Žmogaus tapatybės konceptas pagal „tapatus, -i“ ir jo vedinius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistikoje

Straipsniai / Articles 105 LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Research areas include morphosyntax, typology, valency, and semantics. Human characteristics The concept of PAGAL TAPATUS, -I and JO VEDINIUS I'm going to take a look at this. The work of Lithuania In the case of advertising Concept of Human Identity on the Basis of tapatus, -i and Its Derivatives in Contemporary Lithuanian Opinion Journalism ANO tAcI jA Šio straipsnio objektas – žmogaus tapatybė būdvardžio tapatus, -i, jo veiksmažodinių ir on the basis of the names of objects. The structural approach to meaning is here combined with the cognitive one. Based on the material of the current Lithuanian language textbook (DLKT), the concept of human identity is discussed. The study showed that according to the valentine actants and predicates of the words in question, the actants of which they themselves are, the identity of man […] is a peculiar whole of the person, felt, perceived and (or) created from birth according to duality: as a close relationship of man to each other with the particles […] natural resp. non-natural, divine or earthly […] identities. In terms of time, the natural identity is more constant than the non-natural one. The variation associated with the differential expression is in the form of identical or identical. ESMINIAI WORDS: the adjective tapatus, -i, the verb, the concept, the structural semantics. NO AN tAt IO N is not applicable The article centers on human identity based on the adjective tapatus, -i, its verbal and nominal derivatives. It combines the structural approach to meaning with the cognitive one. By referring to the data of opinion journalism kept in the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (CCLL), the article elaborates on the concept of human identity. The small group of LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 106 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX person which is sensed, perceived and/or created on the study revealed that based on the valency actants of the words under discussion and the predicates whose actants they themselves are, human identity is a peculiar entirety of the basis of duality right from birth: as the persons close relationship with the partial inherent or non-inherent, heavenly or earthly identity. From a temporal perspective, inherent identity is more stable than non-inherent. Variability is associated with expression by different forms of are tapatus and tapatinti(s). KEYWORDS: adjective tapatus, derivative, concept, structural semantics. 1. ĮVADAS. TEORINĖS NUOSTATOS Pastarąjį dešimtmetį madinga kalbėti apie tapatybę. Ši tema tyrinėta istoriosofiniu, sociologiniu, filosofiniu, socialiniu, kultūriniu ir kitais aspektais neLithuanian authors, all of whom would be confusing and ultimately inaccurate to summarize here (inter alia, Morkūnienė, ed., 2012; Matonytė, Morkevičius, 2013; Rubavičius, 2014; Grigas, 2016 and widely cited literature). In recent years, identity has also received the attention of linguists: it has been examined by sociolinguistics (Ramonienė, ed., 2016), ethnolinguistics (Rutkovska, Smetona, Smetonienė) 2017) in its aspects. Romuald Grigas says that […]self [...] I can only know, understand by communicating with my relatives, colleagues, collaborators, in general with the world around me. [...] That's how you are with the nation. [...] it is born, shaped, established, degraded and disappears only in relation to the other (Grigas 2016: 18). Or, as the Internet website bernardinai.lt wrote in October 2005: "A person's identity is determined not only by how they perceive themselves but also by how others perceive them. Identity is multifaceted and complex. Someone has formulated that we have several layers of identity […] we are like onions[…]. Išnagrinėję aštuonių vertybių pavadinimų semantiką remdamiesi kognityvinės etnolingvistikos principais, Kristina Rutkovska, Marius Smetona ir IreSmetonienė (2017) allows to "know" Lithuanian identity. The authors of the monograph, based on the refined methodology of the linguistic video world by Jerzio Bartmiński and his team (p. 29 […] 35), analyzed the concepts UGNIS, VANDUO, NAMAI, ŠEIMA, DARBAS, EUROpA, LAISVė and GARBė, and came to the conclusion that the detection and isolation of the sphere of the concept with a hierarchical structure contributes to the self-definition and self-perception of the individual as a whole. It turned out that the changing Lithuanian values they discussed 1 are cited according to the publicistic material provided in the text of the current Lithuanian language. Articles Article 107 The value of the wife, the value of language, the bond of love for the father […] Žmogaus tapatybės konceptas pagal tapatus, -i ir jo vedinius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistikoje labai susijusios su etniškumu, senąja baltiška kultūra, „o tai sietina su aukštu sa- (p. 259). Loreta Vilkienė, who treats identity as a continuous search for self-determination and self-preservation processes of the individual (Ramonienė, ed., 135, also see the literature cited there), examines the issues of ethnic, linguistic and cultural identity of Lithuanians living abroad, persons of Lithuanian origin and emigrants, the connections between the Lithuanian language and the identity of emigrants, and the role of the Lithuanian language in their perception of ethnic identity (p. 117-185). The author claims that "language for Lithuanians is a significant indicator of ethnic identity" (p. 118, see also p. 128129, 132, 152) and, c. In other words, ethnic identity is most pronounced and best revealed through the language, the center of identity (Bucholtz, Hall 2006: 369), kaip rašo Simas Karaliūnas (1997: 163), atlieka tapatinamąją-vienijamąją funkand those under consideration on the other hand, […]need to recognize that the living view that one can be Lithuanian without knowing Lithuanian[…] (p. 132). The other relationship, according to L. esmės su lietuvių kalba akivaizdžiai tapatinasi (Ramonienė, red., 2015: 152). Vilkienė, is a more emotional rather than a territorial relationship with va (p. 132). the cultural identity of Lithuanians, persons of Lithuanian origin and emigrants living abroad is hybrid to one vieta – Lietuva, kuri etninei emigranto tapatybei yra „nelabai svarbi“ (p. 125), tiksliau sakant, „vyksta etninės tapatybės „išvietinimo“ procesas, nes su Lietudegree or another, but it has a strong part of Lithuanian; valued Lithuanian cultural peculiarity […] language, history, symbols and so on. (p. 184). In this article, human identity is viewed from the perspective of structural semantics, more precisely, the structural approach to meaning is combined with cognitive. Human identity, as far as we know, has not been discussed in this way. It is believed that "structural meaning is explicit cognitive meaning" (Jakaitienė 1988: 58; see Jakaitienė 2010: 56; Gudavičius 2011: 117). The study of the relationship between words and the information they convey, i.e. what or how the concept of human identity is verbalized, as conceptual information, thinking content, and strategy change in the consciousness of language users (e.g. Jakaitienė 1988: 42-43, 57-94, 2010: 17-18, 45-46, 50). On its basis, we can speak of the so-called worldview of language2 as the understanding of the content captured in the elements of language, a certain interpretation of reality in language (see more widely Gudavičius 2007: 10; 2009: 1117, Rutkovska, Smetona, Smetonienė 2017: 2022, 29 and the literature cited there)3. 3 The concept of ethnolinguistic concept is also based on, for example, the works of Yuri Stepanov (Stepanov 1997), Valentin Maslov (Maslova 2001), Svetlana Ter-Minasova (Ter-Minasova 2000), Algirdo Ruškio (2011), Regina Kvašytė and Silvia Papaurėlytė (2013), Silvia Papaurė Jurė (2013) and Nedogaitis (2015) (see also the cited literature). 2 Plg. Rutkovskos, Smetonos, Smetonienės (2017: 22) vartojamą terminą pasaulio vaizdas kalboje. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 108 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX The object of this study is […] reciprocal identities, i.e. and its verbs (identify, identify, identify, identify) and nouns (identify, identify) of different forms, at least one of which is explicitly or implicitly used as a person or a group of people, e.g. The king is loyal to the state. The person begins to identify with the community. The series has a therapeutic effect and reflects a nation's identity, more precisely, what it tends to identify itself with. The aim is to define the concept of human identity as a world structure, which is actualized (made visible) by the mental structure of human identity as part of the concept of identity. vaizdžio žmogaus sąmonėje dalį, tam tikrą suvokimo būdą. Keliamas klausimas, kaip vartosenoje6 per aptariamus žodžius ir jų valentinius aktantus, t. y. formalią Išsikelti tokie uždaviniai: nepretenduojant į išsamią literatūros apžvalgą, minėti, kas būdingiausia publicistikai (žr. 2 skyrių), kaip būdvardis tapatus, -i ir its Vedas are defined in dictionaries, described in grammatical works (see Chapter išanalizuoti aptariamus žodžius minimaliuose publicistikos fragmentuose, t. y. 3), in the dictionary, and on the basis of analysis to determine how the image of human identity is spread […] a concept that exists in the consciousness of contemporary Lithuanian speakers (see Chapter 5). A person's identity is defined inductively. The theoretical starting point is the view of structural linguists that language is a structured system of semantic elements embedded in the minds of the speakers of that language, where those elements are described through their relationships to each other, i.e. it is not the assignment of […] x and […] y […] elements that is important, but the relationship between them (Hjelmslev 1995: 36 […]; Greimas 2005: 51; 2005: 50). The analysis is based on the concrete (from) expression of the language in the sentence […] in the minimum (kon) text. For example, in the sentence "The king is equal to the kingdom" there are four significant elements. Evaldas Jakaitienė (2010: 32t) uses the term of the predicate. 