Dabartinių baltų kalbų pučiamieji priebalsiai ir afrikatos: akustinių požymių lyginamoji analizė
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144 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas include expe imen al phone ics, speech
acous ics, phonology, dialec ology, lexicog aphy, and
sociolinguis ics.
INESE INDRIČĀNE
LU La iešu alodas ins i ū s
Resea ch a eas include expe imen al phone ics, speech
acous ics, phonology, and dialec ology.
The wo k o he Bal ic LANGUAGE
PUČIAMIEJI PRIEBALSIAI
AFRICA: Acous ically
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
F ica i es and A ica es o Con empo a y
Bal ic Languages: Compa a i e Analysis o
Acous ic o spec al cues
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The subjec o he a icle is […] Li huanian and La ian common languages, he mos
bei a ika os, ku ios lyginamos pagal du akus inius požymius: spek o i šūnių dažnius i
san ykinį in ensy umą. Siekian gau i objek y ius ezul a us abiejų kalbų pučiamieji p ie-
common dialec s and A icans in Li huania and La ia we e analyzed acco ding o he same
ikslas – palygin i daba inių bal ų kalbų pučiamųjų p iebalsių i a ika ų spek o ypa y-
bes, nus a y i, kokią į aką i iamųjų p iebalsių spek o i šūnių dažniams i san ykiniam
me hodology. The in ensi y o he s udy is d i en by pala ali y, balancing, he manne and
loca ion o he a icula ion o he owels, and he gende o he in o man .
I was ound ha he acous ic cha ac e is ics o accen s in bo h Li huanian and La ian
communi ies co ela e wi h he same c i e ia: he equency o he spec um peak […] wi h
he a icula ion o accen s (especially sibila ion), pala aliza ion (i ype; only in Li huanian
speake s), in o man le el; ela i e in ensi y […] wi h balanced balancing and pala aliza ion (i ype; only in Li huanian).
A icles by A icles 145
Daba inių bal ų kalbų pučiamieji p iebalsiai i a ika os:
akus inių požymių lyginamoji analizė
The di e en acous ic cha ac e is ics da a a ailable sugges ha he La ian dialec s
a e close o he pala alized dialec s o he Li huanian language han he non-pala alized
dialec s o he Li huanian language. I has also been ound ha La ian spoken dialec s and
A ikaans ha e a highe ela i e in ensi y han analogous (in e ms o p onuncia ion,
a icula ion s yle and loca ion) pala alized and non-pala alized dialec s, A ikaans, spec al
peak equencies, ela i e in ensi y.
u ių kalbos p iebalsiams. Tokius y imų ezul a us galėjo lem i ski ingas in o man ų
balso ska dumas (p igim inis a ba susijęs su nuo a giu) bei ne ienodas ga so signalo s i-
p umas į ašymo me u.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: lie u ių bend inė kalba, la ių bend inė kalba, pučiamieji p iebal-
ANNOTATION
This cu en pape deals wi h he ica i es and a ica es o s anda d Li huanian and
La ian language. In he amewo k o his esea ch wo acous ic cues o hese consonan s
spec al peaks equency and ela i e in ensi y ha e been examined. The analysis o ica i es
and a ica es is pe o med acco ding o one and he same app oach bo h o s anda d
Li huanian and La ian. The aim o his s udy is o compa e he ica i es and a ica es o
con empo a y Bal ic languages in o de o de e mine he essen ial spec al di e ences and
he e ec o pala aliza ion, oicing, manne , and place o a icula ion, as well as he e ec o
speake gende displayed by spec al peak equency and ela i e in ensi y. The esul s
indica e ha he acous ic cues examined in his esea ch e eal simila e ec s bo h in
s anda d Li huanian and La ian: spec al peak equency is a ec ed by pala aliza ion (in
S anda d Li huanian), manne and place o a icula ion, as well as by speake 's gende , whe eas
ela i e in ensi y displays he e ec o pala aliza ion (in S anda d Li huanian) and oicing.
The da a ob ained in his s udy show ha he spec al peaks equency alues calcula ed o
he ica i es and a ica es o S anda d La ian a e mo e simila o he da a o pala alized
a he han non-pala alized consonan s o co esponding oicing, manne and place o
a icula ion in S anda d Li huanian, i.e., he ica i es and a ica es in S anda d La ian
seem o be so e han he non-pala alized ica i es and a ica es in S anda d Li huanian.
The ela i e in ensi y alues o he ica i es and a ica es o S anda d La ian a e highe
compa ed o bo h he pala alized and non-pala alized consonan s o he same oicing, manne
and place o a icula ion in S anda d Li huanian. This could be explained ei he by a mo e
ene ge ic a icula ion o hese speech sounds o speake s o S anda d La ian o by some
di e ences ela ed o he eco ding le el. KEYWORDS: S anda d Li huanian, S anda d La ian,
ica i es, a ica es, spec al peaks equency, ela i e in ensi y.
146 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, INESE INDRIČĀNE
1.The ollowing able is inse ed:
Pas a aisiais me ais suin ensy ėjo lie u ių i la ių kalbų ga syno bend i
ins umen al s udies ca ied ou in he e i o ies o hose coun ies acco ding
o he same me hodology1. The a icles o Ju i G igo je and Ju gi a
Ja osla ienė on he ocalism o con empo a y Bal ic languages: he spec al
Ja osla ienė 2015a: 68–92), aip pa mono ongų kokybę (G igo je s, Ja osla-
ienė 2015b: 57–89). Lie u ių i la ių kalbų konsonan izmą y ė šio s aips-
s uc u e and du a ion o mono onges (G igo je s, non-au ho Ines Ind ičan and
mųjų p iebalsių spek ai (Ind ičāne, U bana ičienė 2015: 51–87) bei ankiųjų
U bana ičienė: he e was a la ge explosion o he opposi e loci acco ding o he
261–293). Abi daba inės bal ų kalbos u i nemažai bend umų: umpųjų i il-
me hod o loci) (U bana ičienė, Ind ičane 2015: he phonological opposi ion o loci,
he numbe o loci, he sys em o loci and so on. Howe e , o e he yea s, he e
ha e also been undamen al di e ences be ween he Li huanian and La ian
languages, which lead o a di e en in en o y o phonemes and phonological
classi ica ions o he cu en Bal ic languages, such as he ixed ki is, he
abundan pala al p obalsi posis emi, and he ee ki is o he Li huanian
language, he seconda y (i) pala aliza ion and he phonological opposi ion o he
pala alized s. he unpala alized. Such synch onous compa a i e wo ks no only
help o highligh he sound speci ics o di e en languages, he nuances o
phonological classi ica ions, he di e en unc ional weigh o he same phonological elemen s, bu also he peculia i ies o a single language om he poin o iew o language ypology.
