, studying the components ZodZiy gramatine semantika ir morphemine sudétj" (Paulauskiené 1994: 10). So This science studies: (1) morphemine Zodzio sandarq - The ir definition classifies Say the necessary parts of a morpheme; — (2) Zodziy kaityma’. These du aspects of morphemi- — cal analysis ir should complement each other, because the distinction of some morphems is related to the formation su of forms. The purpose of - the article is to again iSsiaiSkinti, as (synchronicity after events) are formed by ir the participants and participants of the present tense, as these action forms of the word are broken down by morpheme8kai. ‘A, Paulauskiené morphology of object time and Zodziy creation (Paulauskiené 1994: 10; Paulauskienes 2006: 9). Calbininae (also the author of ir the article), Zodziy’s work is a separate discipline of linguistics. In any case The construction of words, like the multiplication, determines the structure of words by their morphemic analysis. 83 JOLANTA VASKELIENE First of all, it is necessary to remember some terms of morphology. In many works of linguistics, the definitions of morphemes, prepositions, adverbs, and roots coincide in their essence. Current definition of the trunk. It is understood as the part of the ZodZi that remains after eliminating the final and functional suffixes’ (LKE 305; also cf. KTZ). This is the definition of the lexical root, while the morphological root is the part of the word that remains after the final part is removed* (see Jakaitiene, Laigonaite, Paulauskiene 1976: 12; also cf. Paulauskiene 2006: 15-16). There are morphemi8kai splitting stems (when the morpheme is repeated in other stems), partial splitting and unsplitting stems (see Jakaitiene, Laigonaite, Paulauskiene 1976: 13-14). Especially the finalis, which is particularly important when speaking about the participants and participants of the present tense, defines, for example, the finalis is,,an affix that goes after the Root of the Word or ir after the Root and the suffix” (LKE 210) and by which grammatical purposes are realized. According to A. Paulauskiené, the main difference between a morpheme and other morphemes is that it is »a variable part of a word, which indicates the grammatical functions of the word and is syntactically related to the word in the sentence« (Paulauskiené 1994: 35; also cf. Ambraska, Ziugéda 1985: 32; Paulauskiené 1983: 25; Paulauskiené 2006: 15). In Lithuanian language, the final is realized most of the grammatical meaning of the word, for example, noun finals most often indicate genus, number, verb, verb. For example, a morpheme — the smallest two-sided unit of the language system having form and meaning (see LKE 420; Jakaitiene, Laigonaite, Paulauskiene 1976: 4-5; KTZ), a prefix — “an affix that goes to the word sentence and further defines its meaning” (LKE 503). The definitions of the root emphasize its various characteristics: The root is »so the main morpheme, taken without any affixes“ (LKE 615), it,apibidina lexical basis of the Word, constitutes its semantic stubura“ (Jakaitiene, Laigonaite, Paulauskiene 1976: 6), to this morpheme,,joined the word creation and change affixes* (Paulauskiene it is made more related 1994: 32), i8 Zodziy (Zr. Ambraska, Ziugida 1985: 32). Prepositions are affixes that follow the Root and are forms of the Zodziy form or the grammatiy form (cf. Paulauskiené 1994: 34-35; Jakaitiené, Laigonaité, Paulauskiené 1976: 7-8; LKE 503). ° LKE (305) provides examples of the trunk karei-vis, atgalin-is, aukstenn-is. The root of the noun soldier is regarded as kareiv-, 0 not karei-. * It should be added that if not only the final but also the communicative suffix -ti is excluded, e.g. knyg-a, knygyn-as, kabin-ti, etc. (Jakaitiené, Laigonaité, Paulauskiené 1976: 12). ° Often it depends on the place of the morpheme in the Zodiac or the function the author emphasizes. Ne final, o suffix considered to be a morpheme at the end of a verb -ti, though, say KTZ autoriy, dél positions ji are also most often called rear. 84 Del dalyviy bei padalyviy morfeminio skaidymo mazodziy asmenj — skaitiy ir (sometimes still ir says, time). Special endings are considered to be masculine participle short forms, e.g., dirbqs, dirb-q; myl-js, myl-j; dirb-es, dirb-e, endings giy dalyviy prepositio- - ns (present tense -nt-, bit card time -us-) ,,are historically changed ir merged su finals“ (LKE but 135; Zr. LKG,, 313, 315; DLKG 355). There is no one opinion about the present tense of the second person ir singular singular ending of the ko present tense of the second person - singular singular ending. This person does not have