Seminaro apžvalga

S aipsniai / A icles 305 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as Resea ch a eas include lexicology, lexicog aphy, wo d p oduc ion, and mo phology. SEMINARO APŽVALGA On July 5, in Vilnius, a he Li huanian Language Ins i u e, he Second Lexicog aphical Wo kshop "Lexicog aphy, Science and Li e" ook place o commemo a e he anni e sa y o he dic iona y I ene E many e and o discuss scien i ic p oblems o lexicog aphy. This ime, he dic iona ies wan ed o hono he dis inguished scien is no only wi h wo ds bu also wi h deeds, o lis en no only o he memo ies bu also o he opinions abou cu en lexicog aphy and he ac i i ies o he younge gene a ion o lexicog aphe s. Viole a Če nė (LKI) s a ed he semina wi h a p esen a ion on he I ene E many ė's con ibu ion o lexicog aphy. In a b ie o e iew o he biog aphies o K is ina Pe ai ė, bo n on July 3, 1937 in Nuga as, Ku šėnai alley, in he amily o K is ina Pe ai ė and he La ian Po ilo Zenon E mani, he epo e summa ized and weighed he accomplishmen s. I. E many ė was p esen ed as a long- ime w i e and edi o o Li huanian ocabula y ex s (o e 100 au ho 's wo ks), au ho o Li huanian language an onyms (1985) and An ony's dic iona ies, oge he wi h colleagues […] i e and lake names, edi o o he ph aseology dic iona y, he Li huanian in e na ional ocabula y ex book ( ou edi ions), au ho o many a icles, collec o o lex da a, ansla o o La ian. In 1994, I. E many ė de ended he disse a ion on he an onyms and an onyms o he Li huanian language ex e nally, and in 2008 he Li huanian Language Ins i u e published he monog aph An onimija and an onyms. An ony calls I ene he g ea lo e o li e, and his lo e does no ade. I was om hese s udies ha wo an onym wo ds we e bo n, he disse a ion and he monog aph. Acco ding o he scien is , she hinks in an onyms. Whe he she's lis ening o he adio o eading, she's al eady hea ing o seeing opposi e pai s o wo ds. I ha e my own an onyms ha I d eam abou e en a nigh , said I ena. Since 1958, he i s wo d-ga he ing expedi ion, he I. E many ė expedi ion, has a eled h oughou Li huania. In he wo ds o he p ophe ess, I ena lea ned o speak he language o he people so ha i could be ansla ed and unde s ood. The e a e o e 20,000 wo ds in he lexicon. Many o he w i en sen ences a e now li ing hei li es in he pages o Li huanian language a las. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ 306 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In 1996, o he e o s in he Li huanian language dic iona y, I ene E many was awa ded he p es igious Li huanian Republic Science P ize oge he wi h o he colleagues, and in 2001 she was awa ded he second p ize oge he wi h co-au ho s o he p epa a ion o he ph aseology dic iona y. Baigdama V. Če nė pasakė: „Regis, kiek ienas u ime amsiąją sa o asme- he Li huanian dic iona y. I ena also con ibu ed o he p epa a ion o he nymph's side. I ena is an excep ion. My colleagues speak highly o I ene. And a good wo d is be e han a gi . The audience o he semina saw in e es ing momen s in he li e o he ac i is on he sc een. Mo ing on o he scien i ic pa o he semina , Vilija Sakalauskienė (LKI) in he epo "Lexicog aphy - a b idge o language o socie y" ecalled ha i is s ill no ag eed whe he lexicog aphy is a science o jus a p ac ical ac i i y o people. Acco ding o he na a o , he main cha ac e is ic o lexicog aphy is i s applied pu pose, because i is always o ien ed o some hing. Lexicog aphy pe o ms he unc ions o eaching he na i e o non-na i e language, ixing and s anda dizing he na i e language (explana o y and o he ypes o ocabula y), in e language communica ion (dual-language ocabula y, con e sa ional ocabula y), he s udy o scien i ic language lexicology (e imological, his o ical ocabula y, wo ds o ex inc languages, e c.). By men ioning he p e-wo