Danguolė Mikulėnienė, Asta Leskauskaitė, Vilija Ragaišienė, Laura Geržotaitė, Nijolė Birgelienė. „Lietuvių tarmių kaita XXI a. pradžioje: Lenkijos lietuvių šnektos“

A icles o he T ea y DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ Klaipėdos uni e si e as The di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch a e: Bal ic s udies, geolinguis ics, his o y o ac ion wo ds. I is also known as he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle". LITHUANIA The e m "change" is used o e e o he change in he law o a Membe S a e in which a pe son esides. A. In he wen y- i s cen u y: LENKIJOS Li huanian Snake This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 2016, page 503 ISBN 978-609-411-186-0 A b igh ly colo ed op wi h a au umn landscape and he headline Li huanian dialec s change in he ea ly 21s cen u y: Polish Li huanian slang is he " isi ing ca d" o his monog aph a he ime indica ed in he place indica ed in he language, he udeness. The Li huanian and Polish speake s' collec i e ga he ed o he long-awai ed wo k […] Sys ema ic desc ip ion o Polish jokes. Poli ical, economic, and social changes a e apidly changing he linguis ic pic u e o he wo ld, so i is impo an o cap u e languages and exp essions, especially he linguis ic si ua ion in he coun y, as quickly as possible. Based on se e al decades o collec ed ac s and in e p e a ions o Polish Li huanian snakes, a ious audio, ideo and manusc ip a chi es and da a om he expedi ions ca ied ou in 2014-2016, he au ho is commi ed o a a ie y o snake esea ch - om sociogeolinguis ic analysis, iden i ica ion o language a chaisms and inno a ions o he de elopmen and p ognosis o snake discussions. The in oduc ion o he monog aph p esen s o he eade he objec , pu pose and asks o he s udy, he ma e ial o be s udied, he me hods o he s udy, i s ele ance and signi icance. The Ty henians decided o combine mode n and adi ional me hods o dialec ology. Fo he i s ime, a mul idimensional model o p edic i e esea ch was applied o he samples s udied, acco ding o which: DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ 284 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI ea u es o he language 2) he linguis ic en i onmen has been analysed; 3) a summa ised assessmen o he local language (and languages) om he poin o iew o he su ey esponden s (20 pages). The inal ma e ial was ma ke ed by he speake using he me hods o ques ionnai es and in e iews, and analyzed using he inno a i e me hods o geolinguis ics, sociolinguis ics and pe cep ual dialec ology […] […]compu e mapping, men al maps, sociolinguis ic a iables, s a is ical analysis, e c. (p. 20) The ollowing able is inse ed: The sys em and de elopmen o he Snek language a e desc ibed based on adi ional Li huanian linguis ic me hods […] desc ip i e, his o ical compa a i e, o maliza ion, e c. The i s wo-pa chap e Lenkis Li huanian ske ches, displays and de elopmen assump ions: socio-his o ical, socio-cul u al and demog aphic con ex p esen s a b oad his o ical, poli ical, economic, socio-cul u al, demog aphic pano ama o he su eyed a ea. In he i s pa , "The his o ical con ex s o he Li huanian knigh s o Lening ad", he oldes his o y o his egion om he ime o he Yo ingians o he end o he 20 h cen u y is b ie ly discussed. The second sec ion analyses in de ail he socio-cul u al and demog aphic pa ame e s o he s uc u e and dynamics o he Li huanian communi ies in he Punsko and Seinas egions. The sociodemog aphic si ua ion a he beginning o he 21s cen u y: popula ion in 2001 and 2015, Li huanian popula ion in 2002 and 2011, gende , age, educa ional pa ame e s, educa ional ins i u ions, employmen o he popula ion, u al in as uc u e. The chap e s a e ichly illus a ed wi h in o ma i e ables, maps, and pho og aphs. The second chap e "Li huanian Li huanian Snails and Thei Bo de s" p esen s he de elopmen o he in en o y o Polish Li huanian Snails since he i s Russian Academy o Sciences expedi ions in he middle o he 19 h cen u y. The esul s o he expedi ions a e analyzed, he esul s o he esea ch o he i s loo s, he in e p e a ion o he jumping ( he s udies o F yd ich Ku šaičius, An ano Ba anausko, An ano Salio, Edua do Vol e io a e men ioned), he elics o he Jo ingian subs a e a e conside ed ( ue, Jo ingian p obalsi s, z in e p e a ion empo a y lapsus calami, 71 p.). In he hi d de ailed sec ion, "The geolinguis ic iew o he bounda ies o he Li huanian slang o he Lenca", he bounda ies o he Li huanian slang a e discussed om he oldes ixa ions, he a eas o di e en ch onological laye s a e mapped, he mos ecen da a a e compa ed and e i ied, he demog aphic si ua ion iden i ied in he 2014-2016 expedi ions, he s onges and mos p ominen geog aphical objec s o he Li huanian language a ea. This sec ion would na u ally i he second pa o he i s