Simas Karaliūnas. „Baltų etnonimai“

S aipsniai / A icles 297 DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ Klaipėdos uni e si e as The di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch a e: Bal ic s udies, geolinguis ics, his o y o ac ion wo ds. The King o Siam Whi e e hnic g oups Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, 2015, 620 p. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The e ymologies o he names o he classical whi e ibes and peoples, usually combined wi h hyd onyms, we e ac i ely e i ied in he second hal o he 20 h cen u y. One o he b igh es Bal ic onomas ics " e iso s" is he amous Bal ic Simas Ka aliūnas2, who has been s udying he e hnici y p oblem o se e al decades. In he monog aph, whi e e hnici ies a e discussed in a e y b oad his o ical compa a i e con ex . Fo many yea s, he subjec has been ex emely ho oughly s udied, known o he Li huanian and wo ld scien i ic communi y om epo s in con e ences, a icles3, opus magnum […]Bal us p aei is in his o ical sou ces[…]4, including Kazimie Būga, Janis Endzelynas, An anas Salys, Je zy Nalepa, Kazimie Kuza inis, Jonas Kabelka, Sa ysukynas, Vilius Pė e ai is, Zigmas Zinke ičius and o he s. Two monog aphs we e w i en while he au ho was s ill ali e. He is s ill ali e in he memo y o he wo ld's linguis ic communi y oday. 3 Ka aliūnas S. Because o he meaning and o igin o he P ussian e hnic name. […] Bal is ica, 13(2), 1977, 372[…]373; Ka aliūnas S. Aisčiai and hei name (Re iew o linguis ic esea ch by K i iška). […] Science and Li huania, 1991, no. 2(3), 4[…]12; Ka aliūnas S. The o igin o he name o Li huania. […] Ques ions o Li huanian linguis ics 35, 1995, 55[…]99; Ka alyunas S. F om he p oblems o phonemic p onuncia ion o Bal ic and Sla ic e hnonyms. […] Sla is ika Vilnensis [= Kalbo y a 47(2)], 1998, 7[…]28; Ka alyunas S. E hnomini in he so-called Polish-Ya ya language dic iona y. I 's called a poly on. The 70 h anni e sa y o Vladimi Nikolae ich Topo o , Mock a, 1998, 154[…]156; Ka aliunas S. E hnici y o he god was bo n. F om he pas con ac s o he Bal ic-Ge mans and he Bal ic-Sla s. […] Wo k and days 10(19), 1999, 7[…]54; Ka aliūnas S. E hnic mino i ies in he e i o y o La ia. In e na ional Cong ess o he Bal ic Language in he Age o he Bal ic Language. Theses o epo s. Riga, 2000, 125[…]129; Ka aliūnas S. Because o he o igin and wo k o he name Aisma ė. […] P oblems o lexicog aphy and lexicology. The 100 h anni e sa y o he bi h o An ano Salio. The hesis o he con e ence epo s, Vilnius, 2002, 78; Ka aliūnas S. Daina a. The meaning, his o y and o igin o he name. – This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 4 The pas o King S. Bal us in his o ical sou ces 1, 2. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e publishing house, 2004, 2005. DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ 298 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV has been u he de eloped and supplemen ed wi h new s udies. Chap e 14 consis en ly p esen s he his o iog aphy o e hnonyms, he dis ibu ion o a eal a ian s, a c i ical o e iew o all e ymologies, and p esen s new o iginal hypo heses o he o igin o e hnonyms. In he i s chap e , da a on he i s whi e e hnic g oups a e examined in he "Geog aphy" (II paminėjimus keliuose s a biausiuose is o iniuose šal iniuose: Klaudijaus P o- a., Galind ia, Sámland, E mland, Súdni), in he Danish ch onicles (XII a., P ussia, P ussia, P ussia, Samland, Semi, Semi, Semi), in he "Ch onicles o he Chu ch o Hambu g" (XI a., Chu land, Cho i, Semland, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi), in he Scandina ian sou ces (XI a., Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi, Semi In he second chap e , he p oblems o he possibili ies a e p esen ed. In addi ion o he geog aphical and his o ical sou ces o he Ge manic O de , and some imes a chaeological sou ces, he e i o y inhabi ed by hem and he ac s o his o y