d, ea ly and ad anced s ages o p ac ical lexicog aphy, a en ion is d awn o he ac ha oday's lexicog aphe s no only compile dic iona ies o a ious scope and based on a ious echnologies, bu also c ea e scien i ic heo e ical ounda ions o hei p epa a ion. I is uni e sally ecognized ha lexicog aphy is he heo y and p ac ice o wo d o ma ion. Theo y is he selec ion o wo ds o compounds o wo ds, he in e p e a ion o hei meanings, he p oblems o he s uc u e o a dic iona y a icle, p ac ice is he wo k o p epa ing dic iona ies: he collec ion o lexical and ph asal ma e ial, i s sys ema iza ion (in he o m o an abeceda y ile), he w i ing o a dic iona y ex . Thus, in app o ing he monog aph on lexicog aphy (2005) by E. Jakai ien, i would no be an exagge a ion o say ha "lexicog aphy is esponsible o he whole o he language, because he ocabula y can be used o judge he gene al le el o knowledge o he language o ha coun y". The wo k is based on he wo k o Jus us Skelige , p o esso o classical philology a he Uni e si y o Leiden in he Ne he lands. In he epo "Sys ema ic ocabula y: heo y and p ac ice", Danu ė Liu ke ičienė (LKI), edi o -in-chie o he Li huanian-language dic iona y o he Fede a ion, mainly elied on examples o his dic iona y, showing ha i is no so easy o ollow one o he basic p inciples o lexicog aphy. G amma ical in o ma ion is sys ema ically p o ided in he BZ ( he pa o he i le wo d, he owel, in some cases he amily, he numbe , e c.). Howe e , his p inciple o en in e sec s wi h he p inciple o he equency o he use o wo ds, i.e. he inclusion o a e o obsole e eali ies in o he ocabula y (e.g. p o e bs, p o e bs, wo ds) i necessa y. Semina o apž alga A su ey o 307 lexicons. I would be s ange i we did no ind he wo ds "slippe y" o "slippe y" in he dic iona y, al hough in A. U ko's Dic iona y o he Li huanian Language, he i s one occupies 9311 (9 h place in e ms o usage) and he second one […] 24644 (2nd use). The announce explained he cases in which sys emici y is delibe a ely iola ed. Fo example, abs ac (going, goodness), BŽ a sisaky a lizdinio žodžių pa eikimo – sa o žodyninius s aipsnius u i isi p eposi ional (beau i ul), diminu i e (beau i ul), bu no sepa a ely aised nega i e and posi i e e bs; he syn ac ic link o e bs is indica ed, bu he seconda y link is no always indica ed, e c. Some imes he sys ema ic na u e o a wo d has o be comp omised because he g amma o o he in o ma ion i sel is no sys ema ic. In o he wo ds, he e a e no nouns o o he languages' o igin, wi h a masculine ending -o, -u, -i, and a eminine ending -ė, bu in he case o he gods and he ju y, i 's he opposi e. In some cases, use s o he dic iona y conside he addi ional in o ma ion p o ided in i o be he main one and wonde why in all cases he e is no men ion o he e bs o he common ances y, synonyms, an onyms, e c., i.e. hey assume ha hey ead no synonyms o an onyms, bu he gene al dic iona y and his in o ma ion is only supplemen ed. The aim o he Dai os Mu mulai y (LKI) epo "The mic os uc u e o he explana o y ocabula y: ea u es o he p esen a ion o seman ic in o ma ion" was o examine se e al cases o he p esen a ion o seman ic da a in explana o y dic iona ies and also o show by hei example ha lexicog aphy, al hough no conside ed a science o e e yone, is no jus a p ac ical, applied discipline. Looking, i seems, a all he o kaip o science, i seems, he e is no denying he s udies and hei esul s. malius žodyninių s aipsnių s uk ū os dalykus au o ė pa odė, kad ne i jie gali bū i g įž amuoju yšiu susiję su leksinės seman ikos a žodžių da ybos (ku ių, Elec onic dic iona ies equi e di e en , mo e p ecise o ms o p esen a ion o da a han p in ed ones. As a non-scien is , he ocabula y compile would no e en no ice such p oblems, would no y o sol e hem wi hou seeing hem, would no ask ques ions o himsel