a galánés, other linguists believe that the present Lithuanian language poZitiriu is appropriajq te to consider final. The latter subdivision is expressed in Lithuanian grammar, where it is found that verb personalities are determined by GatOng (i8rySkinta my — J. V.): ,,first paradigm actionazodjiy thirdGiojo's final form of the person is -(Yes, the second [...] paradigms are action Zodiacs with third-person form in the final -i*,,,the third o paradigm verbozodziy third person forms are -o’ (LKG,, but 131-133; plg. Ambra&ka, Ziugzda 1985: 93-94; Paulauskienes 1994: 297). Vowels considered third-person finals in the past tense -o (succulent) ir -é (empty) (Zr. LKG,, There 134-135). is a ir different opinion: In the present Lithuanian grammar it is emphasized that the third person forms do not have a special ending,,,they are made up of a pure o stem“ (DLKG 332); according to the ir stems of the current beating card time are allocated three personifications (Zr. DLKG but 334; plg. Paulauskienes 2006: 147-148). So what is the current Lithuanian language (synchrony) postZetriu is the final stem of the present tense ir third person kartinio ending? The latter option makes it more difficult to divide words into - morphemes, ar because the question arises what to include in verbs po Sakny (suk-a, myl-i, ras-o; suk-o, ra-é pan.) ir esan¢ias morphemai as oiro, é. Required to agree A. Paulauskienés minéiai: if someone ,,the present grammar of the language isinterprets the torian stems as terminals, cannot be considered a mistake. The current sub-languages of the ancestral English are later." (Paulauskiené 1979: 133). So to the very unit of language (or part of) the jo interpretation in synchronous diachronic poZitriu may ir differ’. ir * Formulated specialy finiy have no neai8ki; 1The question immediatar ely arises, the third-person form generally has a final. ’ For example, in the present tense of the present tense singular, the ir first second person bivowels of the present tense singular ir (saug-au, saug-ai; suk85 JOLANTA VASKELIENE The majority of Lithuanian words (all variable, some unchangeable) are morphemicly variable, and most of them have no doubt about their division into morphemes. However, when comparing the present tense active participle (1) and partial participle (2), the present tense passive participle (3), the present tense active partial participle (4) and partial participle (5) (in combination and division into morphemes) —i§ part and dél of the third person final /kamiengalj of the chosen postposition —confusion exists. What about These actors and participants are found in the most important works of linguistics? J. Jablonski's section on Lithuanian grammar Verbs also talks about participants®. (1) About the active participants of the present tense, e.g., velkgs —velkanti, darqs, -anti, stovis, -inti raoma:,,i8 the verb needs the final a of the third person (transitional tense) —o, i to change j qs, js“ (Jablonskis 1901/1957: 105). (2) For present tense participles that cannot be conjugated, e.g., sukant, stovint, it is said that,,this verb is made into the third transitional tense by processing the final o —a, ij ant (antis), int (intis)” (Jablonskis 1901/1957: 106). (3) Present passive participles, e.g., raSoms —raSoms, sukamas, -a, mylimas, -a, are made,,i8 third transitional tense ypatos: to the final 0, a, i must be added the syllable mas, ma“ au, suk-ai) have arisen to the old stem 4 by joining persony finals -w and -i (see LKG,, 134-135). Synchronization position frequency action name verb ramstyti considered adverbs -styti vediniu i& support (Pakerys 2002: 309), The place name ganykla is derived from the suffix -ykla (Ambrazas 1993: 209; LKG, 399), and diachronically ramstyti is related to the noun pilstis and is considered to be derived from the suffix -yti, ganykla will be formed with the suffix -kla (Urbutis 1978: 33). ® For example, verbazodj nusinesdavau consists of the root morpheme nes-(cf. in the same verb in related words neS-ti, nes-imas, at-nes-tas, etc.), the prefix nu-(cf. nu-vexti, nu-sukti), the part of the verb si (at-si-gulti, nu-si-pirkti), the prefix of the second frequency -dav-(ei-dav-ome, pies-day-- au) and the final -au, having grammatical meanings of the first person singular (cf. éj-au, buv-au); bidvardj grazesnj we divide j into the following morphemes: Root graz-(e.g. graz-umas, apy-grai-- is), indicator of the higher degree suffix -esn-(e.g. nauj-esn- -is), final -j (graiesn-- is, grazesn-- io, grazesn-- iam, etc., such grammatical requirements for the final -j of the masculine singular have also other badvards with the final -j, e.g. baltesn-i, geresn-j- ). Thus, in these Words the indicator of the biword frequency time is the suffix -dav-, and the indicator of the biword higher degree — the suffix -esn-. (The article does not deal with the morpheme of the division of monomorphemic Words (by conjunctions, conjunctions, etc.), the problems of tuS¢iyjy- /quasimorphy, etc.). ° In this Jablonski grammar, participants and participants are called verbs, the present tense is called the transitive tense, 0 person ~ ypata. 