Jano Otrębskio „Gramatyka języka litewskiego“ (III – 1956, I – 1958, II – 1965): istorija ir dabartis

200 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as Resea ch a eas: his o y o Li huanian w i en language, syn ax and seman ics o old and cu en Li huanian language. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. GRAMMATIC JZYKA This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I: Jan O ębski’s G ama yka języka li ewskiego (III […] 1956, I […] 1958, II […] 1965): His o y and oday This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The a icle discusses he spelling and publishing s yle o G ama yka języka li ewskiego (I, II, III) p epa ed by Jano O ębski, he con en o he g amma desc ip ion and he way o p esen a ion. Klasikinė, ocusing on da a g ouping a he han heo e ical ques ions, J. O ębski's g amma o he Li huanian language ascina es wi h he abundance o illus a i e ma e ial and he abili y o manage i . One o he g amma ical asks ha J. O ębski would ha e planned bu ailed o pe o m was he indexing o wo d o ms. Taking ad an age o oday's echnical capabili ies, his could be done wi h a double coe icien o use ulness: an elec onic egis e o g amma ically used wo d o ms wi h hei Polish equi alen s would allow o ha e bo h an OGJL wo d o m index and a dic iona y o excellen Li huanian-Li huanian languages. The main wo ds a e: Janas O ębskis, g amma , Li huanian language, mo phology, wo d wo k. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The a icle discusses he p ocess o w i ing and publishing G amma ica lingua li wiska (I, II, III) by Jan O ębski, as well as he con en o g amma ical desc ip ion and i s way o A icles published by A icles 201 Jano O ębskio G ama yka języka li ewskiego (III – 1956, I – 1958, II – 1965): is o ija i daba is p esen a ion. The classical g amma o he Li huanian language ocusing on da a g ouping a he han heo e ical issues ascina es by he abundance o illus a i e ma e ial and he abili y o handle i . One o he asks planned bu unaccomplished by O ębski was he compila ion o a wo d- o m index. By aking ad an age o mode n-day echnical capabili ies, i could be done wi h a double-e iciency coe icien : an elec onic egis e o he wo d o ms used in he g amma wi h hei Polish equi alen s would enable us o ha e bo h a wo d- o m index o O ębski’s g amma and an excellen Li huanian-Polish dic iona y. KEYWORDS: Jan O ębski, g amma , Li huanian language, mo phology, de i a ional mo phology. He is a membe o he Li huanian Academy o Sciences. 0. ĮVADINĖS PASTABOS The Li huanian g amma o he Li huanian language appea ed in he six een h and se en h decades o he wen ie h cen u y in h ee olumes o he g amma o he Li huanian language by he amous Polish linguis Jano O ębski (1889-1971). Fi y yea s ha e passed since he las olume o his g amma was published, and i is ime o ake a look a J. O ębski's p epa ed g amma o he Li huanian language. Does i ela e only o espec o he scien i ic and cul u al he i age, o is i s ill ele an and can i be? These ques ions also de e mine he s uc u e o he a icle: he cha ac e is ics o he OGJL a e discussed in he e alua ion o he g amma ical desc ip ions aken ca e o by J. O ębski, wi h e e ences in he oo no es o he OGJL au ho 's e alua ions o g amma ical p o isions and o he jam OGJL omui Nauka o o mach – ne ik dėl neabejo ino jo o iginalumo, be clea e di e ences and connec ions wi h o he g amma ical desc ip ions o he Li huanian language. The a icle ocuses mainly on he hi d and seeks o upda e he exis ing issue o he publica ion o he ansla ion o his olume in o Li huanian. 1 How much mo e a en ion is paid o he OGJL's connec ion wi h he g amma o mode n Li huanian (he eina e e e ed o as DLKG). 2 The OGJL3 ansla ion p epa ed by Juozo Balčikonio was ne e published: he manusc ip o he ansla ion was w i en by […]P o . The g amma o he Li huanian language by Jonas O embskis, he mo phology by Tomas III, and he au ho ized ansla ion a e s o ed in he Rank aščių sec ion o he Vilnius Uni e si y Lib a y. F178) and JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ 202 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII (Linguis ic Ac o Li huania) is he 1. OGJL LEIDYBOS EIGA This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In 1956, he S a e Publishing House o Wa saw Science published h ee olumes o OGJL: Nauka o o mach (1956), Wiadomości ws ępne. Knowledge abou he loudspeake s (1958) and Knowledge abou he cons uc ion o he w azów (1965). The au ho was able o w i e a ou h […] o he syn ax o he Li huanian language […] omus3, and in he i h […] o include he subjec s and wo d o ms o all ou g amma ical