5 For more information on the meaning, concept, concept and meaning of the terms and their vičius 2007: 14–23, 2011; plg. Jakaitienė 2010: 46–48. 6 Plg.: „Žmogaus egzistencija yra tapati jo funkcijai kokiame nors sakinyje. Šis variantas susilieja interrelations, see Gudasu is the whole of modernity and postmodernity, where the universe is identical to the discourses that describe it. Such statements are a consequence of the assertion that not only the universe but also man is material, made up of parts of things, so it can be made up differently, regardless of the discourse, and even according to the descriptions against man" (Mick 2012: 306). 7 Plg.: The term-object itself has no meaning. The meaning presupposes the existence of a relationship: the relationship between the terms is a necessary condition of the meaning (Greimas 2005: 47). Cognitive semantics studies the relationship between experience, embodied cognition, and language. The meaning of the word is a mental construct (Taylor 2006: 569). Articles 109 and 109 are related in opposition: different forms of nouns, kings, states Žmogaus tapatybės konceptas pagal tapatus, -i ir jo vedinius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistikoje are related to identical ones (as actants vs. predicates); The word king is associated with the state (subject vs. object). More specifically, the meaning of the predicate identical becomes clear next to the other lexemes […] nouns of the act of marking: in this case the lexemes king and state conditionally […]where[…], otherwise, updates, the content of the identical (more generally […] enters the identity)9. According to the compositional principle, compound expressions, as the meaning of a concept, are visumos reikšmė apibrėžiama jos sudedamųjų dalių reikšmių pagrindu10. Strukconditionally related to the relationship between the part and the whole. First of all, ji verbalizuoja tam tikrus kintančius mentalinio turinio elementus. it is considered that the identical, -i and its derivatives would be used at the sentence level, i.e. that they themselves would go to the predicate (tapatus, (susi) identifying) or that they would be one of the predicates of the valentine's actants (to preserve their identity). As mentioned, attention is drawn to the fact that at būtų pasakomas žmogų arba žmonių grupę žyminčiu žodžiu, ir analizuojama antrojo aktanto leksinė raiška – nustatoma, kas juo pasakoma. Žiūrima, su koleast one of the essential identities, -i or its vedic actants, is used as a predicate of the daiktavardine identities, -i vediniai, i.e. which form of the verb branduol in cases where the identities, -i vedinys go not to the predicate, but to the actant. The question of whether a person (x) is identical to y, a person identifies with y, perceives a person's identity, etc., and seeks an answer to the question of what is the tendency of the content of a person's identity to be seen at the level of a sentence in the current Lithuanian language. The main method of study used is descriptive analytical, grammatical and semantic analysis. The study of the present-day Lithuanian vocabulary is based on examples collected from the Computer Linguistics Center of Vytautas Magnus University 9 […]The meaning of most predicate words is clear only in binary or plural conjunctions[…] (Jakaitienė 2010: 51). For more on this subject, see Cruse (2001: 16). This is a list of airports in France, sorted by location. The plg. The concept of kinship used by Louis Hjelmslev: "This kinship is the force of attraction by which a certain form attracts a certain substance". it exists on both the plane of expression and the plane of content (Vykyp[…]l 2005: 18). 10 Plg.: […]The basis of the concept of structural meaning is the knowledge of the users of the language about the systematic relationships of words and the rules and norms of their use in the text. [...] The study of the relationship between words is the procedure that allows us to look at the meaning and explain certain small semantic elements that make up the word. This is why the meaning of a structural aspect can be defined as an organized (i.e. arranged in a certain way) set of semantic elements (Jakaitienė 2010: 56). 11 […]It is not even entirely correct to speak of their interaction [meaning and concepts of the word] because interaction would imply a certain separateness. Apparently, we are dealing here with a phenomenon that, although very complex, has two forms of emanation: a more superficial […] meaning of the word and a more profound, more varied […] cognitive concept. Genetically, it is possible to recognize the primacy of the concept from the point of view of the meaning of the word (Gudavičius 2007: 18; see also Jakaitienė 1988: 57 […] 58). 12 […]Only trends can be used to assess the language's value, which is constantly changing and therefore very difficult to determine (define)[…] (Vykyp[…]l 2005: 20). LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 110 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX sudaryto Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyno (toliau – DLKT). Nuo 1992 m. iki The bulk of the DLKT produced today consists of written, often edited, texts of different genres: journalistic, fiction, non-fiction or administrative literature, language texts. Some of them are vernacular. There are obviously fewer examples of DLKT proverbs. Publications account for 63.8% of all content. The analysis included a sample of 1,000 publications that contained the words in question. The minimum sentence context (300 characters according to the line width of the DLKT concordance) shall also be taken into account where necessary. 2. KODĖL PUBLICISTIKA Publicistika šaltiniu pasirinkta ne tik dėl to, kad ji sudaro didžiąją DLKT dalį, bet ir dėl savo „kaip tarpininkės“ (plg.: Bitinienė 2007: 17; Župerka 1983: 108) ypatybių. Tradiciškai apie publicistiką kalbama nagrinėjant stilistiką – funkcinius stiThe Commission therefore concludes that the aid is compatible with the internal market within the meaning of Article 107 (3) (c) of the Treaty. In addition to the use of the language and the main functions of the language, the publishing style is divided alongside the everyday household (šnekamosios kalbos), the official subject, the scientific and artistic fiction (Pikčilingis 1971: 286tt) or alongside the scientific, administrative, household (šnekamojo, according to Župerką 2012: 91) and the artistic The Commission's proposal for a directive on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens at work is based on the principle of equal treatment for men and women. Kazimier Zuperka (1983: 99, 101, 108; plg. 2012: 79) speaks of the fact that the two most prominent postilius […] the journalistic style16 (writing) and the publicist style containing the oratorical style […] are the artistic and the non-artistic (part. resp.) styles, or the superferic language, in a relationship, more precisely, the nearest non-artistic style (Zuperka 2012: 13 Plg.: […]Sakinis is the basic object, Semantika[…] (Stepanov: 4, quoted from Jakaitien 2010: 42). 14 […]Functional style […] is a historically formed variation of the common language, whose stylistic characteristics and language tools determine the scope, content and functions of the use of the language[…] (Župerka 2012: 78; how different opinions plg. Zuperka 1983: 12, 99; Pikčilingis 1971: 277; Gaivenis, 67; Ambrazas 1999: 204). „Funkcinis stilius yra tam tikri kolektyvinėje sąmonėje įsitvirtinę, įsiKeinys 1990: consciousness of the language's consumption tendencies, guidelines, a fairly abstract rovė atsiskleidžia į tam tikrą stilių orientuotame tekste“ (Bitinienė 2007: 10). 15 Apie kalbos funkcijas, jų skyrimo kriterijus, skaičių, tarpusavio priklausomybę plačiau žr. Karamodel, and the whole range of language expressions 1997: 113 […] 175 and the literature cited there. On this subject, see p. Zuperka 1983: 99 […] 100; 2012: 79, Marcinkevičienė 2008: 33 […] 77 and the literature cited there. 