Klaidingas kai kurių tikrinių ir bendrinių žodžių (terminų) vartojimas

Insigh s 253 o he inspec ion ZIGMAS ZINKEVIČIUS Academician eme i us The di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch a e: Bal ic s udies, his o y o Li huanian language, dialec ology, onomas ics. MISTAKE Wha is w ong wi h you? T ue and common wo ds (TERMIN) Use o We will s a he e iew wi h he his o ical name o ou na i e coun y, he G and Duchy o Li huania (Kunigaikš ys ė), abb e ia ed LDK, in use, when we a e alking abou he Mindaugas, Gediminas, Vy au as epoch, when Li huania was s ill a ully sel -go e ning s a e, and no subjec o ano he s a e - Poland, as happened la e , especially a e he Union o Lublin. Mindaugas and Vy au as s a e is called he kingdom (ka alys ė) in he sou ces, and i s ule s a e kings. Calling ha s a e a p ince o a p incess (as well as a g andmo he ) is i s humilia ion, as well as a dis o ion o his o y. This is mos o en done by he Poles (e en his o ians) in o de o show ha Li huania was a disad an aged s a e, al hough i hen con olled la ge a eas han Poland […] e en ually hese a eas s e ched om he Bal ic o he Black Sea. I is clea ha Li huania was hen s ill comple ely independen , ungo e ned by anyone. Li huanian esiden s ha e been called Li huanians since ancien imes. The name Lie u ininkai o Lie u (i)nykai was coined, which in ecen imes has been used o e e o he e hnic Li huanians inhabi an s o Lesse (P ussian) Li huania who came om he Ry p usians-con olled pa o Li huania. Bu in ou p ess, he names o he mino i ies and all Li huanians a e o en con used, and his should no be he case. I is no necessa y o supp ess bo h names. Ins ead o Li huanian, i is some imes called Li huanian, gi ing his wo d a mino meaning wi h a hin o con emp . Bu Li huanian om he pas had a di e en meaning he son o an e hnic Li huanian (no a ci izen o Li huania). I is in his sense ha he wo d should be used, no in he sense assumed by he enemies o Li huania. The name Aukš aičiai (Aukš ai ija […] new wo d) has se e al meanings: one is unde s ood by linguis s (dialec ologis s use i as he name o he language), ano he by a chaeologis s. The e o e, i necessa y, and o a oid misunde s andings, i is app op ia e o indica e he meaning in which i is used, since he size o he a ea e e ed o by his name depends on i . In ancien imes, his name had a physiog aphic meaning and was no ela ed o he language o e hnological cha ac e is ics o people. I 's ob ious. ZIGMAS ZINKEVIČIUS Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII is seen om a le e o he ule o Li huania, Vy au as he G ea , o Empe o Sigismund, w i en on Ma ch 11, 1420. In ha le e , Vy au as assigned he Uppe Uppe Li huanian pa (hence he Vilnius Heigh s) o he Uppe Li huanian and he Lowe Li huanian pa (hence he Ne ėžys Basin) o he Lowe Li huanian. In physiog aphical meaning, he names High and Low used and he Vokieć o dino me oš ininkai, who ansla ed hem in o he Ge man and La in languages as he high (in he heigh ) and low (in he g ound) pa o Li huania. Nei he Vy au as, no he subway wo ke s o he Vokiečių o dino could call he a ea o he p esen -day land o he land o he land Li huanians, because hen he Ku ys li ed he e. I should be emphasized ha in he sou ces, he people o Aukš aičiai, as well as he people o Zemaičiai, a e conside ed o be he same Li huanians, speaking he same Li huanian language. The linguis ic di e ence is no men ioned a all in he sou ces. He wasn' e y sma hen. The cu en e m o he lowlands appea ed la e . I s o igin was de e mined by he Ku sh subs a e. Because o him, no only did he language o he lowlands di e g ea ly om he languages o o he Li huanian languages, bu he lowlands hemsel es inhe i ed many cha ac e is ics cha ac e is ic o he Ku si ( esis ance, e c.). These cha ac e is ics de eloped o e ime and sepa a ed he lowlande s om o he Li huanians. E en ually, his led hem o a sel -con ained, di e en om Li huanian, mani es a ion o e hnic pe cep ion. Because o all his, he wo ds high and low need o be used wi h cau ion. A e all, in he pas , hey didn' mean wha we call hem oday. I we do no , we can mislead one ano he and lose communica ion. Mos impo an ly, we should always keep in mind ha he name o he land in he cu en a ea o his e i o y is ances al. The use o he name Zemaičiai (Žemai ija, like Aukš ai ija, is a new wo d) is u he complica ed by he ac ha in he 17 h cen u y he name o he landlo d language was called one o he Li huanian language a ian s w i en a ha ime, used in he eligious w i ing o he Diocese o Zemaičiai. They had no hing o do wi h he cu en lowland dialec and o igina ed om he lowlands o he highland dialec in cen al Li huania (Ne ėžio basin). All o his has led o a misunde s anding o he wo d land, o many dispu es, and e en, as men ioned, o he ea men o he land as a sepa a e e hnic uni . The e o e, we ha e o use his wo d e y ca e ully so ha we do no con use i wi h he di e en […] high and […] low linguis ic uni s used in he pas . Le 's also use he e hnonym Aisčiai wi h cau ion. We mus no lose sigh o he ac ha Taci us used his name o e e o he Whi e people, who belonged, like he P ussians, o he Wes e n Whi es ( he e m o he Kalbini es), whose language was e y di e en om he Li huanian language and could no be con used wi h i . La e , he wo d aisčiai was used o e e o all whi es (Kazimie Jaunius, Kazimie Būga, e c.). This is a new, expanded meaning o his wo d. Misuse o some eal and common wo ds ( e ms) Inspec ion Insigh s 255 All o his needs o be kep in mind when we use he wo d. O he wise, we will a i icially and uncondi ionally u n he his o ical Wes e n Whi e ibe in o Li huanians. The name o he egion Su alkija appea ed when he Su alkų Go e no a e was es ablished. P e iously, he e was no such name, al hough Su alkija is some imes mis akenly e e ed o as a e y old name. You don' ha e o do ha . In Ta puka y, people liked o w i e and alk abou he Li huanian language, which ga e ise o he common Li huanian language. In ac , he e was ne e a ansla ion o he Su alkians. Li huanian common (especially w i en) language is ans e ed om Mažosios (P ūsijos) Li huania and adap ed o he needs o G ea e Li huania. Tha wo k was done by linguis s, mainly Jonas Jablonskis, who is igh ly called he a he o Li huanian common language. In addi ion o Su alkija, he name Sūdu a is used in abou he same sense. In ac , Sūdu a was one o he wes e n Bal ic (in Kalbinų e minus) ibes, belonging o he Jo ingian ibal con ede a ion, so i is qui e dis an o he Li huanians and does no need o be uncondi ionally iden i ied wi h he Li huanians. The cu en inhabi an s o he old Sudu a egion a e called sudu i. Appa en ly, hey inhe i ed his name om he ac ual (old) cou s. How many p esen -day Sūdu as a e ela ed in hei o igin o he old Sūdu a, dispu ed. In any case, hey should no be iden i ied a all wi h he eal (ancien ) Sudo ians, who had o be e y di e en om he Li huanians in e ms o language. Un o una ely, his is o en done. In Li huania, he sou he n pa o he peninsula is he junc ion o he lakes. The name is de i ed om he A ikaans wo d dz ins ead o he common language dž, hence he wo d dzūka. Howe e , i is spoken no only in his a ea o he coun y, bu much mo e widely. In he pas , wes e n ( ue) and eas e n ( illage) dzukai we e dis inguished. Howe e , he so-called eas e n dzūkas a e ac ually no wes e ly (as eal dzūkas) bu eas e n highland illage s, only sligh ly (some mo e, o he s less) dzūkuojan ys. Thus, he so-called eas e n dzūkas a e e y di e en om he eal dzūkas, so hey canno be conside ed he same language. Fo his eason, i was e used o conside dzūka as a c i e ion o de e mining he language. Bu in he p ess and in colloquial speech, i 's o en o e looked ha anyone who shou s a all is conside ed a shou e . This c ea es con usion. The e o e, when using he wo d dzūkas, one needs o be cau ious. Ou eas e n neighbo s a e he poo es . This is a new coun y. In ancien imes (Mindaugo-Vy au o epoch) such s a es did no ye exis . The beginning o he name was gi en by he old (Kie an) Russian egional name Bal oji Rusija (no Russia, his name was no used a ha ime). The name Bela us ( om Bal us + Russia, no Russia) was e y much p o ec ed by he Bolshe iks when hey uled Li huania, o cou se, because o Russia's impe ialis ambi ions. The Bal s hemsel es call hei s a e Bela us ( om Bal oji Rusija, no Bal oji Rusija). Tha 's wha he Russians a e calling hem now. Bu we, o some eason, ha e se led on he So ie name Bela us (wi h -Russia!), his o ically only ZIGMAS ZINKEVIČIUS The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana LXXII was w i en in 256 AD. So we became, as he people would say, "holie han he popes". I 's ime o hink abou how o eplace his So ie ism and s op insul ing ou neighbo s, s op emo ing he name o hei coun y om Russia. We ecei ed he names o dis an lands, wi h which Li huania has no con ac , no di ec ly, bu h ough in e locu o s. A ypical example is chigona. Now he e is a endency o change he wo d cigón o he same cigón as Roma. Such a uni e sal and simila change canno be accep ed, because in ha case we would ha e o call he Ge mans doies, Es onians, ollowing he La ians, he Igians, and so on. In some cases, i necessa y, we may use he p esen p onouns, bu we should do so wi h cau ion. hose names ha we e mis akenly used by many people ha e been discussed he e. Occu ing mis akes o indi iduals a e le ou o he equa ion, because hey canno e en be collec ed, le alone sys ema ically in es iga ed. The p oblem o naming he inhabi an s o he Vilnius egion (Vilnius) is also no sol ed, because i is complex and e y poli icized. Tha 's a sepa a e s udy. The same can be said o he con usion o he names o Russia and Russia, o Russians and Russian-speaking people, which occu s e en in he language o his o ians. Deli e ed on 18 May 2015 ZIGMAS ZINKEVIČIUS Fo he pu poses o his Decision, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply: