Cues for Consonant Voicing: Its Assimilation in Word Juncture

172 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI keyWo ds: oiced consonan , oiceless consonan , assimila ion, wo d junc u e. esMiniai ŽodŽiai: ska dusis p iebalsis, duslusis p iebalsis, asimiliacija, žodžių sandū a. y is aMb azeViČius kaunas uni e si y o echnology ields o esea ch: musical and speech acous ics, e hnomusicology, psychology o music. as a Leskauskai ė ins i u e o he Li huanian Language ields o esea ch: synch onic and diach onic phone ics, phonology, mo phology, geolinguis ics, dialec ology o he bal ic languages. cues o consonan Voicing: i s assiMiLa ion in Wo d junc u e P iebalsių balsingumo požymiai. asimiliacija žodžių sandū oje anno a ion he pape consis s o wo pa s. he i s one conside s he gene al acous ic cues o oic- ing o obs uen s (i.e. cases o he consonan s in wo d junc u e a e no de ailed). acous ic peculia i ies o he lenis/ o is dicho omy a e men ioned. ela i ely simple isual cues o oic- ing (acous ical exp essions o a componen o phona ion) iden i iable om oscillog ams and spec og ams a e discussed. P oblems o he echniques o such iden i ica ion a e poin ed ou . he quan i a i e indexes o oicing o ica i es and s ops a e sugges ed and applied o analysis o he consonan oicing in s anda d Li huanian. he second pa is ocused on he close assimila ion o he consonan s in wo d junc u e aking place in he sou he n aukš ai ians. d awing on he abo e men ioned echniques exam- ples o spon aneous o al speech a e analyzed. ano acija s aipsnį suda o d i dalys. Pi mojoje nag inėjami bend ieji akus iniai iukšminių p iebalsių ( . y. neišski ian žodžių sandū os p iebalsių) balsingumo požymiai. ap a iami lenis / o is cues o consonan Voicing: i s assimila ion in Wo d junc u e 173s aipsniai / a icles dicho omijos akus iniai sa i umai, sąlygiškai pap as i balsingumo požymiai ( onacijos kompo- nen o akus inės iš aiškos), iden i ikuojami iš oscilog amų i spek og amų, pažymimos okio iden i ika imo me odikos p oblemos. oliau siūlomi kiekybiniai pučiamųjų i sp ogs amųjų p iebalsių balsingumo odikliai. naudojan juos a liekama lie u ių bend inės kalbos p iebalsių balsingumo analizė. an ojoje s aipsnio dalyje dėmesys su elkiamas į pie ų aukš aičių šnek ose yks ančią žodžių sandū os dalinę p iebalsių asimiliaciją. emian is anksčiau ap a a me odika, p ak iškai anali- zuojami saky inės spon aninės kalbos pa yzdžiai. In s anda d Li huanian and dialec s, consonan s adjus acco ding o he ac i i ies o he ocal olds, pala alism, and he place o a icula ion. assimila ion is es- ablished aking in o accoun se e al cha ac e is ics: he dis ance be ween he ad- jus ing sounds (close, dis an ), di ec ion o adjus men ( eg essi e, p og essi e), and deg ee ( ull, pa ial). his phone ic phenomenon can be complex. in o he wo ds, consonan s can be assimila ed bo h acco ding o one o he ea u es and by se e al ea u es simul aneously. addi ionally, degemina ion is o en insepa able om his phenomenon (Lkg i 93–94; Pake ys 2003: 178–189). usually linguis s ha e no doub s abou he consonan assimila ion in wo ds acco ding o he ac i i ies o he ocal olds. he adjus men o oiced and oice- less consonan s in wo d junc u es is mo e complica ed; he e o e i is impo an o asce ain whe he and in wha cases his ype o coa icula ion is sys emic o he posi ion men ioned, as well as he deg ee o he change. in s anda d language, when a dependen wo d is nex o an independen one, he laws o wo d junc u es a e he same as hose o he combina ion inside a wo d; howe e , acco ding o he men ioned ea u e, consonan assimila ion in junc u es o wo independen wo ds (like degemina ion) is acul a i e (Pake ys 2003: 180). he egula i ies o hese phenomena in he Li huanian dialec s can be e ealed om ansc ibed dialec al ex s and sound eco dings, as well as om no es o a ious dialec