olumes. The s uc u e o he Sumany OGJL does no co espond o he o de o spelling and p in ing (III, I, II), so wi hou any in oduc ion, he i s OGJL3 appea ed, much o he su p ise o eade s4, wi h explana ions o he shop's aims and he o de o he i s g amma ical no es. mui (ž . OGJL1 XII). A e choosing an elemen a y philologically p onounced eade as he add essee, J. O ębskis could go a ound wi hou g amma ical classes o ca ego ies (excep o g amma ical classes ha show he peculia i y o he Li huanian language5) and ga he a he subjec o he lec u e […] language ca ego ies o gi e examples o he classi ica ion o da a classes and ea u es and mo e a ied pano amas. OGJL p o ides da a on he Li huanian language a leas on h ee le els: heo e ical subjec s a e illus a ed no only in he li e a y Li huanian language o he ime (and i would be di icul o unde s and he ideas, phone ics, lexical a ian s and syn ax o he mosios, i šnekamosios), be i a mių bei senosios lie u ių kalbos pa yzdžiais. Pla aus ilius acinės medžiagos spek o pasi inkimą J. O ębskis aiškina uo, Li huanian li e a y language i one did no look a he ma e ial p o ided in he old Li huanian language and e minology (see VIII, 8). The con en o Li huanian in OGJL is o en compa ed wi h ha o o he Indo-Eu opean languages6. The illus a ed Li huanian ex is c ossed ou and ansla ed in o Polish. 3 Fo example, e e ences o he in ended b oade layou o ce ain issues in a u u e syn ax olume (OGJL3 274) o o he in oduc ion o he objec i es o he wo k (OGJL1 IX, XI, XII). 4 In his e iew o OGJL3, P anas Ska džius linked his p esen a ion wi hou e e ences o he aim o "w i ing a comp ehensi e g amma guide o he Li huanian language" (Ska džius 1998a: 702). 5 J. O ębskis pays mo e a en ion o Li huanian ph ases ha do no ha e analogous equi alen s in o he Indo-Eu opean languages. Fo example, he desc ip ions o common ime (OGJL3 221224) o su name adjec i es (ibid., 121). 6 I has been a gued ha hese compa isons a e inadequa e. Sco pio 1998a: 702 The numbe o people li ing in po e y has inc eased d ama ically in ecen yea s. A icles o he T ea y A icles 203 Jano O ębskio G ama yka języka li ewskiego (III – 1956, I – 1958, II – 1965): is o ija i daba is 2. he OJL Tu ing Awa d The hi d olume o Fo ms o Science (Nauka o o mach) was published in 1956. The OGJL w i ing and publishing p ocess began wi h a olume de o ed o he eaching o wo d o ms, in which he c ea ion and o al e a ion o kalbos dalių) ap ašas. OGJL3 ap ašomos šios kalbos dalys: daik a a dis, bū- g amma ical classes (o ad e bs, p onouns, ad e bs, ad e bs, ad e bs and ad e bs, ad e bs and ad e bs, ad e bs and ad e bs, ad e bs and ad e bs, ad e bs and ad e bs) a e p esen ed. Dis ic s and sub-dis ic s a e called Polish o La in9. DAIk AVARDŽIO sky ius p adedamas umpomis į adinėmis pas abomis apie šios kalbos dalies aišką g ama inėmis linksnio, skaičiaus, giminės ka ego i- jomis. Įžanginėje dalyje umpai p is a omi sep yni linksniai10 bei lie u ių i Di e ences in he p onuncia ion o Polish languages (OGJL3 1). Acco ding o J. O ębski, he model o he i e pleasu es o he objec is almos unchanged in he p ac ical g amma s o he Li huanian language o he ime, acqui ed om Daniel Klein's G amma ica Li anica (1653) (see also 6), so i is ela ed o he his o ical objec o he objec o he objec o he objec o he objec o he objec o he objec o he objec o he objec o he objec o he objec . - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - he - ( i s ) e- (second) - he ea ; -u- (son) and he p o e b (duk ė, -e s; s one, -ens)12. Fo each o he se en pa adigms, see OGJL3. Sco es o 1998a: 701 o 708, 741 o 745. 8 The mo phological e m chosen o he name o he olume in J. Balčikonio's ansla ion in o Li huanian. 9 Excep ion is made only o he sole p op ie o , c . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 10 When discussing he his o ical s a e o he Li huanian language, J. O ębskis does no o ge he nyks ančių o al eady ex inc ilia y o, alia y o, adesy o (OGJL3 7681). 11 Panašus y a i Jānio Endzelīno pa eik as daik a a džių ap ašas pagal -()o-, -iā-; -(i)ē-; -i-; -u- i p iebalsinį kamienus (plg. Endzelynas [ e s a iš 1948 m. leidinio] 1957: 104–130). 12 DLKG aip pa eikia a dažodžių linksnia imo ap ašą pagal kai ybos kamienus su penkiomis (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (e) ( ) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) DLKG 6869. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. In he Li huanian language encyclopedia, Vy au as Amb azas p oposes an e en mo e simpli ied desc ip ion o he cha ac e is ics o elaxa ion acco ding o he change o s ones, plg. LKE 328 o 329. Bo h he DLKG and he LKE p opose a model o he joys ick o he old b ickwo k as a e e ence o he i-s one, c . DLKG 69 and LKE 329. JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ 204 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII also p esen s he o m o he spell 1314 ( ha is, o he eade , looking o he ull pa adigms o he spell 15), discusses he cha ac e is ics o he spell and he endency o he spell o choose sho o mino o ms (ibid, 12). OGJL3 p o ides a lo o p ac ical ad ice, e.g. an indica ion o he possible di icul ies in de e mining he genus o he noun and in his si ua ion he sub le ies o he use o he singula ending (- o -i) o he abb e ia ion o he noun16. J. O ębski belie es ha some o he wo ds o he -i oo a e he he i age o he old niece's amily […] based on he ela ionship wi h o he Indo-Eu opean languages, he a ibu es o his he i age he nouns eyes and hea (ibid., 37). In p esen ing he ca ego y o Li huanian nouns, J. O ębskis dis inguishes be ween g amma ical and na u al nouns ( odzaj na u alny), e.g. husband, wi e17, and in discussing he la e , he poin s ou ha in Li huanian (as in o he languages) he e a e nouns ha can be used o name bo h na u al nouns […] hese nouns a e cha ac e ized by he eminine noun and he possibili y o naming bo h […] na u al nouns […] subjec s18, e.g. 37p. Emphasizing he unique signi icance o ci cumcision, J. O ębskis lays ou he ounda ions o he wo d ci cumcision. 13 Rega ding he possibili y o conside ing he p agma ic unc ions con eyed by he sho hand o ms no as a un, bu as a sepa a e g amma ical ca ego y, see Judgmen o he Cou o Jus ice o he Eu opean Union 14 When J. O ębski's a en ion is d awn o he di e si y o he o ms o he shoo e , i should also be no ed ha some imes some a ian in he pa adigm is missing (see ji (OGJL3 17) and jau (DLKG 71)). 15 A chessboa d ha coincides wi h a mul i-digi name is no included in he DLKG daik a a džio linksniuočių pa adigm (see DLKG 71, 73). 16 See he no e on he eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine eminine 17 See also In J. O ębski, examples o g amma ical (now mo phological) and na u al gende inconsis encies a e gi en, such as Daukšà, daildė, ė, ddė o only beau i ul wo ds used in he dic iona y, old spelling wo ds such as pelūs, people in he combined omis pelumis, people sa ás (JLOG3 45). Fo o he opinions on na u al amily, see. In he case o S.A.R.E.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S- 18 Apie hib idinius (subs an i a communia) daik a a džius daugiau ž . Judžen is 2012: 34–36. 19 Visapusišką lie u ių kalbos daik a a džio ki čia imo sis emos būklės i aidos ap ašą J. O ębs- .S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S. In he OGJL3 e iew, Ska dijus men ions ha J. O ębski was blamed o he ci cumcision, bu does no say any hing abou hei "special y", see. Sco pio 1998a: 708 The numbe o people li ing in po e y has inc eased d ama ically in ecen yea s. Some o he disc epancies sugges ed by OGJL3 may be due o di e en a ian s o he in e media e c ossings, e.g. geiba (OGJL3 23) and LKZ p esen ed geibà; o he ypes o wedding gowns (e.g. make-up (OGJL3 70) and he make-up we now accep mo e) and so on. S aipsniai / A icles 205 Jano O ębskio G ama yka języka li ewskiego (III – 1956, I – 1958, II – 1965): is o ija i daba is he same, 710). Acco ding o he local Li huanian g amma s and dic iona ies o he ime, he au ho o he OGJL chose he phone ic model p oposed by Kazimie z Jaun on he basis o he g ouping o owels acco ding o he place o he owel and he quali y o he in ona ion (a he same ime, 8), and o he con enience o he eade , he will use wo o h ee o he 20 o ms, e.g. j a, (j ) -os, hand, ( a) -k, ( a) -ka, ( a) -ka. I is impo an o emphasise ha he use o Li huanian objec wo ds in he OGJL3 is no only discussed in he plo o he li e a y language o he ime (in he ollowing, he nan apie a oseną šnekamoje kalboje21), be i is o iniu aspek u22. Būd a džio pa adigms a e p esen ed wi h bo h ela ed o ms23. In his chap e , J. O ębski de o es special a en ion o he adjec i e d[…]dis, d[…]di: discusses i s change, o igin, a oseną in e ms and in ancien w i ings (ibid., 85; 88; 92; 93[…]94; 117[…]1; 119; 120; 142) and gi es examples o a ia ions in he pa adigm o he p onuncia ion o […]ddelis, -ė (ibid., 108), he adjec i es o he adjec i e wi h he pos posi i e nume al o a osenos, e.g. I'm no su e ha 's a good idea. In desc ibing he adjec i es o he genus, he e ms nijaki and neu um ( en pa , 124, 127) a e used, o which he a ibu es he wo d pawoiu, which co esponds o he wo d pawoiu in he sen ence Ręgí kai pawoiu y bû ge iůs DP 27211 (as in any DP example, his sen ence J. O ębski is quo ed