sec ion, bu he au ho mus ha e had he a gumen s o p esen hem sepa a ely. The hi d chap e , "Lenkian Li huanian Snake Cha ac e is ics Va iabili y and Change", he la ges (175 pages), is de o ed o he linguis ic analysis o Snake. The name o he depa men emphasizes he me hodological p inciple o no only ixing phone ic and mo phological ea u es, bu also showing hei a ian s, d awing a line. Ski snia […]The ai s o na u al phone ics[…] p esen s he mos p ominen ea u es o ocalism and consonance eco ded in wo Polish-Li huanian dialec s […] o he e ening Danguolė Mikulėnienė, As a Leskauskai ė, Vilija Ragaišie- nė, Lau a Ge žo ai ė, Nijolė Bi gelienė. Lie u ių a mių kai a XXI a. p adžioje: Lenkijos lie u ių šnek os Re iews o 285 high schools and e ening high school lunches. Acco ding o he expedi ions, he long and sho owels o he opposi ion we e main ained in he e ised a ea o he sou he n wes e n highlands, s ill mixed wi h he long owels an, am, en, em and he long owels ę, in o, a he beginning o he wo d e ins ead o a, ha dened owels, spo adically dis u bed s, z and š, ž and so on. The wes e n sou he n highlands di e om he wes e n highlands in his o ical o es by he ac ha hey a e lowe ed, by he ac ha hey do no cu long o es sho o hal -leng hs, by he ac ha hey a e lowe ed, by he ac ha hey ha e a s onge de-pala aliza ion o o es. The easons and in e p e a ions o he phonological sys em o owel sounds, he jumping, he de-pala aliza ion o consonan s, compiled by o he esea che s - Tama os Buch, Wojciech Smoczyński, Michal Hasiuk, Kazimie Ga š as - a e discussed and e alua ed. I is no ed ha a he beginning o he 21s cen u y, he ocalism and consonance o he syllables a e changing in ensi ely, bo h syllables a e simila , hus o ming new ph ases, geolec s, in luenced by he public Li huanian and Polish languages. The second chap e deals in de ail wi h he his o y o Polish Li huanian p ose p ose esea ch, examines in de ail he cu en sys em o accen ua ion, changes and hei causes: ki is, p iegaidė, a ian s and polinkiai o all he wo ds used o cu se he s ones, he e ec o each o he , he causes o a iance. The hi d sec ion is in ended o discuss he g amma ical sys em o Punsko and Seinų šnek ų wi h he p inciples o na u al mo phology ha a e s ill a ely used in he Li huanian language. I was chosen o discuss, in he au ho 's wo ds, only h ee pa s o he language - he noun, he e b, and he e b, bu hey a e undoub edly he mos impo an , he mos p oblema ic, and he bes ep esen a ion o he g amma ical sys em o each language. Mos o he ocus o he objec wo ds is on g amma ical ca ego ies and hei p onuncia ion a iabili y. Empi ics cle e ly classi ies he wo ds o non-Li huanian o igin and hyb id wo ks o Bal ic and Li huanian o igin, he ph ases o eminine masculine gen es, compa es he da a o h ee di e en pe iods o ime […] 2013[…]2016, 1988[…]1989 and 1971[…]1983 wi h he ac s o adjacen pe iods, e alua es he p oduc i i y o s ones, s eng h, locali y, discusses in mo e de ail […] inesi and ilia ic (adesi and alia ic). The mos mo phologically signi ican o he su names a e he pe sonal pa iciple and non-pa iciple, he conc e e and he quali a i e demons a i e. The same s uc u al ea u es as in o he Li huanian dialec s and common speech a e cha ac e is ic o he sys em o p onouncing he e bs o he spoken wo ds. Empi ical da a indica e ha he s ill-used conjuga ion o ms wi h - ie, domina ed by he o me equen ense o ms wi h -da g e a, a e he olde widely used o me ca dinal ense o ms wi h ce ain p eposi ions o p eposi ions -d) o he Vedic. I is also used, albei in isola ion, in e e ence o he p esen ense o ms (3 a. galūnė - i is some imes desc ibed as 1 and 2 a. as in lowe case). The pa adigms o alleged, alleged deposi s, bloodsucking ac ions, in ini e o ms a e p esen ed. The la e do no ha e he o ms o he pas ense and he equen ense. S uc u al ypes o e bs a e p o ided. Due o he classi ica ion p inciples and indi idual examples DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ 286 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI could be discussed. The e bs " o be," " o be," " o be" and " o be" a e unjus i iably classi ied in he hi d subg oup o he p esen ense. The cha ac e is ics o he 8 h and 9 h subg oups do no e lec he s uc u e o he e bs men ioned. The ela ionship be ween he e bs k auna, k ó ė, k au (ie) and he oo ocalism is exp essed di e en ly (266 p. si a, si o, siū i […] he combina ion o e bs and he o me ocalism (266 p.) and so on. In my head, he classi ica ion o he non- i ial ac ion s ones is oo small, con using, I don' know wha i is. Well, he p inciples o na u al mo phology a e applied he e as much as possible... In he classi ica ion o ad e bs, i would be wo h hinking abou he dis inc ion be ween noun and ad e b ypes, since he ad e b is no e y sui able o o he adjec i es -o