Zum Ausdruck der Evidentialität im Baltischen: die litauische Partikel „nevà“

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LIX (2008), 57 ~ 80 To the expression of the evidentiality in Baltic: the Lithuanian Particle Nebula Fiir Marianne Giedra Danie Petit École normale supérieure, Paris Evidentiality is here understood as the linguistic marking the speaker’s of distance the contents his utterance. to of In Lithuanian, evidentiality can be expressed synthetically by means the of so-called relative mood, consisting the use of in participles instead of finite verb forms, analytically means adverbs particles. or by of or This paper deals with the origin one these of particles, of Lith. nevd ‘allegedly’. It is not attested before the 19th century and seems consist the negative and to the of presentative particle va. né There are typological difficulties, however: evidentiality never expressed is bare negation; and by a presentative particles (like Lat. ecce, Russ. gom, French voici, voila) are known to be non-negatable. This suggests that né in neva cannot have had its basic negative meaning. We could therefore assume it to have been used its comparative in function (‘as, like’), which has left numerous relics in Baltic and could back go to Indo-European (cf. OInd. nd ‘not’ and ‘as, like’). I, INTRODUCTION! In of the language typological Literature in becomes the last Time dem Term of Evidence a great Importance attached?. Unter Evidentialitat: Lecture given at the XIV. Conference of the Indo-European Society (Salzburg, September 22. 2008). Fiir Discussion and Notes thank you Bjorn Wiemer, Georges-- Jean Pinault and Axel Holvoet. ? While the English-speaking Linguists (e.g. Aikhenvald and Dixon 2003, Aikhenvald 2004) now largely the Description evidential, or evidentiality use, has French linguistics at sich in least since Lazard (1956: 149, Funote and 2) more recently Guentcheva (1996, 2007) the Designation médiatif, or médiativité imposed — explicitly with the Streben, der Specificity of the Worts Danie Petit you understand all Language means that Information on the Position of the Speaking against the Contents of a Statement on Bring it to expression. Evidence Features show how the Speaking from Operation took note of, ob er directly experienced it or not, finally also ob er dessen Truth guaranteed or not. Nach Guentcheva can Narrow im Evidence Sindes ne Word basically as Non-appropriation of the informational content be defined®. Evidence-based expression strategies can be je Languages are different. Es gives Languagin es to which Evidentiality a very complex category can be. Z.B. can der in Language of the Tuyuca (Brasilien, Colombia) to zu 5 siatzen regularly formed, the je nach source of information and je after the Position of the Speaking against the Truth content of the Your message*: (la) Diiga apé-wi "He has Fu&ball played [I saw him play]‘ (1b) Did you know? Fu@ball played [I watched him play, but didn’t see him]‘ (the) Diiga ape-yi "He has Fu&ball played [I saw There are indications that da& er Played football, e.g. signal Track on the Platz]’ (1d) Diiga apé-yigi "He has Fufball played [I have the get information from someone]‘ (1f) Diiga apé-hiyi "He has Fufball played [the Suspicion is near]’ More often driicks Evidence im Frame of a binary contrasts by switching between an external Information from which the Speaking disévidence im French against the Doing justice to zu English (cf. Guentcheva, 1996: 13, Lazard, 2000: 209-210). Other Names have also been suggested, e.g. médiaphorique von Hagége (1995: 15). Terms such as testimonial, indirektiv, distanziv, imperceptiv, quotativ, etc., are also occasionally used. Johanson uses the (2000: 61) Name of indirective. ® Guentcheva (1996: 13) : ,non-prise en charge contenu du informationnel“. Vgl. also Joseph (2003: 97) ,, Evidentiality can be defined the as indication the source of of a speaker's information, the modality which that of information was gained, by and/or the speaker’s stance of (i.e., attitude) towards the truth of the information.“ * Classical Example after Barnes (1984: 255-271), s. also Guentcheva (1996: 13). Another one Example is Fasu, one Papua language, with 6 different Possibilities (cf. Joseph, 2003: 98). 