Funkcinis reciprokinių žymeklių monadinėse konstrukcijose aspektas

S aipsniai / A icles 105 LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as Resea ch a eas include mo phosyn ax, ypology, alency, and seman ics. FUNCTIONAL RECIPROKINS In he o m o a label Cons uc ion aspec s Func ional Aspec o Recip ocal Ma ke s in Monadic Cons uc ions ANOTATION The objec o his a icle is […] ecip ocal ma ke s used in monadic cons uc ions wi h ecip ocal e bs. Based on he ma e ial o he cu en Li huanian language ex (DLKT), i is discussed wha is upda ed and speci ied by one o ano he ecip ocal ma ke . A his poin , he seman ics a e aken in o accoun . The s udy showed ha ecip ocal ma ke s can be assigned somewha di e en ly han hey a e oday, i.e. g adually, and acco ding o he o ien a ion o he subjec o p edica e and he subjec 's mu an sequence o alk abou he hie a chy o ecip ocal ma ke s. Subjec -o ien ed ecip ocal ma ke s a e mos commonly used; They a e upda ed di e en ly (sepa a ely: one-sidedly) by he pa icipan s in he mu ual si ua ion. ESMINIAI WORDS: ecip ocal e b, mu an , ecip ocal monadic cons uc ion, ecip ocal ma ke , seman ic pa ame e . The wo d is also used in he English language. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The objec o he a icle is ecip ocal ma ke s used in monadic cons uc ions wi h ecip ocal e bs. Wi h he use o he Co pus o he Con empo a y Li huanian Language (CCLL) he hings ac ualized and speci ied by one o ano he ecip ocal ma ke a e discussed. In his case, seman ics is applied as a s a ing poin . The s udy e ealed ha ecip ocal ma ke s can be dis inguished in sligh ly di e en ways han hey we e be o e, i.e., g adually, and he hie a chy o ecip ocal ma ke s can be discussed acco ding o he o ien a ion o subjec o p edica e and segmen a ion o mu an s exp essed as subjec . Subjec -o ien ed ecip ocal ma ke s a e used he mos equen ly; They' e ac ually di e en om each o he , bu hey' e no he same hing. - "Sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely, sepa a ely." LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 106 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI, con aining he ollowing sec ions: KEYWORDS: ecip ocal e b, mu an , ecip ocal monadic cons uc ion, ecip ocal ma ke , seman ic pa ame e . This is he i s ime I' e seen his. 1.The ollowing able is inse ed: Li huanian e bs o communica e, o coope a e, o kiss, o kiss, o a gue, o a gue, o igh , o igh , o igh , o compe e, o ma y, o play, o compe e, e c. a e ecip ocal e bs, o niau i, muš is, ung yniau i, sugy en i, su(si) a i, susiž algy i, s eikin is, šnabždė is, ecip ocal. small (in p edica es) indica es he ela ionship be ween he smalles o a leas wo Vieni jų y a leksiniai ecip okai1 (an. lexical ecip ocal) (bičiuliau is (: bičiulis), d augau i (: d augas), ko o i (: ko a) i pan.), ki i – g ama iniai2, konk ečiau kal- ban , e leksy iniai3 (an. e lexi e ecip ocals) (apsikabin i (: apkabin i), bučiuo is (: bučiuo i); muš is (: muš i), uok is (: uok i) i pan.). Tokiais ecip okiniais eiks- pa icipan s in he si ua ion […] mu an (an. mu an )4. Inhe en ly mu uan , ma ked by any de i a ional means, i.e. o seman ically ecip ocal e bs wi hou he ma ke -si-s [...] and e bs a pusa io san ykis y a sime iškas. Pa yzdžiui, ecip okinėje kons ukcijoje (an. ecip ocal cons uc ion) Jonukas kalba su Onu e a pusa io san ykio daly iai 1 „This e m [i. e. lexical ecip ocals] used o e e o e bs wi h inhe en ecip ocal meaning no wi h he e lexi e-middle ma ke which does no ma k he ecip ocal meaning (giminiuo is). [...] Fo mally, lexical ecip ocals can be simple (unde i ed) and de i ed, in which case hey may be denominal o de e bal de i a i es (Geniušienė 2007: 658; see Nedjalko 2007: 1416, 96101). 2 Fo mo e in o ma ion, see Nedjalko 2007: 912. He is a membe o he Russian Olympic Commi ee. 3 […]This e m [i.e. e lexi e ecip ocals] is used he e o e e o mo phologically ma ked ecip ocals de i ed o m non- ecip ocal e bs by means o he e lexi e-middle ma ke alone[…] (Geniušienė 2007: 658). Pe onėlė Be nadišienė (Ul ydas, ed., 1971: 196) claims ha " he meaning o he in e ac ion be ween he wo ac o s is e lec ed in he in e ac ions be ween he wo ac o s ( e lexi a ecip oca) indica ing ha a he same ime wo, se e al o mo e ac o s a e ac ing on each o he ". S asė K inickai ė Daba inės lie u ių kalbos g ama ikoje (Amb azas, ed., 1996: 288) w i es ha he […]pag indinė sang ąžos o man o -s(i) unc ion […] o limi he ac ion o he sphe e o he subjec […] is seen in a ious signi ican g oups o sang ąžinių eiksmažodžių: a) he ac o kissing each o he : kissing, kissing, kissing. E alda Jakai ienė (Amb azas, ed., 1996: 408) a gues ha […]in e media e e b sang ąžiniai eiksmažodžiai means ha he ac ion, said in he base wo d, is pe o med by wo ac o s: he one who was he subjec o he base wo d, and he one who was i s objec , e.g. being (plg. John is kissing he […] They (Jonah and Ona) a e kissing, d inking, lo ing, kissing, g ee ing, mee ing. To such ma iages, he a ix o blood adds he seman ic adjec i e […]one o he o he […][…]. 4 Fo mo e in o ma ion on he concep s o mu ual and ecip ocal, ecip ocal and symme ic, and mu ual, and hei scope, see Haspelma h in he yea 2007. A icles o he 107 h Funkcinis ecip okinių žymeklių monadinėse kons ukcijose aspek as (Jonuk, Onu ė) is said o speak o he p edica e " alking" in wo sepa a e alen ine ac s: he agen -co esponding subjec p onoun and he indi ec objec unc ion u einančia p ielinksnio su i įnagininko kons ukcija, ku i a liepia komi a y o (Sližienė 1994: 330). This ype o in e ac ion is known as " he mu ual si ua ion" and is kiosiomis, a ba diadinėmis (an. discon inuous cons uc ion, dyadic cons uc ion5). o en e e ed o as " he mu ual si ua ion" (Hasselmu h, 2007: 209). In his case, he an us eikš i kaip ieną ak an ą, . y. ipiškai a skai os ašku (an. e e ence poin ) pasi enkami isi (mažiausiai du) si uacijoje daly aujan ys mu uan ai – jų isu- wo ac s o a wo-syllable p edica e in a sen ence a e said by he subjec in he plu al o m o a noun o p onoun, o by wo nouns o p onouns combined wi h a conjunc i e and6. In sen ences 1, 3, such a mu an whole as he collec i e ac an goes o he agen co esponding o he subjec (see Sližienė 1994: 43). To be mo e p ecise, such an agen coincides (combines) wi h he commu a i e and can be pe cei ed as a commu a i e. Valence educ ion o syn ac ic ac an s is seen he e (see Sližienė 1994: 330). These use cases a e called monadic o ecip ocal cons uc ions (an. simple cons uc ion, monadic cons uc ion7). (1) John, Pe e , and Annas a e alking o each o he . (ci ed by Sližienė 1994: 43) 2) They had been cha ing o a long ime, he was p e ending, and she didn' da e admi he mis akes, he didn' say any hing ei he , hey we e like alking nowhe e else. Many yea s ha e passed since hen. The TAC 3) I 's like hey' e ying o comp omise you, and i 's e y childish o hem. We, you and I, ha e alked mo e se iously abou ha poin o iew. Bu he child en's picke , once done he e (in p o essional e ms, i 's a kinde ga en in gene al), is a se ious ac . The TAC I can be seen om sen ences 13 ha he posi ion o he a gumen co esponding o he commu a i e o he p edica es in ques ion emains ee. I can be illed wi h a non- alen ine […] ee membe 5 […]Discon inuous cons uc ions a e hose in which he second ecip ocan is a non-subjec […] (Nedjalko , Geniušienė 2007: 396). […]A dyadic cons uc ion which c ea es a symme ic si ua ion by placing one pa icipan in a subjec NP and ano he in a comi a i e ph ase[…] (Hu s 2010: 290). 6 In such cases, Nijolė Sližienė usually assigns a sepa a e alency s uc u e o he e b e b e b conjuga ion in Li huanian, whe e he syn ac ic ac an co esponding o he collec i e e b is said in he plu al o m o nouns (o nouns) […] Nomplu , Juodu among hemsel es because o he p io i y (ž ., e.g. Sližienė 1994: 175 , 330, 336, 338, 356, 440; 1998: 178 ; also known as Sližienė 2004: This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 7Simple cons uc ions a e hose in which bo h ecip ocan s a e exp essed by he subjec (Nedjalko , Geniušienė 2007: 396). […]A monadic cons uc ion which g oups he pa icipan s in he ela ion in he subjec NP while losing an objec NP[…] (Hu s 2010: 290). LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 108 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI ecip ocal ma ke wi h s a us, e.g. pupil ma ke s in sen ence 5 a e no ela ed o he e b speak o each he language; In noseman ine ecip okine ana o a ienas su ki u, daik a a džio a pusa yje ie- ininku, p ielinksnine a p sa ęs kons ukcija (plg. 4–5 sakinius). Šie ecip o- his case, he e bs a e modi ie s, i.e. he e bs do no equi e hem ei he sugebė i eikš i min is žodžiais’ alen ingumu (ž . Sližienė 1994: 331), be ko- munikaciniu požiū iu y a s a būs. Kalbamieji a pusa io san ykį eiškian ys i seman ically o syn ac ically (so-called eduplica ion o double ecip oca ion). 4) When I ask each o hem indi idually wha kind o li e would make hem happy, i u ns ou ha he husband imagines hem one way and he wi e ano he . Bu hey don' alk abou i wi h each o he , hey don' ha e a common ision, so i 's all puppe y. The TAC (5) The mee ing was exci ing, g ainy […] melod ama ic. I didn' need he wo ds. They spoke o each o he in sub le mo emen s, only hey knew he language o signs, which, i a s ange suddenly came he e, migh seem small a leas s ange. In he ollowing, he main a en ion will be paid o in ansi i e sen ences 4 […] 5: cases will be discussed when all he pa icipan s in he ecip ocal si ua ion a e chosen as he poin o e e ence, he monadic cons uc ions a e old o he subjec , and hei ecip ocal ela ionship o he meaning o he ecip ocal ac ion o he p edica e i sel is s ill upda ed and speci ied by he ecip ocal ma ke . The pu pose o he a icle is o answe he ques ion o wha and acco ding o wha seman ic pa ame e s is upda ed by one o ano he ecip ocal ma ke . To achie e his goal, he ollowing asks a e p oposed: o b ie ly men ion wha is w i en in he spoken ques ion (see chap e 2), o analyze he hie a chy o ecip ocal ma ke s in monadic cons uc ions and o es ablish hie a chical ela ionships be ween ecip ocal ma ke s (see chap e 4). The desc ip ion is used in he ex o he cu en Li huanian language (DLKT) compiled by he Compu e Linguis ics Cen e o he Vy au as Magnus Uni e si y in Kaunas (see sec ion 3 o de ails). 8 The concep o […] con ol and modi ica ion o anali iniu i in e p e acijos me odais. Siekian ikslo emiamasi medžiaga, ink- syn ac ic ela ions, con ol o modi ie , con olling wo d o modi iable wo d, which is used he e, is discussed in mo e de ail. Hol oe , Judžen is ac an o aiška (e.g. hey a e enemies o each o he ; he pai s a e simila o each o he ). (2003: 11–35; 2005: 11–38). Ten pa plg. i adicinę sin aksinių yšių ipų apž algą. 9 Tokią ak an o aišką, kai ki a o ma ne eikia jokios naujos in o macijos, papildančios p edika i- nio žodžio eikšmę, Dalija Teko ienė (1985: 74) siūlo adin i sud igubin a o pa ies seman inio A icles o he 109 h Funkcinis ecip okinių žymeklių monadinėse kons ukcijose aspek as 2. Explana ion o he ecip ocal ma k G amma ical wo k In o de o discuss wha and acco ding o wha seman ic pa ame e s is upda ed by ecip ocal ma ke s, and o es ablish hei ela ionship o each o he , i is impo an o men ion wha has al eady been said abou his. Fo example, Pe onėlė Be nadišienė in he g amma o he Li huanian language ed., 1971: 198) ašo, kad „ a pusa io eiksmo eikšmės sang ąžiniai eiksma- žodžiai gali bū i a ojami ka u su pa yškinamaisiais žodžių junginiais a žo- (Ul ydas, džiais, o example: each o he , each o he , be ween onesel , in one's own way, in one's own way, e c. ; hese compounds o wo ds o wo ds enhance he meaning o he in e ac ion o wo o mo e ac o s, emphasizing he close ela ionship be ween he ac o s hemsel es. Jonas Šukys (1998: 515), discussing he ela ionship be ween links and links in Li huanian, belie es ha "links be ween cons uc ions" some imes means an objec , mo e p ecisely […] objec s be ween which he e is some disc epancy, con lic o communica ion. [...] Con lic o communica ion can also e e o a con e sa ion be ween you. [...] Such a pe son is synonymous wi h a subs i u e ca pen e . They alked o each o he . They alked o each o he . Such a depu y in a sen ence goes a ound he house. [...] Bu hey also [builde s among hemsel es] ha e some, some imes e en con en ional language subs i u es. Women [...] ook each o he (plg. be ween hemsel es, one wi h he o he ) o g an ed (Šukys 1998: 300). In o he wo ds, J. Šukys, simila o Elena Valiuly ė in he g amma o Li huanian language (Ul ydas, ed., 1976: 75, 105), dis inguishes objec i e ela ionships by ma king be ween one's own cons uc ion and (builds) a ound each o he . The au ho (Shukys 1998: 515) belie es ha "I say o mysel ha I should no be o ended, especially when i doubles he o m o he e b and when i is clea om he sen ence wha he e bs a e and how hey ela e o he e b". Emma Geniušienė (2007: 669 ), when discussing ecip ocal cons uc ions in Li huanian, holds he iew ha , o example, in he cons uc ion, he sis e s kissed each o he ecip ocally. The emphasis o he in e componen , say, is chosen by he ecip ocal ma ke in he in e componen o be ween he sel . In his con ex , i is impo an o no e ha he e m " ecip ocal" is used in he same sense as he e m " ecip ocal" in he same sen ence: "Explici exp essions o he ecip ocal meaning a e he ph ases ' ecip ocally' and ' ecip ocally', bu hey can be used wi h ecip ocal e bs ( o mally e lexi e and lexical) exclusi ely o in ensi y o speci y he ecip ocal meaning." We' e igh ing each o he . They a e iends wi h each o he (Geniušienė 2007: 636 ). 