16 The journalistic genres are information, article, column, report, summary and so on. There are also intermediate genres, scientific journalism (Župerka 1983: 101t, see also p. 108). The genres classified by publicists, their typology, classification criteria, etc. This Decision shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Straipsniai / Articles 111 Žmogaus tapatybės konceptas pagal tapatus, -i ir jo vedinius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistikoje 79). „Skirtingai nuo dalykinių stilių (mokslinio ir administracinio), būdingas The hallmark of journalism is subjective evaluation. Thus, the journalistic text [...] is like a crossroads between the thematic and the artistic style […] (Župerka 1983: 108; plg.: Župerka 2012: 87; Bitinienė 2007: 24; Marcinkevičienė 2008: 91[…]92). The style of speech, which aims not only to state the facts, but also to convey them appropriately, to convince the reader, is characterized by communicative and expressive (Župerka 1983: 108), or, in other words, by the function of reporting (current information) and affecting (agitation and expression). Audronė Bitinienė understands the publicist style more narrowly as a periodical (time-writing, journals) and claims that the purpose of the first publicist is to reflect the life of society (fix facts, events) and only then to act and manage it. Or, as Grace Andrus de Laguna (1927) quotes S. Karaliunas, "talk is an important way of implementing people's cooperation. [...] people do not speak just to calm their feelings, to pour out their hearts or to express their opinion, but to arouse the reaction of partners, companions and to influence attitudes, views and actions" (Karaliūnas „Interakcijos bei komunikacijos esama ir tarp tokių žmonių, kurie tiesiogiai niekad nesusidūrė ir nesusiduria, bet vienas kitą veikia per sudėtingą visuomeninių 1997: 108). a system enabled by the transmission of messages by technical means of communication between institutions over a distance. This type of interaction and communication exists, for example, [...] between the author of the article and the broad readership of the newspaper to which the author communicates his opinion" (p. 96; see Bitinienė 2007: 1218). Finally, […]when the transmission of information, its circulation in society is considered communication, it is communication in the psychosocial sense that ultimately, apparently, is the change and regulation of people's behaviour[…] (Karaliūnas 1997: 107). So, from what has been said briefly, it becomes clear that the purpose of the texts attributed to publicists is to inform, turi paklusti adresanto įtaigai, perimti jo požiūrį į tikrovės reiškinius“ (Bitinienė 2007: 20). Būtent tokie „bevaliai“, mokantys skaityti ir rašyti, bet nekritiški, „sudaro daugiau kaip pusę klausytojų ar skaitytojų“. evaluate and (with) form the opinion of the majority of readers, or the public. In view of this, it can probably be assumed that the concept of human identity seen in the publications of the DLKT corresponds or is similar to the interpretation of identity that many of our […] active readers […] have in their minds. 17 See also Zuperka 2012: 79, 87, 97; see also Pikčilingis 1971: 307; Marcinkevičienė 2008: 34[…]35, 53tt. This is the first time that this has happened. 18 […]It is not what people think that matters, but how they should think[…] (Bitinienė 2007: 12). LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 112 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. 3. Budvardžijus Tapatas, -I and his family APIBRĖŽTYS ŽODYNUOSE IR GRAMAThe work of TIKOS In order to detail the identity, -i and its Vedic content and keeping in mind that in the bendroji žodžio reikšmė suvokiama intuityviai ir yra abstrakcija (Karaliūnas 1997: 277–278), svarbu apžvelgti, kaip kalbamieji žodžiai teikiami žodynuose. Great Lithuanian Language Dictionary (LKŽ) the adjective identity, -i is interpreted as 'identical', 'equal' (see sentence 1[…]2), in the Modern Lithuanian Language Dictionary (DLKŽ) […] identical19[…], 'equal21[…]. Separately, the noun identity is associated with the noun identity as the knowledge of the latter, and the adjective identity is here defined as having two meanings, one of which is […]objective equality[…]22 to oneself or to another object, equality, uniformity[…]23[…] in this article. The adjective identity of the prefix -um abstract identity is given in the lexicographic article tapatus, -i, and the identity […] separately as […]tapatumas[…]. The noun verb to identify LKŽ is defined as ‘to find, to identify, DLKŽ is ‘to find. It is important to note that the term "subject" is used here to refer to a person who perceives something as having certain characteristics (cf. DLKJ 24), which implies a subject as a perceiver (cf. DLKJ 25). Everyone thinks he is wise (see Sližienė 1994: 370). In this context, the construction given by the DLKT that "We identify ourselves with the heroes, we identify the whole nation" can be translated as "We consider ourselves to be identical with the heroes and the whole nation" or "We consider ourselves to be identical with the heroes and the whole nation to be identical with them" (see Sližienė 2004: 297). Valentingumo pagrindu (Sližienė 1994: 15–57; plg. Jakaitienė 2010: 65–71) the words under discussion, which, according to the aforementioned lexicological definition, fall within 19 Pg. The same, the same show. into. […] the same as the other. 20 Plg. of the It's the same, it's the same, it's the same. 21 Plg. of the DLKŽe: equal, -i […] 2. with common features, the same. is equal to 22 Plg. DLKŽe: lygus, -i – 2. tokio pat didumo, platumo, gerumo ir pan., vienodas: Jis su manimi 23 See also LK: the same, -a […] 1. having almost or exactly the same properties, the same: the same all left Rdn. 24 Plg. of the LK: to hold […] tr. 20. what to have with whom: how you took me J. Jabl. BLKZ: hold the […] 4. (who) to think, to acknowledge as someone or something: We consider each other brothers. 25 […]Perceptive […] is the function of experiencing a mental state characteristic of living beings who perceive things in reality, who have a certain attitude towards them, who react to them psychologically[…] (Sližienė 1994: 20 […]21). In the case of the three-dimensional relationships between objects, they are called Žmogaus tapatybės konceptas pagal tapatus, -i ir jo vedinius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistikoje "triple-dimensional," "triple-dimensional," "triple-dimensional," "triple-dimensional," "triple-dimensional," "triple-dimensional," "triple-dimensional," "triple-dimensional," tas27, kurias sakinyje užima tam tikros reikšmės žodžiai bei jų formos. Būdvardis tapatus, -i ir jo vediniai (tapatintis, tapatybė) yra leksiniai (in- "triple-dimensional," "triple-dimensional," "triple-dimensional," "triple-dimensional," tarp mažų mažiausiai dviejų situacijos dalyvių (angl. mutuant) – x ir y. Inheren- "triple-dimensional," "triple-dimensional," "triple-dimensional" and "triple-dimensional." It is usually inverse: if it is said that x is identical to y, then y is identical to x. In addition to such typically symmetrical (e.g. We identify first and foremost with our own people DLKT), it is more difficult to give up the inversion […] less symmetrical29 (e.g. semi-symmetric, quasi-symmetrical, sometimes-symmetrical) cases. We identify with our history, but history identifies with us. The symmetry is gradual. In the case in question, the inverse symmetry is related to the identity of the verb in meaning, implying a living subject […] a person. In other words, using different forms of identification or identification, the reference point can be a person, e.g. Only in this case can we talk about the purpose of human identification with a particular nation and its culture, but we can also talk about cultural identification with a person. In the selected reference point, the same mutual action participant (x) […] the situation) dalyvius galima pasakyti skirtingai: atskirai arba kaip visumą. Toliau pateikiamame 1 sakinyje atskaitos tašku pasirenkamas atskiras tarpusavio situsubject is the king or we in 2 sentences, and the sum of the participants […] the situation (x and y) in 3[…] 4 sentences, which is said in the plural form of the noun. 13 individuals or a group of people (one or a group) participate in a mutually meaningful situation in sentences, 49 in sentences […] objects. In other words, in the opinion of 26 Dalí Tekorényi (1990: 74), the form of the word 'papa' means the relation of equality between things. 27 Except where the words in question are used in the plural; then they are one-sided or two-sided (see sentence 3). 28 Plg. of the : Lexical reciprocals (also called allelic predicates) can be defined as predicates that express a mutual configuration by themselves, without necessary grammatical marking. They consist of semantically restricted set of predicates whose meanings generally fall into the class of social actions and relations ('marry', 'quarrel', 'friend'), spatial relations ('adjoin', 'next to'), and relations of a (non-) identity ('same as', 'different from', 'resemble') (Haspelmath 2007: 2090). 29 See also A non-symmetrical relation becomes a relation that has at least one asymmetrical instance (Partee 2008: 4). For example, "he said hello" implies that he said hello to her or she said hello to him, but not necessarily the other way around, i.e. if she said hello to him, he didn't necessarily say hello to her. 30 […]Mutual situations are rarely fully symmetric[…] (Haspelmath 2007: 2088; similar opinion also see Knjazev 2007: 116t). For more information on the gradual symmetry of allele predicates, see. Party 2008. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 120 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. 39) Naujausioje knygoje save tapatinu daugmaž su pasaulio patirties as a human being. 40) The writer herself also clearly identifies the main character with herself: "I" is Lisa. Like her, a peasant's child, I could freely roam in nature. I've always identified myself with Odysseus. A compilation of the capitalist world. 