The subjec o his a icle is […] Li huanian and La ian dialec s and A icans. The
so-called pu ins a e he so-called p ibals, which a e wo o gans o speech ha
come oge he in such a way ha he ai low be ween hem c ea es he sound o
he ini y, o ic ion (C ys al 2008: 199). I is his ela i ely long in e al o
non-pe iodic ene gy ha allows he blowing o bells o be classi ied as a sepa a e
class o sounds (Ken , Read 1992: 121).
In he case o A ica, he a icula ion is made up o he explosi e and explosi e su aces (Ree z,
Jongman 2009: 16). A ica es a e in e p e ed as an in e media e sound be ween he explosi e
consonan and he alleged blowing consonan a he same place o a icula ion (Lade oged, Maddieson
1998: 90). A ica es, like he exploding plumes, s a o hunde om he closu e, which is b oken by
he ai con inuing o low h ough he c ack in he c acked ongue, causing ic ion. This esea ch
was inspi ed by he p ojec o a g oup o scien is s ca ied ou a he Li huanian Language
Ins i u e in 2013-2015 "Daba inės bal ų kalbos: spek inės ga sų cha ak e is ikos (ins umen al
s udy) " (N . MIP-081/2013, led by D . Ju gi a Ja osla ienė).
A icles o he 147 h
Daba inių bal ų kalbų pučiamieji p iebalsiai i a ika os:
akus inių požymių lyginamoji analizė
he ic ion in e al, bu i is sho e (in he case o pu y bumps, he ic ion
ac ually occupies he en i e du a ion o he pu y bumps). Al hough he spec al
cha ac e is ics o he a icas a e he same as hose o he explosi e and
puchymic consonan s co esponding in e ms o ocal and a icula o y loca ion
(Kodzaso , K i no a 2001: 177), bu […]di e en ia ing [...] he a icas om he
lima pasi em i isais pučiamųjų p iebalsių y imo me odais“ (Amb aze ičius,
Leskauskai ė 2014: 131). Todėl šiame s aipsnyje d i a imos p iebalsių klasės –
gapuchymic consonan s and he a icas […] i was chosen o s udy acco ding o
požymius.
Teo inėje li e a ū oje nu odoma, kad pučiamieji p iebalsiai gali bū i apibū-
dinami pagal ikacijos ukmę, jų spek o ypa ybes bei in ensy umą i spek-
he same acous ic p ope ies o he h ee- o med ansi ions (lokus equa ions)
(Ree z, Jongman 2009: 189). The pu pose o his a icle is o examine he
peculia i ies o he cu en spec um o Bal ic dialec s and A icans, o highligh
hei di e en ial di e ences in Li huanian and La ian languages. This objec i e
can be b oken down in o he ollowing asks: (1) o de e mine he peak equency
alues o he Li huanian and La ian languages' pučiamųjų p iebalsių and a ika ų
spec um; 2) expe imen ally analyze he ela i e in ensi y o he wo languages'
luen dialec s and A icans; 3) o compa e he in luence o he pala ali y, he
ocal ange, he manne and he posi ion o he a icula ion o he ocal co ds on
he cha ac e is ics o he pu y and A ican spec um. Da a on male and emale
spoken oices we e analyzed sepa a ely in o de o de e mine he in luence o gende on he cha ac e is ics o he spoken oices spec um.
The s udy is new and ele an because no compa a i e Li huanian and La ian
acous ic signals s udies conduc ed acco ding o he same me hodology ha e been published so a .
Be o, s aipsnyje ap ašy i p iebalsių akus inių požymių y imo me odai lie u-
ių akus inės one ikos da buose iki šiol nebu o naudo i.
2.Li huanian and La ian language
PUČIAMŲJŲ PRIEBALSIŲ IR AFRIKATŲ
ARTIKULIACINĖ KLASIFIKACIJA
Daba inių bal ų kalbų i iamiesiems p iebalsiams už ašy i s aipsnyje nau-
This s udy uses he TFA sc ip s adap ed o Li huanian and La ian dialec s du ing he p ojec
"Daba inės bal ų kalbos: spek inės ga sų cha ak e is ikos (ins umen inis y imas) " (N .
MIP-081/2013).
148 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, INESE INDRIČĀNE
(See also IPA 2015). The able below (see Figu e 1) p o ides he common owels and
A icans whose TFA ansc ip ion di e s om na ional phone ic alphabe s.
One LENTEL. Li huanian and La ian phone ic alphabe s acco ding o na ional (LTFA
and LVFA) and in e na ional (TFA) phone ic alphabe s 3456
LT LTFA TFA LVFA LTFA phoneme phoneme phoneme phoneme phoneme
ʋ1 jjjjj ch x x h x x h2h - - š š š š č č č dz dz (a) o lie. , j7, s, sj, z, zj, , j, ,
j, x, xj, , j/ 14 phonemes; and (b) he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: , , s, z,
, , , x/ eigh phonemes;
žžʒžžʒ
c c ʦc c ʦ
Fo 3 di e en phonological in e p e a ions o sona as in Li huanian and La ian, see chap e 3. 4
In he La ian dialec sys em, he e is no owel owel h, bu he le e h is used in he ollowing
cases: 1) phoneme x o he main a ian […] o he owel owel [x] […] o he ma ke ; (2) he
phoneme x/ allophon […] o he consonan […] o he owel […] o he consonan […]; 3) he phoneme x/
allophony […] he pala al puchiamajam [ç] […] he ma king (LVG 2013: 70). The phonemes […] yklinis [h]
and pala alinis [ç] […] a e mos commonly p onounced due o he in luence o English and Ge man.
5
In he La ian na ional ansli e a ion (LVFA) a ika a dz can be ma ked bo h dz [dziêsma] and
[iêsma] (LVG 2013: 26).
6 In he La ian na ional ansli e a ion (LVFA) a ika a dž can be ma ked bo h dž [džèms] and
[èms] (LVG 2013: 26).
7 The uppe modi ying symbol j w i en nex o he owel indica es a pala alized owel in he
In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe , e.g. [j], [j].
A icles by A icles 149
Daba inių bal ų kalbų pučiamieji p iebalsiai i a ika os:
akus inių požymių lyginamoji analizė
2) A ican […] 12 phonemes: (a) o lie. […],
[…]j, […], […]j, […], […]j, […], […]j/) […] 8
phonemes […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […] […], […], […], […] […], […], […] […], […], […] […], <unk, <unk, […] <unk, <unk, <unk, […] <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, <unk, (b) he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: […], […], […], […], […], […], […] and […] a e ou phonemes.