11 The e m 'o ien a ion' is used in acco dance wi h Hol oe 2009: 99. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 110 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI su subjek u pasakomais mu uan ais, ki i ski ia juos sin aksiškai i / a ba seman- T.i.e. he complemen a y (objec ) one wi h he o he 12, be ween onesel s. he en i onmen in he in e play (pa ychny, J. Shukys, E. Valiuly ė); Subjec -o ien ed wi h each o he and p edica e-o ien ed wi h each o he (e.g. E. Geniušienė). I is ecognized (J. Shukys) ha a unc ionally ecip ocal ma ke can app oach each o he . Adelė Valeckienė, discussing he nouns in he g amma o he Li huanian language (Ul ydas, ed., 1965: 696; plg. Amb azas, ed., 1996: 26913), w i es ha " he pai s o nouns one... he o he [...] indica e wo hings o cha ac e is ics no a ibu ed o each o he , as well as g oups o hings o cha ac e is ics". In such cases, when hese in e ela ed nouns ha e di e en unny o ms and a e used wi h p e ixes, in addi ion o he indica ed sepa a e inde ini e meanings, hey also acqui e addi ional meanings a ising om hose unny and unny unc ions. Pa ychans, su names o his kind, p onounced one su name, he o he as he las name, may ha e an addi ional meaning o in e connec ion (Vienas ano he eja). [...] They we e all smoking, alking o each o he . Albe Rosinas (1996: 135), desc ibing su names in de ail, poin s ou ha in some cases i is possible o neu alize ecip ocal [one- o-one] and sanguine su names. [...] Be ween + sel can eplace he ecip ocal p onoun o he p onoun o m, plg. The e hey we e... alking o each o he o o Ona. Some ag eed, o he s denied and a gued among hemsel es. Howe e , he spoken neu aliza ion, al hough i shows seman ic simila i y be ween bloodsucking and ecip ocal nouns, is a e. Usually, one-syllable ecip ocal nouns o m a compound noun, consis ing o wo elemen s, and indica e he ela ionship be ween hose elemen s. Howe e , single-syllable o ms a e also di ided in o such syllables ha consis o mo e han wo elemen s. [...] all he pa s o he handw i ing i oge he . Seman ically, he ecip ocal ma ke be ween i sel can be close o he ecip ocal anapho a o one wi h he o he and hus o i can be close o he ecip ocal ma ke in he o he . In addi ion o such cases o synonymy, each ecip ocal ma ke is associa ed wi h ano he (e.g. sen ence 5), i he pa icipan s o he mu ual si ua ion a e upda ed by he indi idual subjec . The ele an one is he decay pa ame e . Wha i means o be mu ually ein o cing will be discussed la e in his chap e . To summa ize wha has been said so a , i is impo an ha he a o emen ioned au ho s, 12 Plg.: […]Papildiniu goes by he names o one ano he , one ano he , when hei second name is an indi ec u i sa o ipišką unkciją. Tais a ejais, kai a ojama ecip okinė ana o a ie- chee leade (some imes wi h a p e ix), and he i s name […]ininkas. The daugh e and he a he a oided each o he 13 Plg.: […]A ski iamieji [su names] indica e unde ined, bu one sepa a ed om he o he s and a ibu ed wi hou synonymy cases, om a seman ic poin o iew, he ecip ocal ma ke s a e dis inguished di e en ly: he ma ke s in ques ion a e o ien ed o he subjec (P. Be nadišienė), o himsel , [...] (E. Geniušienė). In o he wo ds, di e ences o opinion can be seen, which a e upda ed and speci ied by he ecip ocal ma ke s o he subjec and he p edica e. susi ik i“ (Valiuly ė in: Ul ydas, ed., 1976: 479). daik us (asmenis, bend us eiškinius) a ypa ybes“ (Amb azas, ed., 1996: 269). S aipsniai / A icles 111 Funkcinis ecip okinių žymeklių monadinėse kons ukcijose aspek as o ien uo i į subjek ą y a ecip okiniai ienas su ki u, a p sa ęs, o į p edika ą – ecip okinis žymeklis a pusa yje (E. Valiuly ė, J. Šukys, A. Rosinas), o ien uo- a į subjek ą y a ecip okinė ana o a ienas su ki u, į p edika ą – žymekliai a p Nicholas E ans, S ephen C. Le inson, Alice Gaby, and Asi a Majid (2011: 31-33), in a de ailed examina ion o ecip ocal e bs in e ms o seman ic ypology, iden i y i e seman ic pa ame e s o he ecip ocal si ua ion ha can in luence he use o one o mo e ecip ocal cons uc ions: (b) he con igu a ion o he pa icipan s (an. con igu a ion)14, (c) he symme y (symme ical s. asymme ical); (d) ime ( empo al o ganiza ion) (single ime s. sequence o bo h (i.e. non-cu en )), (e) si ua ion, o e en ype (ac ion o si ua ion ype; e en - ype). In he opinion o he speake s, in a ypical mu ual si ua ion, o example, he cons uc ion o Jonuk and Onu ė a ached o each o he , wo (Jonuk, Onu ė) mu an s a e in ol ed. Such a monadic cons uc ion is said o be a complex e en (an. complex e en ; a join ac ion o plu ali y o e en s), consis ing o wo simul aneous p oposi ions (a he same ime ha Jonuk emb aced Onu , Onu emb aced Jonuk), symme ical (wha Jonuk does o Onu , Onu does o Jonuk) and iendly (sudė ų a gumen s; an. conjoined a gumen ) ( ha is, wha Jonuk and Onu do oge he ) sub-e en s. Among hese mu an s a e s ong, pai , and con igu a ion. In addi ion o hese, he a o emen ioned au ho s also dis inguish chain (an. chain)17, adialinę (an. 14 […]The [...] pa ame e con igu a ion comes in o ope a ion once mul iple pa icipan s a e in ol ed, since hen he possible pe mu a ions o who ac s on whom can also a y[…] (Majid, E ans, Gaby, Le inson 2011: 31). 15 „Whe e all pa icipan s ac on each o he symme ically he e en is ully sa u a ed“ (Majid, E ans, Gaby, Le inson 2011: 31). 