in he g amma wi h he Polish Jakubo Wujeko pos ilėsmeniu, plg Widiß iako niebiespiecno ies .: be w oskoßy.) ( en pa , 125). J. O ębski, e e ing o he adjec i e -o-, . -e, poin s o a possible ad e bial use o ad e bial adjec i es and p esen s a di e en pa adigm o he adjec i e and he ad e bial […] capable o pe o ming he unc ions o a so wo d[…]24 (bu only he ad e bial use o such ad e bial wo ds 20 I is in e es ing ha om his poin o iew, J. O ębski does no choose he mo e impo an mul i-coun bene icia y and po en ial bene icia y o he de e mina ion o he ci cumcision, damas, kad abejo inais a ejais lie u iai pa ys aip ik inasi daik a a džio ki čia imo galimybes (OGJL3 9, 64–65). Apie šiuos linksnius, kaip k i e ijų, ku iuo emian is nus a oma ki čiuo ė, ž . al hough he indica es he impo ance o hese links o he de e mina ion o he place o he ci cumcision, see Laigonai ė 1978: 35[…]36; on he eaching o ci cumcision o he place o he ci cumcision o he mul i-coun bene icia y o he ci cumcision. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 21 See he abb e ia ed o m o single-membe depu y ( aldžiož: aldžiõj, ge klėjè: ge klj) and he abb e ia ed o m o mul i-membe depu y ( aldžioms: aldžiõms, ka ėms: ka ms) and o he o ms (OGJL3 32, 35). 22 Plg. o he J. O ębski's dis inc i e emphasis on he wo d d iskai ai (e.g., wo daugh e s, wo sons), which may ha e been unusual in he Li huanian language a he ime (OGJL3 2, 8185). 23 Plg. J. Endzelīno pa eik ą ik y iškos giminės būd a džių pa adigmą (Endzelynas 1957: 130–136). 24 Plg. he cha ac e is ic and cha ac e is ic pa adigm on he adjacen pages wi h di e en choices o he single-use use and he subs i u e (OGJL3 107, 108). JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana (LXXVIII) e e s o he wo d "shawksmin." OGJL au ho close o he highes deg ee o absolu e i gini y (OGJL3 129) conside s he so-called impe ec o oo la ge quan i y o cha ac e is ic adjec i es wi h p eposi ions ap-, pói p eposi ions -ókas, . -óka26, plg.: ap-dykis, . ap-dykė ‘p awie p óżny, niepełny, pó-žalis, pó-žalė ‘ ochę za su owy; uncooked, cooked, cooked well; qui e decen […]27 and discusses he possibili y o making deg ee o ms ou o possibly ex inc adjec i es o non-adjec i e o igin o g aded e bs such as olde , olde , sho e , ea lie , ea lie , e c. (ibid, 133)28. In he sec ion on su names, J. O ębski gi es explana ions o he o igin o he su names unde discussion as d aw- wo, d aw- wo o wo (ibid., 139). In his chap e , we will no ind he wo d áms a, which J. O ębski conside s o be a noun, capable o e e ing o bo h na u al and na u al ela i es (ibid., 5). In e es ing examples illus a e he use o nouns, such as he second nimus, daug dėmesio ski ia d iskai ai, pamini įdomių a minių jos o mų, o- nega i e in he con ex o […] noun […] noun […]niewinny; wi hou b aków, nienaganny o in he compound niẽkai me gái ė ‘ma na dziewczyna (ibid, 147). This desc ip ion con ains non-de ining en ies wi h a loan ac ion by associa ions by kas. by which; byks30 (ibid, 158) and 25 LKG I olume indica es he -ia, -ė masculine adjec i es and he masculine, and he eminine gi eikia (i) he pa adigm o he masculine adjec i e in wo ways: wi h he adjec i e (bu only o some masculine adjec i es, e.g. mednis, apmažis, bal akãklis) and wi hou he adjec i e (e.g. ge èsnis, ge èsnė, mednė, apỹmažė, bal akãklė) (DLKG 180, 184)). 26 The use o g aded o ms wi hou compa a i e compounds, when a pa icula p ope y is simply mo e exp essi ely named, is called he absolu e g aded o m o he minės pa adigmose, p z.: auksni, -e; mažù i, -e; apge i,-e; bal ažíedi, -e (LKG I 486, 487); DLKG e b. Judgmen o he Cou o Jus ice o he Eu opean Union Fo he absolu e g ades o he adjec i e, he synonymic p eposi ions -okas and apy- o he p e ixes a e used (ibid, 89). See mo e abou hem he e. DLKG 195, 196, 224 o 226. The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU. 27 The meanings o such adjec i es in he DLKG a e also discussed in he chap e on g amma ical ca ego ies o deg ees, e.g. […]The e a e no g amma ical o ms o such quali a i e adjec i es which al eady in hei e y meaning desc ibe a ce ain amoun o cha ac e is ics[…] (DLKG 173); I is also s a ed he e ha he highe -o de o ms o he p e ix a e , a e , a e indica e ha he meanings o he e bs o his g oup a e 28 Discussion on his subjec see. The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. 