Semantinės veiksmažodžio „gerti“ sinonimų atsiradimo priežastys

196 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXII ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Scientific research areas: lexicology and lexicography. SEMANTIN is Drinking from the workshop Other, of a fat content, by weight Manufacture from materials of any heading, except that of the product Semantic Reasons of Appearance of Synonyms of the Verb to drink ANOTATION The subject of this article is a rich and unclassified semantic group […] Lithuanian language verbs, selected from the Lithuanian language dictionary being prepared by the Association. The aim of the study is to determine what signs of real phenomena, things or actions in the language become semantic signs that determine the emergence of new drinking behaviors. At the end of the article, a preliminary network of synonyms for the word "drink" is presented. ESMINIAI WORDS: synonym, concept, nomination, lexical meaning, semantic sign, a network of synonyms. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. The object of this article is a rich semantic group which has not been analyzed before […] drinking verbs of the Lithuanian language taken from the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language which is currently in the process of compilation. The research seeks to estimate which features of the actual phenomena, things or actions become semantic features in the language, which determine the rise of new drinking verbs. A preliminary synonym network of the verb to drink is given at the end of the article. KEYWORDS: synonym, concept, nomination, lexical meaning, semantic feature, synonyms network. Articles and articles 197 Semantinės veiksmažodžio gerti sinonimų atsiradimo priežastys The question of the theory of synonyms is still being asked by various world lexical semantics specialists […] Jurij D. Apresjan (1974), John R. Taylor (2003), M. Lynne Murphy (2003), Petra Storjohann and others (2010). The understanding of the concept of synonyms, the definition of synonyms, the classification, the kt. klausimais. Taikant kalbos technologijas kuriami sinonimų tinklai, sinoniformation of lines and our base are still being discussed, new synonyms vocabularies are being written. Lietuvių kalbotyroje sinonimai (konkrečiau – leksiniai) mažai tirti1. Vienas One of the first researchers of synonyms is Antanas Liberis, who defended his dissertation on the subject of the synonym dictionary of the Lithuanian language and the principles of its compilation (1959), and wrote the first and so far only 1961 m.; Sinonimų žodynas 1981 m. ir šio žodyno antras pataisytas leidimas dictionary of synonyms (Lithuanian dictionary of synonyms in 2002). The contribution of this scholar to the research of synonyms of the Lithuanian language is extremely valuable. In his works, A. Lyberis has paid considerable attention to the definition of synonyms, their identification, selection, formation of lines, the principles of spelling the synonyms vocabulary and other questions (see more in detail Lyberis 2009: 2182). The theoretical provisions formulated and described by him are still being evaluated. Jolanta Vaskelienė, who wrote a dissertation on this subject, published a teaching tool called Darybiniai sinonimai (2000), wrote articles. Syntactic synonyms are extensively studied by Elena Valiulytė Dabartinės Lietuvos kalbos sintaksiniai synonymiai: place, time and reason raiska and kt (1998) Articles have been written on the question of lexical synonyms, dedicated to specific synonyms, their etymology, their usage, for example. Vinco Urbucio: "The etymology of the shortened synonyms of several words" (1965), "Lie. pashin and (trm.) pašaiža […] common roots synonyms[…] (1998); Nijolės Sližienės […]Stigma, lack, lack of synonymous meanings and the peculiarities of their use[…] (2005); Semantics and synonyms of verbs in the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs Evalda Jakaitienė "For synonyms and relationships of multiple meanings" (2007) and kt. However, there are no reasons for the emergence of new, inventive synonyms, semantic features of synonyms that are studied, new methods, language technologies, etc., there are no researches on lexical synonyms. The subject of this article is to choose verbs belonging to the concept of GERTI. The aim of the study is to determine what signs of real phenomena, things or actions in the language become semantic signs that determine the emergence of new drinking behaviors. In order to achieve this goal, the following tasks have been identified: 1 Common synonymy issues are described in Evalda Jakaitienė's books Lithuanian Language Lexicology (1980) and Lexicology (2009; 2010). Synonyms are also studied by Juozas Pikčilingis (Leksinė ir gramatinė sinonimika, 1969; a booklet on synonyms in the second part of the "Lietuvių kalbos stilistikos", 1975) and Kazimieras Župerka (Lietuvių kalbos stilistika, 1983). ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ Acta Linguistica Lituanica LXXII 198 ways of nomination of alcoholic beverages in the Lithuanian language; examine the semantic structures of the verbs under consideration; identify and describe the semantic relationships between the meanings of verbs; On the basis of the material examined, the study of cognitive kurti preliminarų lietuvių kalbos gėrimo veiksmažodžių sinonimų tinklą. and structural linguistics presented in Straips is: kos metodais. The concept GERTI means common in Lithuanian language has quite a few verbs. The verb to drink is the main (central) word, most widely used in Lithuanian to say a drink. In the end, the Lithuanian-language dictionary of the Association (editor Danutė Liutkevičienė) recorded a total of about fifty verbs, the meanings of which are explained as siurbti or morning liquid. The abundance of verbs belonging to this concept of GERTI indicates that the phenomenon of synonymy in the general Lithuanian language is very extensive, which means that it is necessary to investigate in order to determine the reason for its functioning in the language. The article is based on such theoretical aspects. 1. The term concept is understood in various ways in linguistics, some identify it with the concept (Jakaitienė 2010: 46), others understand it more broadly as a heterogeneous multidimensional unit of the world of knowledge and experience (Gudavičius 2011: 112), and others highlight the communicative function of the concept (Lassan 2002: 32). It is believed that the concept is a unit of structured knowledge, all knowledge about a thing and a phenomenon, recorded in the consciousness of people speaking that language (Kvašytė, Papaurėlytė 2013: 108). The term "marriage" is used in the Russian language to refer to the marriage of a couple, but the term "marriage" is not used in the Lithuanian language, as it is not used in the Russian language. (wikipedia.org) However, the linguistic expression of the concept is important for lexical semantics. As Aloyzas Gudavičius argues, every nomination actualizes the characteristics of a given concept, for example, a horse, a mule, a cousin, a mule emphasizes the individual characteristics of a concept (Gudavičius 2009: 51). To identify which features of the concept of GERD are being actualized in the meanings of the verbs belonging to this concept, the elements of the scenario of the corresponding physiological action that make up the content of the concept 2015). Lentelėje pateikti scenarijaus elementai buvo nustatyti remiantis konteksto under consideration can help. Gaidienė analysis (data from the current Lithuanian 2 Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyne rasta per dešimt tūkstančių veiksmažodžio gerti vartosenos pavyzdžių. Pavyzdžių ieškota pagal šaknį ger- (gėr-) pasirenkant asmenuojamąsias ir neasmenuolanguage textbook (www.DLKT). the forms of his verbs. 3 After the final revision of the Lithuanian language dictionary, the dictionary articles in this article may change. The term attribute is used in cognitive linguistics (see Ungerer, Schmid 1996: 22). Straipsniai / Articles 199 Semantinės veiksmažodžio gerti sinonimų atsiradimo priežastys One LENTEL. The concept of the GERTI scenario5 FIZINISN must be the physical FIZIOLOGINIS mas, going before being [...] VEIkSMAS action-Kelia to the mouth of the bottle, Anuka drinks lemonade from her own nąjį fiziologinį veiksmą. Atliekant veiksmą dalyvauja does not participate in the money. We observed that he had learned to drink […] turning a full glass and a one throat. While I was making tea I watched her drink it with her little her throat, her scrotum [...] The lady talking. A VERY strong man is drinking drinks the gurkšnį, the second cup. / Karštą pavasario dieną Galipas ir Nichatas mokiniams skirtame tualete tiesiog iš čiaupo the hand-to-hand combat of the water. both the action of […] liquid siurbidaug house and a carriage. He's eating with and participating in the performance, gums, her lips, her teeth, her tongue, finished her cocktail and started a second cup of strong coffee. The wolf comes to drink from the fountain. VESMO non-alcoholic OBJEktAS […]karšti) is This beverages (chilled an alcoholic beverage Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. beverages) drink only mineral and plain water. / made by a woman who drinks champagne at a bar. Research has shown that the meanings of verbs belonging to the GERTI concept are updated in one way or another by the features of the content of the concept under consideration, for example, the verb 'rijimas' is recorded in the meaning of 'gurkti', 'judesys' in the meaning of ' mesti', 'lenkti' in the meaning of verbs, etc. In cognitive