a e loca ed, he ixa ion o name a ian s and hei eliabili y a e examined, he links wi h an h oponyms, oponyms and appella ions, he ela ionship be ween he Wes and he Eas . Rejec ing he exis ing e ymologies as insu icien ly subs an ia ed, S. Ka aliūnas p oposes a new hypo hesis. I is assumed ha he o ms o he e hnic name o he Galindas a e Galinda, Galenda, Gelenda o Galanda, he old meaning o Gilanda […] Tolimõs egion, he inhabi an s o he egion as an indi isible whole, om which he meaning o he egion […] Tolima egion, he campus egion […] a ose. The mo i a ion o his oponym is based on a compa a i e his o ical name o he same oo in he Bal ic, G eek and Sla ic languages, he name o he middle pa (sk andza, in es ines), which exp esses he s omach o he seed; he in es ines, he in es ines; he in es ines and he deep place, he pi , he pi , he pi , he pi (o he i e , o he sea, e c.), he land, he soil, he soil; he ounda ion, he basis... […] seman ic ilia ion. The hi d chap e o he monog aph is de o ed o he Sudo ians. A e s udying he insc ip ions o he sou ces, he e lexes o he Sudu name in P ussian and Li huanian oikonim, discussing possible Sudu e ymologies, he au ho again p o ides a new hypo hesis o he o igin o his e hnonym, econs uc ing he whi e adj. "s" is o " a pus", " eslus", and "de lus"; hick, ound (abou a man, a child, a gi l); Ha d, s i , hick (like a piece, a needle, an an il) […] (g e a le . s[…]d as sūd ùs) as a means o ac ion o […]bea sal , make sal , p ese e sal ...[…] he Vedic and om i he kildina e nonimu and he landlo d Sūda a and Sūdu a. The seman ic ypological pa allel o such mo i a ions is suppo ed by he au ho in he o igin o he e hnomusici ies o o he peoples […] Sibe ian peoples, non-Tu kish ela i es in he s o y o he ashion o he poggy nge a […]mano giminė s o a ( ha is, abundan , coun ing) […], s. u k subs . The Tu kic peoples' union is a g e a adj. Tu k is s ong, s ong, powe ul; The e's plen y o hem. Simas Ka aliūnas. Bal ų e nonimai Re iews by 299 In addi ion, Pe o Dusbu gie ich would men ion he names o he lands o he Sudo ians Pokima, Kymeno and Ki sno ia o in e p e a ion o o igin. In he ou h chap e , he e hnonym o he Yo ingians is discussed. Wi h a ne e -ending kaklumu au o ius in en o izuoja isas jo ingių a do e imologijas, pa odyda- i e in hei mou hs. The connec ion o he e hnonym Jo ingi wi h he uppe wo ds Ja a, Jõ upis, Jo ijà, Jo ùlė is ejec ed, he e hnonym and he hyd onym independen ly a ise om he same e b oo *ā- ‘ o go, o d i e, o ide. Based on he hypo hesis o Kazimie z Buga abou he kinship o he name jo ingi wi h he appeals o he Russian ya a, […] o […]big ish boa […], bulg. […] o […] o a, i ina, umulas[…], Se bian-C oa ian. This is he i s ime I' e seen his wo d in Se bian. he he d, he lock (zeb as, bi ds); The he d, he he d, he he d o ca le, he he d o ho ses. This is a la ge g oup o li ing hings (animals, bi ds, e c.) ha swim o ly. *jā ā ‘soldie s, a my b igades, all appella i e nouns de i ed om he same e b oo as hyd onyms. Acco ding o he schola , in he Bal ic languages, om […]ā- […] o go, o d i e, o go[…] o become […]i and u kamienų a dažodžiai […]jā ii […] u eikšmėmis […]bū ys, banda (mo ing li ing hings)[…] and […]ka iai ho semen, ca al y oops[…]. In he Jo ingian language, he u-shaped o m o he *jā uga usi kuopinį o man ą *-ā (< ide. *-aH), and he o me u-shaped o m o he kamienė has become he *j -ing you belonged o. The o igin o he names o songs and melodies is p esen ed in he i h chap e . The au ho sugges s no o limi he his o ical sou ces o ixa ions wi h he Li huanian oikonimais Daina a, Dainiai and he co esponding hyd onimais, which a e loca ed in he Bal ic a ea. Based on he Li huanian adjec i es " u ning, pou ing, wai ing (apie kumelę) " and " winks an i, quickly pou ing (apie kumelę) " , he ocabula y and seman ics and co espondence in he Indo-I anian languages, he linguis supposes ha he whi e oo "di-ni dien" is econs uc ed