16 […]A and B, and likewise C and D, could be in s ong symme ical in e ac ion, bu wi h no in e ac ion be ween he pai s[…] (Majid, E ans, Gaby, Le inson 2011: 32 ). (Majid, E ans, Gaby, 17 „A could ac on B who could ac on C who could ac on D, esul ing in a linea se ies o e en s“ Le inson 2011: 32 ) I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI (2007: 112 669 ) s a es ha wi h ecip ocal adial) 18, samplūdžio (an. melee)19 i žiedo (an. ing)20 kon igū acijas. Nag inėdama lie u ių kalbos ecip okines kons ukcijas E. Geniušienė lexemes implying only wo mu an s (see sen ences 6[…]8) o only mo e han wo (see sen ences 9[…]11), he ecip ocal analogy is edundan and he e o e usually no used. Wi h o he lexical ecip ocals, such as communica e, iendship, kinship; "Figh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh , igh ." Monosyllabic o polysyllabic wi h each o he is also possible wi h e lexi e ecip ocal; bu hey a e used only in e y a e cases: when necessa y, i.e. desi ed, o emphasize (see sen ences 14[…]16). Recip ocal ma ke s be ween each o he , be ween hemsel es can also emphasize wo o mo e mu ual si ua ions o mu an s (e.g. They' e all ela ed o each o he . Rela i es a ely ma y each o he ; You' e iends wi h each o he ; Bu hey kissed each o he . They ma ied each o he . The bi ds a e bu ying each o he . hey a e mos commonly used wi h e lexi e ecip ocal wo ds wi h he meaning " o bea each o he " (ba asi, pjaunasi, mušasi, g auziasi) o " o alk, o alk o each o he " (kalbasi, pasišnibždėjo) (Geniušienė 2007: 670; plg. 17 o 20 sen ences) Thus, on he basis o he Li huanian language, i can be seen ha , wi h he excep ions men ioned, he numbe o pa icipan s in he ecip ocal si ua ion does no a ec he choice o ecip ocal ma ke s. In ligh o he o egoing, we will conside he ollowing ques ions in Chap e 4: Wha is mo e in luen ial and wha is mo e up- o-da e? 6) Na u e lo e s ha e lea ned o g ow pigeons no only in summe bu also in win e . They wen e en u he : in home condi ions, hey lay eggs, laid nes s, and aised young. The TAC 7) All he ac o s e en ually go ma ied and bap ized each o he 's child en in he same J. Mil inian s udio. I 's impossible o p o ec you sel om ha , unless i 's a s udio iolin. The TAC 18 Sen ence [The heache and he pupils in imida ed one ano he ] is ambiguous, bu in one o i s eadings he eache in imida es each o he pupils and ice e sa, bu no in imida ion ob ains be ween pai s o s uden s (E ans, Le inson, Gaby, Majid 2011: 8). 19 „A and C could each ac on D who alone ac s on C, e c.“ (Majid, E ans, Gaby, Le inson 2011: 32). Each pa icipan [in: The child en chased each o he ound in a ing] is bo h chased and a chese , bu he is no pai wi hin which a symme ical ela ion holds“ (E ans, Le inson, Gaby, Majid 2011: 8). A icles by A icle 113 Funkcinis ecip okinių žymeklių monadinėse kons ukcijose aspek as 8) The audience sipped cock ails, go ma ied, lis ened o ake music, and quickly go d unk. The TAC 9) The las day o my cou se is app oaching. I eel qui e happy ha I won inish i o ano he yea . Bu wha is his? In he lobby o he conse a o y, my wo belo ed Vy au as, Ri a Kučinskai ė and...G ažina Ručy ė - my pe ec ed ideal pianis ! 10) A man is si ing in a yoga pose. Japanese o Chinese? And nex o he window is a clo h, no jus a copy: Moses deligh s in God's laws. The moun ain is smiling. People a e hanging ou he e now. The TAC 11) I 's a wa m, ea ly au umn day in he mo ning. F om he us ling smoky bushes come he bushes, and on he ba e hills he he ds a e ga he ed. And he g ass unde my ee is almos un ouched […] we , dus y, aded. On he way home, Gauss wonde ed i he day would e e come when people would alk o each o he wi hou lying. DLKT 13) Jus because di e en human pain ings don' ha e ki s nex o each o he , hey' e no ela ed o each o he , bu hey' e basically igh ing each o he . 14) The dead we e u he bu ned, bu ied unbu ied, bu ied in s one w ea hs ha joined oge he , o bu ied in g ay g a es, mo e and mo e o en bu ying he dead unbu ied, pu ing me al jewel y in he g a es. The TAC 15) When A mando hea d ha a s ange was g ee ing him, he did he same. This holiday is celeb a ed in my home own. "People g ee each o he wi h a saying?" ki ais, ačiau aš nežinau iš ku kilusi okia adicija. Gal jūs galė umė e papa- asked he Panamanian. Child en's li le people a e like bi ds unde he g ound and g ow. And how i g ows should be a conce n o all o us. Bu we igh , we igh , we igh wi h each o he o no hing, and we o ge hose li le people some imes. DLKT was ca ying he sh ine, chee ully shou ing. O he s we e glowing wi h joy, 17) Či škė namuos žadin u ai, kna kė seniai, čiu eno į lo as aikai, glamonėjosi y ai i mo e ys. Ėjo gy enimas. DLKT 18) Pašoko kele as a pinėn, paėmė an ankų skai y oją, nunešė žemėn i už kissing each o he in ea s, o he s we e singing hymns: On he Day o A onemen , he anks we e shoo ing a each o he . In e es ingly, he ace ela ions wo k on ėjom, ku ios nuo seno no ėjom... DLKT 19) Spaudoje bu o šiu pu skai y i apie ai, kad usų a iacija bomba da o i sa ų- he same wa es, in o he wo ds, he Russians can lis en o he Chechens, and he la e o he […] Russian commands. The 44 h edi ion o he ou namen was played in he Swiss sys em (10 ounds). Each pai played agains each o he in wo se s o whi e and black pieces. The TAC LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 120 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI Based on wha has been said, we could con inue o alk abou ca e ul ecip ocal ma ke s be ween each o he in he in e im, by analogy wi h he local sign be ween he ga es be ween he ga es. Then he spa ial meanings o med by he samples be ween hemsel es in mu ual sel -in e p e a ion would be conside ed as en i onmen al modi ie s ha ell he scope o he ac ion in he spa ial de ini ion (see sen ences 32[…]33). Acco ding o he exp essi e loca i e be ween onesel in mu ual sel -in e p e a ion could be dis inguished om he p eposi ions abipusiai, abipusiškai, sel -in e p e a i ely exp essi e mode modi ie s, o example, 34[…]36 in sen ences. In addi ion o he abo e, he use o he e m "cus oma y" in he con ex o he e m "cus oma y" in he con ex o he e m "cus oma y" in he con ex o he e m "cus oma y" in he con ex o he e m "cus oma y" in he con ex o he e m "cus oma y" in he con ex o he e m "cus oma y" in he con ex o "cus oma y." Then syn ac ically, he modi ie s o being in e changeable, in e dependen , in e dependen , in e dependen , in e dependen could be dis inguished om he objec s in ela ion o each o he , be ween hemsel es. Rela i ely, he di e ence be ween he g ound gi es he subjec o he hings, he s o ies, he sound. As men ioned, i can also be based on he use o he ecip ocal ma ke in e changeably (see below). 