Šnekamosios lietuvių kalbos morfologinės ypatybės

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LX (2009), 1-15 Research on spoken language is still a new and little investigated Ineta DABASINSKIENE field in Lithuania. As the collection and analysis natural of spontaneous language data is a complicated task requiring special preparation and adequate methods data of collection, transcribing and coding, requires considerable it expenditure time, financial of means and personal efforts. This the reason why, until now, there has been no systematic research in Lithuania that would allow us to define the most important morphological, syntactic, semantic or pragmatic features of spoken Lithuanian. The development of a grammatically coded corpus of spoken Lithuanian was the first step towards more extensive research in this direction. A comparison between spoken and written Lithuanian was the main aim of this study. The distribution of certain grammatical categories as well as the lexicon was studied in order to establish some tendencies in usage. 1. [TITLE NOTES OR WHO, WHERE AND HOW TO SPEAK... Linguists often draw attention to the j differences in ir speech, writing, syntax, morphology and ir Zodyno peculiarities. The pronunciation, ir as written, may differ Zanry variety, which ir determines the characteristics of ir the language, e.g., television ir radio reports, lectures, interviews, etc., will differ from $nekamosios 'speech', which is mostly spontaneous, takes place in a specific time and space, ir speakers o have no possibility of editing their i speech in advance. Spoken languages Zodynas maiiau jvairus, syntaksé¢ — fragmenti’ka, * Kazimieras Zuperka talks about the household style, which is almost synonymous with ir I'm talking. The areas of use of this style include speaking in the Seimas, on the street, traveling, i.e. informal, non-professional communication, for which simple communication, emotional influence function, etc. ir (1997: 89). IneETA DABASINSKIENE and the statements are short and simple. It is easy to identify the length of non-standard phrases, pronunciation, use of jargon, especially frequent repetition, abbreviation of various forms, numerous repetitions and other linguistic units that are difficult to name, determine their nature. According to Kazimieras Zuperka (1997: 89-91), there are two main tendencies: shortening of language, which is associated with speed of speech, spontaneity, amount of information, convenience, and linguistic excess, which indicates excessive use of certain lexical elements. Andrius Utka, speaking about the diversity of texts and you Zymiklius, says that spontaneous language, being ir very expressive, has significant differences, distinguishing it from other languages. ja Zanry ir illustrates this with concrete data:,,The paradigm of spontaneous expressiveness, which is the function of spontaneous expressiveness, is the strongest, because it consists of even ja meaningful signs: there 32 are positive (that, i§ jy 30 already, here, there, that, what, tq, so much, so, we, very, but, now, a5, as, where, though, still, then, a lot, because, 0, when, how much, that, was, maybe, all, if, still) and 2 negative (average Zodiac length, iteration index)“ (Utka 2004). Despite the differences, as if rodanéiy that ir Conversational language is simpler, it has a complex structure. The complexity is first revealed in the naming of grammatical expressions. Obviously, there is a difficulty in defining spoken language based on theories (ypaé syntaksés), created according to the canons of the written language. Conversation or dialogic language, depending on the situation, the participants in the conversation, the reader, the subject and other linguistic non-linguistic factors, has its own structure, different from written language, based on the linguistic ir flow of sentences. During a conversation, communication is important, the latter is a situation of speaking, consisting of the role of the participant and the relationship between them, as well as space, time and the general 0 communication — environment. The most important component of a speech situation are its participants, whose interrelationships develop through communication, together revealing social roles. Social roles, which are determined by situational change, are realized through communication ji ir jy (In the Kingdom 1997: 88-89), it is natural that many of the features of the language are determined by the situational social role of the speaker. As an individual moves from one role to another, his language, code, changes, for example, the role of a housekeeper, director is mainly related to the official business style, the roles of a co-worker, buyer are more suitable for the usual casual means of colloquial language, and the social role of a friend is suitable for the familiar household conversational style. Another important characteristic of participation is the psychological aspect, i.e. Snekamosios lietuviy kalbos morfologinés ypatybés ju poZiiiris, motives, emotions, likes ir dislikes and experiencjy es (Verschueren 1987). All These characteristics, related to su the participants of the ne conversation, are determined only by the topic of the su conversation, which is related to ir the variety of lexical, but pragmatically, may reflect the differences ir in morphology, syntax and phonology. Thus, analyzing different conversations, it is possible to obtain different results, because it depends on the above-mentioned characteristics. 2. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 2.1. Lietuviy Spoken language textbook? (SKT) Textyny cutting, jy the benefits are obvious to everyone. Siandien turime ra’ytinés lietuviy kalbos didėjimas apimties tekstyna, dar ir ne one. It is not as difficult to ir create them as to compile spoken language texts. It is even incomparable works of time, ZmogiSkujy finansiniy ir iStekliy poZitriu, todél sakytinés ir language textyny néra very abundant they are usually ir small in volume. The study of spoken language is not new in the world, especially in large languages. We have known about English spoken language texts for many years, there are German, Croatian, Russian, Spanish, even Estonian texts, but they vary in their volume from a few hundred to several million — ZodZiy. Recent A year-long project in 10 the Netherlands, which attracted Human and ir financial resources, announced about The national Dutch dialect textynq’, with a volume of — 10 million Zodziy. Spoken language studies In Lithuania there is still a new ir little researched area. Since the collection and processing of natural, spontaneous language data ir is a complex task, requiring special preparation, considerable time, effort and financial investment, ir Sool limited to some areas of the spoken language (radio, television laidy, t-y. i8 pre-planned, 0 / non-spontaneous interviews) data collection. It is important that the idea of a spoken language text, matured over many i§ years, has been partly realized. ? Sakytinés ir Speaking texts can be found online at www.vdu.1t/LTcourses/ --> SCIENCE *http://www.elis.rug.ac.be/cgn/ ir http://lands.let.kun.nl/egn/ehome.htm INeTA DABASINSKIENE dinta. The first works started, after receiving With the financial support of — LVMSF*, a grammatically annotated textbook of spoken Lithuanian language was compiled. Digital language data base, t-y. its transcribed, annotated and audio form, is the first step towards further recording of the real use of the miisy native language and its preservation for future generations. This text of spoken language, although still small in volume, has already ir allowed to establish the most important morphologicair l, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features of spoken Lithuanian language. In order to ensure the ir universality of the textbook for multifaceted analysis, the ir principle of balanced textbook was adopted. Thus, in creating a balanced text, several criteria were j taken into account: the structure of the spoken language, the ir relationship between the interlocutors, demographic indicators, social relations of the interlocutor. In the text created for analysis are presented Vilnius ir Cities in Kaunas (later, as work continues) — ir whales Lietuvos regiony®’) Speech data, sound variants. Atsizvelgta ju pa’nekovy lyti, issilavinyma j amzZiu. ir 2.2. Methodology The study uses approximately 30 hours of spoken language (natural spontaneous conversation) files, which are transcribed, encoded ir i§ total comprises about 50,000 morphologically annotuoty ZodZiy. [the recordings were made with a digital recorder, which allowed me to obtain sufficiently good quality audio recordings, easily transfer them to other digital media using the Windows Media Player program and save them in *mp3 format. After performing the j jragus, the next stage of work was transcription encoding with a special program. Currently in the world well Known is CHILDES (Child Language jy ir Date Exchange System, MacWhinney 2000) program, which is part of the iS LVMSF-supported project,,Common spoken Lithuanian textbook: digitization and grammatical annotation* ir (VDU, 2006). Project Coordination VDU, partner institution — VU. Textbook volume about 50.000 grammat8kai anotuoty Zodziy. SLVMSF supported project,,Sakytinés lietuviy kalbos tekstyno keirimas* continues just started work, collected, ir processes data of sakytinés lietuviy kalba. In this project, VDU, be participates VU, KU, SU, LKI. Planned textbook volume on — grammatic250.000 ally anotuoty Zodziy. The morphological features of the spoken investigative language was developed for the analysis of children’s language data®, and now it has been extensively adapted for adult spoken language research. One of the most important advantages of this program is that it allows you to quickly and accurately perform large volumes of text by automatic linguistic analysis. The CHILDES system consists of two instruments. The first is the transcrip- — tion and encoding format CHAT. Second analysis program package CLAN. Based on CLAN programs Combo, Kwal, Freq can be used to perform statistical studies on the frequency of used vocabulary, grammatical categories, sentence length, etc. By applying the CHILDES program and its coding principles to Lithuanian language, in the future it will be possible to perform not only morphological, but also syntactic analysis of spoken language, to study the discourse and pragmatic characteristics of conversation. 