olo- gis s, bu no a emp has been made o e i y he egula i ies expe imen ally. he main goal o his a icle is o discuss pa ial close eg essi e consonan assimila ion in wo d junc u es acco ding o he ac ion o ocal olds, d awing on he esul s o expe imen al esea ch. he esea ch goals a e: 1. o discuss gene al expe imen al me hods o esea ch o he consonan oicing in wo d junc u e and i s iden i ica ion issues; 2. o es ablish some egula i ies o he close eg essi e consonan assimila ion cha ac e is ic o wo d junc u es in he sou he n aukš ai ians. he ypes and cases o he assimila ion o he consonan s o he sou he n aukš- ai ians ha e been de e mined d awing on he sound eco dings om he dialec s a chi e o he esea ch cen e o geolinguis ics a he ins i u e o he Li huanian 174 y is aMb azeViČius, as a Leskauskai ė ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI Language as well as on he published ex s (Ma ke ičienė 1999; Leskauskai ė 2004; MŠ ). i e eco dings ( he o al du a ion o hem exceeds en hou s) o spon ane- ous spoken language o sou he n aukš ai ians1 we e employed o sound analysis; P aa so wa e was applied o his pu pose. o he analysis o oicing in s anda d Li huanian, u e ances eco ded om a single Li huanian male speake we e applied2; he ob ained alues o acous ic pa- ame e s we e employed as ce ain e e ence poin s in he succeeding s udy on dialec al speech. nuances in e MinoLogy he dicho omy o e ms oiced and oiceless (un oiced) poin s o he p esence o absence o phona ion as he main cue o disc imina ion. his is a well-known pa adigm. howe e , o be p ecise, be o e he p oceeding o u he examina ion o consonan oicing, we should be awa e o ce ain p oblems wi h such a simple desc ip ion. We should emembe ha he ull-scale ocal componen is no always obliga o y o he disc imina ion discussed. Mo eo e , some languages ( o ins ance, some inno-ug ic languages) do no employ phona ion a all in hei ‘ oiced’ consonan s. he main cue o he disc imina ion in he analogous con as ing consonan pai s is conside ed o be he s eng h o a icula o y e o s which is less o he ‘ oiced’ consonan s and bigge o he ‘ oiceless’ consonan s. james M. Pick- e (1999: 125) no es he con en ional a i ude ha “ he cons ic ions o un oiced consonan s a e a icula ed wi h mo e o ce o ension han o he oiced conso- nan s”. he e o e i is common o use a mo e gene al desc ip ion o he dicho o- my o oiced/ oiceless consonan s and o conside he dicho omy o lenis/ o is ins ead. in he subsequen discussion, we will mean mos ly he ‘ eal’ oicing/no oicing ypical o he Li huanian language. howe e , some imes we will e e o he issues jus men ioned. 1 ČŠ, Vaineže is, Lazdijai dis ic , sound eco d LM222806; Vb, Miškiniai, Lazdijai dis ic , sound eco d Lk061101, Lk061102; Pd, daina a, Va ėna dis ic , sound eco d LM230505; jP, Ma gionys, Va ėna dis ic , sound eco d Lk161501, LM222906; VM, kapčiamies is, sound eco d n .693. Vik o as. Miciule ičius.WaV. all eco dings a e kep a he dialec s a chi e o he esea ch cen e o geolin- guis ics a he ins i u e o he Li huanian Language. 2 an ac o juozas ja uše ičius; he sound eco dings p o ided in he cd as supplemen o he book by Pake ys and Pupkis (2004). o isualiza ion o he gene al cues o oicing (isola ed sounds and nonsense VcV-pa e ns; see igs. 1–4 and 7), addi ional eco dings we e p epa ed by one o he au- ho s, male speake y is amb aze ičius. cues o consonan Voicing: i s assimila ion in Wo d junc u e 175s aipsniai / a icles siMPLe VisuaL cues he componen o phona ion appea s in acous ical g aphs in se e al ways. in he oscillog ams o ica ion phases (cases o ica i es and a ica es), i is iden i ied om he pa ial pe iodici y o a wa e o m ( ig. 2, op; compa e o ig. 1, op).3 igu e 1. in e ocal oiceless sibilan š wi h small po ions o adjacen owels (aša): oscillog am, na ow- and wide-band spec- og ams4 igu e 2. in