32) In he sp ing o 1938, he minis e epea ed he same hing: he Jews hemsel es did no a gue o e he communi y. Le he Jews alk o each o he in sel -de ense, hen i will be possible o a gue. The TAC 33) Why a e we cons an ly a guing in he mids o a io ? They' e he li le guys, he li le guys who don' gi e a damn. DLKT 34) The Pa ies ecommend ha en e p ises esol e hei dispu es p ima ily by amicable concilia ion. This me hod o analysis makes i possible no only o look mo e closely a he wo k o hese poe s, bu also o sys ema ize his and ha , o y o pe cei e how o m and con en in e ac wi h each o he , how o malism exp esses hough . "In addi ion o a emp s o econcile he aspi a ions o g oups o ci izens o lead and manage, he desi e o many people o li e eely and in e dependen ly does no p e en hem om communica ing. The TAC In o he wo ds, he poin o e e ence he e chosen is he seman ic aspec o see ha some ecip ocal ma ke s a e mo e seman ically ela ed (i.e. o ien ed) o he subjec , o he s […] o he e y p edica e o he meaning o he ecip ocal ac ion. In his con ex , i makes sense o alk abou a ce ain g ada ion o ecip ocal ma ke s: one wi h he o he > be ween onesel > in ecip oci y > in sel -in e up ion > in mu ual sel -in e up ion, 27 Plg. The meaning o he wo d "in e up ion" in he dic iona ies is " he en i onmen o people who a e ela ed o each o he ". And I'm going o play my pa , one by one, one by one, one by one, one by one, one by one, one by one. (Laugh e ) We' e had a good li e. S aipsniai / A icles 121 Funkcinis ecip okinių žymeklių monadinėse kons ukcijose aspek as The anapho a is ypically o ien ed owa ds he sel as he pe cei ed subjec and i ac ualizes each subjec as a sepa a e pa icipan in he mu ual si ua ion, he in e ac ion is ecip ocally o ien ed owa ds he p edica e and i ac ualizes he mu ual ac ion i sel as he meaning o he p edica e ac ion. o he ecip ocal ma ke s a e placed be ween each o he and in e changeably. Thus, he ecip ocal ma ke s unde discussion co espond o he hie a chical di e ences o o ien a ion, o he ac ualiza ion and speci ica ion o he subjec > p edica e (see also sen ences 37[…]38). In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned, we can also use he ime-space- ime-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-- space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-spac- e-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-sp- ace-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-- space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-spac- e-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-sp- ace-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-- space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-spac- e-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-sp- ace-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-- space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-spac- e-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-sp- ace-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-space-- space-space As men ioned, acco ding o he clea ecip ocal ma ke be ween i sel can app oach he ecip ocal anapho a o he speci ica o o he mu an 's ela ionship o each o he (see sen ence 43, see also sen ence 24), o i can be app oached by he ecip ocal ma ke be ween i sel (see sen ence 44, see also sen ence 28). In e u n, Ge many ga e he Russians a la ge po ion o Li huania's e i o y. A ha ime, Ge many and he So ie Union we e allies: hey bo h occupied Poland, mu ually suppo ing each o he (i.e. mu ually suppo ing each o he ) by aising he line o in luence and join ly ca ing he map o Eas e n Eu ope as hey pleased. The TAC 38) The ligh o consciousness is made up o a mul i ude o "in o ma ion" ha lows om all a eas o ou psyche, and i mani es s i sel in all he o he i a py papildo (plg. * a p sa ęs sa i a py papildo) i pada o adinamą "knowings" ha a e each o he 's "ligh o consciousness" which a e b igh e o opposi e. DLKT 39) Acco ding o he chai man, he e was no pe suasion and demagogue y, "bu ha does no mean ha we could no discuss and alk sepa a ely wi h each o he ". The TAC 40) I we say ha he eli e mus o m he ha mony o socie y, i means ha i [ he eli e] is impo an o communica e wi h each o he . oge he wi h he ki- ais), i su isuomene. DLKT 41) The i s g oup ep esen s he in e es s o Polish and Russian mino i ies, os Vy iausybei. Kiek iena g upė, p ieš ai padisku a usi a p sa ęs (plg. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 122 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI a pusa yje) šia ema, pa eikia sa o nuos a ą minė ais klausimais i po o ban- he second […] Li huanian o sol e he p oblem o bilingualism. DLKT 42) The g oup discussed among hemsel es (i.e. among hemsel es; oge he wi h o he s) kią no s sunkią si uaciją ūškanais eidais, užda omis kūno pozomis, niu z- gėdami, pe aukinėdami ieni ki us. DLKT 43) Humbol as isaip odė Gausui nu il i. Iš salono susidomėję p adėjo ei i žmonės. ag eed o conside whe he he man and he woman in black clo hes we e igh ing among hemsel es (i.e. wi h each o he ), and he gi l wi h he nigh ma es looked a hem om he ches . DLKT 44) The boa d belonged, as i seemed o me a he ime, o he g oup o s uden s who had been mos imp essed by he Kaunas […]Auš os[…] gymnasium. The so-called dawns communica ed only among hemsel es (plg. among hemsel es). When I i s saw Valdas, I hough : "He looks young, bu he's handsome and he's s ill b igh ". DLKT So le 's summa ize he ecip ocal ma ke s acco ding o hei o ien a ion o he subjec o p edica e (see 1) and he subjec o he mu an 's explana ion (see 2) hie a chically as ollows: 1) Upda ing he mu an s exp essed as a subjec > Upda ing he meaning o he p edica e in e ac ion one wi h ano he > among hemsel es > among hemsel es > in mu ual unde s anding > mu ually mu ually mu ually unde s anding 2) Indi idual (sepa a e) > collec i e (collec i e) I u ns ou ha he pe cep ion o he pa icipan s in he same mu ual si ua ion co ela es wi h he ecip ocal ma ke s wi h each o he , be ween hemsel es, he mu ual choice, he ac ual men ion becomes a con igu a ion pa ame e o he ypologis s o he pa icipan s. Fo example, in he p e ious sen ences (6[…]8), i was seen ha in cases whe e he ypical monadic cons uc ions a e wo symme ical, simul aneous, iendly sen ences, and he wo mu uan s in he mu ual si ua ion ha e a s ong pai con igu a ion, he ecip ocal ma ke s a e usually no used: when hey a e used, he ecip ocal anapho a is in a speci ic g oup, which is unde s ood as condi ionally spli kuojamas a ski ai ak ualizuojamų mu uan ų a pusa io san ykis, ecip okiniais žymekliais a p sa ęs, a pusa yje – mu an ų a pusa io san ykis (labiau) už- ( a pesa) o uni y ( a pusa ). In he case o he "S" and he "R" in he sen ence, he "S" in he sen ence, he "S" in he sen ence, he "S" in he sen ence, he "S" in he cip okiniai žymekliai aip pa a ojami i ada, kai a p mu uan ų y a g andi- sen ence, he "S" in he sen ence, he "S" in he sen ence, he "S" in he sen ence, (ž . 