2.3. Textile structure The spoken language texts used in this study are so far small in scope, so we have decided to distinguish only the two most important social spaces—private and public. Private space is particularly sensitive to situations where the social relationships of the speaker are close, friendly, familiar. The most common social roles in private chat are family member, friend. Public space communication requires more formal relationships, and social interaction in the public sphere usually takes place in various institutions — a store, a hairdresser, a bank, a school, a university. The most common social roles in public space conversations are those of seller, buyer, servant, client, teacher, student. Since private space conversations usually take place between well-known, familiarly communicating persons, they communicate on various topics. Part of the textbook covering These chats are called,,private chats*. Communication in public space usually takes place in various institutions, so the part of the textbook covering conversations in this area is called,,conversations in institutions“ (see table 1). © CHILDES program child, childhood and adult language data have been encoded and analyzed for one year ne ir (Savickiené 2001, 2003, 2005; Baléianiene 2005, 2007). ? Dr. Andrius Utka (VDU) This program is adapted to the analysis of spoken Lithuanian language. Ineta DABASINSKIENE 1 slow. Dalyviy socialiniai_ | Pokalbiy vieta Dalyviy socialiniai Pokalbiy vieta roles roles draugas, -é | easpae kirpeja barbershope vyras, Zmona svečių pardavéjas, -a | banke sinus, dukra kaime gydytojas, -a biliety kasoje senelis, -é automobilyje manikidrininké grožio salone giminaitis, -é telefonu klientas, -é | universitete pažįstamas, -a vadovas, -é darbo kabinete darbuotojas, -a vaistingje stotyje vaikaitis, -é kavinéje pacientas, -e | parduotuveye Many characteristics of the language depend not only on the situation of the conversation, the social role of the participant, but also on such factors as the gender of the speaker, age (this is not considered yet). Adults speak in one way to adults, people of their own age or similar, and in another way to children, the older generation. When they talk to children, they modify and simplify their language (Kamandulyté 2005, 2007, Savickiené 2006). In speaking to the older generation, there are various modifications of politeness, some more recent use of words (Rosinas 1996: 41), a more respectful tone, a quicker speech, a certain Zodynas. The gender of the speaker is also very important for sociolinguistic and pragmatic analysis of the conversation. Different ir speakers, having different education, language characteristi- — cs and language correctness, clarity, wording, lexical variety. The distribution of the speakers by sex and age is very diverse, as shown in Table 2. In order to create a small, but balanced text of common Lithuanian spoken language, the conversation structure was considered. ir j Simas Karaliinas (1997: 105) distinguishes the following structural types of communicative acts: dialogue, monologue, conversation (polylogue), discussion, lecture, report, meeting, theatrical performance, etc. Since the object of this study is spontaneous conversational Lithuanian language, we collected only those types for which spontaneity is typical: dialogues and polylogues. ir Spontaneous conversation su takes place between two or more speakers, i.e. spontaneous conversation is related to the distinction between dialogs and polylogy, and prepared speech is related to the structure of the conversation. The morphological characteristics of spoken Lithuanian language in the vieSajqa language is said by one person, so it is related to a monologue. Of course, monologue often turns into dialogue or polylogue when the speaker is asked, discussed with him, so there is no need to distinguish between spontaneous dialogue and polylogy and public monologue. The topics of the conversation are not described, because they are very varied, often even during one conversation the topic is replaced by many together. The distribution of the Jraytu text according to the conversation structure is as follows: 25 dialogues and 28 polylogues. 2 slowed. [distribution of written conversations by speakers and genders of the speakers group] Speaking segments, gender children (1-10 years) ss 2 boys, 4 girls _ adolescents (10-18 years) 2 boys, 3 girls youth (18-30 years) 12 men, 19 women _middle-aged (30-60 years) 8 men, 17 women _older people (>60 years) 1 man, 1 woman Bg total: 25 men, 44 women 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SIGN LANGUAGE Data from the current Lithuanian written textbook (RKT) show that the most common forms of Lithuanian words are Sios: ir, Lietuvos, Respublikos, dél, Seimo, ar, arba, is, bei, su. The most common form of the noun —Lietuvos, the middle form —aukséiausiosios, the verb —buvo, the most common pronoun — Jis, (www. donelaitis.vdu.lt). It is obvious that this vocabulary is