43) He lio keliautojas, kuris, galų gale, sugrįžta namo... Graikas! 42) Bijau susitapatinti su kokiu nors marksistiniu propagandistu (šypsosi identified himself in the image with the prisoners of the polar night, and from this arose an ecstatic gratitude for every sunrise and every bread stream. 44) I sincerely appeal to all those who are still suffering from leprosy today: they now have a father, Damjan, who, even before his illness, often identified himself with the patients, saying, "We lepers". 45) Holding babies in their hands like a vodka glass (prototype of the mother Antis […] alcoholic). It is not surprising that girls do not want to be like them and identify with the fighters, whereas boys are afraid of such multi-child bullies. 46) Adolescents are enthusiastic racers, prisoners, pilots, all-powerful, sorcerers, invincible fighters, they identify themselves with these characters. Doctors warn that this is precisely the reason why young people are so fond of driving cars. From what has been said about sentences 31-46, it is clear that the other, forming the dependent part or layer of human identity, is not the real I, but the self-created person with whom one identifies. What is the "self" of man, and what is the "real" or "permanent" or "permanent" in his identity? Human identity is defined in the DLKT publications according to the natural duality (spirit or body): it is defined into the inner or outer (see sentences 47[…]49), as well as by gender (see sentences 50[…]51), age (see sentences 52[…]54). The inner, or inherent, part of a person's identity is not understood by the five basic senses. If we agree that, as stated in sentence 48, what we are is a reflection of the spiritual energy that is in us and is the most permanent part of human identity, then the more perceptible, or more external, part of a person's identity can be considered less inherent […] more kinetic or kinesthetic. A person has an inner and outer identity by nature, i.e. by birth. In any case, the concept of the unchanging substance of the individual can be perfectly reconciled with the change of properties: it is what remains in the individual, changing its properties. [...] Even today, what remains of the individual, changing its properties […] human substance […] is called the soul. The soul is the vital principle […] that which organizes the living organism into a whole. The parts of the whole can change. Straipsniai / Articles 121 Žmogaus tapatybės konceptas pagal tapatus, -i ir jo vedinius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistikoje the identity. A person's inherent identity is the identity created by the person himself (illusions, dreams, etc.) and (or) created by others (illusion, mask, label, etc.) (see sentences 55[…]56, also see sentences 36[…]41; Joseph 2004: 4). The self-created part of identity is what a person (doesn't) want or (can't) become, i.e. a possible layer of human identity40. In other words, the parts of a possible identity can become a real human identity, i.e. The images (what a person wants, dreams of being) motivate his behavior, goals, etc. and can become something that "I" becomes just tikruoju ar tikresniu Aš (tai, ką žmogus suvokia savyje kaip labiau inherentiška). Galimosios tapatybės yra kintančios. 47) Vienas mano mėgstamas mąstytojas „susilitavimu“ pavadino būseną, kai [žmogaus] dvasia visiškai susitapatina su kūnu, dažniausiai – sergančiu ir kenčiančiu kūnu. Kiekvienam pažįstamas jausmas, kai visas žmogiša painful kidney. What we are is a reflection of the spiritual energy within us. 49) Looking at the other side of the […]a[…], we see that when we eat, when we are very hungry, we completely identify ourselves with the body we feel, when we are angry with something […] we feel that we are just a bunch of choleric emotions, acquired in the scientific literature […] we identify ourselves with reason. Which of these different sides is the real me? 50) In such families, teenagers grow up confused, without clear self-help guidelines, without a close person with whom they can identify themselves and their gender... 51) Nijolė Arbačiauskienė: Women and men are equal, but not identical. The difference between the two is that no matter how brilliant a person may be, at a younger age they cannot be compared to an older person. 53) And the real look will appear; I'll be somewhere I firmly believe it's something else. Maybe even partially identical to myself, a 20-year-old, say. But it didn't make any tapatus likau. Net sau, penkiamečiui. Asmuo niekur nedingo, vienokia ar difference. I'm the same. Five or thirty. It's hard to do. 54) Taip vaikas mokosi atitolti. Mamai irgi tuo metu reikia šito mokytis. Ji turi būti šiek tik brandesnė negu vaikas. Jei ji pernelyg su juo susitapatino, jai 55) Foreign soap operas and people huddled around them, trying to identify themselves with the salty, beautifully colored illusions, and later telling trivial tales of "love" and "hate", "happiness" and "unhappiness". But the organizing principle will remain the same: such are the qualities of the human individual and his souls. in religion […] the immortal immaterial human principle that connects dialektika“ (Aleksandravičius 2012: 216). 40 Plačiau apie tikrasis resp. galimasis aš-pats sampratą psichologiniu, psichosocialiniu aspektu žr. Markus, Nurius 1986, Oosterwegel, Oppenheimer 1993 ir ten cituojamą literatūrą. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 122 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. 56) A person with a tendency towards theatricality sometimes identifies with his mask and is unable to take it off even in the environment of close people41. From what has been said so far on the basis of the examples of the DLKT, it can be seen that human identity can be spoken of as a construction and a transformation. From the point of view of time, the state of identity implies relative constancy, becoming […] dynamism. In the Semitic sense, the most constant is the inner part of the natural human identity, the soul (Dvasia), the grammatical form of the present tense, to be used with the adjective tapatus, e.g., man is identical with the soul, i.e., man is the same or the same as the soul; The human being is identical to the outside (the body, the appearance), i.e. the human being is the same as his outside (the body, the appearance), but the human being is the same as his outside (the body, the appearance)44; the most variable is the non-primitive identity of the human being […] to himself and (or) to another created part of the identity, grammatically marked by finite identities. In terms of time, we can talk about the layers of human identity, between which there are different layers of […]yra and movement, and identity[…], i.e. what remains […] […]my self or my soul […] turning my mind into my own, my whole kintamumo laipsnis: asmens prigimtinė (vidinė resp. išorinė) resp. neprigimtinė (su(si)kurtoji sau resp. kitam) tapatybė. Kaip teigia Povilas Aleksandravičius, taexperience, which is so inevitably changing[…] (2012: 214; see also the literature cited there; see Mickelson 2012: 30; Joseph 2004: 645). The harmony of the aforementioned partial identities is the basis of human unity and uniqueness. In addition, the 41 Plg. DLKT: Ethical clinging, stigmatization, and other persecutions could not have affected even the strongest of people. Many people have been at least partially forced to identify with the labels, and accounts indicate that some of these people's lives have remained unresolved traumatic experiences. 42 Plg. DLKŽe: siela – 1. relig. nematerialus, nemirtingas žmogaus pradas, teikiantis kūnui gyvybę ir atsiskiriantis nuo jo mirštant. 2. vidinis pasaulis, psichika: Atvėrė savo sielą. LKŽe: siela – 1. vidinis psichinis žmogaus pasaulis, jo sąmonė, jausmai, išgyvenimai: Sunku gydyti kūną, kai siela kenman to God; the spirit: My soul worships the Lord. 43 Plg. of the DLK: spirit […] 2. psychic human forces as the axis of action: to raise people's spirits. 3. the following paragraph is inserted: The true meaning, the essence, the spirit of time. The 4th. the individual is concentrated in the public consciousness. BLK: The spirit of […] 5. In philosophy, the creative principle, which exists in itself, perceives itself, is unlimited in time and space, is open to: Analyze the essence of the spirit and the matter. St. John of the Cross Augustine said that the light of the day's spirit was hidden in the shadows. 