50–51 sakinius). Remdamiesi okių sakinių kaip 52–55 kon eks u, aip pa A icles and a icles 123 Funkcinis ecip okinių žymeklių monadinėse kons ukcijose aspek as he "S" in he sen ence, he "S" in he sen ence, he "S" in he sen ence, he "S" in he sen ence, he "S" in he sen ence, he "S" in he sen ence. The con igu a ion o ecip oci y limi s he mu ual use o he ecip ocal ma ke . He e he ime pa ame e is impo an : in e ms o ime 52 sen ences ell he mu ual si ua ion be ween h ee mu an s in e p e ed as a sequence: ex B speaks o ( he i s ) ex A, hen […] o ( he las ) ex C; C alks o ( he p e ious) B, hen […] o D ex , and so on. ; Simila ly, he monadic cons uc ion o Žiū ėk, jiedu, Jonukas and Onu ė g ee each o he in a mu ually in o med si ua ion, whe e in he ypical (unma ked) case one o he mu an s is he i s , i.e. X g ee s Y, hen Y g ee s X, unlike, o example, in a gene ic owel o sen ence wi h a pe ec p edica e, e.g., Jiu-Ji su […] people g ee each o he (pass mu ino) wi h o he mu an s, whe e he mu ual e b is no so much ac ualized (seka) as he ac ion o an inde ini e numbe o mu an s is ealized. The ac ha he sequence pa ame e has an in luence on he use o ecip ocal ma ke s is also seen in 56 […] 57 sen ences, whe e he e is a ing (see 56 sen ence) o a adial (see 57 sen ence) con igu a ion be ween mu an s. He sa in he co ne a he dinne able, and his g andmo he , like he g ea es wi ch, explained how he le e s we e joined oge he , and le ou he smoke o he "Ba a" ciga e es, which we e ne e aken ou o he mou h o he camp. The TAC 46) Tables and pa que boa ds a e made wi h special ubbe in e aces ha allow he ee o "walk". When moun ed, hese s ips a e connec ed o each o he by special me al cables om he bo om. This gi es he loo s ex a s eng h, and he e a e no c acks be ween he boa ds. DLKT29 28 Fu he eading DLKT sen ences: Asked i hei coun y will no be in aded by A ghans in e alia ion o Pakis an opening i s ai space o Ame icans, Asim eplies: "Religion o bids us o igh each o he ". Membe s a e obliged o spy on each o he and o epo inapp op ia e ac i i ies o elde s o o make inapp op ia e ema ks. Newcome s a e o bidden o alk o each o he wi hou he supe ision o an elde . I is ecommended ha 29 Da plg. DLKT sen ences: Vedan a, Daois s, S oics, Su is and Pan heis s eng i kon ak ų su bu usiais na iais a kul o k i ikais bei kul ui nepalankiais šeimos na iais. g adually app oached he objec i e absolu e concep in s eps. The s eps a e simila o each o he , because he s eps a e he same o cling o each o he , he lo e ho els s e ch along he hill. ą pa į, ačiau i ski ingi, nes edė į p iekį – į žmogaus sąmonės b andą. Daba s o ime Šibujos ajone p iešais ieno iš meilės iešbučių du is. Į idų da neįėjome, be , a odo, bū inai ai pada ysime. Ta si LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 124 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI 47) G een, yellow, and o ange. Colo combina ions a e composed mainly o hem. Al hough he smalles elemen (a sphe e, a do , o a squa e) o his colo is adjacen o each o he . The TAC 48) […] Well, hen! She aised he glass o Coke. To ou iendship! Tha we don' ge d unk and ha 's he mos impo an hing! We would ne e igh each o he ! E en when I was d unk! They d ank o he bo om in one gulp, and Gaučys d ank oo. And he ba ely b oke i a all. The TAC 49 Then he disguised men, as hey we e obliged o do, began o make a e ible noise, inging wi h chains and calling wi h he ho ns o cows, and hey ushed a each o he wi h guns and clubs and clubs, bu he igh ened dance s su ounded he dance loo , whe e people we e s ill s anding like a ozen c owd. DLKT 50) You didn' pu he wo ds in you ea s, and you didn' pu he ala m on a nigh . I 's like he ca s a e alking o each o he . He keeps calling and calling. And he hough s o he sleepless nigh ollow he hy hm o he ala m. Acco ding o he , i 's impo an o know you colo pale e. Agnė said ha he ad an age o Bene on clo hes is ha hey all i oge he . A. Zuokienė did no hide he ac ha i is e y di icul o selec clo hes o he s o e. The e a e an insane numbe o models, a e y wide ange o colo s. The TAC 52) The almanac is cha ac e ized by uni y, i mus be ead page by page, because he ex s seem o speak o each o he (e.g. one o he o he ; "be ween each o he "), like a dialogue wi h he poems o he au ho be o e and a e . DLKT 53) The cons i uen pa s a e mixed wi h each o he and o m a isual whole o ku is no i a siski i. DLKT 54) The mos memo able p ojec was he me ge o […] […]No dea bank Li huania[…] and […]K edi bank[…], because no only p oduc s we e me ged, bu also eams o employees. Con olling such changes is no easy, bu i is e y exci ing. The da a shows ha in all cases, he exposu e o mush ooms inc eases mazgiai, o ganai pasidengia apnašu, ku iame susida o g ybo židiniai, o ga- nai a pusa yje suauga, odėl negali no maliai unkcionuo i, mažėja jų s o- is, a ski i indi idai žū a. DLKT he limb o he mice.56) Si ing a ound he able, he child en sha e apples wi h each o he (in e mi en ly; bu : hey sha e apples wi h each o he ). 