Pagal a ikuliacijos ie ą i iamieji bal ų kalbų p iebalsiai ski s omi į
šias klases (ž . U bana ičienė, Ind ičāne 2015: 265–267; plg. DLKG 2005: 33–
34; LVG 2013: 58): The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
1) den al implan s: lie down. , j/ and la. , o 2)
oo hb ushes: lie. s, sj, z, zj, , j, , j/ and la. s, z, […], […] o
3) al eoliniai: lie. /ʃ, ʃj, ʒ, ʒj, ʧ, ʧj, ʤ, ʤj/ i la. /ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/;
(4) he pala ine: la. […] and […]
5) pala alized gomu ines (pala o elia ines): lie. xj, […]j/; and
6) municipali ies: lie. x, […] and la. (x) o (x).
The numbe o Li huanian esea ch phonemes (22 phonemes) is almos wice as
high as ha o La ian (12 phonemes), as Li huanian languages a e cha ac e ized
by he opposi ion o phonemes acco ding o he balsing (sound […] sca dus) and
acco ding o pala aliza ion (unpala alized […] pala alized), while La ian languages […] only acco ding o balsing.
3. PRIEBALSIŲ IR j FONOLOGINIS STATU-
SAS LIETUVIŲ IR LATVIŲ KALBOSE
Acco ding o he way Li huanians a icula e hemsel es, hey a e assigned o he Scandians.
siams ( odėl iš šio y imo lauko eliminuo i), o la ių / , ʝ/ – pučiamiesiems
p iebalsiams.
I has been ins umen ally in es iga ed ha in La ian, ska dusis lūpinis dan inis / and pala alinis
[…]/ ha e se e al p onuncia ion a ian s (Čei ane 2011). When he gaps be ween he owel sounds
a e small, he ai low lowing h ough he owel c ea es u bulence and gi es he owel a noise
ic ion componen (see LVG 2013: 66). When p onouncing p onouns, he gap be ween p onouns is
mo e open, p onouncing p onouns wi hou ica ion, i.e. non-p onouns, o app oxima ing [ ] and [j]8
(see 71). In he syn ac ic posi ion, a e he sho o long balsian, he La ian phoneme [ , ]
unde goes comple e o pa ial ocaliza ion, e.g. [ ɑus] a s 8 Abi phonemes and hei ealiza ions
LVG 2013: 66). La ių kalboje ap oksiman ai [ʋ, j] ie oj pučiamųjų [ , ʝ] ga-
li bū i iš a iami, kai kalbėjimas p iblėsęs a mažiau ene gingas (LVG 2013: 68;
(pučiamieji [ ], [] and ap oksima ion [ ] and [jan ai]) a e desc ibed in La ian s udies by he e m
[…] ankusis ankš umos (la sp audzenis oksnenis) (pl. Čei ane 2010; Čei ane 2011; Čei ane 2012;
Ind ič 2012).
150 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, INESE INDRIČĀNE
‘ a o’, [sɑus] sa s ‘sa o’, [dzeinieks] dzejnieks ‘poe as’, [z einieks] z ejnieks ‘ž e-
jys’; [pɑː de eːs] pā de ējs ‘pa da ėjas’, [ eːs] ē s ‘ ė as’, [pɑː minieks] pā mij-
nieks ‘iešmininkas’; [ us] u s ‘a i’ (LVG 2013: 86).
In adi ional Li huanian phone ics9 (Pake ys 2003) and academic g amma (kliū ies
ma ikoje (DLKG 2005: 33) [j], [ʋ], [ʋj] p iski iami sklandiesiems p iebalsiams
(sonan ams). Tokią [ʋ, ʋj, j] in e p e aciją lie u ių kalboje nulėmė ne a ikuliaci-
pobūdis is he same as ha o o he pučiamųjų p iebalsių10), he unc ional
cha ac e is ics o hese p iebalsių a e: a he end o he wo d [ʋ, j] loses in ies,
becomes e en mo e agmen ed and becomes neskiemeniniais [, ], wi h he opposi e
consonan s o ming seconda y o igins. e.g. […], […], […], […], […], […]. O he wo
posi ional a ian s […] pučiamųjų [ , ] and ap oksiman ų [ʋ, j] […] in La ian is
desc ibed as he phoneme pučiamieji p iebalsiai , […]/ (ž . LVG 2013: 7677), and in
Li huanian is desc ibed as he phoneme […] ap oksiman ai, ʋj, j/. The di e ence
be ween app oximan [ ʋj] and puchiyiyy p ybalsiy [ , j] is di icul o o e come,
since puchiyy p ybalsiy end o become app oximan because o he speci ic
a icula ion (in he case o puchiyy p ybalsy, he ocal ac simul aneously
gene a es ica i e noise and he ib a ion o he ocal co ds, which p e en s ai
low)11. The p oblem o iden i ica ion o owels, […]j, j in Li huanian is no ully
sol ed and equi es ex ensi e ins umen al (suppo ed by objec i e esea ch o
he cha ac e is ics o a icula o y sounds) jus i ica ion. This a icle ollows he
adi ional in e p e a ion, so he s udy o pučiamųjų p iebalsių does no include
Li huanian sona as, […]j, […]j ( hus Li huanian lips do no ha e a sha p accen ) and
[…]j, and he ma e ial o he La ian language includes […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]j, […]
( he e is an opposi ion).
4. FREQUENCE SPECTRUM and
The in ensi y
F om a ocal poin o iew, he same owels di e in he dis ibu ion o spec al ene gy in he
spec um and in ensi y (Ken , Read 1992: 122). These acous ic 9 In he newes Li huanian language
classi ica ion o accen s (see Ab aze ičius, Leskauskai ė 2014: 167; Pake ys 2014: 91) accen s a e no
conside ed sona as, bu hey a e conside ed sona as, which con as s wi h he co esponding
acous ic accen s. Li huanian g amma (LKG 1965: 70) hese p e ixes as con aining a la ge numbe o
10 E. Mikalauskai ė (1975: 41–46) lie u ių /ʋ/, /ʋj/ i /j/ p isky ė pučiamiesiems, o akademinė
owels, consonan s and sonne s.