e ocal oiced sibilan ž wi h small po ions o adjacen owels (aža): oscillog am, na ow- and wide-band spec- og ams simila ly, in he oscillog ams o gap phases (cases o s ops and a ica es), he pe- iodici y o a wa e o m, as opposed o he comple e silence o mo e ealis ic weak noise, means he addi ional componen o phona ion ( ig. 4, op; compa e o ig. 3, op)5. his componen can be also iden i ied om spec og ams. in he na ow-band spec og ams, i appea s as he co esponding s uc u e o ha monics ( igs. 2, 4; mids). in he wide-band spec og ams, pulsing is he ma ke o phona ion ( igs. 2, 4; bo - oms). hus, b ie ly, “ he p esence o absence o oicing ene gy is he dominan cue o he pe cep ion o he oicing con as in ica i es” (ken , ead 2002: 161); and his p esence o absence is clea ly depic ed in ce ain acous ical g aphs. he e o e he 3 o all acous ical measu emen s and he g aphs, P aa so wa e was employed. Ms excel p o ided basis o he s a is ical gene aliza ions and he g aphic ep esen a ion o he esul s. 4 in igs. 1–4, isola ed VcV-pa e ns a e p esen ed. bo h owels a e accen ed. 5 a ica es will no be conside ed u he in his chap e . in p ospec , a mix u e o he me hods used o ica i es and s ops could be applied in he s udy o oicing o a ica es. 176 y is aMb azeViČius, as a Leskauskai ė ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI iden i ica ion o oicing seems o be qui e simple ask based on he simple obse a ions o he acous ical g aphs. howe e , he e we come back o he issues men ioned in he beginning o he pape . o ins ance, in ce ain cases, a ica i e is pe cei ed as oiced e en i i con- ains a segmen o de oicing ( ig. 5). hen he ques ion a ises whe e he bounda y be ween he oiced and oiceless ica i es is, i.e. wha du a ion o he de oiced segmen (o o he cha ac e is ics) co esponds o he bounda y be ween he oiced and oiceless coun e pa s. Mo eo e , his bounda y is expec ed o be dependen on a ce ain language and e en on some speci ic nuances o speech low. igu e 3. in e ocal oiceless s op p wi h small po ions o adjacen owels (apa): oscillog am, na ow- and wide-band spec- og ams igu e 4. in e ocal oiced s op b wi h small po ions o adjacen owels (aba): oscillog am, na ow- and wide-band spec- og ams igu e 5. spec og am o he wo d lá.užu ‘ i e (sing. ins .)’. he segmen o de oicing is ma ked cues o consonan Voicing: i s assimila ion in Wo d junc u e 177s aipsniai / a icles a good example is Vo (Voice onse ime) used equen ly as he di e en ial cue o he english s ops. he bounda y be ween he oiced and oiceless english s ops is said o be a app oxima ely 30 ms ( ig. 6).6 on he con a y, ou p elimi- na y obse a ions showed ha , o he Li huanian oiced s ops, Vo is always nega i e. i he s op is p eceded by a pause, an epen he ic owel is o med. i he s op is in e ocal, oicing is no in- e up ed, i.e. i ills he en i e gap phase. in some cases, seemingly, some e y sho de oiced segmen s a e o med somewhe e a ound he noise bu s s, ye hese a e ha dly iden i iable om he acous ic g aphs. all his shows ha ce ain quan i a i e indexes o he di e en ia ion o oiced and oiceless consonan s a e highly desi able. he cha ac e is ic alues o he indexes (and especially he bounda y alues) could be ob ained om he acous ical measu emen s o he eal u e ances o clea ins ances o he oiced/ oiceless coun e pa s, as well as om he pe cep ual e alua ions o he con inua o syn hesized sounds. Quan i a iVe cues: ica iVes se e al di e en ial indexes and algo i hms o he e alua ion o oicing o ica i es we e p oposed by di e en au ho s. one should men ion, o ins ance, HNR (ha monic- o-noise a io; boe sma 1993; hamann, boe sma, Ća a 2010) and in ensi y and empo al pa ame e s o he i s ha monic (Pi ello, blums ein, ku owski 1997; s e ens e al 1992). based on gene ally app op ia e assump ions, hese me hods ha e ce ain sho comings which make hei