44th floor D.L.K.T. is a word that means "outward appearance" (D.L.K.T. is a word for the outward namas su vidiniu dėmeniu (identitetu). Aš esu = aš atrodau. appearance of a person). Our identities, whether group or individual, are not "natural facts" about us, but are things we construct "fictions, in effect" (Joseph 2004: 6); […]The modern subject has no save ir savo aplinką kaip autonomiją, ir šiuo atveju kuria ir objektus, ir naujus jų troškimus“ (Micessence: it creates a body 2012: 302). Articles Articles 123 to be found with oneself or identifying oneself with oneself Žmogaus tapatybės konceptas pagal tapatus, -i ir jo vedinius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistikoje (with one's illusions) or identifying oneself with one's illusions selection in the sentence also indicates a person's closeness or distant gaze to oneself. What, besides the aforementioned, are the constituent parts or layers of identity that make up the universe of As, and how many are there? Most of us seem to have little idea of what our own soul is or what our other soul is like - what it is like inside, that is, what the permanent part of our identity is. Most of what each of us can say about the other is that, more or less knowing our own identity, we "create" according to ourselves our own version of the other's identity, which to the "creator" will seem to be the true identity of the other. In other words, according to the mirror principle, one sees the identity of another through the perception of one's own identity, and the other interprets the identity of the first through his own. There are cases where, according to the duality of human nature (vidus resp. external) and personal identity (prigimtinė resp. neprigimtinė) as a single principle (plg. 47 sentence), two separate identities are merged into one, i.e. two separate people are perceived as one (plg. 63 sentences, also plg. 38 sentence), or vice versa: a man is perceived as this and a mother as two separate people (plg. 61 sentences, also 53 sakinį). Dviejų asmenų suliejimas arba vieno išskaidymas yra dalinis (panaplg. 64 sentences as 3135 sentences) and according to certain criteria: woman (resp. old, child, resp. adult) or wife (resp. The latter can be clearly seen from sentences 65[…]66 and 67 in the sentence is related to the naming criterion. A woman is very attached to the world of a child. If she [mother] spends too much time with the child, 61) Kai jam sukanka pusė metų, tėvui derėtų daugiau pavaduoti motiną. Mat the child does not learn self-reliance, becomes dependent. 62) Changing his destiny, he begins to take a different path. Do you not recommend that women change their surnames after marriage? When people love each other, they want to connect, to identify, as if to sit on the same blanket, they become one energetic soup. 63) Twins are much more dependent on each other, and they are always rivals. Until the age of five, the boy simply identified himself with his sister, she was his second sister. And suddenly... the reason for the development can be randomly auindivido neither in reality nor in theory can klėtojos ar draugo ištartas žodis, pastaba. 46 Socialinis tapatumas – „tai individo kaip visuomeninės, bendruomeninės būtybės tapatumas, nes be isolated from other individuals, because there is no society as a homogeneous entity, but there is a system of relationships between individuals, which is called society. A social process linio tapatumo svarstymuose gali būti išskiriami ekonominis, politinis, tautinis, kultūrinis, pilietinis ar kokios nors grupės tapatumas ir t. t.“ (Morkūnienė 2012: 96). „Socialinis tapatumas yra in which the actors are individuals" (p. 121). LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 124 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. 64) Later, Mr. Aldona remained in memory for a long time, but it was not possible to identify this great man with a student sitting on a chair somewhere. The memory does not settle for half a century of the faces and names of the students released into life. 65) A boy must have a husband as an example. With him, the child will not only be able to make friends but also to identify with him. It means reinforcing your gender identity. 66) Treats toys gently, kisses, hugs... Only later does she find her father and try to become like him. How the same person identifies with his mother and his father determines his view of fatherhood. 67) This man decided to change his surname because he did not want to be identified with his brother I. Achremov47, who is sentenced to life imprisonment ma, partija48, elite, middle class and so on) už žurnalisto Vito Lingio nužudymą. Žmogaus tapatinimas(is) su kitu kaip mažesne ar didesne grupe – grupe (šeirespectively in the community respectively in the community respectively in the nation) […] or the representative of that group is updated in 68 […] 74 sentences. The social identity criterion of a person, such as his presence and functioning separately, among others, together with others (see 75 […] 78 sentences), is intertwined with the place criterion 79 […] 80 in sentences. The identification of the person with the place is updated in 81[…]89 sentences. According to the criteria of proximity to a person, a place can be divided into near and far, more specifically, it is a place of residence (where a person was born and (or) lives; See also 81[…]82 sentences) or region (see 83 sentences) or country (see 84 sentences), state (see 85[…]86 sentences) or continent (see 87[…]88 sentences, see also 82 sentences) or the world (see sentence 89, see also sentence 82). 68) Bet ar ne būtinybė išsiskirti iš minios lemia panašių eksperimentų pasisekimą? Kai buvau jaunas, visada norėjau su kuo nors susitapatinti. PavyI told my parents that they could participate in the student movement of the 1970s, that they had a purpose, that they were trying to change the world. 69) Adolescents sometimes even identify with the group […] the latter becomes the standard of behavior. Therefore, peer groups play a significant role in the process of adolescent socialization. 47 See also the DLKT sentence: In fact, such Lithuanianization is nothing more than a distortion of vardė yra asmens tapatybės dalis. Todėl, kraipydami asmens vardą ir jo pavardę, mes tam asmeniui surnames. We show disrespect. 48 Plg. DLKT pavyzdžius: Partija, kuri susitapatina su vienu lyderiu, yra pasmerkta žlugti, ji neturi the future. In addition to the 19 percent of voters who are actually apolitical and passive, 14 percent identify themselves with traditional conservatives who represent the interests of big business, the paradigms of economic growth and globalization. Today's liberals like to identify with the entire Western society. I don't like people who identify themselves with the crowd, act the way Žmogaus tapatybės konceptas pagal tapatus, -i ir jo vedinius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistikoje they're supposed to, live by certain rules. I always have an opinion, and few can change it. 71) "When a person begins to identify with the community, he enters the circle of the "chosen ones". Anyone who disagrees with these ideas ends up among the outcasts. 72) The answers to the question of what social class we would belong to surprised us greatly: well, 90 percent mentioned the middle class. An academic and a former worker who sells railway tracks in Gariunas identified with her, considering himself a businessman. 73) Through the daughter of the Georgian people, Roland Paks again identifies with the "people" and separates himself from the "elite". The president's ratings aren't going down because of this story. 74) And this sense of belonging to the nation remains quite strong: the absolute majority, 95%, of respondents identify with the Lithuanian nation. 75% identify with their community, 72% […] with residents of the European Union50. 75) When a person grows up, he loses himself and feels that he does not perceive himself as a separate, isolated "me", but that he is identified with his activities. 76) Is it true that the office of mayor in Nering is identified with the person of mayor S. Mikelis? Yes, she says, its true. 77) V. Kisarausko's works are dramatic and painful. And what was he like as a person? The caterpillar is often identified with a human. Vince was a rather small-minded man, very calm, reacting to everything sensitively, subtly. 78) We collect information about our owners ourselves. People identify us with The KGB. 79) This does not mean that I am trying to identify myself with […]Domus gallery[…] or any other company. 80) The inhabitants of cities, especially the big ones, are more identified with Lithuania and the Lithuanian nation. However, according to experts, Kaunieci stands out from the urban population "for its negative attitude towards its citizenship". 81) People, by losing the places with which they identified, which testified to their origin and created a sense of security, lose the orientations that are only possible in the presence of unbroken bonds. 49 Plg.: […]Minia […] are people without a cultural background, without a higher education [...]. Therefore, they do not understand and fear the top of society" (Morkūnienė 2012: 165). 50 of which: DLKT example: We identify ourselves first and foremost with our people. […]The Lithuanian nation, like any other, can be spoken of both […] as a mass of one and a half million individuals and as a whole with its own characteristics, which, like any other community, can be discussed in isolation, introducing the concept of identity and distinguishing it from other similar communities with different characteristics[…] (Kuzmick 2008: 168t). LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 126 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX 82) Reikšmingai išaugo lietuvių tapatinimasis ne su Europa ar pasauliu, but with the immediate environment. About 25% of people identified with their town or village in 1990, and by 2005 this had doubled to 49%. 83) The southern and northern eastern Lithuanians of the Vilnius region cannot be identical simply because they are geographically distinct. They are distinguished by the ethnically unsuccessful element that makes up the middle of the Vilnius region. 84) Lithuanians still identify themselves only with the 85) Todėl, kad tai buvo nepamirštamieji 1988-ieji – atgimimo pradžia, kuomet bene kiekvienas save, savo viltis, lūkesčius tapatinome su Lietuva, galvojome apie ją, jautėme ją, troškome bent kažką vardan jos padaryti. 86) Esu lietuvis, save tapatinu su laisva valstybe. Ar turėčiau daryti kažką dėl kitų žmonių kurie šios sąlyginės laisvės neturi? ethnographic territory of Lithuania51. 87) We will never really be identical to Western Europe mentally, socially or politically, so we will only force the East and the West to look at us seriously when we are able to show that we are different, but we are. 88) However, do the Japanese identify with the Asian continent? 89) In 1990, Europe accounted for 1%, last year […] 3% of the respondents. In the 1990s, 4 % and in 2005 […] 6 % of the Lithuanian population were identified with the world. The criteria of place include the real and (or) imaginary nature or thing with which a person identifies or is identified in 90 […] 97 sentences. It would be more accurate to speak here not so much of man's identification with a particular thing or phenomenon of nature as with the content of certain qualities behind them - an abstraction, an idea, a symbol, etc. This is clearly seen from 98100 sentences. 90) Playing with words, he tried to distinguish whether he equates man with nature or he harms nature. 91) The trumpet of the day, the scent of the disappearance of the willow as if it were rustling in the bushes. Tired nature is learning to prepare for patinu su rudeniu! Su šita skaidria, neryškia šviesa, su paskutiniąja šiwinter. Oh, that you could say, "Susitalum, unexpectedly lying on your ramybe. 92) J. Degutytės lyrikoje, panašiai kaip ir piemenų dainose, saulę vaikas tashoulders, with such a bright and painful swelling with your mother". 93) Landfills, enclosed by garbage, form a breeding ground for harmful health pests. The forest is a stranger to man, unsafe, unloved, and he wants to identify with one that offers many possibilities, nurtures many natures 51 Plg. more DLKT: There were no ethnic land problems and Romanians, so they identified the fatherland not with the nation and the wealth, eternally safe, powerful, together and jos žemėmis, o su visa respublika – kartu su nukariautomis kitų tautų teritorijomis. Straipsniai / Articles 127 Žmogaus tapatybės konceptas pagal tapatus, -i ir jo vedinius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistikoje keeping the ages hidden, a mystical forest. 94) After all, you are identified with the product, your face and your craft are used, […] says V. Martinaitis. But they offer so much, and if you dont agree, you can refuse. 95) And matching a woman to a computer (press the button […] will have a sexual reaction) is cool... 96) Lunch has something light, conditionally festive, as if we were symbolically putting our memories in our mouths. Food is us, or what we're about to meet. 97) Those who identified with wealth or who enriched themselves became more and more political. 98) People must identify with the sign, its idea, and trust the slogan. Who do you identify with when you want to be rich, but you know you'll never be rich? 100) Su moterimi tapatinama tai, kas giliausia, slapčiausia. Ir tai – kas paviršutiniškiausia. 101) People exhausted by the presidential scandal are increasingly turning to Prime Minister Algirdas Brazauskas, whom many equate with a return to stability. The DLKT sentences explain that a person's identification with a place, especially a close one, is linked to the criteria of language (see sentences 102[…]103 […]) as a characteristic of the nation (see Morkūnienė 2012: 140), citizenship (see sentences 105[…]105 […]), culture (see sentences art, literature, science; see sentences 106[…]107 […]), history (see sentences 108[…]1095 […]), confession (see sentences 110[…]112 […]) As Vytautas Rubavičius writes, "all communities of people live in certain places that preserve a certain culture and its distinctive cultural memory, national identities are primarily local, since they are supported by coexistence with other people and with a particular place" (Rubavičius 2014: 96). In this context, the tį. [...] Vietovė kildina ir palaiko žmogaus socialinę aplinką. [...] Pirminė tapatumo savikūros medžiaga yra vietovės vaizdai ir pasakojimai, gimtinės vaizdas ir garsas. [...] Drįstu teigti, kad visokie socialiniai tapatumai, taip pat etnokultūriterm "dissimilation" is used to refer to the process of assimilation, which is defined by the first sentence of the first sentence of the second sentence of the second sentence of the third sentence of the fifth sentence of the fifth sentence of the fifth sentence of the fifth sentence of the fifth sentence of the fifth sentence of the fifth sentence of the fifth sentence. When you become a deer, you grow up with these thoughts, these feelings, and you live like this. 53 Plg.: […]Confessional affiliation can also be a form of collective cultural identity of the individual ti aplinkybė“ (Kuzmickas 2012: 15). 54 […]Culture […] is the historical set of ways in which people and communities living in a particular area interact with that area, its nature, its culture and its people. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX from the development of the human (child) it seems that the natural first identification with the social being is considered an sa aplinka55. Kitokios nuomonės laikosi Jūratė Morkūnienė (dar plg.: Kuzmickas 2012: 16, 24, Ramonienė, red., 2015: 152). Ji teigia, kad žmogus, „kaip open system, therefore […]only the relationship with the environment, that is, society and the world, is the premise of its life and essence[…] (Morkūnienė, cf. 2012 100, also 128 p. 137). Its primary criterion is considered to be social. From a linguistic (structural) point of view, the more important seems to be the previously mentioned relationship between identity and identity, which correlates with the opinion of P. Aleksandravičius mentioned above, and the "primacy" of a separate (local, social or other) criterion is related to its importance in communication in the sentence. 102) If it only tells "douna" and does nothing else, it only tells about its origin, identifies with the land, in other words, identifies itself with a specific collective experience. And he doesn't do anything else by himself, "by himself". 103) Because we usually communicate with others only when we are looking for confirmation of our (cultural, linguistic, and other) identity, a sense of closeness. If we don't want to identify with our native speakers, our foreign countrymen, that means we're going to have to make a distinction. And very much so. Or we've drifted away, we've become strangers... 104) Citizens of the LDK called themselves Lithuanians. According to the feudal worldview, language was not a sign of a nation. The nation was identified with citizenship. It is true that, according to nesanso įtakos kilo susidomėjimas savo istorija, kalba. Re105, a state is inhabited by people of different nationalities who, being citizens of that state, are primarily identified with it […] this is described by the concepts of civic identity or identification with the political nation. 106) By adapting to the demands of the state on citizens, or by identifying with a certain culture, Lithuania is called a homeland, guided by similar values in life, feels historically tais yra suaugę su etnine tauta – bendrauja jos kalba, turi bendrų papročių, connected. 107) And the attitude toward painting changed completely from then on. He let you down? Yes, you did. Dingo's game […] well, you probably come up with something, if not this, then the other... yourself as a community, its historical and cultural heritage and with the surroundings of neighboring communities, tribes or peoples[…] (Rubavičius 2014: 94). See also page 55. DLKT sentence: The three measurements that a person has are: place of residence, time of residence and manner of residence. And strangely enough, place is the primordial thing, the primordial dimension of human identity. Only by arriving in one place or another, only "civilian" one can create a culture, strengthen one's own, or adopt another. Even at home, they communicate in several languages. 56 Dar žr. DLKT pavyzdžius: Romos imperija, pvz., niekada nebuvo tapatinama su tauta ar netgi su kalba. Vilniaus nelietuviams kalba rečiau yra tapatinimosi su aplinkiniais požymis, nes trečdalis Articles Articles 129 and 129 I've been keeping up with something. The component Žmogaus tapatybės konceptas pagal tapatus, -i ir jo vedinius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistikoje of cultural identity may not change when living on the territory of another damas? O čia susilieji dar labiau, nei žiūrėdamas. nation, for example, many Lithuanians who became Americans have historically identified with Lithuania and its history. 109) You can stop paying for the language, stop living in your own land, but stay Lithuanian until you identify yourself with the history of the nation. Although only about 30 percent of practicing Catholics in Lithuania have some form of assembly, almost 80 percent still identify themselves with the Catholic Church. 111) There have been periods in history when the family was preferred to be identified with the state, the Church, or science. The state created control and social guarantee projects for the family, the church took care of the salvation program. 