58 Zum Ausdruck der Evidentialitat im Baltischen dances, and an internal information, which the speaker assumes as true, is distinguished. Known is e.g. der Modus Obliquus of the Baltic Finnic languages (Finnish, Estonian, Livonian), according to which parial forms in pradicative use express an evidential meaning, i.e. a distance of the speaker, e.g. estn. Ma lugevat,I supposedly read; they say, as I read; es heift, ich lese‘ (with participle ending -vat)°. The number of linguistic-theoretical and/or language-typological studies on evidence and its marking has increased significantly in recent times®. It is striking, however, that indo-germanist-oriented studies have so far paid almost no attention to this question of evidentiality with some exceptions, perhaps because the reconstructable Indo-European was considered as a language in which evidentiality played no role, and evidential formations developed only in later phases of the Indo-European individual languages. — It is known that Evidentiality as a morphosemantic category only represented in some modern languages, in particular im Albanian, im Bulgarian, im Modern Persian, Modern im Armenian and im Lithuanian. Es is to be assumed that the category of the evidentiality of the Indo-European basic language was foreign. Da& dem uridg. Injunctively an evidential basic meaning is to be attributed, as Joseph recently (2003) proposed is a Claim, for which it is m.E. there is still too little evidence. However, this does not mean that the da Question of Evidence fiir Indo-Europeanists totally uninteresting. One of the main tasks of modern Indo-European studies is to investigate how the inherited linguistic structures have contributed to the State of historical have celebrated individual languages. Die The question of how evidence can arise is an almost unexplored topic in Indo-European studies. Typologically speaking, one has basically with two important means of expression of the Evidence zu counts. Either is Evidence syn- * Vgl. Hasselblatt (#2001: 135). ° Z.B. Chafe and Nichols, Hrsg. (1986), Guentcheva, Hrsg. (1996, 2007), Johanson and Utas, Hrsg. (2000), Aikhenvald and Dixon, Hrsg. (2003), Aikhenvald (2004). 7 Vgl. Gren-Eklund (2000), Joseph (2003). Vgl. also a general Presentation at Ramat (1996). 59 Dantet Perit is thetic in nature and is marked in the verbal form itself, usually by original perfect forms, as in Bulgarian (e.g. Mean cnat Ivan schlaft angeblich- ‘)® or in Modern Armenian (e.g. Gac‘er em, Angeblich bin ich weg‘)’; Albanian, as we know, has a specific mode, the so-called admirative, which can have an evidential meaning (e.g. Puntiakam, ‘I supposedly worked’)'- ®. Or evidentiality is expressed analytically by adding adverbial provisions. This is the case in many modern languages, e.g. in German (allegedly, supposedly), im French (apparemment, prétendument), im English (like), im Russian (6yémo), im Polish (rzekomo), in im Breton (hervez), in New Armenian (eyer), etc. More complex means of expression are rare; one Example can be found im Irish is costil ,allegedly‘ (<,it seems‘). It is known that the category of evidentiality plays a major role in the Baltic languages, especially in Lithuanian. Lithuanian can express the distance of the speaker from the content of a statement twice, either synthetically by the so-called Modus Relative or analytical by adverbial forms. The mode relativus is known to be the use of participle forms as predicates with evidential meaning. A simple example: (2a) Indicative, if the Speaking the Truth of the Statement for secured hold: Danité works at school,Danuté arbeitet in der School.' (2b) Participle, if the Speaking the Truth of the statement does not hold as secure, either because it appears to him doubtful, or because the er Information not personally, but through an auere Source knows. Danitté dirbanti mokykloje,»Danuté arbeitet angeblich der in School.‘ ® Example from Guentcheva (1996: 54). ° Example from Donabédian (1996: 90). ' Example at Duchet and Pérnaska (1996: 31-46). 60 Zum Ausdruck der Evidentialitat im Baltischen The literature on the relative mode in Lithuanian is comprehensive. I only refer here to the important monograph by Axel Holvoet, Mood and Modality in Baltic (2007), in which a chapter is devoted to the mode Relativus (pp. 81-127)''. It is often assumed that the relative mode was created by contact with the Baltic-Finnish languages. However, from a typological point of view, it is to be noted that evidentiality often stems from original perfect forms, which would also be appropriate for the participative forms of Baltic, insofar as they play an important role in the formation of periphrastic perfects. An internal interpretation is therefore quite possible. In addition to the relative mode, there are a number of adverbs in Lithuanian. Particles that can carry an evidential meaning. Until now, they have only been collected and examined in a sketchy manner in a monograph by Roman Roszko (1993) and in an important essay by Bjorn Wiemer (2007). However, the question of their origin has usually not been asked. The subject of the present study is the origin of one such evidential particle, namely lit. neva, ‘allegedly’. 2. THE PARTICLE neva: PHYLOLOGICAL FIND Very little has been written so far about the origin of Lithuanian particles other than ‘allegedly- ’. It is only briefly treated by Fraenkel (LEW, 498); it is completely missing in the recently published etymological dictionary of the Lithuanian language by Wojciech Smoczyriski (2007). Even the philological findings remain little researched. As far as I see, this particle is not attested in the ancient Lithuanian writings. The first records date back to the 18th century. Zuriick century. In the handwritten dictionary of Jakob Brodowski (1713-1744) the word neva, allegedly, appears for the first time. Beginning of the 19. In the 19th century it is illustrated in the dictionary of Christian Gottlieb Mielcke by the following example (1800: 564): (3) Christian Gottlieb Mielcke, Lithuanian-German and German-Lithuanian Worter's Book (1800): Neva biik nekaltas esqs,as if he were innocent [allegedly innocent- ]’ * From the old literature see also Ambrazas (1977). See also Wiemer (2006). 61 Danie. Petit In the 19th. In the 19th century, the word slowly appeared in literature, interestingly only in informal language or in less formal literary genres. Characteristic is, for example, the use of neva in march collections, which are often based on spoken oral variants. You can find e.g. in the Lietuviskos Tales of Jonas Basanavicius (1898: I, 178)}*: (4) Jonas Basanavičius, Lithuanian Tales (1898): And the guy and allegedly drunk, lying on the bed, a few tq uzsismukoké and allegedly sleep. ‘And the boy presented himself as drunk, lying in bed, pulled his pants on, and presented himself as sleeping.’ In the 20th century, the word is used more frequently in literary works, especially in novels and novellas, which, after reproduction of the spoken Aspire to language. e.g. bei Writers like Mykolaitis-Putinas, Sruoga or Tumas-VaiZgantas. One has, for example, and Juozas Tumas-VaiZgantas (1869-1933)": (5) Joseph Thomas-- Vaizgantas (1869-1933): Saviski, tusti Alex's testimony was more convincing Nothing but very wise and supposedly scientific inferences. "The untimely and empty statements of Aleksis convinced Jakob more than very negative, supposedly scientific exchanges.’ Another literary Genus, in der der use of neva seems to be zu preferred, is Private literature, e.g. Private letters or Memoirs, which through a simple, the spoken Language nahen style be marked. You find the Partikel neva e.g. in der Autobiographie des East Prussia Vilius Gaigalaitis (1870-1945)"*: (6) Vilius Gaigalaitis (1870-1945): »2 A History of the Lithuanian Marches and Ore Ranges by Christopher Jurkschat (1898: 124). Vgl. LKZ,,,, ‘VI 749. © Cited from LKZ,,, 749. *§. Kaukiene (1997: 323). 62 Zum Expression of Evidence 1m Baltic Sea Were we j blogg garsq iklamyti, allegedly unistimi being? "We enjoyed a bad Call when we were ob unfaithful?' Characteristic is the The fact da that particles neva up to the zu threeRiger years of 20. century of the Purists not recommended or even as barbarism was rejected. 1911 wrote the renowned Lithuanian grammarian Jonas Jablonskis in one Brief, das Word neva der in Significance ,wie‘ lyg) sei (= unkorrekt'®. Im Lithuanian-Russian Dictionary of B. Sereiskis (1933: 511) will be the Particle neva by russ. 6ydmo, kax-6ydmo, 6ydmo-6vi,allegedly’ reproduced and Example illustrated: (7) B. Sereiskis, Lithuanian-Russian dictionary Zodynas (1933): They're saying I've messed up a§ the whole thing. They say I heal da die thing allegedly disturbed.’ Sereiskis emphasizes, however, explicitly, da& neva with the Modus Relativus in der Significance ,and... allegedly...’ is less correct than the Standard construction kad (+ Brave. Rel. ). Some Years later (1935) rebuked the Grammarists Juozas Baléikonis in einer Review den Writers Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas for the use of neva one in Theorem of his Romans Altoriy Sexély'*. Nach Baléikonis sei neva ein Slavism; er repeated several times the same Opinion (cf. RR, and 148 331). Only newer Wordherbicher record the Word as neutral. Im green %en Dictionary of Niedermann, Senn, Salys and Brands (1951: II 180) you find numerous Documentation, e.g. : (8) Niedermann, Senn, Salys and Brender (WIS, Zinios neva 180): apie einančias derybas sNachrichten iiber angeblich im Gange befindliche Verhandlungen‘ (9) Niedermann, Senn, and Salys Brender (WIS, 180): vaistai, kurie neva palengvina kentéjimq die sHeilmittel, allegedly den Relieve pain’ Im Standard dictionary of Lithuanian Language (Current English version) Zodynas, DZ 2000: 423) wird neva durch tarsi, lyg ,so to speak, as* explained 15 Vgl. Piroctone (1986: 164). S. also Jablonski- 's Letters, hrsg. of A. Piroékinas, Vilnius (1985: 28, 29). 16 Der Set of Mykolaitis-Putinas lautet: feeling allegedly guilty 'feeling guilty' and by two (Altoriy Sesély, 1 233, 6). 63 Danie. Petit Examples illustrated, among which I only mention one here: (10) Current Lithuanian Languages Zodynas, DZ ‘2000 (cf. LKZ 749): Looks like he's sick. "It seems as if ob er krank ware.‘ of In today’s Lithuanian language is the use of neva iiblich. Roszko (1993: 53) and Wiemer (2007) celebrate several examples in particular from the Press on. As a characteristic Example kann one can argue the following: (11) Roszko (1993: 54): The other astronauts, who landed on Ménule, laugh at i¥ stories about their alleged encounters su with aliens in if another world. ,Other Astronauts on the Moon landed, make iiver the stories funny, to in whom they allegedly inhabitants of other worlds were supposed to Es meet.””” is finally no Surprise, the da Particle neva in Lithuanian in dialects is quite well documented, because the oral recordings, which have been mostly since the fifties years of 20. of the century were made, are a lifelike ja Playback of spoken Language. In the so-called ‘Capsicum’ or ,,zanavykischen“ Dialects belonging to the Western High Lithuanian Belong to Zone (in the Near the Flusses Nova), will die Particle Neva (néva) frequently used. Da der Modus Relative in to this Dialect almost completely lost, becomes néva (néva) usually with Indicative forms connected. Die meaning is often evidential, as from the following Example becomes apparent: (12) Zanavikian Dialect of Griskabudis (252, 270): Neva g’e.rt kareivei pra&-Soale_i§_tikromeerga[s] i_ 2itri. "Supposedly, the Soldiers, drink zu something, but in in fact they watch the Girl on.' Remarkable is the Contrast between néva ‘allegedly’ and tikro is ,in the 17 Vgl. Roszko’s Polish translation: Other astronauts who landed na Ksiezycu, Smiejq sig stories, z kt6rych as if w met newcomers other z z Swiatów. 64 Zum Expression of Evidence im Baltic Sea Dad'. Es is striking, however, because (néva) in demselben dialect sometimes a more general Significance (‘as it were’) without evidential has a nuance, e.g. : (13) Zanavikian Dialect of Griskabudis (282, 270): Jiz dési[m] mé&tu né&va g&-vo-. "He reached safely, so [< to speak, as] ten years.‘ In the same Dialect is sometimes also a Variant n@vago:s (snowy) zu treffen'®, e.g. : (14) Zanavikian Dialect of Griskabudis (282, 270): Neévago-z bafido: stba: pasistati-t- .,Allegedly he is trying to Build a zu house.’ Further examples (see LKZ, dartlichen sources. Es therefore consists of Reason for Assumption, daf es be at the Particle Nebula ,,allegedly” ein um popular word acts that first spat the written in Language, especially language norm-oriented, in or purist fonts, was integrated. This can also Explain the fact that the Word of the in day Literature, as far as I know, is never witnessed: Diese Literature that is almost exclusively religious Nature is, held to the upscale ja Quiet. Conspicuous is der circumstanda ce, neva by a certain purist tradition as incorrect or even as Slavism was rejected. Diese Peculiarity der particles neva muf§ anyone who takes um their Origin germinates, riicksichten. vm 749) show a clear prevalence of the mun3. ORIGIN OF THE PARTICULES neva Before I Question about the Origin of the Particle nevd try to zu answer, I made on a Special feature of their indicate use. Neva Canyon im Second movement have functions, es can as Adverb (15th ed.). = allegedly, poln. rzekomo) or as Conjunction (15b dt. = daf...allegedly, poln. as if). Dafiir two Examples from the Monograph of Roszko (1993: 53): 18 Other Documentation s. Senkus (KD and 130) LKZ,,,, 749, vn 65. Danie. Petit Presentative ecce,see there, look!‘ no negative counterpart *non ecce. The same applies to the Russian present tense om, to which there is no *Heeom opposite, as well as to lit. Stai, which is also isolated (not *nestai). Robert Forest (2000: 21-31) has shown that this impossibility of negating representative particles is almost universal in the languages of the world. In the language of the Peul (Africa) for example is a sentence like padao i,see there a/the Feld!‘ (fr.,voila un/le champ‘) negationsunfahig. The approach of a negative structure *ne-va on the basis of the present tense va was a typological incongruity in Lithuanian. This situation is exemplary for the problems with which today’s Indo-European studies are confronted. What should be done if an etymological reconstruction contradicts language typology? It is no longer conceivable today to simply accept typological impossibilities and to act as if they did not exist. One must hold the typological contradictions as compelling as the evidence of the historical theory of sounds and forms. This is true in our concrete case: if the reconstruction of neva as {negative né + present va} proves to be typologically impossible, it must be somehow wrongly formulated and must necessarily be replaced by another reconstruction. The problem lies in my opinion in the negation né. A negation is unexpected here from the two reasons given above. First, evidentiality is nowhere expressed as a negation of reality. And secondly, a representative particle like va is normally incapable of negation. It is therefore to be assumed that né has a different function than that of a negation. 4. NEGATION AND COMPARISON IN LITHUANIAN It is known that the negative particle *né in the Baltic languages can also have a comparative function. The question has already been the subject of several studies. I refer here in particular to the important essay by Georges-- Jean Pinault iiber Negation and Comparison in Vedic (1985), which also refers to a lot of Baltic material (see in particular pp. 131-132)". In contemporary Lithuanian, this comparative * § is restricted. also Pinault (1989: 53-74). A lot of material also at Baga (RR, 470-471). 72 Zum Expression of Evidence im Baltic Sea Function almost exclusively on comparative Structures, wo extended Forms of Negation nei or negi (selterer nekaip) die Introduce Erginzung. Examples from Old Lithuanian (18a) as well as from the modern Lithuanian (18b) Language: (18a) J. Bretkiinas, Postilé (1591: 37, 17-18)" Tassai much better ira than wissu paraku Sene Sokano. ,This one is much better than all Prophets of the Alten Testaments’ (18b) High Lithuanian Dialect of Naujamiestis (LKZ,,, 621) Better to give than to ask. ‘It is better to give than zu to ask.’ of the zu Lithuanian In Default language will be this in Function only nei or negit (and nekaip) used, but the old in Texts and Dialects is sometimes also simple né after Meet comparative zu forms, e.g. : (19) Jakob Brodowski, Lexikon Germanico-Lithvanicum et LithvanicoGermanicum (1713-1744)* Four eyes see more than one. ne ,Four Eyes see better than one.’ On the comparative Structures wo that Negation né die Function of a on comparative Particle possesses (cf. the Parallel construction: Compar+ as ,like’), let a freer Use of als né Comparison particle (,like‘) only the old in Proof of texts®>. You can find e.g. im first Lithuanian Dictionary (Sirvydas DTL III 84): (20) Constantine Sirvydas, Dictionarium trium linguarum (21643) s.u. as if : Ne I'm just wondering. Like a He shines like a mirror.’ Im 18. century you find the same Use still at J. Brodowski (1713-1744): * Beisprel and Analysis at Leskien (1903: 111). Vgl. LKZ,,,, 35 596. cf. LKZ,,,, 597. vt 73 DANIEL PETIT (21) Jakob Brodowski, Lexikon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum (1713-1744): Children grow up ne in the woods. ,Children grow like Baume in einem Wald.' Extended Forms of Negation can also be these have a function, e.g. : (22) High Lithuanian Dialect of Suvalky Naumiestis (Biiga RR, 826): neither angry nor devil ,evil as the Teufel' Diese Ambivalence of Negation né (‘not / like’) represents a Antiquity of the Lithuanian representation. Eine Parallel lies im Vedic before wo the Particle nd known either as Negative*® or as comparison particle*’ can act. Im Rig-Veda is the comparative use of even nd more frequently documented than the in negative; this meaning competes with nd iva depending on context (you have iva after Vowel, nd after Consonant)*®. Es is to be assumed that dafs the comparative function is secondary from the negative function, by entstanden Reinterpretation of so-called,negative comparisons‘ (comparaisons négatives). Nehmen we with Pinault (1989: 64) as Example RV VI 10.2: (23) RV VI10.2 Ghrtdm nd You knew matdyah pavante. "Pure as Lard clear up (mine) Thoughts.’ Originally, the Sentence as negative Comparizu son interpret, for example: "Not the Fat is pure, pure are the Thoughts that clirn. Later was reinterpreted er as "Pure as Lard clear up (mine) Gedanken'. Diese style figure, the negative is Vergleich, also the Lithuanian in Folk poetry *° Z.B. RV IV 30.19 : nd tdt te sumndm dcharacters ,this is yours Giite is not [with words] to zu reach’. Vgl. Pinault (1985: 115). 3’ Z.B. RV VI, 10.2 : Ghrtdm nd Stici matdyah pavante ,pure as Lard clirring (mine) Gedanken'. Vgl. Pinault (1989: 64). ** Zum Vedic cf. Pinault (1995-1996, 1997, 2004). 74 Zum Ausdruck der Evidentialitat im Baltischen tung widely used. For a simple example from an old folk song collection: (24) August Leskien and Karl Brugmann, Lithuanian folk songs and Marches (1882: 16): Net véjes ptite, “Not the wind blew, nei s6dai tize, not the gardens raced, tik auzulai lingéva only the oaks swayed back and forth”. That sounds like: ‘Oaks rocked back and forth, as the wind blew, as the gardens rattled.’ It is easy to assume that this tendency to reinterpret negative Comparisons already Indo-European was. This explains the The fact da that the negation in many languages still functions as a comparison particle in comparative structures, cf. e.g. than (<pat + Negation ne), engl. (USA) he is taller than me, etc. The question now arises whether neva can be based on this very comparative use of negative particles. This approach would solve the typological difficulties that we have in have discussed the essay thoroughly. It has been emphasized several times, since evidential particles often Comparison particles, such as e.g. lit. l¥g (< ‘as’). Typologically, the assumption that the particle né in nevd has a comparative function is not supported by any im Ways. This was already the Opinion of Fraenkel (LEW, der 498), né in snow at ,like, as’ iitranslated. Educational method one thinks of the parallel of kaip va, which in some Lithuanian dialects with the Significance ,as to Example’ (= in der standard language kaip antai) is used. Gegeniiber va, that the immediately before the eyes standing reality describes (,exactly as I describe the Sache hic et nunc sehe‘), the comparison particle né in neva brings a semantic nuance to the Uncertainty, the Inaccuracy (‘safe so, only wise so, more vergleichsor less so, but not so’), which easily make it the expression of the Evidentialitat could make suitable. Fiir Language typologist is the The origin of neva is therefore interesting in that it shows how an evidential particle developed as a result of a comparison process on the basis of a representative particle, which naturally has a certain can shed light on the whole phenomenon of evidentiality. 75 Danien Petit LITTERACY AIKHENVALD, A, u. R. M. W. Dixon, Hrsg., 2003: Studies in Evidence. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. AlkHENvatp, A. 2004: Evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Amprazas, V. 1977: Terms of Use (modus relativus) prevalenir ce origin problem. Lietuviy linguistics questions 17, 7-54. 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