linguistics, nomination is understood as the naming of a concept (Gritėnienė 2006: 24). The most important question of nomination theory is […] which part of the knowledge about a thing or phenomenon, perceived by the consciousness and gradually becoming a concept of that thing or phenomenon, is nominated (Kubriakova 2004: 70). As already mentioned, the purpose of the article is to determine what signs of real phenomena, things or actions in speech become semantic signs that determine the emergence of new verbs. Therefore, it is important to identify the distinctive, specific semantic features of the meanings of the verbs of the drink, which distinguish the meanings of the synonyms belonging to the concept of GERT, but at the same time form the content of the concept under consideration. It should be recalled that a semantic attribute (also used as […] sema, semantic component, noema, etc.) is traditionally considered to be the smallest constituent semantic element of meaning (Jakaitienė 2010: 57 and etc.). 5 The examples illustrate that the act of drinking can be performed not only by humans but also by animals. However, this article deals only with the physiological action of drinking performed by humans. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 200 of the Lithuanian Language Act LXXII In the article, the verbs belonging to the GERTI concept are primarily classified according to the nominative ways […] primary, secondary (direct and indirect) nominative verbs6. The result of the first nomination is an unspoken verb, arising from the agreement of speakers (Jakaitienė 1988: 24), e.g. gurkti 'to eat, to drink, to read (pronounced godzi, quickly) ' (BŽe). The first nomination drinking verbs are usually motivated phonetically, i.e. the roots of such verbs iconically mark specific sounds accompanying a particular drink. The semantic properties of these words are usually directly related to the physiology of the human drinking process, i.e. the motor movements of the lips, teeth, tongue and throat. 2.2. The result of the secondary direct nomination is a word that is based on another verb with a simpler structure in its pronunciation and meaning (Jakaitienė 1988: 24). The verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs ti) ir -telėti. Priesagos -(i)oti (-snoti, -šnoti) vediniai žymi kartojamą, mažo intenof the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs of the verbs siurbtioti (to suck) is easy, after a little drink (BZ), and the suffix -telėti vediniai indicates a small drinking action, e.g. gurkštelėti (gurkšt) ʻkiek to drink (BZ); to drink (: siurbt) ʻkiek to drink, nugertiʼ (BŽe) and kt. Since the prepositional form indicates the characteristics of the temporary development of the drinking process, in other words, the aspect (action) meanings, these verbs will not be discussed in the following article. 2.3. The result of the secondary indirect nomination is a newly formed meaning of the word […] semantic formation […] (Jakaitienė 1988: 24). It is recognized that because of certain relationships (metaphorical or metonymical expansion) that connect the meanings of a polysyllabic word, they form a semantic continuum, called the semantic structure of a word. As Dmitry Shmeliov argues, "if the semantic structure of the meanings of the plural word were to be represented graphically, we would get not a circle ([…]bendra meaning[…]), divided into sectors ([…]common meaning variants[…]), but intersecting with each other (a), sometimes on top of each other ([…]užeinančius[…] (b) circles[…] (see Fig. 1.) " (Shmeliov 2008: 83 […] 84). In other words, the meanings of the plural words are semantically related to each other, because one meaning seems to "translate" into another meaning according to certain semantic associations (Šmeliovas 2008: 88). The terms primary, secondary (direct and indirect) nomination are used in the works of Evalda Jakaitienė left in this article. Straipsniai / Articles 201 Semantinės veiksmažodžio gerti sinonimų atsiradimo priežastys 1 reikšmė 2 reikšmė 1 meaning 2 meaning (a) (b) What is the 1 PAV. Other Semantic system of the meanings of the plural word 2.3.1. In determining the prototypical meaning of the plural verb, from which the meanings associated with new drinks most often emerge, based on the influence of the prototipų teorija, plačiai taikoma kognityvinėje lingvistikoje. Prototipo terminas siejamas su XX a. atliktais Eleonoros Roš tyrimais. Tircolors of the fireplace on the formation of categories, E. Roš found that despite the central position of these colors, the participants in the experiment were not better distinguished. This study allowed scientists to abandon the use of the term "central" colors and instead use the term "prototype" (Mikulskas 2009: 46; see Ungerer, Schmid 1996: 6[…]14). The prototype is the most characteristic member of the category (Ungerer, Schmid 1996: 10), by which the category itself can be recognized. In certain cases, the prototype may replace other members of the category. As Ruta Marcinkevičienė argues, the theory of prototypes […]by applying the semantic structure of the word, it can be argued that the prototypical, primary, essential or main are the specific, sensuous meanings of the word that names the objects of the world[…] (Marcinkevičienė 2006: 110). For example, the prototypically used verb to tear means to make an impact on something with a sharp edge, and the meaning associated with a drink, to drink, is a metaphorical extension of the meaning derived from the prototype. 