ne u inčius ono moduliacijos, nesukeliančius p iebalsių ska dėjimo, laiko a piniais a p pu-
11 The sligh es luc ua ions in he accen s o he wo ld's languages a e a a he a e phenomenon (Johnson 2003: 122).
A icles by A icles 151
Daba inių bal ų kalbų pučiamieji p iebalsiai i a ika os:
akus inių požymių lyginamoji analizė
On he basis o he signs, heo e ical li e a u e dis inguishes be ween wo
g upės: sibilian ai (sibilan ) (pa yzdžiui, anglų kalbos al eoliniai pučiamieji
puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic
(non-sibilan ) (pa yzdžiui, anglų kalbos lūpiniai dan iniai pučiamieji p iebalsiai
puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic
puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic
puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic
puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic
puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic puchymic
puchymic Sibilan s di e om non-sibilan s in g ea e spec al ene gy and
in ensi y (Ken , Read 1992: 122): sibilan s a e also called "b igh " and non-sibilan s
a e called "blue" bys ande s (Amb aze ičius 2011: 37). In ea lie Li huanian and
La ian phone ic wo ks, i was no cus oma y o classi y e bs acco ding o
hei syllables, i.e. acco ding o he di ec ion o ai cu en s o he ee h. In a
ecen s udy o he acous ics o Li huanian accen s (see Amb aze ičius,
Leskauskai ė 2014: 301), sibilan s a e assigned o Li huanian accen s, sj, z, zj, , j, , j/ and a ika os, j, , j, j, j, j, j, j, j. In La ian, sibilan s a e also conside ed o be he owels pučiamieji ankš umos p iebalsiai, z, , / and a ika os (closed owels), , , / (see I. Ind ičāns's esea ch on La ian sibilan s and non-sibilan s in g oups o dusliųjų ankiųjų p iebalsių, see Ind ičāns 2012; 2013; 2014). Te ms used in his a icle
"Siblan " and "non-siblan " will also be used, i necessa y. By examining he
in ensi y o he peak in ensi y o he La ian language's p e- ocal owel sounds
in he CVC compounds, i was ound ha in his g oup he a e age alues o
highe in ensi y we e s a is ically cha ac e is ic o he den al [z] and al eola
[] and he lowe ones o he den al [ ] and pala al []. The lowes a e age
s a is ical in ensi y alue is ound in he den al pulp [ ], and he highes is ound
in he al eola pulp [], al hough i di e s li le om he den al in ensi y alue
[z]. The s anda d de ia ions o he s anda d de ia ions o he den al [z] and
al eoli [] can be dis inguished om he den al [ ] and he s anda d de ia ions o
he pala al [] a e ela i ely la ge, so ha i s ange o alues o e laps bo h he
den al [ ] and he den al [z] ange (Čei ane 2011: 117 […] 119). The in ensi y o he
peak o he spec um, he a e age in ensi y and he ela i e in ensi y o he
La ian language p e- ocal dus s in he CVC compounds we e also s udied. The
di e en me hods p oduce he same esul s: he a e age s a is ical alue o
he highe in ensi y is cha ac e is ic o he den al [ ], and he highes is he
niam [s] i al eoliniam [ʃ], o mažesnės – lūpiniam dan iniam [ ] i gomu iniam
[x]. Mažiausią idu inę s a is inę in ensy umo e ę isais a ejais u i lūpinis
al eola [] (coun ing he peak in ensi y o he spec um) o he den al [s]
(coun ing he a e age in ensi y and he ela i e in ensi y). The alues o he
in ensi y o he den al [s] and al eola [] a e also e y simila in he g oup o
su oca ing p obes. The lowe in ensi y alue dis inguishes he den al lip [ ]
om he o he mucous memb anes and he in ensi y o he gums [x]
mo e ė y a a ima dan inio [s] i al eolinio [ʃ] in ensy umo e ėms. Pa-
lyginus s anda inius nuok ypius, dusliųjų pučiamųjų p iebalsių in ensy umo
152 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, INESE INDRIČĀNE
e čių s i ys isais a ejais pe sidengia (ž . Ind ičāne 2014: 112, 114–115; 1, 4 i
7 g a ikai).
Simila ends ha e been iden i ied in s udies o La ian p e- ocal pu iness (see
Čei ane 2011; Ind ičāne 2014: 101[…]119): he lowes in ensi y o pu iness in bo h
he pu iness and he su oca ing pu iness g oups is he pu iness o he lips
(insensi i e), and he lowes in ensi y is he pu iness o he ee h o he al eoli
(sensi i e). In addi ion, he a e age s a is ical in ensi y alues indica e ha he
in ensi y o he den al pulp, as well as he pala al and lumba pu iness
(nesibilian ), is lowe han ha o he den al and al eola pu iness (sibilian ).
Thus, he esul s o hese s udies a e consis en wi h he obse a ions made in
he heo e ical li e a u e, o example, on he di e ences in he in ensi y o
sibilan s and non-sibilan s in English.
Ve y li le esea ch has been done on he in ensi y o Li huanian dialec s so a . Sigi as
De eške ičiū ė's disse a ion on he acous ic cha ac e is ics o Li huanian owels (2013: 138)
p o ides da a on he equency and in ensi y o Li huanian owels. The au ho 's esea ch on
spek o i šūnių dažnius bei ene gijos susi elkimo s i is: in ensy esnės spek i-
nės i šūnės būdingos pala alizuo iems p iebalsiams (ypač [xj], [ɣj]), aukš esni
he in ensi y o cu en whi e noise is in es iga ed by de e mining he peak in ensi y o
aip pa odo sibilian ų (ypač [ʃ, ʃj, ʒ, ʒj, ʧ, ʧj, ʤ, ʤj]) spek inės ene gijos sus i-
p ėjimą (ku is siejamas su d ižidine a ikuliacija) i lūpinių p iebalsių ene gijos
elkimosi s ičių žemėjimą (susijusį su lūpine a ikuliacija).
ampli ude o he dominan spec um, he a e age in ensi y o ampli ude o he o e all noise
in ensi y o he ela i e in ensi y o ampli ude o he noise. The la e is conside ed o be
pa icula ly p omising in acous ical wo k on bells, because, o example, i allows he
classi ica ion o all English-language sounding bells acco ding o 2009: 192; Ind ičane 2014: 103). In
heo e ical li e a u e, i is indica ed ha he in ensi y o squeaky squeaky sounds is lowe
han ha o hei squeaky coun e pa s, because when he squeaky squeaky sounds a e
a ikuliacijos ie ą (ž . Jongman e al. 2000: 1252, 1259–1262; Ree z, Jongman
a icula ed mo e han 12 imes, s udies o English squeaky sounds show ha , o example, he
in ensi y o squeaky sibilan s is 10 < 15 dB highe han ha o squeaky non-squeaky sounds. The
in ensi y o he al eola swelling o he sc o um is 6 dB highe han ha o he su oca ing
al eola swelling, and he in ensi y o he den al swelling o he sc o um is 13 dB highe han
ha o he su oca ing den al swelling. I can also be seen ha , om a ocal poin o iew, he
in ensi y o squeaking is highe in he same g oup o pu ed-up noises han in non-squeaking
noises: he in ensi y o squeaking noises is highe in dB (66 dB) han in noisy noises, and he
in ensi y o su oca ing noises is highe in dB (64 dB) han in su oca ing noises, (53 dB < 54 dB)
(Jongman: 1724; Read Ken , 1989: 12).