i edin (268 p.). In e iewing he sec ion on he analysis o linguis ic phenomena, he las wo sec ions o which almos claim o be sepa a e scien i ic s udies, one would like o ake a look a he changes in linguis ic phenomena, a ia ion, causes o changes, ch onological and spa ial ela ionships, in e e ence phenomena […] a new look a Polish Li huanian phenomena. The ou h chap e , "P e equisi es o he iabili y o Polish Li huanian snacks: communi y and consume ac o s", measu es and p edic s he iabili y o he snacks s udied acco ding o h ee impo an pa ame e s: socio-cul u al ne wo ks, you h p o isions in ela ion o he Li huanian language and he image o Polish snacks on men al maps. The au ho s used he in e iew me hod o de e mine he socio-cul u al ne wo ks, showing ha he s onges in as uc u e, he highes social p es ige, he abundance o popula ion dis inguishes Punsk and Seina wi h gymnasiums, lyceums, o he schools, kinde ga ens, adminis a i e ins i u ions, museums, cul u al cen e s, a ious o ganiza ions. The maps o socio-cul u al ne wo ks ( igu es 41 and 42) show he di ec ion o a ious ela ionships, he openness o communi ies, and he closeness o communi ies. The deg ee o e hnic iden i y is e lec ed in he linguis ic landscape. The in es iga o s ound ha public insc ip ions a e usually bilingual - depending on he objec , one o he o he language p e ails. How young people assess hei na i e language was shown by he answe s o s uden s s udying a Punsko lyceum and Li huanian and Polish uni e si ies using he 2013-2015 ques ionnai e and in e iew me hods. I u ned ou ha Li huanian is he mos commonly spoken language a home, while Li huanian and Polish a e a ely spoken a home. Mos Li huanian-speaking amilies speak in a dialec , Dzūki, bu no only a home […] dialec is also spoken in he ield o solida i y o e en ins umen al. The s uden s belie e ha i is wo h paying o bo h a ie ies o language common language and language, because i is he bi hplace, he he i age o he coun y, i s own and exclusi e. The common language is conside ed p es igious, necessa y o communica ion wi h all Li huanians. In he hi d sec ion, men al maps e ealing he Danguolė Mikulėnienė, As a Leskauskai ė, Vilija Ragaišie- nė, Lau a Ge žo ai ė, Nijolė Bi gelienė. Lie u ių a mių kai a XXI a. p adžioje: Lenkijos lie u ių šnek os Re iews by 287 In he handw i en maps, he s uden s o he 10 h and 11 h g ades indica ed a iously: some assigned only he cen e o he na i e dis ic s o Punsk, o he s assigned he dis ic o Dzūkų, which includes he dis ic s o Punsko in Poland and Ma ijampolė, Aly aus and Lazdijas o Kal a ija dis ic s in Li huania. O he s dis inguished be ween lowlands, wes e n highlands, eas e n highlands, and lakes, and so on. Almos hal o he esponden s indica ed ha hey knew wo wo ds lowlands and highlands, a hi d h ee lakes, highlands and lowlands, and a six h ou lakes, highlands, lowlands and lowlands. A pe son who speaks in e mi en ly associa es wi h his s uden s wi h he p ese a ion o adi ions, pa io ism, he li es in small owns o illages, he is old, so he is iewed s e eo ypically. The i h chap e , "The Fo ma ion o he Sou he n Highlands Quasi egion in he Punsko and Seine Dis ic s", w i en wi h a beau i ul esea che , ques ioning and answe ing, passion, summa izes he esul s o he esea ch and iden i ies a new linguis ic compound, he Sou he n Highlands Quasi egion, o med by he adi ional Punsko and Seine Dis ic s Schnek os, p ese ed by he old gene a ion, based on common Li huanian and Polish elemen s. The cha ac e is ics o he b igh language disappea in he new egion. The indings a e an impo an summa y o he comp ehensi e s udy. The in e ac ion be ween Polish and English will undoub edly ensu e he dissemina ion o he monog aph's ideas and he popula i y o he Li huanian Geolinguis ic School. The e a e also ables, pho og aphs, pain ings (a ound a hund ed), isualizing he mos impo an esul s, wel e appendices on he e hnic composi ion o he popula ion and he use o languages a he end o he 19 h cen u y, Li huanian, mixed om he na ional poin o iew, Sla ic illages in he a ea o Punsko and Seina, he da a o which he scien is sha es wi h he academic communi y. images o he dialec s a e p esen ed, compiled acco ding o he me hodology o pe cep ual dialec ology. The ques ionnai es and li e a u e lis s o he 11 h Punsko Ko o High School once again es i y o he p o essionalism o he s udy: eliable sou ces om he i s eco dings, abundan in e disciplina y scien i ic li e a u e […] he esul s o empi ical esea ch and heo e ical, me hodological opus […] allowed scien is s o p epa e an inno a i e monog aph. Iucundi, wo k ha d! (M. Tullius Cice o) Deli e ed on 15 Ma ch 2017 DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ Klaipėdos uni e si e as The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.