o o specialis s in o he ields. And he insigh in o he p oblem, he aising o he ques ion in science, as we know, is no less impo an , o en e en mo e impo an , han he answe o i . The au ho o he epo examined how seman ic in o ma ion is p esen ed in dic iona ies, how e b and lexical meanings ela e, how seman ic ela ionships a e e lec ed in he chosen way o p esen ing da a, wha his says o he linguis and he o dina y use o he dic iona y, and ouched on he p oblems o ne wo k de ini ions and egula i y. In addi ion o he a ious a eas o linguis ics (lexical seman ics, wo d o ma ion, mo phology, syn ax, accen ology, s ylis ics, e minology, dialec ology, e c.), he ocabula y o logical knowledge can and should be, as is o en said, composed o : I 's no like a phone book o an in en o y lis , bu i 's eal. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ 308 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII a e no w i en, c ea ed, which is essen ially wha should be done in o de o p o ide scien i ically analyzed and sys ema ic in o ma ion. Anjelika Gaidienė (LKI) began he epo "T adi ional s Cogni i e De ini ion o he Meaning o he Wo d: How o Find he Golden Mean" by poin ing ou he di e ences be ween adi ional and cogni i e meanings. The scien is a gued ha he na u e o he de ini ion depends on he pe cep ion o he lexical meaning, he pu pose and scope o he wo d. She in es iga ed wha a e he de ini ions o he Li huanian language ocabula y in his espec . In his wo d, he seman ic ea u es a e de e mined by se e al hings: he add ess […] he gene al public, he no ma i e na u e o he wo d, he p inciple o sys ema ici y. The main ways o in e p e ing he meanings o wo ds a e de ined, synonymous, e e en ial. By de ining wo ds, bo h in he cu en Li huanian ocabula y and in he common Li huanian ocabula y, he cha ac e is ic signs o hings, phenomena, concep s a e indica ed, bu he de ini ions o BZ a e mo e encyclopedic han hose o DZ. The cogni i e de ini ions o he wo ds honou , mush oom, Eu ope we e compa ed wi h he de ini ions o hese wo ds in he BZ, clea ly showing wha is impo an in bo h cases, how much and by how much he de ini ions di e . Acco ding o A. Guda ičiumi, i was no ed ha when in e p e ing he meanings o wo ds, i is necessa y o ake in o accoun h ee aspec s: p o o ypicali y, na ionali y and an h opocen ism. All o hem we e compa ed wi h he wo ds un, imes, su as, yellow de ini ions gi en in he a o emen ioned dic iona ies. In he end, he appo eu came o he conclusion ha The o ganize s o he join Li huanian-language dic iona y ound he golden mean. They na iga e be ween he adi ional and cogni i e de ini ions o he meanings o wo ds […] he p o o ypical and an h opocen ic aspec s o he de ini ion o he meaning o he wo d a e aken in o accoun , and he na ionali y aspec is usually e lec ed in illus a i e examples o usage. The nex epo was o his o ical lexicog aphy. Vilma Zubai ienė (VU) looked a he mos impo an 18 h-cen u y Li huanian p in ing dic iona ies […]F ied ich Wilhelm Hako (1730), Pilypo Ruigio (1747) and K is ijono Go lybo Milkaus (1800) […] in e ms o his o ical lexicology and lexical seman ics. Un il now, he scien is has ocused he esea ch on lexical me hods o dic iona ies. Tex ual co ela ion analysis helps o iden i y no only he sou ces o ocabula y and he ex en o which i is used, as well as he ela ionships be ween ocabula ies, bu also shows he ways in which ocabula y lexicon is expanded, as well as he choice o ma ches, in o de o p o ide mo e accu a e seman ic in o ma ion abou he meanings and meaning o wo ds. In ecen yea s, he au ho o he epo has been p epa ing commen a ies and indexes o highly in e ela ed c i ical dic iona y publica ions by P. Ruig and K. G. Milkau. I aims o show how, compa ed o he i s p in ed dic iona y, he change in he dic iona y a