A icles by A icles 159
Daba inių bal ų kalbų pučiamieji p iebalsiai i a ika os:
akus inių požymių lyginamoji analizė
66), bu in La ian, unlike Li huanian, his addi ional pala aliza ion o owels has
no phonological meaning.
The peak equencies o he Li huanian pala alized spec um (bo h male and
emale) a e lowe han he co esponding non-pala alized spec um (bu highe
han he La ian pala alized spec um). The den al ca i ies o he gums a e
swollen. [ ] o [ j] and la. [ ] The a e age s a is ical alues o he peak
equencies o he […] spec um a y mo e be ween each o he han wi h o he
dialec s (see Figu e 7[…]8): Li huanian pala aliza ions [ j] a e cha ac e ized by a
much lowe a e age s a is ical alue o he peak equency o he […] spec um
han La ian dialec s [ ], i.e. La ian dialec s ha e a ixed peak equency in his
a ea, while Li huanian dialec s ha e a low equency. La ge di e ences in he
equency o he spec um peaks a e also eco ded in he subg oups o pala al
and pala alized pala al (pala o elia ) ibs. Since he La ian-language spec um
peaks VSV and pala o elia pala al a ian s a e coun ed oge he o he
de e mina ion o he La ian-language spec um peaks, he alue o he
equency o he La ian-language unpala alized Gomu spec um peaks [x] is
g ea e han he alue o he la ian-language pala al a ian s. unpala alized
gomu ine [x], [], bu smalle han he ly. pala alized gomu ines and la. he pala al
sep um (see Fig. 7 and 8). The meaning o Li huanian and La ian gomu iniai,
Li huanian pala alized gomu iniai and La ian pala alized p iebals acco ding o he
inc easing spec um o he VSV peaks is a anged in he ollowing o de : lie. he
gomu ine [x], [] < la. he gomu ine [x] < lie. pala alized gomu ine [xj], [j]< la. F ench []
Al hough he e a e many excep ions o he di e en ones o he Li huanian
language's unpala alized and pala alized spec um peaks VSV, in mos cases he
peaks o he pala alized spec um peaks a e ixed in a highe equency ange
han he co esponding unpala alized peaks, o la. he heigh o he spec um o
he chambe balconies […] highe equencies han he lie. pala alized by balms.
6.1.4. Compa ison o su oca ing and sc a ching balconies
Nei he he Li huanian no he La ian languages ha e he equency o owels
in luencing he equency alues o he spec um peaks. The esul s o he
s udy show ha he change in he VSV o he spec um peaks o owels and
hei spoken equi alen s is unsys ema ic, i is no possible o disce n ce ain owels.
15 In La ian, be o e he owel lines [i], [iː], [e], [eː] and he double owels ha begin wi h he
componen s [i] and [e], he owel phoneme LVx can be ealized in wo ways: as a pala o elia
allophone [xj] and as a pala alin allophone [c] (G 2013: 69).
160 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, INESE INDRIČĀNE
6.1.5. Vy ų i mo e ų duomenų palyginimas
Bo h Li huanian and La ian language da a show ha male owels ha e lowe peak
equency alues han emale owels. Consequen ly, he alue o he peak
equencies o he spec um associa ed wi h hose o es is cha ac e ised by a
su in o man o ly imi. Šiai endencijai nepaklūs a lie u ių kalbos pala alizuo i
p iebalsiai [sj], [ʣj] i nepala alizuo i p iebalsiai [s], [ʣ]16 – šiems y ų iš a -
highe peak equency VSV han ha o he co esponding o es cas by women.
6.1.6. Local in luence on he a icula ion o he join s
iniams požymiams
The concen a ion o spec al ene gy in ce ain equency bands p o ides da a
on he a icula o y cha ac e is ics o sounds. I he esis ance ene gy is
concen a ed in he 5000[…]6000 Hz ange, a high-pi ched s- ype sound is hea d, i
he ene gy is concen a ed in he 3000[…]4000 Hz ange, a low-pi ched, in ense
slu y s- ype sound is hea d (Kodzaso , K i no a 2001: 565[…]566). Based on hese
c i e ia, Li huanian and La ian balconies can i s be di ided in o non-balconies
(whose ene gy is in he ange o ~1000[…]3000 Hz), i.e. lies. linea oscilla ions ( he
[x], [xj], [ɣ], [ɣj] i la. [ ], [ʝ], [x], bei sibilian us (ku ių spek o i šūnių dažniai
su elk i 3000–6000 Hz diapazone). Sibilian ai da ski s y ini smulkiau į al eo-
peaks o hei spec um occu in he 3000-4000 Hz ange), i.e. lie. [s], [sj], [z], [zj], [],
lie. [ʃ], [ʃj], [ʒ], [ʒj], [ʧ], [ʧj], [ʤ], [ʤj] bei la. [ʃ], [ʒ], [ʧ], [ʤ], i dan inius p ie-
balsius (jų didžiausia spek inė ene gija elkiasi 5000–6000 Hz diapazone), . y.
[j], [], [j] and la. [s], [z], [], [] This is no he case. Gomu iny lies a e dis inguished
om non-siblings. [x], [xj], [], [j] and la. [x] (also known as lipid den i ion [ ]), whose
spec um peaks a e concen a ed in he ~1000[…]3000 Hz ange. Howe e , he
classi ica ion o an ibodies in o sibilan s and non-sibilan s is p ima ily ela ed no
o he ene gy o he spec um, bu o he in ensi y. Sibilan s a e cha ac e ized
by highe in ensi y, because when a icula ing hem, he ai low has o pass h ough he obs acle […] he ee h.
The e is no di ec ela ionship be ween he sibila ion and he spec al ene gy, e.g. in he case o
16 Dėl p iebalsių [s] i [ʣ] speci ikos galėjo a si as i i duomenų paklaida. Pap as ai 0–8000 Hz di-
apazone y a ma oma ik ai iena p iebalsių [s] i [ʣ] spek inė i šūnė. Ti ian pla esnį diapazo-
sibilan s ([…]10 000 Hz), wo spec al peaks o hese esonances can be seen (as well as […]). Since
he male oice is cha ac e ized by lowe equencies, he second (highe ) spec al peak could also
appea in he na owe ange o 0<8000 Hz. On he o he hand, women's oices a e cha ac e ized
by highe equencies, so he i s peak alue was always assigned o he s udied owels (because
he second peak was no isible in he 0<8000 Hz ange).
A icles o he T ea y
Daba inių bal ų kalbų pučiamieji p iebalsiai i a ika os:
akus inių požymių lyginamoji analizė
lūpinių dan inių lie. [ ], [ j] spek o i šūnės susi elkusios 2000–3200 Hz s i yje,
la. [ ] – 4500–7000 Hz s i yje, pala alinio la. [ʝ] – ~4000 Hz s i yje.