as he wo d "laugh e ". So he name o he inhabi an s is […]dainia[…] (apie kumelę). ‘daina iai’ jis sieja su bal ų *dinē, *dḗinā, *dḗinē subs . em. ‘ka ė, ku i e - šiuojasi; jauna, melžiama ka ė’, *dḗinī adj. em. ‘ u ėsian i, esian i, laukian i Daina a, Dainu a's p ecious lips we e able o o m he meaning o he whole o he ibe in he o m o a cup. Seman ic e hnonym *song mo i a ion om subs . *dinē ‘ca e is in e p e ed in he sense ‘belonging o cows, ela ed o cows, i.e. shephe ds, goa s. In he six h and se en h chap e s, he heme o jo ingias is con inued […] elics o he language a e discussed, eco ded in he e i o ies and names o Sou he n Li huania, Bela us, especially in hyd onymism. Based on his o ical documen a ion and a chaeology, an a emp is made o loca e he inhabi ed e i o y o he Yo ingians and o p o ide new hypo heses o he o igin o he Poles, Sla ic e hnici ies, D e lians, D ego ici, Pollexians, analyzing he names o he le ibu a ies o he P ipe , indica ing he e i o y om he Nemun o he no h o he P ipe and i s le ibu a ies o he sou h o he Bal ic. Renewed DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ In Ac a Linguis ica LXXV, he p oblem o he ela ionship be ween he Sla s and he Bal s is discussed in de ail: he ch onology o he Sla ic e hnic g oup, i s ances y, mig a ion, and issues ha a e e y much a odds wi h he la es a chaeological esea ch. The eigh h chap e o he monog aph is de o ed o he p oblems o he P ussian e hnonym and he names o he P ussian lands. The P ussian heme is p ecisely ini ia ed by he ixa ion o he lexemus p usus in he old Li huanian and La ian dic iona ies, o he w i ings and dic iona ies, he olklo e. The de elopmen o he meaning o he e hnonym ( om he old whi e people o he ep esen a i e o he Ry p ussian okieć o con essional a ilia ion) and he o mal s uc u e a e explained in de ail. A e a de ailed analysis o his o ical sou ces, i is concluded ha he P ussians mus ha e been a g oup o social p es ige, a species o i ings, mili a y ho semen associa ed wi h ho ses and hei b eeding, aining, bu no wi h any ield, land. The hypo hesis is suppo ed by he Ge manic and Sla ic oo s o he wo d p usleksem, meaning ‘p us; A ho se, a ho se, a ho se. A e c i ically assessing all he in e p e a ions o he o igin o he P ussian e hnic name (e en i s ea lie e sion), S. Ka aliūnas highligh s he econs uc ion o he basic e b *p us-šlėk i, ėkš i, pu kš i wi h he e hnic name o he associa ed su names; ho se-d awn ca iage, seman ics, especially he connec ion wi h he pou ing o wa e , he e lec ion o he s. ind. I is p unos i, i is slash o, pu škia, lašina, d ėkina, Se bian-C oa ian. I 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, swallowing (a ms, legs, head, whole body), ba hing; washing, washing dishes, washing dishes, washing dishes, washing dishes, washing dishes, washing dishes Based on ypological pa allels in Ge man, Indo-I anian, Ana olian and o he Indo-Eu opean languages, he schola p o ides a new e ymology: he p ima y meaning o he P ussian e hnonym could ha e been […]d ėkinan ys, pu škian ys, semen lyjan ys (semina emi en es)[…], ha is […]men[…]. The o igin o he names o he P ussian lands lis ed in he ch onicles o Pe e he G ea is u he in e p e ed in a new way. Bal ic e ymologies a e gi en o Kulm and Lyuba , who a e conside ed o be o o eign o igin. Howe e , he connec ion o Luba o wi h he ain. liub i is un eliable, because his e b LKZ is accompanied by a single sen ence, econs uc ed om he singula p esen ense o m, and he connec ion wi h i is conside ed Sla ism. Acco ding o S. Ka aliun, he mo i a ion o he names o he P ussian lands was mos ly de e mined by he occupa ion and ac i i ies o he inhabi an s (Liuba as, Va mė, No anga, Semba, Nad u a, Ba a, Skal a), mo e o en by physiog aphic and opog aphical ea u es (Kulmas, Pamedė, 5 Pagudė). In o he sou ces, he land o Sasna is men ioned, a e ejec ing he Vanden a d and […]zuikinė[…] o igins, see he de ailed and non-disappea ing publica ion: Ka aliūnas S. Some ques ions o he oldes ela ions o he Whi e and Sla ic languages. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 10, 1968, 7[…]100. 6 Fo example, Eugen E. Aisčiai da es he bi h o Jo aiša Sla s o he i h cen u y. Kilmė. Wha a e you doing? The Vilnius: The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. 7 Ka aliūnas S. Because o he meaning and o igin o he P ussian e hnic name. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Heidelbe g: Win e , whe e a e you? Gö ingen: Vandenhoec and Rup ech , 1962, 378. This is he i s ime ha his has happened. Simas Ka aliūnas. Bal ų e nonimai Re iews Re iews 301 also explains he new […] econs uc ed lexeme p . he s ick is connec ed o he slee e. I 's called a "push". S. Ka aliunas, who men ions Vi land in his o ical sou ces, associa es i wi h he name o he i ingi as a social g oup, which is de i ed om he wo d ī ā (o ī a- ‘ í , gynimas, a ymas šalin, lauk...) and he p e ix -ing-: i ingai ‘belonging, y os y ai. The name o Li huania and he e hnici y o Li huanians a e explained in he nin h chap e using he esea ch o he his o ian A u o Dubonio on he leichs and hei social unc ions and he ac s men ioned in his o ical sou ces abou he us ed se an s o he ule o Li huania. I was his p o essional-social ca ego y ha was able o gi e he name o Li huanians as an e hnic g oup. Ka aliūnas ejec s Zigmo Zinke ičius' a gumen abou he di e ence in p e ixes, which does no allow he combina ion o le[…] į and L[…]e u ą, as insigni ican […] esą. This is a ma e o he apophony and in ona ion sys em o he oo ocalism o he Li huanian language, which does no p e en hese names om being conside ed common oo s. S uc u al analogous a ian s a e also used, e.g. eins, eins and eins, shell and shell, o ehead and o ehead, b eas and b eas , e c. The au ho 's name is de i ed om he wo d "ide". he oo […]lei - o go, o go, o a el; To ollow, as i we e. o lea e, o go, s. skand. o go, o lea e; disappea , disappea , disappea , disappea , disappea , disappea , disappea , disappea , disappea o sail, s. saksų lī han, līðan ‘ o go, o go, s. yzų lī ha ‘(pa)kęs i, did no wan o allow, s. ok. high. I'm going o go o a walk, and so on. The o m lie . *le -(i)i in some Li huanian dialec s became lečiai ‘go e no 's se an s, ho se he de s, in o he s *ličiai ‘Li huanians. In some Li huanian dialec s, he plu al o he oo o he wo d "balsi" is "lei " o "lei ", om which, wi h he addi ion o he p e ix "u ", " ain" a ises. Li huania as a name o he whole (plg. be na à […]young men, be nian b igade[…], b ola à, b olia à) […]b o he s and sis e s and hei child en[…]. The en h pa deals wi h he p oblems o La ian and La ian e hnici ies, di ided in o h ee pa s: he ixa ion o his o ical sou ces and he in e p e a ion o ela ed o ms, he o igin o e hnici ies and he jus i ica ion o he appeal o La ian whi eness. The schola adhe es o he hypo hesis o he o igin o he La ian e hnonym p oposed a he VII In e na ional Cong ess o Whi es in Riga, suppo ed by appeals o he. he idge o he ea h; ield, soil, la e […] pa o he soil, a imo, ield. The name la u ā ‘La ia, La ia e ymologically means people o he land. The ypological pa allels o he same a ea a e gi en: Es onian ma shes […]people o hei land (die Leu e (unse es) Landes)[…], a me s (zemgaļi), landlo ds (zemaiši). The only chap e s a s wi h he analysis o he loca ion o he se lemen s, e hnici y, his o ical sou ces. A new hypo hesis o he o igin o he local adi ional e hnonym om he co esponding wa e names, linking P olemy's Sauli wi h he appella i es lie . salà […]kaimas[…], la . sala […] as pa […], au ho 's opinion, 9 VII 1995. in June. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ 302 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV galėjusi bū i kuopinė daugiskai a *sala ‘kaimas kaip neskaidoma isuma’, ė- he name was ans e ed o i s inhabi an s. The appella ion e e s o he a ea o land su ounded by wa e on all sides. highe , a d y plo o land in he soil, in he soil... […], lo . solum […]zemė, soil; (camba io) he loo , he loo ; ( oo ) oo ; he basis; he bo om; I don' know wha you' e alking abou . high. he sal mask. he dwelling; he dwelling, he esidence; he hall, s. sl. he soil, he ield; g azing land; a illage, a se lemen , a illage, a pa ish; an apa men , a house, a esidence; place o esidence, sodus; ield, cul i a ed land, plo o land, e c., de i ed om he ac ion idea. he oo […]sel- […] o li e, o be[…]. In he La ian, Li huanian and Ku šu hyd onyms and oponyms (Sèlnieki, Sèļi, Sli is, Sļu muiža, Slki, Slis, Sēles, Sļi, Sļa pu s, Slieši, Sèliškas, Sèlieši, Sēļi, Sleši, Slieši, Slaiši, Slas, Sēlupēki, Sliškis, Sėliupė, Slė, Sliškės) he name o he son o he King is no seen in he e ymology, bu is econs uc ed as he name o he illage. he ele a ion, he hill in he swamp; o es , g assland; pel , lion and so on. […], he amoun o oo balls change in ela ion o he ain. […]selā, […]sel[…]o-, […]sel[…]- […]kaimas[…], s. sl. he soil, he ield; g azing land; illage, se lemen . Acco ding o him, he e hnonym o he se lemen s in his o ical sou ces is lo . The Selons, he oices. Sêlen and he La ian oikonim Sēlpils can e e o bo h he Bal ic p oly e *sl(i)ai, which wi h he dependence- ep esen ing p e ix *-(i)ag eičiausiai is de eloped om *slā espec i ely *sl(i)ā sala; he ele a ion, he hill in he swamp; ox, lion, and so on, as well as he whi e man's name. Neu al and plu alis ic. " illages as an indi isible whole". The p oblem o illages ends wi h a b ie no e abou he emnan s o he illages' language, which is al eady known om o he s udies. The wel h pa o he monog aph desc ibes he o igin o he e hnonym o he win e ing bi ds. The schola belie es ha he e ymological equi alen o he name o he moun ainous egion may be he Raseiniai dis ic oikonimas Zemýgala, so he name o he moun ainous egion is composed o he wo ds lie . žmė, la . zeme and gãlas, la . gals ‘s i is, k aš moun ainous ‘zemės people. In he consciousness o language use s, due o he simila i y o he sounds o he wo ds ain, hail, la . zem and hail, win e […] šiau ė, la . ziemeļi […] šiau ė[…], he name o he win e ibes and egion may be ein e p e ed as […] in he win e , in he no h […]. As ypological pa allels a e p o ided by he e hnonyms lowlands, *la u a, *la ā and * ala a, which may ha e a isen acco ding o he same seman ic model […] om he common wo ds žmė, *la (a )ā, * ala a, ma king he land (di ą, ield). Ghana is discussed in de ail in he e lec ions o he Ge manic languages in he e ms, p onouns: anap iksė, he T ylik ajame sky iuje p is a oma pasku inio bal ų e nonimo – ku šių – p o- a e o he au osilabian compounds wi h n, bl. This, his, his, his, his, his, his, his, his, his, his, his, his, his, his, his. The e hnonym is associa ed wi h he appella i e *ku ša-, plg. lie . kušas ‘ asas (Haken). The hypo he ical oo wo d kušas has he meanings ‘pleiš as, hooks, ‘kuolas, baslys; he columns a e de i ed om he e b oo meaning ‘skel i; o sepa a e, so o sepa a e, o sepa a e, o sepa a e. This meaning may ha e gi en ise o he meanings o g oup o people, g oup, amily, pa en , Simas Ka aliūnas. Bal ų e nonimai Re iews by 303 (people) he people, he ibe. F om he Bal ic language Ku ša Ku šiai gen is as an undi ided whole ( econs uc ed om such ixa ions as Ku sa Dunika, olk songs; The Ku sa Ku sh egion (Ku land) may ha e become he names o he inhabi an s o he egion. The new e ymology (pe ) is abundan ly illus a ed by he ypological semasiological pa allels be ween Indo-Eu opean and Finnish languages, wi h explana o y meanings o […]pleiš as, kablys[…], […]kuolas, baslys; a column and a "g oup o people", a "pub", a " amily", a "pa en ", a "g oup o people", a " ibe", a " amily". In addi ion, he hypo heses o Jono Kazlausko and Maks Fasme a e speci ically linked, s a ing ha he ain. * kha- (< ide. *k<so-) ‘lenk as, sulinkęs, k ei as (> ‘kai