29 The DLKG calls he wo d da k a pe sonal basic poli eness (DLKG 257, 259) and Albe Rosinas […] a subjec i e e alua ion wi h a a imos g ama inėms laipsnių o mų eikšmėms“ (DLKG 225). pa icipa o y i le (Rosinas 1996: 38 […] 44). The easons why he alue o da k can be pe cei ed as a noun, see he same, 44 p. 30 Abou hese inde ini e nouns wi h samples by popula e ms (plg. LKG I 692 […] 693), and has ecen ly eappea ed in he common speech. A icles o he 207 h Jano O ębskio G ama yka języka li ewskiego (III – 1956, I – 1958, II – 1965): is o ija i daba is Some eade s o OGJL3 may be su p ised by a sec ion o SkAI VARDŽIO con aining he wo ds abù, ab; abùdu, abd i31 a e assigned o he quan um nume als32 (also 164), kele , kẽle ios; The ques ion o whe he o no a pe son is en i led o an in alidi y allowance is a ma e o he Cou o Jus ice o he Eu opean Communi ies. The wo d coun sec ion deals wi h he combina ion o so-called nouns, such as penke as, šeše as, and so on, as well as some 34 a osena (ibid., 174). I is also desc ibed he e om he nume als o be made in o adjec i es conside ed p eposi ions -opas, -okas, -e iopas, -as, -linkas, -lypas, -e gas and so on. ediniai (no only d ejos, ejópas, iene iopas, ienókas, bu also ūle iópas, -a ‘ ozno aki, óżno odny, d as, d linkas, d il e , pi is, ke gubgis and so on. (also, 175176) o ad e bial p onouns d íes, bo h, an s, an s, an s, and so on. (see also eci als (177) o (178)). The desc ip ion o he e b is ascina ing in e ms o he a ia ion o he ma e ial: as e e ywhe e in he g amma , no only he da a o he cu en Li huanian language is p esen ed mių senosios lie u ių kalbos bei a mių ak ų (plg., pa yzdžiui, gó i, gója, gójo ‘szybko iść’ ( en pa , 214)), ypa ingą dėmesį ski ian T e ečiaus a mei (pa yz- he e, bu also he addendum, he endency o his language o use unca ed e b o ms (e.g. om: om) illus a ed by he ull pa adigm o p onouncing he e b: padabėjau, padaujau: pad (see also 217). OGJL3 wi hou e e ence o he e b a oseną is p o ided wi h he e b g s i ‘g ozić, ods aszać, which in common Li huanian is conside ed an in ansi i e, pa adigm o naming: g ėsiau, g ėsei, g ėsė, g ėsėme, g ėsė e (a he same ime, delius, plg. mal i: mãla, mãlė 216). J. O ębskis nuodugniai ap a ia eiksmažodžių šaknies balsių kai os mo- and a m. The code and he eading: he eading: he eading and he speaking. I'm no su e ha 's he case. The au ho o he OGJL in e p e s he cu en Li huanian 31 DLKG as ollows: bo h, bo h, bo h, doub s a e assigned o posi i e desc ip i e nouns (DLKG consis s o wo elemen s) 257). 32 Abu, abi p isky imą skai a džiui A. Rosinas laikė nepag įs u: „šių žodžių seman inė analizė odo, kad jie u i eikšmę ‚ isi‘, .y. p onominalinę eikšmę, i a ojami uo a eju, kai aibę (Rosinas 1995: 47). Acco ding o he schola 's obse a ion, in he g amma ical desc ip ions o he Li huanian language, he a e linguis assigns bo h o nouns, indica ing K. Būgą and P. Ska džių among he ew (Rosinas 2001: 101). And indeed, bo h, bo h assigned o nume als can be ound no only in ea lie wo ks (e.g., Jonikas 1939: 63, Endzelynas 1957: 142, Senkus 2006: 245, 248, Senn (1966: 214), bu also in con empo a y Li huanian linguis ic wo ks, e.g. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 33 DLKG kele i, kẽle ias ime unnamed, and kele i, kẽlios […] ques ioned and ela i e names (DLKG 257). Rosin desc ibes he names o se e al, a ew, a ew, a ew as signi ican coun e s (Rosin 1996: 120). 34 DLKG is e e ed o by some as he inde ini e inde ini e (DLKG 257); Rosin classi ies i as a noun, which indica es he numbe o dis inc elemen s in a e y ague way (M36 (ibid., 222[…]224). OGJL3 ex ensi ely desc ibes he di e si y and o igin o alleged op ional o ms and he syn ac ic This is he case in he case o he Uni ed Kingdom (Rosinas 1996: 119). JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ 208 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII kalbos būsimojo laiko pa adigmą35 ( en pa , 205) bei bū ojo dažninio laiko kil- (condi ional) link (ibid., 230 […] 234). Re lexi e cons uc ions (called in e ed di isions) a e ep esen ed by OGJL3 in he ansla ion o bloodless cons uc ions in o Li huanian and Polish (ibid., 236, 237) and o he Indo-Eu opean languages (ibid., 239). No e ha simila modi ica ions in Li huanian li e a u e a e some imes no di ec ly used in speech, e.g. s é i nex o é i […]chwycić[…] he o igin connec ion wi h *nu-s(i)- -s(i) and in he pa allels g imace s é is o J. O ębskis a idus į ai ioms modi ikacijoms bend inėje kalboje i a mėse bei susg ib i […]schwycić, spos zec się[…], which is ansla ed kildin inas om *su-s(i)-g ib i-s(i): […]chwycić[…] ( enb i, 238)). The au ho o OGJL emphasizes he use o he supinum only in dialec s (ibid., 243[…]244), while BūDINIAMS chooses he Li huanian e m o desc ibe i , cla i ies i s meaning (indica ing ha he o he noun in ini y us ii is no longe used), highligh s he e b o m (no ing ha i is no accompanied by an adul p e ix, nega i e o sang ąža) and he e b unc ions aiška and eiksminas39 (ibid., 244[…]245). In he chap e on e bs, J. O ębski discusses pa icipium necessi a is, calling hem pa icipan s in he non-execu able ype40 and indica ing ha some p eposi ions ha e a los pa iciple and a p onounced adjec i al meaning (e.g. essen ial, a i icial) (ibid., 273-274). In desc ibing he pa icipan s o he non- o mal genus […] pa iciple in he o m o neu um […] OGJL he au ho s ops and igh ly conside s he signi icance o he pa icipa ion […] zekomo, jakoby, niby[…]41, plg. She doesn' know ha . She doesn' know ha . (see also eci als (27) o (274)). 