In summa y, he egions o concen a ion o spec al peaks a e allowed by he
di e encijuo i pučiamuosius p iebalsius i a ika as į okias a ikuliacines g upes:
al eoliniai-sibilian ai (jų spek o ene gija susi elkusi idu inių dažnių s i yje),
dan yline-sibilan s ( hei ene gy is concen a ed in he high equency egion) and
he gomu ine-nesibilan s ( hey a e cha ac e ized by he smalles spec al peaks
VSV). I is no possible o di e en ia e o he non- iolen acco ding o he peak equencies o he spec um.
6.1.7. Summa y o he peak equency su ey
Du ing he s udy, he meanings o he pi ch and equency peaks o he A ican
spec um o Li huanian and La ian languages we e compa ed in e ms o pi ch,
pala ali y, a icula ion, loca ion and gende o he in o man s. I was ound ha
he equency o owels does no a ec he equency alues o he spec um
in ei he Li huanian o La ian languages (plg. S. De eške ičiū ės (2013: 138)
esea ch shows ha he ene gy o Li huanian-language owel sounds is
concen a ed in he low equency egion compa ed o hei su oca ing
co ela es. Due o he pala aliza ion o he Li huanian language, he equency
o he spec a o he p o-balsians has inc eased, i.e. is highe han he equency
o he non-pala alized opposi ion membe s. The o de o inc ease in he
equency o he Li huanian puchymic owels and he A ican spec um is as
ollows: gomu iniai < lūpinis dan inis < al eoliniai pala alizē i gomu iniai <
pala alizuo as lūpinis dan inis pala alizē i al eoliniai < dan iniai < pala alizē i
dan iniai.
The ollowing ends ha e been obse ed in he s udy and compa ison o he
equencies o unpala alized, pala alized and pala al oiced consonan s and
A icans in Li huanian and La ian:
(1) he [ ] cha ac e ised by highe peak equencies han ly. [ ], [ j] (bo h o
men and women) 2) Acco ding o men, la. he peak equencies o he den al
spec um a e in mos cases simila o hose o he lea . unpala alized den al
implan s (excep o he non-spec al ops o he ongue. unpala alized and
[z]); mo e ų duomenimis, la. dan iniams p iebalsiams būdingos aukš es-
pala alized ee h-
niams p iebalsiams;
(3) he he equencies o he peaks o he al eola spec um (bo h in
males and in emales) a e close o he mean. Fo he pu poses o his
Regula ion, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply: Al eola p obalsi also ha e a chambe -
liškumas, ačiau jis nė a onologinis, nes nė a nepala alizuo ų ko elia ų,
ž . LVG 2013, 64);
162 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV is he i s o i s kind in he wo ld.
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, INESE INDRIČĀNE
(4) he [x] occupies an in e media e posi ion be ween he sios acco ding o
lie. [x] i lie. [xj], nes la. [x] kokybė p iklauso nuo oliau einančio bal-
he alues o he peak equencies o he spec um: i s a icula ion may
a y om pala al o pala al pala al.
(5) he [ ] and [] a e he closes Li huanian consonan s o lie. The sounds , j and j
we e no in es iga ed. Howe e , i has been obse ed ha la. [ ] he alue o he
peak equencies o he spec um is close o ze o. [ ], [ j] o meanings, no la.
[ ] meaning. The La. he signi icance o he equencies o he peak o he pala al
p ebalance [] spec um […] on he con a y: close o la. [], [], [], [] meanings (i.e.
owels wi h a nephonological pala aliza ion ea u e in La ian). Acco ding o he
peak equency alues o he spec um, he ollowing g oups o Li huanian and
La ian a icula o y sounds will be dis inguished: (a) he al eoli (siblings): [], [j], [],
[j], [], [j], [j], [j] and la. [], [], [], [] (b) Den al (siblings): a e lying down. [s], [sj], [z], [zj], [],
[j], [], [j] and la. [s], [z], [], [] This is no he case. (c) he gome ine (non-siblings): lie. [x],
[xj], [], [j] and la. [x] (d) he non-sen ien den al pala es: lie. [ ], [ j] and la. [ ], [ ] The
gende o he in o man s a ec s he equencies o he peak o he spec um:
male owels ha e lowe peak o he spec um han he co esponding owels o
emale owels. Since he spec al p ope ies o he ocal co ds a e ela ed o he
[ʝ].
size o he o al ca i y, and his is in luenced by he size o he ocal ac ( he
la ge he ocal co ds, he mo e acous ic ene gy is concen a ed in he lowe
equency a ea), i is expec ed ha he ene gy o he ocal co ds emi ed by men
is concen a ed in he lowe a eas han in women (e.g. he male ocal ac is ~2.8
cm longe han he emale).
6.2 Rela i e in ensi y
6.2.1. De e mina ion o ela i e in ensi y
Rela i e in ensi y indica es he ela ionship be ween pu iness o aphasia
ika os idu inio in ensy umo i one inę aplinką suda ančio balsio idu inio
in ensy umo pe nus a y os ukmės in e alą. Ma a imai a lik i ga sų anali-
and he PRAAT p og am. The a e age in ensi y alues (dB (μE)) o he
hunde s o ms and hu icanes we e ob ained om an in e al o 0.01 s, o
10 ms (see Figu es 9 and 11), and he in ensi y alues o he hu icanes we e
ob ained om an in e al o 0.05 s, o 50 ms, loca ed app oxima ely in he middle o he hu icane (Figu es 10 and 12).
A icles o he T ea y
Daba inių bal ų kalbų pučiamieji p iebalsiai i a ika os:
akus inių požymių lyginamoji analizė
The a e age in ensi y (μE) is measu ed
9 PAV. Duslusis p e okalinis pučiama-
sis [s] skiemenyje [sɑs]: 0,01 s, a ba
10 ms, ukmės in e alas
10 PAV. Dusliojo p e okalinio pučia-
mojo [s] one inėje aplinkoje esan is
balsis [ɑ] (skiemenyje [sɑs]): 0,05 s, a -
a 50 ms.
11 PAV. O he I 's called he Duslious
o he in e al sis [ɑ] (skiemenyje [ɑ]):
sis [ɑ] (skiemenyje [ɑ]) in he phone ic
P e oca ion A ica-12. The du a ion
0,01 s, o he du a ion o he in e al
en i onmen is bal10 ms, o
50 ms, he du a ion in e al
The ela i e in ensi y is calcula ed by di iding he a e age in ensi y o he lu e
o he A ikaans lu e by he a e age in ensi y o he lu e in i s phone ic
en i onmen . Fo example, i he mean in ensi y o he p e- ocal su oca ing
blowing sound [s] a he 10 ms in e al is 55.06 dB (μE) (see 9 pa o balsio [s] mean
in ensi y a he 50 ms in e al < 73,41 dB (μE) (see 10 pa ), he ela i e in ensi y is
calcula ed as ollows: 55.06 dB (μE): 3.41 dB (μE) = 0,750 dB (μE). The s a is ical
analysis o he da a p ocessed by he SPSS p og amme o he ela i e
in ensi y alues ob ained in his p ojec
g amoje apskaičiuo os san ykinio in ensy umo idu inės s a is inės e ės (dB),
ku iomis ope uojama šiame s aipsnyje.