applicabili y o he s udy mo e o less p oblema ic. on he one hand, HNR shows illogical bounda y alues (h p://uk.g oups.yahoo.com/g oup/p aa -use s/message/2533). on he o he hand, he e alua ions o dynamics o undamen al including measu emen s o du a ions, ex ac ion o undamen al, measu emen s o i s SPL a se e al ime 6 inciden ally, e e o he quo e o ken and ead: while s a ing on “p esence o absence o oicing ene gy” as “ he dominan cue o he pe cep ion o he oicing con as ” hey mean ica i es bu no s ops. igu e 6. disc imina ion o oiced and oice- less s ops by Vo (ken , ead 2002: 151) 178 y is aMb azeViČius, as a Leskauskai ė ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI poin s, and he successi e compa isons o SPLs ake conside able ime esou ces and he e o e a e p obably sui able in he cases o single ins ances, bu ha dly p ac ical in he cases o la ge samples. a se o he algo i hms employs qui e dis inc sepa a ion o he oice/noise e- quency bands (childe s 2000; balbonas, daunys 2005; e c.). on he one hand, s uc u e o low ha monics up o 1–2 khz (wi h he mos in ense band up o ap- p oxima ely 0.5 khz) is cha ac e is ic o he spec a o oiced ica i es. on he o he hand, he noise o ica ion is cha ac e is ic o signi ican ly highe equencies ( ig. 7). o ins ance, o english oiceless sibilan s, noise is signi ican ly mo e in- ense o > 2.5 khz. he mos in ense spec al peaks a e a abou 3 khz (š) and abou 4 khz o highe (s) (Picke 1999: 119, 139; ken , ead 2002: 163, 168, e c.). based on his di e ence, a simple LHR me hod was p oposed (Low-high- a io index; i.e. a io o in ensi ies o low and high equency bands; amb aze ičius 2013). LHR was de ined by he ollowing exp ession: LHR (db) = 10lg (IL/IH) = –10lg ; he e IL, IH, L, and LL s and o , co espondingly, he in ensi ies o low (0–0.5 khz) and high (>0.5 khz) equency bands, he o al SPL, and SPL o he low band. igu e 7. spec um o a p olonged isola ed sibilan ž cues o consonan Voicing: i s assimila ion in Wo d junc u e 179s aipsniai / a icles igu e 8. LHR o he Li huanian sibilan s7 he me hod was applied o he e alua ion o oicing o 201 sibilan in s anda d Li huanian8; he u e ances o male speake p esen ed in he eco dings o Pake ys and Pupkis 2004 we e examined. i was es ima ed ha he bounda y be ween he oiced and oiceless sibilan s co esponds oughly o LHR = –10 db ( ig. 8). Quan i a iVe cues: s oPs he logic o e alua ion o low equency bands could be also applied in he case o s ops. We sugges he ela i e SPL o he low-pass il e ed in e ocal gap ( ig. 9) as he di e en ial index: ΔLL (db) = LLC – LLV ; 7 he e and u he : medians – black diamonds, in e qua iles – whi e diamonds, ex emes – dashes. Values less han –30 db no depic ed. he esul s o z a e somewha p elimina y because o qui e a small sample size. 8 he e o e he esul s di e sligh ly om hose p esen ed in amb aze ičius 2013 which included 188 sibilan s. 180 y is aMb azeViČius, as a Leskauskai ė ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI he e LLC and LLV a e, co espondingly, SPLs o low (0–0.5 khz) equency bands o a consonan gap and he adjacen owel o owels. SPLs o he p eceding owel, succeeding owel, o hei a e age, can be used depending on whe he he consonan is pos ocal, p e ocal, o in e ocal (see also he discussion below). igu e 9. u e ance p eba… ( om p ebalsis): sPL ack and na ow-band spec og am o low-pass (0–0.5 khz) il e ed eco ding igu e 10. ΔLL o he Li huanian s ops cues o consonan Voicing: i s assimila ion in Wo d junc u e 187s aipsniai / a icles igu e 12. u e ance lkis bù ɔ. ‘had emained’. op: oscillog am, bo om: sPL ack and wide-band spec og am o low-pass (0–0.5 khz) il e ed eco ding igu e 13. u e ance i.