112) Distancing himself from the remnants of the old faith, M. Valančius identifies Catholicism with Lithuanianism, sees the traditions that have already arisen, tries to build them: he makes it compulsory to sing "Let us kneel" before 113) Jei virtuvėje pavojingų daiktų nėra, vaikas saugus, tegul sau pilsto kruopas, – pataria Viktorija Grigaliūnienė. „Aš pats!“ Maždaug iki 3 m. mathe Mass. the person identifies with the environment and does not refer to himself as an individual. Therefore, he says: "Petriuk will go out", "Onutė will hear the beatings". As the examples have shown, the social and local criteria are often intertwined. In other words, when a person is born, he immediately begins to build his identity in the family that lives in a certain place. Thus, the time criterion also becomes important. The relationship between man and time (i.e. past, present, future) or between events that took place, are taking place or are taking place in a certain period, more or less intertwined with the criteria of place, is updated in 114 […] 120 sentences. 114) The ruling party is responsible for the fact that a large part of the youth, whom we identify with the future of the nation, may be irrevocably lost to Lithuania57. 115) Virgilijus Čepaitis aimanavo, kad lietuviai virsta „Žalgirio“ sirgalių tauta. Su kuo dabar tapatintis? Su nesugrįžtamai išnykusia praeitimi? Su vis more cartoonish now? What about the future of the European Union and NATO? 116) The past becomes the main driver, inviting us to move on, to move further and closer to ourselves, to others. That's how I become what I was, identifying with all the history, all the cultural events, all the people who lived, who thought, who existed. And I feel like I've got it all figured out. or not too much 57 Plg. dar DLKT pavyzdį: Tapatinti Vytautą Žalakevičių su septintuoju, „atšilimo“ dešimtmečiu – honor for the "heating". LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ Acta Linguistica Lituanica LXXIX uses another person's name and surname, social security number and other information on cheques, open credit cards). No matter what happens to a person, he always has the opportunity to change his identity: from scratch, it can be confirmed that a person's identity is a permanent top. In atgaivinti, susikurti ar atkurti ir ją „pasimatuoti“ (žr. 172–178 sakinius). Taigi, remiantis predikatais, kurių vienu iš argumentų eina daiktavardinis tapatus veother words, human identity as a whole is not only what a person has held in status quo all his life, but also what he experiences and perceives as real and possible in his life. Everything that is done through subjectivity (savit) more or less close to the relationship between oneself and (or) the other: person, place, time and God, is the basis of the peculiarity of each person. By identifying differently, you can see the uniqueness of each one. From all of the above, it is clear that a person's uniqueness is also created by his or her innate, especially inner […] God-given identity, and his or her subjectively felt and established identity (see paragraph 179). 172) For example, in Anne Cassidy's book "In Search of Jay Jay", a seventeen-year-old girl is forced to completely change her identity, to have no contact with anyone she's ever known for at least ten years, and it's not a place of waiting, it's a place of self-preservation. 173) Analysts observe the so-called retraibalization process of Iraqi society, when the clan-tribe identity is revived, in which a person seeks both security and income for survival in kinship-related groups. 174) In order to establish themselves historically precisely as intellectuals, they are forced to re-create both the moral and the cultural identity of the crowd. 175) In finding a way out, it is first necessary to reject the belief of the newcomers in the contemporary style of thinking that identity can be at least somewhat projected in advance. 176) If citizens begin to construct their moral identity on the basis of Bentham's assertion that there is no community, they will quickly lose any clearer understanding of moral matters. 177) Our most popular historians Alfred Bumblauskas and Edvard Gudavičius have been trying to form a modern Lithuanian identity since the second decade, not to look at the past of Lithuania but the paradigm created by the historian Adolfo Šapokas and adapted by the Soviet era. 178) By telling stories that he himself does not believe in and does not understand, the Unnamed "measures" various identities until he is convinced that they are meaningless. 179) The identity of the father, the husband, the Lithuanian, etc. acts as the constituent parts of the doll, but they are not essential. Vertically to God, all concepts, paradigms, identities are put in their place, assigned a supporting role. When did you discover your vertical? About two thousand years ago. About the axis, the vertical and the identity. Straipsniai / Articles 137 Žmogaus tapatybės konceptas pagal tapatus, -i ir jo vedinius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistikoje Identity, or identity, is the identification with one's essence, which is common to all. It's a coincidence with the essence of the other. That essence is your name, God, vertically. 6. NAME and surname In DLKT publicist sentences, which use different forms of the adjective identity, -i and its adverbs (identification, identification) and nouns (identification, identification), self-identification is also recognized through subjective identification, which leads to the reader's perception of the identity ir kitu matyti apibendrintas tapataus žmogaus vaizdinys. Pats žmogus sakiniuose aktualizuojamas kaip patientas ir (arba) percipientas, agentas arba beneficientas. Čia, publicistikoje, reikšminga tai, kad kontekstas arba tekstas, kuris leidžia „girdėti“ rašančiojo mintį, t. y. tai, ką ir kaip jis norėjo apie save ar aplinką pasakyti, nors ir palieka skaitančiajam daugiau laisvės vertinti, jį suprasti subjektyviai, vis of the writer (e.g. It is clear that the narrative cannot take place in silence. By communicating indirectly, the writer not only represents himself, i.e. […]texts[…] his own perception of identity […] by communicating he influences the reader's identity, shapes it, creates it or changes it62. Thus, a similar concept of human identity seems to have a more active publicist reader; According to the concept of identity that exists in the individual human consciousness, the characteristics of the group concept can be seen. From the research collected by the DLKT publications, human identity is "disclosed" as a distinct whole of a person, felt, perceived and (or) created from birth according to a duality: as a more or less intimate relationship between a person and his or her partial (primitive or primitive, divine or earthly) identity. The true inner identity of man […] the soul […] is born […] gaunama[…] from God. It's a permanent part of human identity. According to the similarity, i.e. the principle of mirror, and the criteria of the earthly (other person, place, time) the man is a layer of identity. From nature comes the outer layer of identity (the nature layer. The variation associated with the differential expression is in the form of identical or identical. Identity is constantly interactively constructed on a microlevel, where an individual's identity is claimed, contested and re-constructed in interaction and in relation to the other participants. (susi)kūrė, (susi)kuria arba dar (susi)kurs labiausiai kintančius neprigimtinės bendrieji išorės bruožai) yra tarp prigimtinio vidinio ir neprigimtinio tapatybės sluoksnių. Laiko atžvilgiu prigimtinis tapatybės sluoksnis yra pastovesnis už ne- LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 138 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXIX sakinyje iškelia į avansceną paties žmogaus skirtingą (artimą resp. tolimą) santykį su savimi arba kitu (plg. būti tapačiam sau / kitam resp. tapatintis su savito identify oneself with one's illusions with another or to identify oneself with one's illusions with another. Vortosena allows us to say that a person feels, perceives, and creates or perceives his or her own identity. This is the basis of each identity's uniqueness. Given that the adjective tapatus has two different semantic features: […]panašus[…] and […]savitas[…], which are common to the words the same, the same and different, savitas, originalus, the dictionary definition of tapatus is obviously targeted. Although a person, when speaking (writing) about identity, often looks for, finds, and emphasizes in the sentence the resemblance of himself and the other (or the other two), this resemblance is always partial and more or less variable. According to the essence, each person, with all his current and possible similarities, is a self (tapatus sau) […] different from all those to whom he was, is or will be similar in some aspect. ŠALTINIAI BLKŽe – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas: elektroninis variantas, vyr. red. Danutė Liutkevičienė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2015. Prieiga per internetą: http:// bkz.lki.lt. DLKt – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas, sud. Kauno Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Kompiuterinės lingvistikos centras. Prieiga per internetą: http://donelaitis.vdu.lt. DLKŽe – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas: elektroninis variantas. 7-asis patais. ir papild. leid. Vyr. redaktorius Stasys Keinys. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2015: Prieiga per internetą: lkiis.lki.lt. LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–20, 1941–2002: elektroninis variantas, red. kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. redaktorė), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008. Prieiga per internetą: www.lkz.lt. Straipsniai / Articles 139 Žmogaus tapatybės konceptas pagal tapatus, -i ir jo vedinius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistikoje In the field of literature In his 2012 book, The Ontology of Human Identity: Between Substance and Personality. […] Identity of the individual, south. This is Jūratė Morkūnienė. Vilnius: The University of Mykolo Romerio, 189274. Ambrose White is the author of Functional Style. […] Encyclopedia of the Lithuanian language, page. This is Kazys Morkūnas. Vilnius: Institute for Science and Encyclopaedic Publishing, 204205. B.A.R.O.D.O.N.E. 2007: The publicist style. Vilnius: Vilnius Pedagogical University is located in Vilnius. Bucholtz Marry, Hall Kira 2006: Language and identity. – A companion to the phiThe philosophy of education, ed. by Randall Curren. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. David Cruse, author of Lexical Semantics in 2001. This article was originally published by Cambridge University Press. De Laguna Grace A. 1927: Speech. Its function and development. New Haven: Yale This is University Press. The book is entitled The Semantic Structure of Sentences with Syncretic predikatais. – Res Humanitariae 6, 24–41. Evans Vyvyan, Green Melanie 2006: Cognitive linguistics: An introduction. EdinMeanings, published by Edinburgh University Press. Gaivenis Kazimieras, Keinys Stasys 1990: A dictionary of terms used by the Kalbotyrs. The Light of the World. Graeme Algirdas Julius is the author of Structural Semantics. Vilnius: white lances. Grigas Romualdas 2016: Lithuanian identity and Europe. The historical and philosophical aspect. The Vilnius: The business. Gudavičius Aloyzas 2007: Gretinamoji semantics. He is also the author of the book "The Semantics of Gretinamoji". The libraries are: Bibliotheca actorum humanitaricorum of the University of Saulensis. Gudavičius Aloyzas (2009) Ethnolinguistics in the language of the people. The libraries are: Bibliotheca actorum humanitaricorum of the University of Saulensis. Gudavičius Aloyzas 2011: Reikšmė, the concept, the concept and the meaning. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Haskell & Martyn, 2007: Further remarks on reciprocal constructions. This Decision shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Hjelmslev Louis 1995: The speech. The introduction. Vilnius: white lances. Jakaitienė Evalda 2010: Lectionary of the English language. Vilnius: Vilnius University publishing house. LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ 140 of the Lithuanian Language Act LXXIX Joseph E. 2004: Language and identity: national, ethnic, and religious. Basingstoke: What is it? This is Palgrave Macmillan. Jurgaitis Nedas 2015: The concept of the crisis in Lithuanian and German. The doctoral thesiscija. Šiauliai. In his 1997 book, Speech and Society: Psychological and Communicative Characteristics of Speech Use. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Knjazev Jurij P. 2007: Lexical reciprocals as a means of expressing reciprocal situations. […] Reciprocal Construction 1, edited by Nedjalkov, Vladimir P. John Benjamins Publishing Company: Amsterdam or Philadelphia, 115 […]l46. Kuznetsov's "Lithuanian Identity: Culture and the State" is published in 2008. […] Continuity of national identity and self-sufficiency in the context of European integration, sud. This is Antanas Andrijauskas and Vytautas Rubavičius. Vilnius: Kronta, 166-183. This is the first time I have visited this city. Kuznetsov, The Cultural Identity of the Individual […] Problems 80, they are also innovations). […] Identity of the individual, south. 65–74. Kuzmickas Bronislovas 2012: Individo kultūrinio tapatumo sklaida (tarp tradiciThis is Jūratė Morkūnienė. Vilnius: The University of Mykolo Romerio, 11 to 94. Kvašytė Regina, Papaurėlytė Silvija 2013: Kai kurie koncepto liga bruožai Lietuvos viešajame diskurse. – Filologija 18, 107–117. Mayers, David, G. Social psychology is a field of study in the social sciences. Marcinkevičienė Rūta 2008: Žanro ribos ir paribiai. Spaudos patirtys. Vilnius: VerVilnius: printing and computer science. It's the auras. Markus Hasel Rose, Nurius P. 1986: Possible selves. This is the first time I've seen this. This is American Psychologist 41, 954–969. In 2013, Irma Morkevičius-Vaida published a book entitled "Elites of Europe: A Kaleidoscope of Identities and Interests." Vilnius: Firid. What are you doing? Mykola Algonis: Globalization and the Modern Subject […] Identity of the individual, south. This is Jūratė Morkūnienė. Vilnius: The University of Mykolo Romerio, 291 to 311. Morkūnienė Jūratė 2012: Social identity: assumptions, changes and destructions. She is the author of the book "Social Identity: Assumptions, Changes and 95–188. Destruction". […] Identity of the individual, south. This is Jūratė Morkūnienė. Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio University, Morkūnienė Jūratė, ed., 2012: The identity of the individual. Vilnius: The University of Mykolo Romerio. In his article, "Articles 141 and 142: The Micropolitics of Personal National and Žmogaus tapatybės konceptas pagal tapatus, -i ir jo vedinius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistikoje Ethnic Identity," Norris S. Discourse and Society 18(5), 653674. 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Zuperka Kazimieras is the 2012 winner of the Style Award. Šiauliai: The library of the University of Šiauliai. Лакан Жак 1998: Семинары. Книга 1. Москва: Гнозис, Логос. Маслова Валентина А. 2001: Лингвокультурология. Москва. Степанов Юрий С. 1981: Имена. Предикаты. Предложения. Москва: Наука. Степанов Юрий С. 1997: Константы: словарь русской культуры. Москва. Тер-Минасова Светлана Г. 2000; Язык и межкультурная коммуникация. Москва. Concept of Human Identity on the Basis of tapatus, -i and Its Derivatives in Contemporary Lithuanian Opinion Journalism Summary The article addresses the content of human identity on the basis of the adjective tapatus and its verbal (tapatinti, tapatintis) and nominal derivatives (tapatybė, tapatumas). It combines structural and cognitive approaches to meaning. A human being is the starting point of the study. It refers to the material collected from the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language developed at the Centre of Computational Linguistics of Kaunas Vytautas This is Magnus University. The material of Opinion Journalism available at the CCL allows us to recognize and see the image of an identical human being shared by every more active reader of Opinion Journalism through the subjective identification with oneself and another human being. The features of the group concept can be seen on the basis of the peculiar concept of identity existing in the consciousness of an individual human being. In the sentences in question, a human being is actualised as the patient and or the recipient, agent or beneficiary. The research revealed that human identity is a peculiar entity of the person which is sensed, perceived and/or created on the basis of duality right from birth: as a more or less Articles 143 and 143, close relationship between a human being and partial identities (inherent or Žmogaus tapatybės konceptas pagal tapatus, -i ir jo vedinius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistikoje non-inherent, heavenly or earthly). The true inner human identity […] the soul […] is […]received[…] from God at birth. It is the stable part (layer) of human identity. By similarity (the mirror principle) and earthly (another person's, place, time) criteria a human being created, creates or will create the most variable layers of non-inherent identity. The outer layer of identity received at birth (gender, general external traits) is between the inherent inner layer and the non-inherent identity layer. From a temporal perspective, inherent identity is more stable than non-inherent. Variability (dynamism) correlates with expression by different forms of yra tapatus and tapatinti(s). The use of the nominal derivatives of tapas as the actants of perceptual and action predicates leads to the conclusion that a human being feels, perceives, and re-creates his or her identity in his or her own way. It substantiates the peculiarity of everyones identity. Considering that the adjective tapatus has two different semantic features […] […]similar[…] and […]peculiar[…] […] which are also shared by the words such pat, tolygus and kitoks, savitas, originalus respectively, the dictionary definition of tapatus should apparently be updated. Despite the fact that when speaking (writing) about identity a human being often tries to find the identity of himself, another human being, or two other human beings as similarity, which he or she brings to the forefront of the sentence, this similarity is always partial and variable. In essence, a human being with all of his or her relevant and or potential similarities (i.e. partial identity with oneself or another human being) is peculiar […] different from everyone with whom he or she was, is or will be similar in some aspect. Delivered on 8 June 2018 LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas This Decision shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.