2.3.2. The most important role in shaping the meaning of verbs in drinking is played by metaphorical polysemic relationships. A metaphor is a universal phenomenon, a kind of model, that performs a similar function in speech as the making of words, only much more complex. Traditionally, it may be the same or a different resemblance, usually external […] metafora suprantama kaip vieno daikto ar reiškinio pavadinimo perkėlimas pashape, size, etc. […] to another thing or phenomenon (Gudavičius 2009: 114). In other words, signs belonging to one realm of reality are often found in another realm of reality and are realized in speech as if by chance, and the addressee easily acquires them on the assumption that there is a similarity between the forms of perception reikšmes suprasti tiesiogiai. Kaip teigia Veronika Telija, „metaforizacija prasiof reality. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 202 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXII and a certain somewhat similar, associative perception of the other reality […]7 (Telija 1988: 7). This assumption is called by V. Telija the mode of metaphor, which allows Y to be like, no metaphor is allowed […] logiškai ir ontologiškai skirtingoms esmėms supanašėti: „be prielaidos, kad X (Telija 1988: 7). In some cases, conceptual metaphors can also be seen in the metaphorical meanings of the verbs under study. The conceptual metaphor is the interaction of two conceptual domains (the object and the concept) (Lakoff, 1993, p. In rare cases, metonymy is used to form the meaning of the verbs of the drink. Traditionally, metonymy is understood as "the highlighting of different aspects of the same situation, in which things and phenomena are related by spatial, temporal, causal, etc. relationships" (Gudavičius 2009: 124). One-word metonymy (the basis for the transfer of the meaning of a word, the reason for the emergence of a new meaning) and multi-word metonymy (the time trope) are usually distinguished (Marcinkevičienė 2011: 40). In this case, we are concerned with the metonymy of a single word, which is considered to be the cause of the emergence of some of the secondary meanings of verbs in drinking. Based on the identified semantic features of drinking behaviour, a preliminary network of Lithuanian language drinking behaviour synonyms is provided at the end of the article. The synonym network was visualized by the program Gephy (see more at https: gephi.github.io/). 1. The first round of nominations The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 26 to supplement this Regulation by laying down detailed rules for the application of this Regulation. The verb drink is the main (central) word of the sequence of synonyms under consideration. DLKT found over ten thousand of this action word gateway 7 Ru. […][...] metaphorization begins with the assumption of a similarity (or similarity) to the formation of ющегося понятия о реалии и некоторого в чем-то сходного с ней «конкретного» образbut a social conception of another reality. This is the case in the case of Telia 1988: 7. The 8th. […]The conceptual system underlying a language contains thousands of conceptual metaphors […] conventional mappings from one domain to another [...][…] (Lakoff 1993: 239). 9 Further research may clarify the synonyms of the verb drink presented in this article tinklą. One of the world's most popular word networks is WordNet (www.wordnet.princeton.edu). WordNet […] is a large database of English vocabulary in which nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are cognitively grouped into synonym networks (called synsets in English) reflecting the relationships between words (hyperonyms, hyponyms, troponyms, examples11). From a stylistic point of view, the verb drink is ir kt.). WordNet duomenų bazė sukurta Prinstono universiteto Kognityviojo mokslo laboratorijoje. Articles of the Treaty Articles 203 Semantinės veiksmažodžio gerti sinonimų atsiradimo priežastys unconventional and is most widely used to denote the concept of drink: the subject of drink is a human being, an animal12, plg. She only drinks coffee before lunch. A cow drinks