šini.kαs bù ɔ. ‘ he chie was’. op: oscillog am, bo om: sPL ack and wide-band spec og am o low-pass (0–0.5 khz) il e ed eco ding bo h gene alized LHR alues and he alues o sepa a e occu ences o sibilan s s, š in wo d junc u es o spon aneous language show ha hese sibilan s mos o en become oiced z, ž, he e o e eg essi e assimila ion is ob ious. howe e , his phenomenon is no in ense in some cases, he e o e he sibilan s s, š a e iden i ied as only pa ially oiced. i is no always easy o es ima e he deg ee o oicing by ea . 188 y is aMb azeViČius, as a Leskauskai ė ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI he consonan s s, ž used be o e oiced consonan s in wo d junc u es can emain almos comple ely oiceless. o example, in he ph ase lkis bù ɔ, he sibilan s has a na u ally weak shade o z – i s LHR equals –2 db ( ig. 12)11. his sound did no un- de go eg essi e assimila ion since, because o he dispe si e in luence o he con ex , i was p onounced as a he sho (abou 60 ms), while e e be a ion was s onge . i a acul a i e owel is inse ed in wo d junc u e, he sibilan consonan be o e a u he oiced s op does no unde go eg essi e assimila ion. o example, LHR alue o he consonan s in igu e 13 is –10.4 db. i co esponds app oxima ely o he median o LHR o all cases o he oiceless s (c . ig. 11). he e o e he ica i e is eally oiceless in his case. Types T←Ts and T←Td. he endency o in e ac ion o he oiceless s ops k, p, and he ollowing oiced s ops g, b, d in wo d junc u es is simila o ha o ica i es ( ig. 14). in his case, he deg ee o oicing is es ima ed basing on he ΔLL index discussed ea lie . ig. 14 shows ha he anges o he ΔLL alues o consonan s k, p, in luenced by he oiced consonan s g, b, d and hose which did no expe ience pa ial close eg es- si e assimila ion in e sec . he e o e i is impossible o indica e he bounda y o sepa a ion o oicing and un oicing be ween hem. i can be su mised ha , as in case o ica i es, assimila ion o hese consonan s in wo d junc u es can be o di e en deg ee, wi h simila easons like hose cha ac e is ic o ica i es discussed abo e. since he ΔLL index did no show a e y ob ious di e ence be ween assimi- la ed and nonassimila ed s ops, addi ionally he low equency ene gy alues o hese sounds we e compa ed (i.e. no aking in o accoun owel con ex ; ig. 15). a clea sepa a ion is seen only o he occu ences o labial consonan p p eceding oiced and oiceless s ops – he co esponding anges o he LL alues do no in- e sec . ob iously, in he posi ion discussed, he oicing/un oicing o he conso- nan s k and was g ea ly in luenced by he con ex and o he ac o s. i was all eady men ioned ha , because o scan y da a ha dly su icien o eliable s a is ical e alua ion, o he ypes o assimila ion in wo d junc u es ha e no been discussed. howe e , he discussed phenomena seems o be analogical in he sou he n aukš ai ians’ subdialec s as well as he Li huanian language. he e o e possibly simila gene al endencies could be iden i ied. i should be no ed ha he sound eco dings o spon aneous sou he n aukš ai ians’ speech con ained ewe cases o he ypes ← s and ← d compa ed o s← s: S← d, he e o e he samples o hei usage a e no la ge. his ci cums ance can in luence he c edibili y o he esul s ob ained. 11 he Lh o he ica i e consonan s o he wo d junc u es in pic u es 12 and 13 ha e no been in- cluded in he gene al esul s o measu emen s algo y hms calcula ion. cues o consonan Voicing: i s assimila ion in Wo d junc u e 189s aipsniai / a icles igu e 14. ΔLL o he sou he n aukš ai ian s ops in wo d junc u es12 igu e 15. LL; sound p essu e le el o he low-pass (0–0.5 khz) il e ed sou he n aukš ai ians’ s ops in wo d junc u es 12 he e he ype ← s seemingly lacks he hi d qua ile as i is blended wi h median. i may linked o he scan y occu ences o he posi ion esea ched. 190 y is aMb azeViČius, as a Leskauskai ė ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI concLusions i is well known ha “ he p esence o absence o oicing ene gy is he dominan cue o he pe cep ion o he oicing con as in consonan