57) Ignas nu a ė šį klausimą pag ilden i ne uoj pa , o ėliau, kai Miežpū is ap- sip as su s ečiais, kai labiau susipažins ienas su ki u (plg. ? a pusa yje). The TAC I 's also possible o use he same me apho in he same sen ence: "On he walk and on he way, when mee ing each o he , locals can only g ee each o he o mee o he locals, bu no each o he ." On he o he hand, i mus be ecognised, on he basis o he 59 h sen ence, ha A icles o he 125 h Funkcinis ecip okinių žymeklių monadinėse kons ukcijose aspek as In he same way, he ime o he in e ac ion men ioned in e se 58 could be unde s ood as he same ime: walking and on he way, he locals can g ee each o he , one wi h he o he o wi h each o he , i.e. he e he pa ame e is no applied and is less impo an o he selec ion o he ecip ocal ma ke . In he con ex o 58 […] 59 sen ences, we could assume ha he use o he ecip ocal anapho a is de e mined by he dynamics o he ecip ocal si ua ion, i.e. he pe cep ion o he si ua ion as dynamic limi s he use o he ecip ocal sign, which ac ualizes he ela ionship be ween he mu an s in a closed g oup (e.g. […] Liudni papu ę a pusa iai, pūs elėjus ėjui, sk isdami g ee ing among hemsel es); As hey an, hey g ee ed each o he . Bu sadly, he allen lea es g ee ed each o he among hemsel es. They un o g ee each o he among hemsel es. This is he case wi h he 606 and 666 sen ences, whe e he dynamic p edica es a e used and he ecip ocal ma ke s a e used be ween each o he , and he anapho a is used wi h each o he . The use o he ecip ocal ma ke in 58 […] 59 sen ences he e o e has a g ea e in luence on o he c i e ia: one o hem is he ac ualiza ion o he ecip ocal ac ion […] (you) pe o ming. The ac ha he use o he ecip ocal ma ke (selec ion) is also in luenced by how he speake looks a and pe cei es he ac ion o he e b, i s p ocessuali y, can be seen om ea lie sen ences 4546, 56. In e ses 45-56, he Bible desc ibes a "wo king ou " o a pa icula ac ion o p ocess (see also e se 58). The ela ionship be ween he mu an s in ol ed is speci ied by he ecip ocal anapho a be ween each o he o he ecip ocal anapho a be ween hemsel es. In o he wo ds, he use o ecip ocal ma ke s as he basis o he meanings o he e b ela es o how he speake pe cei es (ma o) o can ( o) pe cei e (ma i) he mu an s pa icipa ing in he p edica e e b (sepa a ely as indi iduals o collec i ely as a whole), i.e. whe he he speake om his o he pe spec i e, o om he poin o iew o he ju y, can (in) see all he mu an s as a closed g oup […] hei whole […]. This happens when he ac ion s ill akes place in a ce ain sequence, and he numbe o mu an s is unde ined. Thus, he conjunc ion o con inuous meanings in 66 sen ences limi s he use o he ecip ocal ma ke be ween onesel , unlike in 67[…]68 sen ences, whe e he subjec is said o be he minimum numbe o mu an s o he p edica e is he pe ec ion o he meaning, o , o example, in sen ences wi h he usual, i e a i e p edica e. The ac ha he meaning o he con inua i e has an in luence on he possible use o he ecip ocal ma ke can also be seen by compa ing E. Geniušienė's men ion o "Paukščiai bu iasi a pusa yje" wi h "Paukščiai susibū ė a pusa yje" (į pulkus). 58) Tu gelis […] sells clo hes, sou eni s and o he school supplies […] omo ow Rugs i s . The locals, d essed o he holidays, walk a ound, g ee each o he (in he middle o he s ee ) and a e always cu ious o see ou io. The TAC LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 126 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI 59) Ne oliese kažkas šiu ena. Ma y , ie pa ys liūdni papu ę lapai, pūs elėjus ė- They say hello o each o he , o hey make a di y ace. The TAC 60) The opponen s do no e en doub ha hey will win. They openly chea on ou na ional eam, h ow mo e and mo e goals a i s ga es, and i 's like hey' e acing wi h each o he o see who's going o ea n mo e. The TAC 61) He daugh e s, one eigh een, he o he abou wen y- wo, we e shoo ing a us wi h hei eyes. The gi ls, i seems, e en ough amongs hemsel es, each se ing us a able o b inging us a cup o ea. DLKT 62) Bu ned down Va no's esiden ial house. A lo o people ge a es ed. On he e e o he i s day o Ch is mas, he s aggle s ga he ed and i ed a each o he . De eikis sho Macel, his b o he Macelien. The ish o igina ed om he Pagi i. DLKT 63) The win my hs o en ell o wo b o he s who a e i als om bi h and igh each o he o a e no an agonis s, bu embody opposi es in hei pe sonali ies. In some my hologies, win b o he s ac as an ambi alen en i y. The TAC 64) The Belgians, like he Ame icans, like big, us y ca s. The wo s pa is when he aile s on he h ee-lane highway a e acing agains each o he . The TAC 65) As you go, hug he child and hold his o he back o you. Six-yea -olds can ge a ound on hei own. They ac i ely play wi h each o he , so some imes i seems ha he pa en s' ende ness is no longe needed. Bu i 's no ue. DLKT 66) Look, inally he elemen s A, B, C and +n o he chain connec o each o he Be ween you and me. 67) Look, hey, Jonuk and Onu , a e s ill alking o each o he (be ween hemsel es, among each o he ) un il now. Finally, all he elemen s (A, B, C, and D) a e connec ed o each o he . 69–71 sakiniuose a ojami eliniai ecip okiniai eiksmažodžiai implikuo- I 's he esul o an ac ion ha 's been said in 72 […] 74 sen ences. In he la e case, he ecip ocal ma ke is usually no used, and in sen ences as 6971 is chosen acco ding o he sequence. In o he wo ds, 69[…]74 in he sen ences can be seen he di e ences in ac ualiza ion: i is impo an ei he he pe cep ion o he mu an s by he subjec , o he esul o he mu ual ac ion i sel . 69) The cons i uen pa s mixed wi h each o he and o med he image o he ku is no i a siski i. DLKT A icles o he 127 h Funkcinis ecip okinių žymeklių monadinėse kons ukcijose aspek as 70) Įsimin iniausias p ojek as – „No dea bank Lie u a“ i „K edi bank“ susi- jungimas, nes jungėsi ne ik p oduk ai: iena su ki a susiliejo i da buo ojų uni e se o ha , he commands. Con olling such changes is no easy, bu i is e y exci ing. In all cases, he da a show ha exposu e o mush ooms inc eases he limi s o he mouse. mazgiai, o ganai pasidengia apnašu, ku iame susida o g ybo židiniai, o ga- nai a pusa yje suauga, odėl negali no maliai unkcionuo i, mažėja jų s o- is, a ski i indi idai žū a. DLKT 72) All ou Vo onezh s ee s me ged in o one s ee nea he s o e. The TAC 73) Do you o en c owd in o c owds? DLKT 74) Spo and cul u e a e b ough oge he in one place, al hough hese a eas a e in e wined […] like hea en and ea h. The TAC In he con ex o he 75 h sen ence, and in compa ison wi h he 6 h and 8 h sen ences, he e a e seman ic di e ences. The pa icipan s change: he e ypically he one-o si ua ion o ma ing wi h wo mu an s (e.g. 68 sak ‘po u o is ienam su ki u = A ma es wi h B, C ma es wi h D, e c.) is upda