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV is he 164 h
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, INESE INDRIČĀNE
6.2.2. Lie u ių kalbos pala alizuo ų i nepala alizuo ų pučiamųjų p ie-
balsių bei a ika ų palyginimas su la ių kalbos duomenimis
The s a is ical mean alues (VSV) o he ela i e in ensi y o Li huanian and
La ian dialec s and A icans a e gi en in able 3. 3 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ?
Li huanian and La ian dialec s and A ican languages: ela i e in ensi y VSV
(dB)
Da a o men and da a o women
Lie down. The La. Lie down. The La.
Pučiamieji p iebalsiai
[ ] 0,788 0,819 The ollowing able is inse ed:
[ ] 0,648 0,648 0,619 0,608 This is he amoun o assigned e enue in acco dance wi h A icle 21 (3) o he Financial Regula ion.
[Figu e]0,653 o he 0,630
[s] 0,661 0,779 0,759 0,782 and he ollowing able is added:
[sj]0,786 0,738 The ollowing able is inse ed:
[z] 0,761 0,815 0,783 0,863 and he ollowing able is inse ed:
[Z] 0,766 0,793 The ollowing able is inse ed:
[ʃ] 0,699 0,751 0,704 0,752
[[…]j]0,734 0,747 The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
[ʒ] 0,799 0,806 0,816 0,858
[[…]j]0,788 0,810 The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
[ʝ] 0,818 0,852
[x] 0,686 0,712 0,679 0,696 This is he amoun o assigned e enue in acco dance wi h A icle 21 (3) o he Financial Regula ion.
[xj]0,675 0,639
[ɣ] 0,770 0,744
[[…]j]0,802 o which 0,721
A ica
[ʦ] 0,701 0,796 0,728 0,818
[[…]j]0,722 0,746 The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
[ʣ] 0,751 0,788 0,765 0,833
[[…]j]0,759 o which 0,774
[ʧ] 0,723 0,785 1,003 0,795
[[…]j]0,765 0,750 and he ollowing able is inse ed:
[ʤ] 0,766 0,801 0,807 0,837
[[…]j]0,774 o which 0,778
A icles o he T ea y
Daba inių bal ų kalbų pučiamieji p iebalsiai i a ika os:
akus inių požymių lyginamoji analizė
The s a is ical a e age o he ela i e in ensi y o Li huanian and La ian
dialec s and A ikaans inc eases in he ollowing o de :
1) male da a: la.
lie. [ ]<[ j]<[s]<[xj]<[x]<[ʃ]<[ʦ]<[ʦj]<[ʧ]<[ʃj]<[ʣ]<[ʣj]<[z]<[ʧj]<
[zj]<[ʤ]<[ɣ]<[ʤj]<[sj]<[ʒj]<[ʒ]<[ɣj],
[ ]<[x]<[]<[s]<[]<[ ]=[]<[]<[]<[]<[z]<[]] This is no he case.
1) da a o women: lie. [F] [F] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X]
[X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X] [X]
[ʣj]<[ʤj]<[z]<[zj]<[ʤ]<[ʒj]<[ʒ]<[ʧ],
[X] This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha
o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. A compa ison
o he ela i e in ensi y o pala al and non-pala al puchymic sounds and
A icans in Li huanian VSV wi h La ian da a can be seen in Fig. 13-14.
13 PAV. This is he Compa ison o he ela i e in ensi y VSV (dB) o Li huanian
pala alized and non-pala alized pučiamųjų p iebalsių i a ika ų wi h he esul s o
La ian: he male da a ha e a lowe ela i e in ensi y VSV han he same La ian
La ių kalbos p iebalsiai Lie u ių kalbos p iebalsiai
pala alizuo i nepala alizuo i
166, Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV, which was published in
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, INESE INDRIČĀNE
Lie u ių kalbos pučiamiesiems p iebalsiams i a ika oms būdingos šiek iek
p iebalsi (based on bo h male and emale da a) in e ms o ocabula y and a icula ion.
Se e al o es do no con i m his end: acco ding o men, […] lie. [ j] > he la. [ ], bu
lie. [ ] is equal o la. [ ] Acco ding o women's da a. [ j], [ ] is la. [ ] he lie. [[…]] and la.
[[…]] is alse. [j] (mo e ų p onounced Li huanian al eolinė a ika a [] is dis inguished by
ex emely high ela i e in ensi y VSV, see Fig. 14). Compa ison o Li huanian pala al
and non-pala al da a o mammo hs […] [xj] […] [x], [j] […] [], [sj] […] [s], [j] […] [], [j] […] [], [j]
[…] []. La ian pala alinis [] also has one o he highes (acco ding o women's da a) o
y i, kad pala alizuo ų p iebalsių san ykinio in ensy umo duomenys dažniau
y a aukš esni. Tačiau esama išimčių, plg.: y ų duomenys – [xj] < [x], [ʒj] < [ʒ];
he highes (acco ding o men's da a) in ensi y indica o s. I is expec ed ha he
co ela ion be ween pala aliza ion and ela i e in ensi y will become e en clea e
wi h mo e da a o wi h o he analysis p og ammes. 14 PAV. This is he
Li huanian-language pala alized and unpala alized pučiamųjų p iebalsių and a ika-
ka ų san ykinio in ensy umo VSV (dB) palyginimas su la ių kalbos ezul a ais: mo-
e ų duomenys
La ių kalbos p iebalsiai Lie u ių kalbos p iebalsiai
pala alizuo i nepala alizuo i
A icles o he 167 h
Daba inių bal ų kalbų pučiamieji p iebalsiai i a ika os:
akus inių požymių lyginamoji analizė
6.2.3. Compa ison o he complain s and sighs o he poo and he
poo and he poo and he poo
The esul s o he s udy show (see Figu e 13-14 and Table 3) ha he ela i e
in ensi y o bo h Li huanian and La ian-language ska džių pučiamųjų p iebalsių
and a ika ų VSV is usually highe han hei su oca ing equi alen s. Thus, he
olume o he noises a ec s he indica o o he ela i e in ensi y. In he case o
he Li huanian language, his end is no con i med by he ac ha men ha e a
lowe a e age s a is ical alue (0.766 dB) han a lowe a e age s a is ical alue
(0.766 dB) han a lowe a e age s a is ical alue (0.786 dB). The excep ion in he
non-pala alized subg oup is he emale p onounced spo ed al eola a ican [[…]],
which has a s a is ical mean ela i e in ensi y o (0,807 dB)) lowe han he
su oca ing a ican [[…]] (1,003 dB). Di icul La ian dialec s a e also cha ac e ized
by highe alues o ela i e in ensi y han hei co esponding dialec s. Excep ion
[…] men p onounced sc a chy den al A ican [[…]] wi h a lowe a e age s a is ical
alue (0,788 dB)) han he co esponding su oca ing A ican [[…]]
(0,796 dB) and
6.2.4. Compa ison o male and emale da a
Di e en gende physiology, de e mining he longe male ocal ac (plg. male
ocal ac leng h ~16.9 cm, emale […] ~14.1 cm), also allows o expec a ions o
di e en ela i e in ensi y esul s. The esul s o he s udy o La ian owels
con i m he expec ed ends: highe ela i e in ensi y meanings a e mo e
common in owels u e ed by women. Howe e , he e a e excep ions, e.g. male
p onounced owels [ ], [x] ha e a highe ela i e in ensi y VSV han he
co esponding emale p onounced owels. Compa ison o Li huanian language
da a o men and women on he same b eas eeding pa ne o A ican, sys ema ic di e ences
nepas ebė a.