86 Dél dalyviy and padalyviy morphological division (Jablonskis 1901/1957: 107). (4) Making the active participants of the beat-card time (e.g., vilkes, vilkusi, dares, dariusi),,need to change the third ypata (past tense) ending o ir é j es — usi’ (Jablonskis 1901/1957: 105). (5) Divisors of the bit cardin time (e.g., working, raising) ,,i§ of the third transitional period, replacing or 0 é j us’ (Jablonskis 1901/1957: 106). Vélesnés in Jablonski's grammar section Participants (current term already in use) it is written that present (1) tense subjects are made of present tense third i8 person trunk:,,change liemengaliy vowels (a, 0, i) in the final qs, js, we get genders: sukas, liiztqs, vejqs, skaitqs, lydjs“ (Jablonskis present 1922/1957: 299); (2) tense divisors, according to Jablonski, made in the present tense i8 stem: y»liemengalius paveréiagaliine ant, a ir o liemengalj me i — rear int, we get sex throwin- — g, leidZiant, L..] sound* (Jablonskis 1922/1957: 320); (3) the present tense participants of the passive verb are made the i8 third-person root: ,,beside the liemengalio balsiy (, o, i) we add the final mass, in addition we get: rotate-mas, cast-mas, weed-mas, read-mas, lead-mas“ (Jablonskis making the 1922/1957: 300); (4) active participants of the bit-time ,,you liemengaliy balsius (0, €) substitute the final es, we get: sukes“ (Jablonski 1922/1957: 299); (5) The divisors of the bijective time are i8 made of the bijective time root: »Liemengalius (é, we turn 0) the final us, we get bégus“ — (Jablonskis 1922/1957: 321). So according to According to Jablonski, all forms of iSvestiné are made in the i§ third person of the present or past tense of the verb, but they are treated inconsistently: in some cases the present tense active nu participants — are also the past tense active participants ir (1, 2), ir (4, 5) — The stem verbs are replaced with the / participle,,replace transformed“°, 0 making present tense passive participles, it is said that the stem verb must be accompanied (3) by a syllable. / Galiine -mas, -ma cannot be used, because in conjugation Zodj (love-as, love-o, love-am, love-q ir t. t.) change only -as, -a, o m remains in all participant forms. Be to, final cannot be considered padalyviy priesagy". © Jablonski's not very accurate formulation of the roots pakerti/turn into finals are repeated in ir some later works of Lithuanian linguistics. " J. In Jablonski's grammar, the communicatir ive suffix is called the finalis -ti, present ir tense participle formant -that, e.g., myletas, the final t. y. relation ir of the suffix is néra aigkus. 87 JOLANTA VASKELIENE In Lithuanian grammar it is written that present tense active participants (1) are made of the present tense stem. After withdrawal of the active substance, Present tense singular third person final, added to the participant's masculine singular nominative final -()qs, plural nominative final -(i)q, when the participant is made i§ the first person verbs, masculine singular nominative final -qs, plural verbs, masculine singular nominative final -qs kaitos vardininko galiiné -q, kai dalyvis daromas i8 tretiosios asmenuotés ir -is, plural nominative ending -j, when the participant is made of the second person verbs, e.g.: dirb-a: dirb-qs, dirbq; kur-ia: kur-iqs, kur-iq; rao: ras-qs, raS-q; tyl-i: silent, silent-j. All other feminine genitives of ir the masculine genus have the suffix -(i)ant-[...], -or -int-[...]. With these same prepositions are also made the long, or secondary, forms of the masculine singular and plural noun!”, e.g.: dirb-ant-is, dirbant-ys; [...] tyL-int-is, tyl-int-ys“ (LKG,, 312). (2),.Present tense divisors are made actionaZodZiu present tense stems, adding suffix i§ -on or [...] -int e.g. : [...], dirb-a: dirb-ant, ras-o: rag-ant, tyl-i: tyl-int* (LKG,, 385). Thus, the morphemic division (ras-qs, ras-ané-io, ras-ant-- j; tyl-is, tyliné-io, tyl-int-j; ra5-ant-i, raS-ané-ios, etc.) is based on the formation of forms. It seems that In Lithuanian grammar, the present tense passive participle action should also ir be explained (3), but the work is inconsistent, because these participants, according to the author, "are made in the third person form of the present tense verbs" (4). (correspondisu ng to the old present tense root), by adding the suffix -mas, -a to the final part, e.g.: dirba: diresmés as well as 18 ir In Jablonski's grammar, dalyviy padalyviy daryba is ir explained by Ambraskos. ir Ziugzdos In Lithuanian grammar: when speaking about the present tense active participle daryba used undefined formulated stones are replaced by galanémi (zr. Ambra8ka, Ziugzda 1985: 130). Verbsmazodziy present tense third person ending pramaiSiui is called this final (also: it is stone 93), (also: 130, 141); kamiengalis are the vowels of the verbazodziy beat in the past tense, which, according to the author, are replaced by the corresponding ir participant's galanéms when making participants (also: or particip130) le suffix (also: 141). Inactive present tense participle -but (also: 131) ir drop-down menu -ant ir -us (the same: calling them 141) "table" contradicts the final definition given in the same grammar (also: 32). ® About the use of ir long and short forms Zr. LKG,, (313-314); DLKG (355); Paulauskienes (2006: 155); Milidinaity, south. (2004: 51); LG (330). 88 Del dalyviy bei padalyviy morfeminio skaidymo ba-mas, work-ma; loves: loves-me, loves-you; raSo: raSo-mas, raSo-ma’ (LKG, 322). First end -mas, j kurj jeina ir galiiné -as, no need to call it adjective’*. Next if dalykas — at the rear (Zr. actionZodiZius works, loves, writes) added -mas, doesn't know which morphemes belong to the final a, i, o participles dirbamas, mylimas, raSomas as ir such Divide words into morphemes. (4) In the Lithuanian grammar it is written about the active participants of the past tense that they "There are actions being i§ taken against the Zodziy beaten card time stone. After removing the third-person final of the verb's past tense singular, add the final of the jo participant's masculine singular denominator -es, plural nominative finalé -e, e.g. : dirb-o: dirb-es, dirb-e [...]. Other male genders all female ir genders have a suffix -()us-, to which are joined biidnominés [...] linksniy fininés, e.g.: dirb-us-io’ [...] (LKG,, 317). (5) ,,Divisors of the second past tense are made into the action ZodZiy i§ of the second past tense by adding the suffix -(Wus, e.g.: dirb-o: dirb-us“ (LKG,, 385). So In Lithuanian grammar, all i8vestinés forms (except for the passive participants of the present tense) are made from the root of the present tense, and the root is considered to i8 be the ir third-person form of the finalis. be Lithuanian grammar poz: morphology textbooks in our schools (Zr. Yakaitién, Laigonait, Paulauskiené 1976, Paulauskienes 1994)", In the present Lithuanian grammar it is emphasized that the root of the present tense is the ir basis of the participle: ir (1) ,,the present tense participle is made of the i§ present tense root suffix su -ntbiidvardinéir mis finiinémis: [...] work work-nt-is, — work-nt-i; tyli tyli-nt-is, tyli-nt-i. — Darant The following i§ 3 participan- (o ts asmenotés trunk) factor8 In Zodziy's work, the convenience suffix dél is called The final part of su the word, but when speaking about form making terms, the final part needs to be used more precisely. 4 There is such a difference, for example, in textbooks present tense passive participle ending -mas is considerne ed a suffix (Zr. LKG,, 322), o galine (er. Jakaitiene, Laigonaite, Paulauskiené 1976: 177; Paulauskienes 1994: 347-248). As was mentioned, the final is only Variable part of the word, t. y. -as. Cannot call the beat's card time participant suffix final -us (#r. Jakaitienie, Laigonaite, Paulauskiene 1976: 195). Present tense division for morphemes -ant, -int is used to designate the unlikely term final-formant (Jakaitiené, Laigonaite, Paulauskiene mazodziy kamiengalio vowel-o is 1976: 195). 89 JOLANTA VASKELIENE replaced (iSrySkinta mano —J. V.) -a, e.g.: raso —raSa-nt-is, raSa-nt-i* (DLKG 355). (2) Analogously, the present tense divisor is made, only it is said that,,when making the tense i3 3 personified (0 stem) action Zodiziy, the present tense stem vowel -o becomes (iSry3kinta my -J. V.) -a-[...], e.g.: daro —dara-nt, skaito —skaita-nt* (DLKG 379). (3),,The present tense passive participle is made from the present tense root with the suffix -m-, to which are added [...] binomial endings: dirb-a—dirba-m-as, -a; love—love-m-as, -a; raSo —raso-m-as, -a“ (DLKG 361). (4),,The active participant of the first past tense is made from the root of the first past tense with the suffix -(iJus (except for the singular and plural nouns of the first past