related to a specific source: the literary language texts consist mainly of journalistic texts collected in newspapers and journals. As could be expected, the results of the study showed that the use of lexical and morphological categories in the spoken language texts differs. It has been established that the most common noun forms used in the text of spoken language are These —time, day, time, place, the most common forms of the biword — good, good, beautiful, the most common forms of the verb —I don't know, I know, is, wants, be, néra, say, the most common nouns —aS, you, we, that, adverbs — there, here, other Words — well, and, not, but, that, what, that, or. These characteristics indicate that short words and abbreviated forms of words are important for spoken language. Ineta DABASINSKIENE It is important to remember that when speaking about lexical groups in general or about semantic groups of individual parts of the language, one should not forget that it is often possible to discover connections between meaning and form (about the meaning of the verb see Savickiené 2003, 2005). Frequent use of the denominator indicates that nouns that refer to persons are more commonly used SKT nei RKT. The meaning of first-person verbs (mental processes) differs from the meaning of third-person verbs (active action). Michael Tomasello (2003), Joan Bybee (1985, 1995) and others who adhere to the usage-based approach and the frequency effect theoretical positivism in grammar ir (Bybee & Hopper 2001) argues that the frequency or retention of forms depends on the meaning of a particular word and, vice versa, certain Words can be used more frequently only in certain forms. Frequency effects can cause changes in the Zodziy structure, such as shortening and contraction. In Lithuania we will find few works, in which the influence of frequency on form and meaning has been thoroughly studied. Based on the preliminary data of the spoken language textbook, it is possible to determine the main trends in the current use of the spoken Lithuanian language in the grammatical category. In this article we want to present only a picture of the morphological analysis of the spoken, not the general sentences of the Lithuanian language, so we SKT, one atskiry spoken language Zanry texts. It is understood that the use of grammatical forms and lexical units in the Zanry language of other spoken languages may differ. That's right, as claimed Life Zilinskiene, who has long studied the use of grammatical forms in the journalistic, subjective, scientific, literary ir style, the differences are insignificant. Ji nustaté that the most different texts of artistic style from nemeniniy texty (Zilinskiené 2005). Of course, it is possible to assume that the data of the other kind of spoken language will not show a big difference, but this is already the subject of further research. Distribution of morphological categories of the Lithuanian language in various usage styles se Vidos Zilinski language (2001; 2002a; 2002b; 2005) also ir Erikos The data (2006) presented by Rimkutés show that the results of both studies are very similar, despite different text ir styles. For this study we chose to compare the data of Erika Rimkutė’s morphologically annotated textbook as Lithuanian literary language Saltinj. First of all, I want to see how the parts of speech are distributed Snekamojoje in the speech. 3 table data show obvious SKT ir RCT data differences. Snekamosios lietuviy kalbos morfologinés ypatybés 3 slowed. SKT RKT Noun 16,2; 39,37, Badvardis (28 | 7,33 Iwardis | 16,9 37 Numeral a ‘is 0,96 Verb | 22,8 20,5 Adverb i 10,2 | 6,72: Preposition | 42 “465 Dalelyté [12 (1,97 Conjunction | 8.2 7,62 ISmoothie | 4,8 7 [ogee PS 8 face: 100% 100% First of all, it is clear that there is a difference in the frequency of the use of the main part of the speech: the most frequent part of the speech in the SKT is the verb Word, and in the RKT — the noun, although the difference between the use of the verbs is not very large (22.8% and 20.5%). The noun dominates in the adjective language, the verb in the imperfect one. Such a result is not unexpected, because colloquial language is much more expressive, livelier, and these features are given by more frequent use of verbs. Slightly more frequently than the noun, the noun is used in SKT, in the third position according to frequency is the noun and RKT, but the frequency of use of this part of the language differs twice, compared to 16.9% and 8.7%. Unlike RKT, SKT is much more frequently used in the forms dalelyéiy, adverbsmiy, jaustuky and i8tiktuky. These parts of speech are also associated with the expressiveness, spontaneity and emotionality of the created discourse. As Audrius Utka states, “the distribution of the frequency of very common words or forms in texts is not random and chaotic. As the most common structural units of the text, common words are directly related to the functions of the text, so that together with other formal characteristics of the text, they are significant indicators of the function of the text* (2005: 49). Numerals, conjunctions and prepositions are used with similar frequencies. Very ar