6.2.5. Local in luence on he a icula ion o he join s
iniams požymiams
Nei he he Li huanian no he La ian languages ha e da a on ela i e in ensi y
ha allows o di e en ia e be ween pučiamųjų p iebalsių and a ika ų
acco ding o he way and place o a icula ion. The ela i e in ensi y da a is
sibilian us, . y. „ yškiuosius“ p iebalsius (didesnio in ensy umo) nuo nesibili-
an ų, . y. „blausiųjų“ (mažesnio in ensy umo) p iebalsių. Kalbos akus ikos e-
expec ed o be able o dis inguish o ija says ha he lowes in ensi y is cha ac e is ic o su oca ing non-sa is ied
(pa yzdžiui, -15 dB), o didžiausias in ensy umas – ska diesiems sibilian ams
168 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ, INESE INDRIČĀNE
o a kind used in he manu ac u e o semiconduc o de ices he in ensi y o noise and su oca ing noise is simila […]
~5 dB (see also Amb aze ičius 2011: 38).
The esul s ob ained show ha in Li huanian and La ian, he a e age ela i e
alues o s a is ical in ensi y in he g oups o masculine, masculine, masculine
and eminine consonan s canno be dis inguished om non-consonan s, i.e. he
Li huanian language does no dis inguish be ween unpala alized masculine
consonan s and eminine consonan s in he g oup o [z], [], [], []; does no di e in
he Li huanian pala alized dialec s [zj], [j], [j], [j] g oup; does no dis inguish
be ween La ian owels and A ikaans owels [z], [], [], [] in he g oup [ ], [].
Based on he da a o women, in he Li huanian language's owel subsys em, i is
possible o dis inguish owel consonan s [j] and [] om owel consonan s [z], [zj],
[], [j], [j], [j] […] owels wi h owel consonan s [j] and [] a e cha ac e ized by a
lowe in ensi y a io VSV han owels. In he La ian subsys em o owel sounds,
[z], [], [], [] a e dis inguished om sibilan s by he non-sibilan [ ] […], which is
cha ac e ized by a sligh ly lowe ela i e in ensi y VSV (also only acco ding o
emale da a).
In bo h Li huanian and La ian languages, he ela i e in ensi y o he meanings in
he g oup o su ixes and A icans helps o dis inguish sibilan s (la ge VSVs)
om non-sibilan s (smalle VSVs). Fo example, in he g oup o Li huanian
non-pala alized consonan s, he consonan s [s], [], [], [] di e om [ ], [x] (only
acco ding o women's da a, he meanings o male consonan s [s] and [x] a e los );
in he Li huanian-pala alized pučiamųjų p iebalsių i a ika ų g oup, he sibilan
da a [sj], [j], [j], [j] a e dis inguished om he non-sibilan da a [ j], [xj] ( o bo h
sexes); In he La ian g oup o owels and A icans, he sibilan s [s], [], [], [] di e
in ela i e in ensi y om he non-sibilan s [ ], [x] (based on da a om in o man s
o bo h sexes).
6.2.6. Summa y o he Rela i e In ensi y S udy
Lie u ių kalbos pučiamiesiems p iebalsiams i a ika oms būdingos šiek iek
mažesnės san ykinio in ensy umo VSV nei balsingumo i a ikuliacijos požiū-
he same La ian-language dialec s. Al hough he echnical pa ame e s o he
eco dings in Li huania and La ia we e ha monized, he g ea es a en ion was
paid o he quali y o he eco dings (when he eco dings we e used o es
a ious acous ic cha ac e is ics o he sounds17), and no o he consis ency o
he sound signal, which could luc ua e due o he in o ma ion o indi idual balls
so sa ybių a ba dėl nuo a gio, a si adusio ilgai kalban į dik o oną. Šis ga so
17 Į ašai da y i p ojek o „Daba inės bal ų kalbos: spek inės ga sų cha ak e is ikos (ins umen i-
du ing he examina ion) (N . MIP-081/2013).
S aipsniai / A icles 175
Daba inių bal ų kalbų pučiamieji p iebalsiai i a ika os:
akus inių požymių lyginamoji analizė
Simila co ela ions be ween he acous ic cues examined in his pape and he e ec o
oicing, manne and place o a icula ion, as well as he e ec o speake 's gende a e
obse ed bo h in s anda d Li huanian and La ian. Howe e , some di e ences in he da a o
he wo Bal ic languages a e also obse ed. The esul s show ha he ica i es and
a ica es o S anda d La ian a e mo e simila o he pala alized s. non-pala alized i
ca i es and a ica es o he same oicing, manne and place o a icula ion in S anda d
Li huanian, i.e., he ica i es and a ica es in S anda d La ian seem o be […]so e […] in
compa ison o he non-pala alized ica i es and a ica es in S anda d Li huanian. I is also
obse ed ha he ica i es and a ica es o S anda d La ian ha e a highe ela i e
in ensi y in compa ison o he co esponding ica i es and a ica es o S anda d
Li huanian. This can be explained ei he by mo e ene ge ic a icula ion o hese speech sounds
o speake s o S anda d La ian o by some di e ences ela ed o he eco ding le el.
Deli e ed on 19 May 2016
JOLITA URBANAVIČIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o ičius g. 5 LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania Loca ed in he ci y o Vilnius, Li huania
joli a.u bana [email protected]
INESE INDRIČĀNE
LU La iešu alodas ins i ū s
The Academy Squa e 1 LV-1050 Riga La ia
is loca ed a ineseind [email protected]