ias, kai us) a e wo ds om he same oo . The newly e ymologized names o he wo Ku sk lands a e Ceklis and Vannenia. The umpe o he ou een h umpe is o he whi e neighbo s, he Le i es. E hnici ies and place names a e di e en . lī ə, lībə, is he name o he i e . lii i, lii lane […]li iai[…], Finnish Lii i, Lii inmaa […]Ly ian egion[…], lii iläinen […]ly iai[…] is associa ed wi h he appella i e es . lii , Finnish sand and g a el; mud, di , e c., which a e conside ed in he e ymological dic iona y o he Finnish language as bal izmais10, plg. la . glī e […]žalios glei ės an andens, mul ė, dumblas; colou (ME I 628) and he Li huanian gly as (wi hou c oss) […]glei ės?[…] (LKŽ III 428). The combina ion o he p e ixes gl due o he phono ac ic ules o he Finnish languages has been changed o l. This dialec is a ached o and ano he e ymology is men ioned in he Ku šiai sec ion, linking he e hnici y o he lions wi h he appella ions la. l is (lī e, lī ens) ‘a la ge ne , designed o ishing in shallow wa e (ein S ossne z); he iangula bushes, he ence (one in Ga n euse); The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. I is also known as he "Biegungen machen" (LKZ VII 74), Russian dialec . he lion […]nuolaidus, he dee , he ox[…], s. sl. The le , he le , he le , he le , he le , he le , he le , he le , he le , he le . The au ho hinks i 's es . The ne wo k can be a loan om La ian language (as well as Li huanian dialec . he combina ion o ishing in shallow wa e (LKŽ VII 631) as a basis o ishing. lī , līb, and es . Lii i and A. B eidako econs uc ed he name o he wes e n Finnish people in no heas e n La ia as Lei i as is. Summa izing his me hodology and p ac ice o e ymology o Bal ic e hnici ies, S. Ka aliunas d aws on he e hnic ela ions o he amous F ench sociologis dieu’o kul ū inio kapi alizmo eo ija, leidžiančia paaiškin i unkcinius i s uk- Pie e Bou u i: "The capi al o he Pi mykš ė pa ia chal communi y was hei land, he mo he land, he eeding land, which di e en communi ies o whi es called by di e en names. I 's a common habi in 10 o Finland's wo ds. The e ymological meaning o he wo d 2. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ The Ac a Linguis ica Li hunica (LXXV, 304) was w i en o de ine he language o he people o Li huania. This habi expanded and deepened he p ope y ela ions o he ibal communi y, as well as ela ions wi hin he amily and wi h o he amilies, cul u e ( eligion) and language, as a means o mu ual communica ion and acquain ance, whose wo d o he land o he i age was in many cases also he name o he ibe. Howe e , no all o he whi e e hnici ies discussed in he monog aph e lec his model. The Li huanian Academic Communi y has long el he need o a ho ough unde s anding o he Bal ic e hnic g oups. The hypo heses o he o igin o he e hnonyms summa ized in he in oduc ions o he Bela usian languages and in he linguis ic manuals, he sca e ed ema ks in he a icles and heses o he epo s canno be included in he isual image, hey do no allow o assess he eliabili y o indi idual e ymologies. All esea ches a e p ecisely collec ed and e i ied in he monog aph o S. Ka aliun. The abundance o bibliog aphy and sou ces es i ies o he ho oughness and dep h o he s udy. Wi h much emphasis on in e nal econs uc ion and using a b oad his o ical compa a i e con ex , ypology, he scien is p oposes a bold new e ymology ha ejec s he dominan model o he o igin o he wa e on e hnici ies: […]Acco ding o he da a a ailable, he e is no a single whi e e hnici y ha is o hyd onymic o igin[…]. The will o science and he gene al public o accep o ejec new e ymologies. This monog aph will undoub edly become a habi o socie y, a ec ing he ield o ou cul u e. Fo his, I would like o exp ess my since e hanks o he es eemed au ho , Sim To he king. Deli e ed on 30 Sep embe 2016 DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ Klaipėdos uni e si e as The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.