water. (DLKT), the drinking object […] liquid (non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks), plg. She drinks rainwater and gargles, laughing with all her lungs. He doesn't walk in front of the glass, he doesn't drink, he doesn't drink. (DLKT) In Lithuanian dictionaries, the meaning of the verb to drink is defined similarly: (1) To drink the liquid, to calm the thirsty, e.g. The milk and cream were drunk directly from the giant P.Cvir's cabin after being knocked unconscious. I sleep, I eat, I drink until I'm full, SD44. I'm not drinking anything, I'm just drinking tea. I'm drinking water from the J.Jabl river. Milk is healthy to drink J.Jabl. […]; (2) Dry the liquid, reduce the thirst, e.g. The cow drinks from the bucket. The water, the milk. Drinking cup (from which he drinks). Drinking water (which is drinkable, suitable for drinking). […]; (3) Drinking and drinking fluids, e.g. Drinking tea or coffee. Drink the boiled water. Would you like to have a beer with us? The cow drank water from the stream. […]. Furthermore, the verbs of the primary nomination are divided into verbs with fixed physiological properties of drinking, verbs with fixed purpose of drinking and verbs with a pronoun according to the distinguished semantic characteristics. 1. Physiological signs of drinking In the semantic structure of the primary nominative verbs belonging to the concept of GERTI, the verb to drink has a fairly clear definition […] the verbs under consideration are recorded in SP related to human physiology, the convex krečiau su tam tikrais burnos potyriais geriant. Fiziologiniai požymiai gėrimo verbs are not often updated in the meanings, only a few words can be pavyzdžius. Vienų veiksmažodžių reikšmėse užfiksuotas gerklės potyris, kitų – lūpų ir dantų veiklos potyris arba lūpų ir liežuvio veiklos potyris. Pagal tai veiksmamentioned below divided into a few groups. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. 12 As mentioned earlier, this article deals only with the physiological effects of drinking on humans. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 204 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXII (a) The experience of the throat The verb gurkti, which means to eat, drink, and drink quickly, belongs to the physiological subgroup of the throat pottery: Gurkti vandenį [alų, pieną, liauskas 1990: 85]. As C. D. sultis]. Barzdotas vaikinas gurkė iš buteliuko pepsikolą. Žodžiai gerklė, gurklys (ir gurkti), gurkšnis, gira yra tos pačios šaknies (SabaBuck says, […]ide. The words of the languages denoting the term throat are etymologically related to the terms morning, forms of apskrit, short tongue, clickset, etc. (Lithuanian language etymological dictionary database) This subgroup may also be assigned to the verb murkti, which in BZ means ‘to eat, drink, for example. Arielka's going to drown when she doesn't drink the water. Murkia stands from the edge of the pool. (LKŽe) 13. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication. The meaning related to beverages is given in the article together with the following meanings: 1. 'Make a whistling sound (apie katę) ' and 2. To speak in a vague way. The verb murkti is presented as a homonym (1 and 2) and as a homoform (3): (1) 1 murkti, -ia, -ė 1. "Quietly sink, fly away". 2. the dog's tail; 3. Speak in a low voice, murmur, and whisper; 4. Eat, drink, and be merry. 5. to be pampered, to be glamorous, to be glamorous 2 murkti, -ia, -ė 'be left lying, merktiʼ 3 murkti, -sta, -o 'slipped from sweat' Most likely the meaning of the verb murkti related to drink is primary14, not transferred. Therefore, two separate murky words could be given, i.e. homonyms (2): (2) The murkti, the murkia, the murkė 1. To make a sound (like a cat) is to put a cat on the stove. 2. Speak clearly: Murkti after the nosimi. 2 to eat, to drink, to drink. (b) Experience of dental and dental work The following subgroup of the mouth and teeth sub-group of the activities of the mouth and teeth is composed of the mouth and teeth sub-groups: (1) to suck 1. ‘To suck, to suck (to suck) certain organs: Sultis sucked the straw out of the bottle. The baby is sipping milk from a bottle. (B) (2) to be subtracted 1. To drink or to be drunk: The owner is using a cup of tea. He's beating his chest so hard, it's ringing in his ears. (BJ) (3) to drink the "gods" (BJ). For example: You're going to fall, you're going to fall, you're going to fall. LKJ 13 examples related to drinking, taken from LKJ, as BJ is not recorded. 