icle p esen s he Ge man equi alen s (indi idual wo ds and desc ip i e compounds), how he inclusion o one wo d o ano he , he use o a new meaning led o he double meaning o Ge man-La in wo ds and Bible ansla ions, how he inclusion o an addi ional co espondence used many wo ds o help de e mine he meaning o he wo d, and o he me acogni ions. Semina o apž alga This is a su ey o 309 commen s. Such s udies e i y he ixa ion o pa s o LK wo ds and hei meanings in lexicog aphic sou ces and a e impo an o seman ic esea ch. Laimu is Bilkis (LKI) ead a epo on he na u e o Li huanian e nacula wo ds. He ecalled ha in he wo k plans and epo s o he LKI scien is s, he wo ks a e di ided, among o he hings, in o la ge scien i ic esea ch (monog aphs, s udies) and applied (scien i ic dic iona ies, sou ce publica ions) on he basis o he p o isions o highe ins ances. Li huanian place name dic iona y (LVZ) is assigned o he la e , ha is, o he unknown, wo ks o science. Elemen s o he applica ion o he LVZ a e iden i ica ion, no maliza ion and spelling o place names. And he esea ch con en o his dic iona y consis s o he analysis o he o ma ion o place names (p esen a ion o he o igins o he place names acco ding o he me hod o composi ion) and hei explana ion o he o igin (using he accumula ed and u he accumula ed a chi e o explana ions o he o igin o Li huanian (Bal ese) place names and he elec onic summa y o he al eady published hypo heses o o igin, many new explana ions o he o igin, especially o he ew e ased place names, a e p esen ed, a e ques ioned and so on). Ob iously, when w i ing his dic iona y, we a e ca ying ou he usual scien i ic esea ch on he o igin and cons uc ion o place names, which canno e en be classi ied as applied science. In p ac ice, i is possible o use cu se wo ds and place names, bu how do you use he explana ions o hei o igin in p ac ice (e.g. " o ha e p ac ical meaning, o use in p ac ice" (DZ))? The esea che 's conclusion: The dic iona y o Li huanian e nacula wo ds is de ac o a majo scien i ic esea ch wo k, because i s udies he c ea ion and especially he o igin o Li huanian e nacula wo ds. I di e s om monog aphs o a icles only in ha i does no ha e gene aliza ions due o he speci ics o he publica ion. This epo s ood ou o i s e y in o ma i e illus a i e examples. Vilija Ragaišienė (LKI) was second among colleagues in eading he epo Language dic iona ies: he de elopmen o an app oach o he linguis ic dic iona y and he p ospec s o hei p epa a ion, due o he scien i ic na u e o he dic iona ies. I a gued ha he lexicog aphical app oach o he dic iona y indica es wo hings: he selec ion o ma e ial and he composi ion o he ocabula y ( hese ela e o he add essee). So a , 15 dic iona ies ha e been published. By men ioning hem all and discussing hem mo e o less, he speake (depending on he poin o iew o he ansla ion dic iona y) dis inguished h ee s ages o hei p epa a ion. The pe iod o p epa a ion o di e en ial (special) ansla ion dic iona ies. A good example o a di e en ial dic iona y […] Vy au as Vi kauskas No h-Eas Dunes Schnek us dic iona y published in 1976, i s ma e ial was selec ed acco ding o e y well-es ablished c i e ia. II […] he pe iod o p epa a ion o he comp ehensi e ansla ion dic iona ies. Thei se ies was s a ed by he dic iona ies o he Pa isian dialec s, he na u e o which was de e mined by he p e ailing iew a he ime ha he Pa isian dialec s, which con ain many elics o he old languages, a e apidly disappea ing, so i is necessa y o w i e down as much da a as possible and publish as de ailed sou ces o hese dialec s. The mos comp ehensi e dic iona y is he ou - olume Kupiškėnų dic iona y p epa ed by he expe ienced lexicog aphe Klemen ina Vosyly ė om 2007 o 2013. III de ailed sys em DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ 310 