ed as an i e a i i y, i.e. e e y six mon hs, be ween he changing pa icipan s (e.g. A ma es wi h B, C ma es wi h D, a e six mon hs A ma es wi h F, B ma es wi h G, e c.) (e.g. 76 o sak). In o he wo ds, when he monadic cons uc ion is exp essed in a ypical (in his case […] epe i i e) ecip ocal si ua ion, he ecip ocal ma ke may become necessa y. 75) She espec s and lo es he husband. The e you go. […] Gied e... […] I hink ha 's why, oo, since ancien imes, no e e yone has w i en in he ields and, and e e y six mon hs hey ha e been ma ied o each o he and such a mix u e as no ... Tha 's why e e yone ound a man who was mo e o less sui able o you, a leas ha 's how you imagine. DLKT31 76) Back home a e wo k, we' e hanging ou wi h each o he . Finally, i is impo an o no e ha i wo ecip ocal ma ke s a e used in a sen ence (can be used), one o hem (which is in he hie a chy) is (mo e) subjec -o ien ed, he o he (which is in he hie a chy) is (mo e) p edica e-o ien ed (e.g. she ge s naked and dances a ound he i e, and hen she makes lo e o each o he and kisses, and she hea s chee s and laugh e , and he e is no jealousy and en y be ween hem. The judge o he DLKT ag eed o each o he 's dispu e; See also sen ences 37 and 38. Recip oci y ( ela ing o each o he ) o he meaning o he wo d " ecip oci y" (plg. (= 29) o he Mexican couple iding 30 Plačiau apie si uacijos daugumo, a ba ka o inumo, są oką ž . Plungian 2010: 205 . 31 Da plg.: Aš bu au en, - sakė Lizanas, - ku žmonės, y ai i mo e ys, seni i jauni, Joninių nak į each o he ; See also sen ence 42. In such cases, he ma ke s shall be mu ually upda ed and speci ied by he en i y e e ed o as he closed g oup; Func ionally, i 's di e en om each LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 128 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI, con aining he ollowing sec ions: Meksikiečių po a kuždasi a p sa ęs sa i a py / abipusiai; (= 30) Gapalapa aka i o he (see sen ence 41). I is impo an o no e ha he e b " o be" in he e b " o be" and kinio žymeklio a pusa yje o ien aciją į pa į p edika ą iboja subjek u einan is apibend inamasis į a dis iskas (plg., Viskas, kas a odo pad ika, y a a pusa yje " o be" in he e b " o be" a e mu ually exclusi e, meaning ha hey a e seman ically ela ed o each o he , and ha hey ha e a seman ic ela ionship o he p edica e i sel (e.g. 30, 46, 51, 71). The wo d " ecip ocal" in he hie a chy is like a ela i e ansi ion om ecip ocal ma ke s o ien a ion o he subjec o hei o ien a ion o he p edica e. 5. Wha is he name o he p oduc ? In monadic ecip ocal cons uc ions, modi ie s can be used […] ecip ocal ma ke s a e wi h each o he , wi h each o he , wi h each o he , wi h each o he , wi h each o he , wi h each o he , wi h each o he , wi h each o he . Some ecip ocal ma ke s a e (mo e) subjec -o ien ed (one o he o he ), o he s […] o he e y meaning o he ecip ocal ac ion p edica e (abipusiai sa i a piškai). The DLK da a show ha ma ke s ela ed o he same ecip ocal e b a e used only in isola ed cases, i.e. he mode o exp ession o he ecip ocal e b i sel is a ely upda ed. The mos equen ly used seman ically ela ed ecip ocal ma ke s a e hose ha a e upda ed sepa a ely o uniquely by he subjec o he mu an s. F om he poin o iew o mu an s, subjec s, and eade s in an in e pe sonal si ua ion, he meaning ul is he indi idual: he uni y, o he indi idual: he collec i e, he pa ame e ha co ela es wi h he ecip ocal ma ke s in each o he 's use o each o he . Recip ocally, each indi idual mu an is ac ualized wi h each o he as a membe o he whole, as a subjec . The mu an s' ela ionship o each o he is closed o closed in a g oup pe cei ed as (mo e o less) indi isible, i.e. in uni y, in he whole […] ecip ocal be ween hemsel es o espec i ely. The ac ualiza ion o he pa icipan s o he mu ual ela ionship co esponds o us wi h each o he each pe spek y os, žiū os kampo, ski umus: sakiniuose su ecip okine ana o a ie- pa icipan o he mu ual si ua ion as i isible indi idually, in sen ences wi h each A icles o he 129 h Funkcinis ecip okinių žymeklių monadinėse kons ukcijose aspek as o he he indi idual pa icipa ing in he mu ual si ua ion in he con ex he uan as a si nus umiamas į oną (an. backg ound), . y. da osi neak ualus, i žiū ima į mu uan ų isumą ien isai – kaip ienį. ecip ocal ma ke be ween i sel can app oach he speci ica o o he mu ual ela ionship o he sepa a e mu an s […] he ecip ocal anapho a o each o he o he ecip ocal ma ke can app oach i . Acco ding o he o ien a ion, o ac ualiza ion and speci ica ion o he subjec o p edica e, and he explana ion o he mu an s by he subjec s, he ecip ocal ma ke s a e hie a chically a anged: one wi h he o he , be ween onesel , in mu ual sel -pi y, in mu ual sel -pi y, in mu ual sel -pi y. Recip oci y is like a ela i e ansi ion om o ien a ion o he subjec o o ien a ion o he p edica e. In addi ion o hese pa ame e s, he possible use o ecip ocal ma ke s is in luenced by he di e ences in he meanings o he p edica e e bs, he con igu a ion o he pa icipan s, he sequence pa ame e , he ac ualiza ion o unusual mu ual si ua ions. In such cases, he ecip ocal use o he ecip ocal may be es ic ed. ŠALTINIAI DLKT – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos eks ynas, sud. Kauno Vy au o Didžiojo uni e si e o Kompiu e inės ling is ikos cen as. P ieiga pe in e ne ą h p://donelai is. du.l . DŽe – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas 26, y . ed. S asys Keinys, 7-as pa ais. i papild. leid. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2012, 969 p.; elek oninis a ian as, 2015. P ieiga pe in e ne ą: lkiis.lki.l . LKŽe – Lie u ių kalbos žodynas I–XX, 1941–2002, elek oninis a ian as; ed. kolegija: Ge ūda Nak inienė ( y . edak o ė), Jonas Paulauskas, Ri u ė Pe okienė, Vy au as Vi kauskas, Jolan a Zaba skai ė. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2005; a naujin a e sija, 2008. P ieiga pe in e ne ą: www.lki.l . LITERATŪRA Amb azas Vy au as, ed., 2006: Daba inės lie u ių kalbos g ama ika, 4 pa ais. lei- dimas. Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidykla. E ans Nicholas, Le inson S ephen C., Gaby Alice, Majid Asi a 2011: In oduc ion: Recip ocals and seman ic ypology. – Recip ocals and Seman ic Typology, ed. by E ans Nicholas, Gaby Alice, Le inson S ephen, Majid Asi a. John Benjamins Publishing Company: Ams e dam/Philadelphia, 1–28.