tense) and binomial [...] finals. When making these participants, the stem vowels -o and -é are dropped (i8rySkinta my —J. V.). [...] The short forms of the masculine noun are made with the endings -es (singular) and -¢ (plural), joined to the final consonant of the past participle: dirb-o dirb-es, dirb-e“ ko — (DLKG 357-358). (5) »Divisors of the second case are made by removing the stem of the second case from the verb and adding the suffix -(iJus: dirb- -o —dirb-us“'> (DLKG 379). Thus, in the present Lithuanian grammar, the diachronic approach is followed: Z. Zinkevičius in his History of Lithuanian Language writes that,,the present tense active participle form is based on the present tense verb stem, with the extended suffix -nt-“ (Zinkevičius 1996: 159). The passive participants, according to the author, are in the present tense i§ a certain verb, and,,the present tense form is based on a gliding action-word present trunk, iSpléstas suffix *-md-(> white -ma-) [...], e.g., renka-mas (: renka), raSo-mas (: raSo), myli-mas (: myli)“ (Zinkevitius 1996: 163). Likewise, as LKE (see 134, 135, 454)'°, Paulauskiené (2006: 155-156, 159, 169)'’, LG (329, 334, 340), Dobrovolskis et al. (1998: 186-187, 190) explains the DLKG present and past participle and participle construction, only in 35 Vél the unclearly formulated stem vowels -o and -é are dropped or the short finalis is added to the stem's final consonant. Thus, when making the active verbs of the past participle and participle of the present tense, the old stem, or the final -o and -é, must be dropped. 6 Only in this work it is not mentioned that the vowel of the bitojo kartinio laiko veiksmazodziy kamiengalio is dropped or so. ” In the handbook there is no information about where, when making the participants and participants of the bitojo kartinio laiko, the vowel of the bitojo kartinio laiko kamiengalio disappears; present tense participles about participants in the book say that These unchanged verb forms are made in the appropriate tense by adding suffixes: present tense 90 Del dalyviy bei padalyviy morfeminio skaidymo i§ -ant, -int, biitajam kartiniam —-us (Dobrovolskis et al. 1998: 197-198). As can be seen, in various works of Lithuanian linguistics, concrete examples often do not correspond to the final definition (for example, the variable part of a word is considered to be the final part, but it is called the present tense passive participle ending -mas, the participle suffixes -ant, -int, -us, etc.). Moreover, the same work does not always follow one of the third-person endings of the story — it should be considered either the stem or the end. So if The variable part of the word is the final one, that is, the synchrony — of the present language —in some present tense verbs dirb-u, dirb-i, dirb-a, dirbame, dirb-ate, in some past tense verbs dirb-au, dirb-ai, dirb-o, dirb-ome, dirb-ote, etc. ir End-of-life storage -u, -i, -a, -ame, -ate; -au, -ai, -0, -ome, -ote (explaining that the third-person suffix is the old root). Then (1) present tense active participle creation can be interpreted as follows: after rejecting the action ZodZiy present tense singular third person final (a, i, 0) is added to the participant's dominant genitive singular denominator final -(0qs /-is, plural denominator final -()q /-i, e.g.: kur-ia: kur-igs, kurig; ras-o: ras-qs, ras-q; tyl-i: tyl-js, tyl-{(paaiSkinant, that histori8kai with those endings has merged the participle suffix -nt). Other male gender (also long forms of masculine nouns) and all feminine verbs have the suffix -(ant-/-intir corresponding endings, e.g. : Analogously, present tense participles are also introduced: when the verb is excluded from the present tense, the third-person kené-iant-j, ras-ant-j, tyl-int-j, dirb-ant-is, tyl-int-is, dirb-ant-i, tyl-int-i ir t. t. (2) final suffix -ant or -int is added, e.g.: dirb-a: dirb-ant, ra§-o: ras-ant, tyl-i: tyl-int (so in the present language there are two variants of the suffix -an and -int-). (3) Present tense passive participles are also made of present tense verbs of the third person, excluding the final affix -am-/-om-/-im and the corresponding ending, e.g.: dirb-a: dirb-am-as, ras-o: ras-om-as, myl-i: myl-im-as (the most important indicator of present tense passive participles is -m-, but in the current language there are three i8 variants of the prefix -am-, -om-, -im-). (4) The active participles of the past tense are divided as follows: dirb-a —dirb-a-nt-is (dirbqs), stov-i-nt-is (stovis), and the passive participle vowel after the Root is no longer distinguishable: dirba-m-as, turi-mas, raSo-m-as, etc. 91