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII a minių žodynų engimo laiko a pis, ku į 2014 m. p adėjo Žane os Ma ke i- A dic iona y o Vidiškių šnek os was p epa ed by Čienė and Au imo Ma ke ičius. This classi ica ion indica es ha all linguis ic ocabula ies, ega dless o he cipų i sanda os pobūdžio, eng i kaip moksliniai šal iniai. Žodynų engimas selec ion o hei ma e ial, a e subjec o genuine linguis ic ac i i y, equi ing no only scien i ic compe ence bu also knowledge o he his o y, cul u e, e hnog aphy and o he subjec s o he coun y. A he end, he appo eu no ed ha he p epa a ion o ansla ion dic iona ies in Li huania is s ill no conside ed a se ious scien i ic wo k. Bu he e is also he aul o he dic iona ies - he e is no a single solid dic iona y e iew, only one o he a icle w i en on he essen ial heo e ical p oblems o lexicog aphy (wo d ypology, s uc u e, p epa a ion me hodology). Ob iously, he ac i i ies o lexicog aphe s a e no p ope ly e alua ed om he p o essional poin o iew o linguis s. Joli a U bana ičienė (LKI) e u ned lis ene s o I. E many ė, who, oge he wi h colleagues, w o e and edi ed he academic dic iona y o he Li huanian language. He epo Li huanian ocabula y iles oday Challenges and oppo uni ies o he digi al age. I alked abou he ypes o his dic iona y's iles, he da a s uc u e, he comple ion ( esul s o 2011-2016), pe spec i es and p oblems. The LKZ iles a e 3: Main, Addi ions (K1 and K2) and Te ms. The main one consis s o abou 4.5 million ca ds […] he lexical ma e ial used in he p epa a ion o he 1942-2002 LKZ is 120 oms. This is he only su i ing LKZ a chi e, da ing om 1902 o 2002, and he supplemen a y a chi es cu en ly con ain abou 0.7 million ca ds. Un il 2009, he a chi e o he K1 a chi e consis ed o w i en and spoken language, which was a chi ed in alphabe ical o de , and a e 2009 he a chi e o he K2 a chi e consis ed only o wo ds om spoken language ( a ms). The da abase has been open o he public since 2014 and is he i s i ual da abase ha con ains only he lexical da a o he dialec o he language, accu a e maps wi h he a ea o he dialec and he place om which he wo ds a e w i en, he wo ds a e p esen ed in i by he liza d p inciple. The da abase now con ains abou 2,600 lexical uni s. The epo examines in de ail and illus a es he da a s uc u e o he iles. Cu en ly, in he da abase o he Li huanian Language Resou ces In o ma ion Sys em (LKIIS) a h p: lkiis.lki.l , i is possible o see he Ta mių ile, he K1 supplemen a y ile (excluding O and Š aides), as well as images and me ada a o he A and G le e ca ds o he Main ile. The e's abou 40 housand wo ds in 2011–2016 m. pildan LKŽ ka o ekas, ykdy i 3 p ojek ai, su eng os 85 iš- he e. A he end o he p esen a ion, oday's p oblems and p ospec s we e b ie ly discussed: he a ge ed collec ion o new LKZ da a ( o example, by c ea ing a ne wo k o addi ions), he e ision o LKZ poin s, he quali ica ion o lexicon selec o s, he illing o iles wi h he la es w i en lexicon, he linking o hei and he dic iona y ma e ial. Semina o apž alga Re iews and su eys 311 Au elija G i ėnienė (LKI) ead he las p esen a ion a he semina The image o he wo d Li huanian language dic iona y. Using he b oad and a ied discou se o he wen y- olume dic iona y, he au ho sough o analyze wha seman ic image y o he dic iona y has o med in he hype ex , o de e mine which ea u es o he image y a e conside ed he mos impo an , he mos ele an . She has s udied 211 LKJ headings wi h he wo d "dic iona y" in he illus a ions. The as majo i y (98%) o hese illus a ions a e w i en by a ious au ho s (mos ly w i e s, cul u al and public igu es). The mos impo an ea u es o he ocabula y a e: he composi ion o he ocabula y, he ype, he au ho , he scope, he ma e ial, he na u e o he wo k, he di icul ies in p epa ing he dic iona y, he sho comings o he