14 Plg. from the record, recorded by LKŽ: murkt 3. Gurkt (to mark): Just a murkt with one spoon, and an empty glass. Articles by Articles 211 Semantinės veiksmažodžio gerti sinonimų atsiradimo priežastys (Animal carcasses, cats and dogs, for example.) Katy is crying. A dog is called a water buffalo. (French) The metaphorical meaning of the verb under consideration is 'good, to drink a lot' (e.g. refreshing drinks), e.g. How many chickens, how many ducks. (BŽe) differs from the main one primarily by the subject of the action performed: the subject of the main meaning is the animal, the metaphorical […] man. Since animals and their actions are usually viewed negatively in the Lithuanian language, the basis for the metaphor of meaning could be an aesthetic impression, namely […] negražus (meaning the diminutive shade) drink. However, there is a negative perception of alcohol consumption in the language community, so in this case we could see the conceptual metaphor […] GIRTUOKLIS YRA GYVULYS. This group also includes the verb liuobti, the main meaning of which in BŽ is ‘to give away, e.g. The chickens are eating the potatoes. It's time for the cows to stop feeding. The animals haven't hatched yet. (BZe) This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. metaphorical meaning […] veiksmažodžio prototipinė ir metaforinė reikšmės sintaksiškai turi skirtingas eating, drinking, for example. He even laughed at the salmon. Liu likes vodka as much as I do. (French) What is the structure of this argument? And with what? What do you eat, what do you drink? (I'm drinking a shot of vodka). However, the same situation involving three participants can be semantically interpreted differently. For example, in the sentence Jonas liuobia avižas for animals, the situation is described differently than Kiaules liuobiame bulvėmis. Jonas liuobia avižas feeding the animals (avižos) is here interpreted as a patient; It also raises its relevance. Comparing the meanings and semantic structures of these two sentences with the relevant situation highlights their different significative meanings: the first tells what is done with animals as patients, the second […] what is done with food as patients (plg. Sližienė: 26, 1994 2004: 261). Comparing these abstract meanings with the metaphorical meaning of ‘eat, drink, etc.. He even laughed at the salmon. Liu likes vodka as much as I do. (B) It may be possible to speak of an actant minority or interpretative derivation (e.g. Sližienė 1994: 409), when one actant (liuobiamieji, i.e. sheriami gyvuliai) is "translated" from the original (three participle) situation; At the same time, a new situation arises with fewer participants than in the beginning (see Plungian 2011: 46tt). Thus, the prototypical […] […] to give […] and […] to give […] (pagal šerti Sližienė 2004: 261) […] and the metaphorical […] godžiai valenting, gerti […] […] have different argument structures that correlate with different semantic and syntactic value structures. 19 […][...] the fact that the names of animals in this case are very productive testifies to the essentially negative attitude of Lithuanians towards the animal world. […] (Gudavičius 2009: 119) It is also important to note that the Commission's proposal for a directive on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens at work is based on the principle of proportionality. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 212 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXII 2.1.5. Panašu į motyvuojančia reikšme nusakomo veiksmo (skysčio The meanings of the verbs mentioned below related to drinking, due to the secondary nomination process of the sound sign, have acquired metaphorical meanings. (a) The noise emitted by the flow or pouring of a liquid is the noise emitted by the actions of the verbs belonging to this subgroup (SP): It rains heavily all day long. → 4. "Drink, drink, drink: I've been staring at the water all (1) pliaupti 1. ʻsmarkiai lytiʼ: Lietus pliaupte pliaupė kelias dienas. → 3. ʻdaug, godžiai srėbti, gertiʼ: Tu pliaupi be saiko tą kavą. Pliaupk barščių. (BŽe) day. Talkininkai is a type of beer with a bitter taste. (B) (3) to close to close to 1. It rained heavily all night. → 4. "Drinking water, drinking water: I want to drink water". (French) We could also distinguish the larger group SP […] ryti didelį gurkšnį from the larger group Veiksmažodžių pliaupti, kliaukti (kliokti). b) The most characteristic of the meanings of the verbs given below SP is also a sound, only raised during the flow of the liquid. The derivative meanings of the verbs clap and clap (which are variants) are based on the root meaning to clap, to clap, to try, or to clap: (1) to clap 1. To make to stumble, to stumble, to try, or to stumble: Why do you stumble on eggs? → 3. The child cries for orange juice. He's pouring beer out of a bottle. (French) (2) to knock 1. to knock 3 > ʻkliuksint gertiʼ: A boy from a bottle to knock a beer. What kind of drink do you like to drink in the summer? I spit and I spit mineral water. (French) The first meaning of the verb "to stumble" is indicated by the sound "to sint tekėti, bėgtiʼ. Aptariamo veiksmažodžio kliukenti