s” ( ehashed om ken & ead 2002: 161). howe e , one encoun e s no simply wo dicho omic cases “a consonan wi h oicing ene gy” and “a consonan wi hou oicing ene gy”, bu a he en i e con inuum o ac ions o oicing ene gy in he whole spec a o he consonan s conside ed. he bounda ies be ween o is and lenis ca ego ies a e indi idual o di e en languages. Mo eo e , he pe cep ion o oicing is compli- ca ed as includes no only spec al bu also empo al cues. all his makes he p ocedu e o he objec i ized e alua ion o oicing no i ial. he pape in oduces wo ela i ely simple echniques o iden i ica ion o oicing: he indices LHR (case o ica i es) and ΔLL (case o s ops), bo h based on he e alu- a ion o ene gy o low equencies in he consonan s (o hei empo al segmen s). e e ing o he abo emen ioned complica ions o he objec i ized e alua ion o oic- ing, hese indices wo k gene ally qui e well as di e en ial cues o oicing. ne e he- less, because o he complica ions, a ce ain cau ion should be no ed again when employing hese echniques: he bounda ies be ween he oiced and oiceless coun- e pa s a e indi idual o he discussed cases. addi ionally, he esul s could be dis- o ed by some ex insic echnical causes, such as in ense backg ound noise and oom e e be a ion. his should be aken in o accoun bo h when choosing he sound e- co dings o analysis and when applying he echniques o acous ical measu emen s. he indica ed echniques o analysis could be employed in he s udy o phenom- ena o consonan assimila ion in he Li huanian dialec s oo. he esea ch ca ied ou in o he examples o he spon aneous sou he n aukš ai ians’ speech ( ypes s← s : S← d i ← s : ← d) essen ially gi es p oo o he s a emen s p esen ed he e. i is ob ious ha , om he poin o iew o acous ics, consonan assimila ion in wo d junc u e is qui e complex phenomenon and i s s udy equi es p ecision. e e ences am b aze ičius y is 2013: akus iniai pučiamųjų p iebalsių balsingumo požymiai. – Žmogus i žodis 15(1), 7–14. balbonas dainius, daunys gin au as 2005: onemų klasi ika imas panaudo- jan ga so i aizdo in o maciją. – Elek onika i elek o echnika 5(61), 74–77. bo e sma Paul 1993: accu a e sho - e m analysis o he undamen al equency and he ha monics- o-noise a io o a sampled sound. – IFA P oceedings 17, 97–110. childe s g. donald 2000: Speech P ocessing and Syn hesis Toolboxes. new yo k: john Wiley & sons. Da – Dūkš o apylinkių eks ai, suda ė Vy au as ka delis. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2010. cues o consonan Voicing: i s assimila ion in Wo d junc u e 191s aipsniai / a icles Dua – Duse ų apylinkių eks ai, suda ė egina inkauskienė. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2013. ga – G iškabūdžio apylinkių eks ai, suda ė ima bace ičiū ė, Vilija sakalauskienė. Vil- nius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2008. hamann silke, boe sma Paul, Ća a Małgo za a 2010: Language-speci ic di e ences in he weigh ing o pe cep ual cues o labioden als. – h p://use .phil- ak.uni-duesseldo .de/~hamann/hamannboe smaca a 2010.pd . Ja – Ju ba ko apylinkių eks ai, suda ė Vilija sakalauskienė. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins- i u as, 2013. ken d. aymond, ead cha les 2002: The Acous ic Analysis o Speech. albany: homson Lea ning. k uopienė i ena, kačiuškienė geno ai ė 2012: kele as pas abų dėl išo ės sandžio šiau ės pane ėžiškių a mėje. – Bal is ica 47(2), 343–348. Lkg i – Lie u ių kalbos g ama ika 1, y . ed. kazys ul ydas. Vilnius: Min is, 1965. LzŠ – Lazūnų šnek os eks ai, suda ė ju gi a ja osla ienė, nijolė uomienė. Vilnius: Lie- u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2013. Ma ke ičienė Žane a 1999: Aukš aičių a mių eks ai 1, Vilnius: Vilniaus uni e si- e o leidykla. Ma – Mielagėnų apylinkių eks ai, suda ė Vy au as ka delis. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins- i u as, 2006. MŠ – Ma cinkonių šnek os eks ai, suda ė as a Leskauskai ė. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2009. Leskauskai ė as a 2006: Kučiūnų šnek os eks ai. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u o leidykla. Pake ys an anas 2003: Lie u ių bend inės kalbos one ika. Vilnius: enciklopedija. Pake ys an anas, Pupkis aldonas 2004: Lie u ių kalbos bend inė a is. Kompak- inės plokš elės eks ai. Vilnius: gim asis žodis. Picke M. james 1999: The Acous ics o Speech Communica ion. Fundamen als, Speech Pe cep ion Theo y, and Technology. needham heigh s: allyn & bacon. Pi ello ka en, blums ein e. sheila, ku owski ka hleen 1997: he cha ac- e is ics o oicing in syllable-ini ial ica i es in ame ican english. – Jou nal o he Acous- ical Socie y o Ame ica 101(6), 3754–3765. s e ens n. kenne h, blums ein e. sheila, glicksman Lau a, bu on Ma - h a, ku owski ka h leen 1992: acous ic and pe cep ual cha ac e is ics o oicing in i- ca i es and ica i e clus e s. – Jou nal o he Acous ical Socie y o Ame ica 91(5), 2979–3000. ŠŠ – Šakių šnek os eks ai, pa engė ima bace ičiū ė. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2006. 192 y is aMb azeViČius, as a Leskauskai ė ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI P iebalsių balsingumo požymiai. jų asimiliacija žodžių sandū oje san auka Pap as ai i adiciškai su a iama, kad ska džiuosius i dusliuosius p iebalsius ski ia onacijos (balso klosčių eiklos), . y. balso, balsingojo komponen o bu imas a nebu imas. ai ne isai ikslu. kai ku ių kalbų (pa yzdžiui, kai ku ių ug o inų kalbų) p iebalsiai, suda an ys analogiš- kas kon as ines po as, ski iasi ne a ba ne iek balsingumo požymiais, o am ik ais (mūsų požiū iu – iš lie u ių kalbos one ikos pozicijų) an iniais požymiais. a k eipus dėmesį į ski - ingas a ikuliacines pas angas a ian ska džiuosius i dusliuosius p iebalsius (a jų dicho omi- nius analogus), pi muosius ka ais links ama adin i neį emp aisiais (lenis), an uosius – į emp- aisiais ( o is). s aipsnyje ap a iami pa yzdžiai, ku di e encijuojan o is–lenis po as balsin- gumo požymis y a ben kiek no s eikšmingas. Pag indinis akus inis ska džiuosius p iebalsius nuo dusliųjų ski ian is požymis – onaciją odan- is komponen as: k azipe iodiniai i pesiai oscilog amose, papildomos balso ha monikos spek o- g amose. ačiau ne i nu ūkus onacijai pučiamasis p iebalsis išlieka ska džiuoju. onacijos po- žiū iu labai ski iasi, pa yzdžiui, lie u ių i anglų kalbų sp ogs amieji p iebalsiai. okiais pa yzdžiais ilius uojami kalbiniai o is–lenis ski umai i a gumen uojami kiekybinių me odų p i alumai. siūlomi kiekybiniai balsingumo odikliai. ska džiųjų pučiamųjų p iebalsių spek e iš yškė- ja žemadažnės ha monikos. uo pasinaudo a apib ėžian pučiamųjų p iebalsių LHR (Low-High- Ra io) odiklį, lygų p iebalsio žemadažnės (iki 500 hz) i aukš adažnės (pe 500 hz) ene gijos san ykiui. kiek ki aip, be pasi emian panašiu eiškiniu (žemadažnės ene gijos y a imas ska - džiųjų p iebalsių sp agos azėje), kons uojamas sp ogs amųjų p iebalsių ΔLL odiklis – san y- kinis (p iebalsio a imame a olimame kon eks e) žemadažnio komponen o ga so lygis. Minė a me odika panaudo a i analizuojan pie ų aukš aičių dusliųjų i ska džiųjų p iebalsių są eiką žodžių sandū oje. s← s : s← d i ← s : ← d ipų analizė pa odė, kad dalinė a imoji eg esy inė asimiliacija ap a iamojoje pozicijoje nė a ienoda, o kai ku iais a ejais i apsk i ai ne yks a. be o, no in a lik i pa ikimą spon aniškos kalbos p iebalsių asimiliacijos analizę s a bu a k eip i dėmesį į ga so į ašo echninę kokybę, į ašymo pa alpos e e be aciją i ki us eiksnius. handed in on 4 sep embe 2014. y is aMb azeViČius Kaunas Uni e si y o Technology Adomo Micke ičiaus g. 37, LT-44244 Kaunas, Li huania [email p o ec ed] as a Leskauskai ė Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania [email p o ec ed]