35 Jon Kazlausko's opinion ha J. O ębskis conside s i o be a "mix u e o se e al di e en Indo-Eu opean ca ego ies" is ci ed. Kazlowski (1968): 366 yea s old 36 Aldona Paulauskienė (see Paulauskienė 2006: 6162, 84) disag ees wi h J. O ębski, who de i ed he equen ense p e ix -da om he i e a i e ense o he pas ense wi h he p e ix -a and he p onoun p onoun d. 37 This explana ion was called unbelie able by Kazlauskas (see Kazlauskas 1968: 399). 38 This is common in he wo ks o language his o ians, e.g. […]In e ms o o m, he bloodline su name [...] was wo- old: s(i) and se[…] (Palionis 1967: 140). 39 DLKG buildings a e discussed in a ai ly simila way (emphasising he unc ions o e bs and he e b o m), only no in he e b sec ion, bu in he e b sec ion (DLKG 413[…]414). A he beginning o he sec ion de o ed o he desc ip ion o he pa icipan in DLKG 40, we will ind a e e ence o he ac ha he g amma s assign he o m o ac ion wo d equi emen o non-ac i e pa icipan s; al hough, by i s e y na u e, such a o m […]is p ejudicial o all pa ies[…] (DLKG 354 […] 355). 41 Abou he p e ix deligh in a sen ence he indica o o he ansmission o o eign wo ds he i ue o he subjec (s) see. Hol oe 2004: 113 […] 114. This is he i s ime ha his has happened. A icles by A icle 215 Jano O ębskio G ama yka języka li ewskiego (III – 1956, I – 1958, II – 1965): is o ija i daba is dispu es64, dispu es65, a e indica ed no only in ea lie bu also in he la es 66 g amma ical s udies and o e iews o he Li huanian language. Fi y yea s a e he publica ion o he las OGJL olume, I would like o ha e OGJL wo d o ms in ows. Mode n echnical capabili ies allow OGJL o use he Li huanian language esou ces be e han J. O ębski himsel had imagined. An elec onic bilingual (li . bilingual) o e en bilingual (wi h he opposi e o Li huanian wo d o m sea ch acco ding o he Polish co espondence) index o wo d o ms would allow he e icien use o he OGJL-p oposed desc ip ion67, and a he same ime he e would be a comp ehensi e bilingual ocabula y68 ha compa es a ious wo d o ms69 and meanings70 and highligh s synonymic and an onymic wo d associa ions71. In addi ion o he ac i a ion o all he OGJL wo ds, he e is ano he […] OGJL3 publica ion in Li huanian […] possibili y: an elec onic publica ion could also become he au ho ized OGJL3 ansla ion in o Li huanian s o ed in he lib a y o Vilnius Uni e si y by J. Balčikonio. I is ue ha he illus a i e examples in he Li huanian e sion o OGJL3 p epa ed by J. Balčikonio do no ha e Polish equi alen s. This some imes encou aged he ansla o o be c ea i e, bu on he o he hand […] some (especially a e) Li huanian wo ds ha e e y li le co espondence o desc ibe he meanings o hose Polish wo ds. 64 Plg. o he LKG I 487, Mažiulis 1970: 132, 185, Kazlauskas 1968: 127, 176, 198, Paulauskienė 1979: This is he i s ime ha his has happened in he his o y o he Eu opean Union. 141, 159. 65 Plg. o he This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 66 o he Regula ion. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. 67 An example is he index o Rink 's w i ings by P. Ska dis, which g ea ly acili a es he s udy o his au ho 's wo ks (see Ska dis 2013). The p ojec is based on he hesau us p epa ed by he Facul y o Linguis ics o Vilnius Uni e si y and he hesau us o he La in-Li huanian language om he 17 h o he 21s cen u y (see mo e a www. hesau us. l . .l ). I also emphasizes his meaning o single wi h o he oo s o single: samiu eńki, single, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one, one. And he plg. The only co espondence indica ed in he dic iona y o Li huanian-Polish languages is ‘one (LLKŽ 540). 70 OGJL p o ides de ailed Li huanian equi alen s o examples in Polish, e.g. g audùs, - ‘k uchy, kliwy, zewny, go zki (OGJL3 95); p ison, -ià […]p ozyny, pus y, bezuży eczny[…] (also om 93); no only he popula ones bu also he less common ones (e.g. bé nas ‘młodzieniec; he ca al y; pa obek (a he same ime, 11), hal , -a […]po ządny, p zyzwoi y[…] (a he same ime, 102)), nublukusios (e.g. šõkis (no only […] anec[…], bu also […]skok[…] = […]šuolis[…] (a he same ime, 19)), he meanings o he wo ds o he nyks an, e.g. eidin[…] i […]chodzić[…], eidiniñkas […]dob y piechu […] (a he same ime, 272); he dial. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Nege óji […]nieszcięście[…], k ei óji […]linia k zywa[…] and he like (see also 111). 71 See, o example, he desc ip ion o he OGJL exp essing he opus […] ambus an onymy: opùs, […] […]w ażliwy, czuły; di icul y o eco e ; [...] ambus, -, ‘no el , no sensi i e o he bike (OGJL3 97). JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ 216 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII APIBENDRINIMAS OGJL can be conside ed as no losing scien i ic alue. This g amma shows he need o ely on he whole o he li ing language and no o o ge he common knowledge o he his o y o he language o hose who s udy he language o he p esen , and especially o hose who codi y i . Reading J. O ębski's "G amma o Li huanian Language" always gi es he imp ession ha i was w i en wi h he aim o sha ing knowledge and ha i was done wi h pleasu e. The e o e, OGJL can be called a g amma ha is in e es ing and enjoyable o ead. As linguis ic models o desc ip ion a e cons an ly changing, he app oach o desc ip i e ma e ial has also J. O ębskio pa eng o da bo sa i umą jo ašymo me u i ap a i pas ebė us yš- changed conside ably o e ime, so he a icle ies o d aw a en ion o he simila i ies and di e ences in he modeling and g ouping o g amma ical desc ip ions o his and la e published ma e ial. The e a e no linea numbe s in g amma . The a e age eade usually looks o ma e ial in g amma only on he ques ion ha in e es s him. The e o e, he sea ch o con en , and especially ac ual ma e ial, in g amma is acili a ed by subjec , wo d o ms, and nouns. OGJL is pa icula ly necessa y o indica o s due o he di e si y and scope o illus a i e ma e ial, and he pa allel Polish co espondences accompanying he examples allow us o hink o a wo-wo d ocabula y ope a ing in a i ual space, which would a he same ime upda e he li e o J. O ębski's g amma ical hough . Such an index wi h he co esponding acsimile copy o J. O ębski's g amma page could also sol e he p oblem o access o he OGJL ex in bibliog aphic e en ion. In addi ion, he Commission shall: Amb ose Vi us, The His o ical Syn ax o he Li huanian Language Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. A kadie Pe e , Hol oe Axel, Wieme Bjö n In oduc ion Bal ic Linguis ics: S a e o he A . […] Con empo a y App oaches o Bal ic Linguis ics (T ends in Linguis ics S udies and Monog aphs), edi ed by Pe e A kadie , Axel Hol oe & Bjö n Wieme , was published in 2015. Be lin, Bos on: De G uy e Mou on, 1109. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. academia.edu/5617002/Bal ic_linguis ics_S a e_o _ he_a h p://www. esea chga e.ne /publica ion/281175671_In oduc ion._Bal ic_ Access o he In e ne : linguis ics_s a e_o _ he_a The cu en Li huanian language dic iona y 2011: six h ( hi d elec onic) edi ion. S asys Keinys ( o me ly edi o ), Laimu is Bilkis, Jonas Paulauskas, Vy au as Vi kauskas, who is a membe o he edi o ial boa d o Kompak inė plokš elė. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, 2006; online e sion a www.dz.lki.l by Amb azas o A icles by A icles 217 Jano O ębskio G ama yka języka li ewskiego (III – 1956, I – 1958, II – 1965): is o ija i daba is Dini Pie o Umbe o: Founda ions o he Bal ic Languages Vilnius and Vilnius The uni e si y. DLKG – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos g ama ika, ke i asis pa aisy as leidimas, ed. Vy- he people. Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Publishing o Science and Encyclopedias, 2006 (1994). Janis Endzelynas (1957-1948): Sounds and shapes o he Bal ic languages. Vilnius: S a e publishing house o poli ical and scien i ic li e a u e. Holbein-Axel 2004: The ca ego y o e idence. […] G amma ical s udies o ca ego ies, ed. This is Axel Hol oe , Lo e a Semėnienė. Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e, 105-120, 168-169. The G amma o he Li huanian Language (Jablonsky, J. R. J. R. J. , 1997) is he hi d pho og aphic edi ion o he G amma o he Li huanian Language. Vilnius: Vilnius: Scien i ic and encyclopedic publishing house. Jonah Pe as, he ansla o o he book o P o e bs. Kaunas: Spindulio company p in ing house. JUDGENTIS ARTURAS: The g amma ical ca ego ies o he Li huanian language. Vilnius: he ci y o Vilnius uni e si e o leidykla. Kazlas Jonas (1968): His o ical g amma o he Li huanian language. Vilnius: The Min . Lai ė Adelė (1978) is a Li huanian linguis . Vilnius: The science. LKE […] Encyclopedia o he Li huanian Language, second e ised and supplemen ed edi ion, pa . This is Kazys Mo kūnas, ed. This is Vy au as Amb azas. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopaedic Publishing, 2008. LKG I […] G amma o he Li huanian language. Phone ics and mo phology, ed. I 's called Ul ydas. Vilnius: The Min , 1965. LLKŽ […] Li huanian-Polish language dic iona y, sud. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Niedz iecka. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1991. The ela ionship be ween he Bal ic and o he Indo-Eu opean languages (Deklinacia) Vilnius: The Min . OGJL1 […] O ębski Jan. G amma ical g amma o he Li huanian language 1: he in oduc ion o knowledge. He lea ns o whis le. Wa saw: S a e Publishing House, 1958. OGJL2 […] O ębski Jan. G amma ical g amma o he Li huanian language 2: Lea ning abou he cons uc ion o buildings. Wa saw: S a e Publishing House, 1965. OGJL3 […] O ębski Jan. G amma o he Li huanian language 3: Lea ning and o m. Wa saw: S a e Publishing House, 1956. Palionis Jonas 1967: Li huanian li e a y language 16 h-17 h cen u y Vilnius: Min is. Paulauskienė Aldona 1979: G amma ical ca ego ies o e bs in he Li huanian language, Vilnius: Science. JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ 218 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXIII Paulauskienė Aldona 2006: The i s g amma o he Li huanian language. Vilnius: The wo d is bo n. ROSINOS ALBERTA (PPE). - (DE) M P esiden , ladies and gen lemen, I should like o begin by cong a ula ing he appo eu , M Rosina, on his excellen epo . Vilnius: The Uni e si y o Vilnius. Rosina Albe as (1996): Names o he common language o Li huania. Vilnius: Science and encyclopedia publishing house. Rosinas Albe as 2001: Mikalojaus Daukšos eks ų į a džių seman inė i mo ologinė s uk ū a. Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as. Sabaluskas Algi das (1982): The his o y o he s udy o he Li huanian language. Vilnius: Science om 1940 o 1980 Salyu An an, "Bal ish languages, peoples, and clans" (1985) Vilnius: whi e lances. Sennheise 2006: The wo k o Kalbo hy . Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Senn Al ed 1966: Handbuch de li auischen Sp ache 1: G amma ik. I is also known as he Handbook o Li huanian Language. Heidelbe g: Ca l, wha a e you doing? Win e , om he Uni e si ä s e lag. Ska dijus P anas 1996 [1943]: W i en w i ings by Rink iniai 1. The c ea ion o Li huanian wo ds. Vilnius: Science and encyclopedia publishing house. Sc a ch P anas 1997: W i en w i ings 2. Common language subjec s. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Sc a ch P anas 1998: The w i ings o Rink 3. Language cul u e o he communi y. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Sc a ch P anas 1998: The w i ings o Rink 4. Scien i ic a icles and s udies. The Vilnius: Ins i u e o science and encyclopedia publishing. Ska džius P anas 2013: Rink iniai aš ai 7. Rodyklės i bibliog a ija, pa . Eglė Žilins- kai ė-Šinkūnienė, Mindaugas Šinkūnas. Vilnius: Vilniaus uni e si e as. Smoczyński Wojciech 2007: Slo ak e ymological language o he Li huanian language. Vilnius: The Uni e si y o Vilnius. S undžija Boni acas 1995: The sys em o he Li huanian common language. Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house. Boni ace's lec u e on he accen ua ion o he Li huanian language. Vilnius: he ci y o Vilnius uni e si e o leidykla. Zinkiewicz-Zigmas (1980): His o ical g amma o he Li huanian language Vilnius: The science. Zinkiewicz-Zigmas: His o ical g amma o he Li huanian language Vilnius: The science. A icles and a icles 219 Jano O ębskio G ama yka języka li ewskiego (III – 1956, I – 1958, II – 1965): is o ija i daba is Jan O ębski’s G ama yka języka li ewskiego (III […] 1956, I […] 1958, II […] 1965): His o y and Today Summa y The a icle discusses he p ocess o publishing a h ee- olume Li huanian g amma by a amous Polish linguis Jan O ębski (1889-1971), he composi ion o g amma ical desc ip ion, i s peculia i ies and e alua ions. The ype o his g amma enables us o c ea e bo h an index o wo d o ms used in he g amma and an index o hei pa allel Polish equi alen s. A mode n elec onic wo d- o m index-dic iona y would add o he iabili y o J. O ębski's g amma ical hough and would be an excellen lexicog aphical sou ce o Li huanian-Polish languages and a eaching aid. Such an index wi h a acsimile segmen o a ele an page om J. Os zemski's g amma would also con ibu e o he solu ion o he p oblem o accessibili y o he ex o his g amma . Į eik a 2015 m. gegužės 22 d. JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.