pagrindinė reikšmė skistumble" from the above-mentioned verbs "to stumble" and "to stumble", which have the same root, the main meaning, because the act of flowing, running, is indicated: (3) customers 1. ‘I can hear the water running out of the bottle. The verb 2. ʻgerti kliuksintʼ: Vaikas kliukena iš butelio pieną. (BŽe) "to drink" is derived from the verb "to drink", which is associated with the grindine reikšme ʻpilti, teliūskuoti skystį sukeliant garsąʼ (BŽe tokia reikšmė panopticon: (4) fold 1. We drink tea in the morning. (French) Articles of the Treaty Semantinės veiksmažodžio gerti sinonimų atsiradimo priežastys Plg. with the first meaning of this word, given in LKŽ: ‘to fill, to fill a liquid by creating sound. In the above-mentioned verbs for flowing sounds, one can see not only a metaphorical transference (similar to the sounds of a stream, rainfall), but also a metonymy, because the transference occurs through one of the characteristics of the drink […] the specific sound representing the entire complex physiological process. In summary, it can be said that most metaphorical drinking synonyms arise to emphasize, highlight the very nature of the act of drinking or the flow of a liquid, the sound it makes when it is poured. 2.2. Metonymic transfer of meanings In rare cases, metonymy is used to form the meaning of the verbs of the drink. We could distinguish the following types of verb metonymy: result instead of action, cause instead of result, and part instead of whole. These species are discussed in more detail below. 2.2.1. The result instead of the action This metonymic species belongs to the verbs explode, pampti and pusti. The metonymy of the verb to explode, meaning to wake up, to eat, to drink, could be associated with the motivating meaning of to be slow, to expand, recorded in LKJ (BJ does not have such meanings): (1) to explode 6. Good morning, eat, drink: It's enough for you to explode honey, leave it to me. (French) The plg. LK and 4. "I'm about to burst into flames, I'm about to burst into flames, I'm about to burst into flames, I'm about to burst into flames". From those mice, the nature of the calf's belly explodes, and it eats their Rd. I can't take it anymore, my mouth is half bursting! The LMD(Sln). The verb to explode has another meaning to drink alcoholic beverages: He received a salary and explodes. (BZE), which is related specifically to the class of alcoholic mų vartojimu. Toks reiškinys, kai žodis imamas vartoti ne visa juo nominuojadrinks, but only to a certain extent, is called the narrowing of the meaning. The other two verbs belonging to this model are pampti and pusti. Their metonymic meanings related to drink are most likely derived from the basic (prototipical) meanings: pampti. After sitting down, you need to straighten the cushion. → 2. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 214 of the Lithuanian Language Act LXXII (2) pampti 1. ʻpūstis, plėstis, pursti, pustiʼ: Karvė prisirijo dobilų su rasa ir ėmė Good, drink a lot, eat a lot, eat: How much can you brew that beer? (B) (3) release 1. To increase the volume, the scope (pronounced ko kenksminga zaedus, zavalgius) of the cows from the point of delivery. It's been a long time since I've eaten. → 2. Eating or drinking: How much can you let go of beer?! All he has to do is let it go, and he doesn't have to work. In the clearest of these verbs, we could distinguish a physiological sense of wholeness. 2.2.2. Cause instead of effect The prototypical (motivating) meaning of the verb to pour is related to the pouring of a liquid into the interior of an object, e.g. to pour wine from a bottle into a cup. He poured her coffee. The landlord poured beer into the barn. The Lithuanians poured boiling water on them and poured stones. (French) The reason for this is that it is a metaphor for the flow of water, and the only metonymic object used is the middle of a human being, e.g. 'drinking a lot': They drank beer all day long. (French) 2.2.3. Part of the whole This metonymic species is attributed to the verb myti, whose motivating meaning is to push the fish into the stomach, which indicates the essential stage of the eating action […] food digestion, and the metonymic meaning is to eat, drink, which indicates the eating process. (1) in the morning 1. ‘Putting food in the stomach: I dont have teeth, so I dont eat everything like a treat. It's what you eat that makes you fat. → 3. Eat and drink well: What are you doing standing up, sit down?! He eats like a horse, works like a rooster. The following article provides a preliminary list of synonyms for alcoholic beverages in Lithuanian. Articles by Article 215 Semantinės veiksmažodžio gerti sinonimų atsiradimo priežastys 2 PAV. Other Preliminary Lithuanian language drinking behaviour synonyms network gerti FP FGP whispered whispered The FLDP siurbti sriaubti tries FLLP plumped GTP 1 kaušti The GPP 2 cows Other, not further worked than hot-rolled, in coils It's like ETV, you're shaking, you're shaking, you're shaking Looks like J's going to bend over. (from) dead dead trapped It looks like a T-shirt. Looks like a GV. It looks like KG pliaupti cliaukti (cliokti) clinkinti (kliunkinti) plumpinti clients MetonP PP exploded pumped let's pour OP the GP ryti APENDRINAMOSIOS IŠVADOS The analysis of the meanings of the verbs belonging to the concept of GERTI leads to the following conclusions: 1. The closest to the centre of the GERTI concept are the primary nominative verbs whose meanings recorded in the SP are related to the physiology of the human or animal drinking action, i.e. the motor movements of the lips, teeth, tongue and throat, e.g. gurgling, sucking. The name of the drink is usually derived from the root of the word, which symbolically indicates the specific sound of the drink. The majority of synonymic meanings belonging to the concept of GERT are derived in the form of semantic derivation. 2.1.Metaphorical polysemic connections play an important role in shaping the semantic structures of drink synonyms. There are two main types of metaphorical connotations associated with drinking: (1) an energetic, purposeful action that resembles a motivating meaning. : ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ The Acta Linguistica LXXII of the Republic of Lithuania 2) resembles a motivating meaning of a movement, e.g. throwing; 3) the temperature emitted during the action described in the similarly motivating meaning, e.g. kicking; 4) resembles a motivating action performed by an animal, e.g. a elbow, and 5) resembles a sound raised during a motivating action (flowing, pouring, or splashing) e.g. a elbow. Studies have shown that most metaphorical synonyms for drinks arise to emphasize, to highlight the specific nature of the actual drinking action, such as shaking, buzzing, throwing, or the sound of a liquid flowing, pouring, such as splashing, clapping. 2.2. The metonymic transfer of the meanings of synonyms of drinks is not common. There are several types of metonymy that can be assigned to such types of metonymy: the result instead of the action (purity of feeling, e.g., exploding), the reason instead of the result (object, e.g., pouring), and the part instead of the whole (purity of feeling, e.g., morning). 3. The study revealed that the semantic origin of the synonyms for the verb to drink is determined by the desire of speakers to name the act of drinking with different words, emphasizing one cognitive characteristic and another. The most frequently updated SPs are of a calorific nature related to the physiology of the mouth and movements and the sound produced by the fluid. SINONIM TINKLO SUPRUMPINIMAI FGP physiological throat experience FLDP physiological lip and tooth activity experience FLLP physiological lip and tongue activity experience FP physiological drinking signs GP […] sign of the throat GPP […] characteristic of the beverage with the ingredient GTP […] indication of the drinking purpose MetafP […] metaphorical transfer of meaning MetonP […] metonymical transfer of meaning attribute of the object Similar to ETV […] similar to motivating meaning to focus on an energetic, purposeful action Straipsniai / Articles 217 Semantinės veiksmažodžio gerti sinonimų atsiradimo priežastys Panašu į GV – panašu į motyvuojančia reikšme nusakomą veiksmą, atliekamą gyvūno Similar to J […] similar to motivating action similar to KG […] similar to motivating action similar to T […] similar to motivating action similar to temperature PP – pilnumo pojūčio požymis LITERATŪRA IR ŠALTINIAI Apresjan […] Apresyan Yuri D. 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ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 220 of the Lithuanian Language Act LXXII Semantic Reasons of Appearance of Synonyms of the Verb to drink Summary The object of this article is a rich semantic group which has not yet been analyzed before […] drinking verbs taken from the version of the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language which is currently in the process of compilation. The research seeks to estimate the which features of the actual phenomena, things or actions become semantic features in the language, which determine the rise of new drinking verbs. The research also seeks to efficiency of these semantic features. A preliminary synonym network of the verb to drink is given at the end of the article. Delivered on 1 September 2014 ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Petrovich Street, 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania anzelika.gaidi[email protected] This is a list of people who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Petrovich Street, Vilnius, Lithuania.