dic iona y and he ansla ion. A e each o hem has been se ed and illus a ed wi h examples o ixed usage in he LKZ, he image o he dic iona y o med in his dic iona y is desc ibed: […]A dic iona y […] a book o one, se e al, se e al dozen o se e al dozen olumes by one au ho o collec i e, wi h i s own mac o-s uc u e and mic os uc u e; A dic iona y is a collec ion o wo ds, ph ases, o combina ions o wo ds om one o mo e sou ces, usually de ining he meaning o a wo d, bu may also include in o ma ion abou i s o igin, his o y, g amma , accen s, s ylis ics, usage, and ansla ions in o one o mo e languages. such a publica ion has p ac ical and scien i ic alue (use ul o lea ning one's own o ano he 's language, necessa y as a sou ce o a ious linguis ic and cul u al s udies). A e he semina , he gues s also spoke. Z. Babickienė, a e paying a en ion o he comple eness o he epo s and he ele ance o he opics, no iced ha all he epo s mo e o less deal wi h p oblems o heo e ical lexicog aphy. I would like o ask you o conside whe he you would no conside he al eady adi ional Lexicon wo kshops ( he i s o which ook place on 5 July 2016) o be called Lexicon S udies o S udies in he u u e. J. Klima ičius emphasized ha lexicog aphy is a b anch o lexicology, i s p esence in science is unques ionable. The spokesman had ema ks o he o ganize s o he Li huanian-language dic iona y o he Associa ion. In his opinion, dic iona ies should only include deminu i es wi h specialized meanings (e.g. d obė and d obelė). Also, in his opinion, i is no possible o illus a e wo ds wi h illus a ions ha a e no ypical and do no con ey seman ic conno a ions (in pa icula , sen ences abou o n shoe laces o laces, as well as dog- idden boo s, canno be illus a ed wi h he wo d boo s in he ya d). The edi o -in-chie o he Li huanian language dic iona y, D. Liu ke ičienė, eplied ha uo a eju, jei jie y a i ę e minais, įgiję specialiųjų eikšmių a pan. Lie u ių he inclusion o diminu i es in he dic iona y is necessa y no only in he language, as i is cons an ly emphasized on a ious occasions, i is cha ac e ized by he abundance and di e si y o diminu i es, bu his is no pa icula ly e lec ed in he dic iona ies. Ra ely when deminu s a e p esen ed in sepa a e a icles, hey a e aised wi h headline wo ds. I hey do occu , hey a e in a icles o basic wo ds, usually among examples o illus a i e usage. We also don ha e a wo d o deminu i es ye . In addi ion, i occu s DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Acco ding o Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXVII, acco ding o he ex s, some diminu i es wi h no special meaning a e used mo e o en han hei basic, non-minus wo ds. Then why is he la e mo e wo hy o being a wo d? As o he wo d "basu ", he a icle om BŽ was gi en as an example in one o he epo s, and i was explained ha he sen ence "Suo apg aužė d i basu es […] mano" and "sese s" appea ed in he wo d speci ically. I is in ended o show he di e ence be ween he simple wo d basu ė plu al (in his case he e can be wo, h ee, e c. uni s o such a shoe) and he plu al noun basu ė, which e e s o a pai o such shoes, see basu ė […] d ejos basu ės […] basu ės […]d ičių po os[…]. Mo eo e , he si ua ion is no imagina y, impossible o a i icially c ea ed, di icul o unde s and. In he lib a y o he Li huanian Language Ins i u e, an exhibi ion o I ena E many a's scien i ic wo ks "The G ea Lo e o Li e" was o ganized o commemo a e he anni e sa y o I ena E many a (w i en by Viole a Če nė and Ru a S a ke ičiū ė). Semina ians could also see he pe sonal a chi e and o he , olde gene a ion dic iona ies immo alized, pho o exhibi ions. Deli e ed on 22 July 2017 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as This is a lis o ai po s in Li huania, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion.