Žemaitiškos tapatybės raiška: dėlionė iš „Kretingos tarmės žodyno“ (2011) pavyzdžių
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64 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas: syn ax o he old and cu en Li huanian
language, seman ics and p agma ics, his o y o Li huanian
cul u e and chu ch ex s.
Fo he pu poses o his Annex, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply:
RELATIONSHIP: Wha is he Bible's iew o ma iage?
The wo d "c edi "
Be e don' make a Samogi ian lose pa ience o else hings will u n ou
he way you would ne e expec .
Exp ession o Samogi ian Iden i y: Pu ing
Toge he he Examples om K e inga Dialec
Dic iona y (2011) in o a Single Pic u e
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
All hese lowly ones a e judged: s ubbo n, un alen ed, un uly, and unkind... Bu no one be ays a
man's cha ac e as well as his own language. No jus wha he says abou himsel and o he s,
bu how he says i . We a e no jus alking abou he manda um, bu he wo ding i sel . The
speake may no e en eel he uniqueness o wha he is saying. How easy i was o ecognize
him in he ozen handw i ing. Many slang wo ds ha e been me ged in o he ocabula y o he
Juozo Aleksand a ičius K e inga language. Based on he da a p o ided by his dic iona y, he
a icle a emp s o show how he lowly speak hei iews o hemsel es and o he s, a ious
s ages o li e, su ounding en i onmen , he abili y o be alone and oge he wi h o he s,
ying o ag ee and ag ee.
The ollowing wo ds a e included in he lis : low, iden i y, au hen ici y, dialogue, alues,
commi men s, emo ions.
A icles and a icles 65
Žemai iškos apa ybės aiška:
dėlionė iš K e ingos a mės žodyno (2011) pa yzdžių
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Samogi ians a e iewed di e en ly: as s ubbo n, silen , sluggish, e en impoli e... Bu he e is
no hing ha can be e show a pe son's cha ac e han his o he language. No only wha a
pe son says abou himsel and o he s, bu also how he says i . No only om he excep ionali y
he pe spec i e o poli eness bu also wo ding. The speake may some imes no e en eel he
o his o he u e ance. I 's a li le easie o ecognize i when i 's ozen in w i ing. A numbe
o gems o spoken Samogi ian can be ound in he K e inga Dialec Dic iona y by Juozas
Aleksand a ičius. Based on he da a p o ided by his dic iona y, he a icle KEYWORDS:
a emp s o show how he Samogi ian a i ude owa ds hemsel es and o he s, a ious s ages
o li e, he su ounding en i onmen and he possibili y o be alone and o be oge he wi h
o he s by ying o ge along and o ag ee un olds i sel while speaking.
Samogi ians, iden i y, au hen ici y, dialogici y, e hics, commi men s, emo ions.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
Recogni ion o a pe son's e hnici y by ano he e hnic g oup (Li huanians and no
only hem) can be a wa ning sign o a pe son. Unde s and, man, i he e's a illain
o a illain in on o you, i 's easy o communica e wi h him o he . Do hese
lowlande s and lowlande s eally s and ou so much om o he ep esen a i es
o Li huanian e hnic g oups? Why can hey be ecognised as landlo ds e en when
hey hemsel es do no decla e hei landlo d iden i y in he Land o wi h he
landlo ds? Fo example, i he can speak he common Li huanian language pe ec ly,
bu does no e en conside his na i e language o be excep ional?
I is o en assumed ha Ge manicism is associa ed wi h s ange hinking and ough speech, pa ly
due o he phonology o he Ge manic language and he abundance o s ange wo ds and especially
loanwo ds (Sla icisms and Ge manisms). O cou se, he e a e also se ious con e sa ions, wa ning 1
Abou he di icul ies o such an abili y o de elop and he in luence o he language, which can be
nėlių (Kalniu ienė, pa ., 2007–2008; Skouds 2018) i anekdo ų inkinių (Že-
exp essed o a na i e speake in common Li huanian, see. G ina eckis in 1973: 31 […] 35; Zinke ičius in
1994: 126 […] 131. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . 2 A e examining ex samples and
conduc ing an expe imen o ee associa ions, Sil ia Papau ėly and Kazimie z Župe ka highligh ed
he ollowing cha ac e is ics o landlo dism: s ubbo nness, pe se e ance, pa ience (Papau ėly ė,
Župe ka 2010: 190[…]192, 195[…]196, 197[…]198). 3 Because o he s a us o he Lowland language, see
Feb ua y 2017: 4348. Fo a de ailed desc ip ion o he phonological sys em o he dialec s and ad ice
o he Low Ge man language, see This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
66 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX on he need o bo h ma u e sel -con idence
and e o s o p ese e he dying indigenous iden i y (Žimku ė 2008; Kajėnas 2013).
The his o y and p esen issues o he Zemo-C oa ian language and iden i y ha e
ecen ly ecei ed inc easingly se ious a en ion (e.g. Blium 1997; Pakalniškis Talban
on he au ho iza ion o he sou ces o he Zemo-C oa ian language, i is possible
2001; Papau ėly ė, Župe ka 2010; Pe eikis 2012; Pab ėža 2017: 31–36), be da
y a likę daug neiš i ų dalykų, no s y imams di a jau isai neblogai pa uoš a.
o enjoy he he i age o he Zemo-C oa ian language o he second hal o he
me, ku i aplankė šiau ės žemaičius k e ingiškius i šiau ės žemaičius elšiškius4.
Šiau ės žemaičiai u i kele ą publikuo ų šal inių, liudijančių unikalų XX am-
cen u y5: 1) Danguolė Mikulė Vainienė and Dai os Aleksand a
ičiaus K e ingos a mės žodyną (Aleksand a ičius 2011), ku io ilius a-
cinei medžiagai būdingas dialogiškumu pasižymin is au en iškas šiau ės
žemaičių k e ingiškių kalbėjimas, žodyno sumany ojo k uopščiai už aši-
nė as apie 60 me ų6;
2) P epa ed by Alex Gi den and published in 1996 in he book Taip šneka i kšliškiai:
ex s o he no he n land elšiškių a mės wi h commen s published in he
no he n land elšiškių ex s, cha ac e ized by consecu i e dialogues, impulsi e
sy umu i au en iškumu7;
3) Bi u ės Vanagienės Šiau ės aka ų žemaičių žodyną: Ylakių, Lenkimų, Mo-
sėdžio, Skuodo, Šačių apylinkių šnek as (I . – 2014, II . – 2015). Žo-
examples (ka o eka kaup a 1957[…]1996; see Vanagienė 2014: XXIII) is bo h an
au hen ic dialogue and a na a i e o he discou se.
4 The bounda ies o he a eas o he no he n lowland c e aceous and lowland pla eau, examples o
speech and ansc ip ion, see in he da abase o he Li huanian language ins i u e's Ta mių dic iona y.
5
Abou he dis ibu ion o he lowland dialec s and he language peculia i ies o he no he n lowland
dialec s, he so-called douninki, see Zinke ičius 1994: 8587, 112120; on he essen ial di e ence be ween he
no he n lowland elšiški and he k e ingiški, based on u, i// o, i canno be changed in he skiemenyse, see
ibid.: 114. 6 The pe iod o collec ion and compila ion o he ocabula y ile […] om he middle o he i h
decade o he 20 h cen u y o 2004 (see Mikulėnienė 2011: XII; Vaišnienė 2011: XX). 7 In he book o o al ex s,
he so-called Ti kšliai: he ex s o he no he n lowland elššliai wi h commen s p o ided in 1968-1985 we e
eco ded wi h a hidden mic ophone by he amilies o Alex Gi den and hei neighbo s who li ed in he
Mažeiki . Ti kšliai dis ic . The sou ce o he spoken eco ds o his dialec is he ex collec ion compiled
by Juozo Pab ėžis, Vido Ma cišauskai ė and As os Leskauskai ė in he No he n Lowland Telšiškiai (2013).
These a e essen ially ex s om he same pe iod, a signi ican pa o which is also made up o
eco dings made by A. Gi den. I 's ue ha he le el o au hen ici y o hese con e sa ions is somewha
nes čia už iksuo ų kalbos si uacijų daly iai bu o specialiai kalbinami i žinojo, kad pokalbis su jais
di e en , hey' e eco ded.
A icles A icle 67 The au hen ici y o he local language has been immo alised in
Žemai iškos apa ybės aiška:
dėlionė iš K e ingos a mės žodyno (2011) pa yzdžių
he p in ed publica ions and has become pa o he w i ing. The aim o his a icle
is o e iew he i s o he a o emen ioned sou ces o illus a ions o he
Zemai ic language, co e ing he longes pe iod o eco ding o he language
ma e ial, he K e ing language dic iona y (KTZ), which con eys he men ali y o
he people speaking he K e ing language in he no he n lowlands. The main ocus
will be on how he concep s o belonging in he illus a i e ma e ial o his
sispindi kalbančiojo i jo apsup yje esančių asmenų apa ybės su okimas. Ta-
dic iona y a e e ined by ocusing on he mos equen ly epea ed i ums
pasakymų modelius, dėmesį labiau k eipian ne į a ski ų leksinių iene ų sa-
( he e o e, no he headings bu he illus a i e examples a e impo an ), and he
azės, sakinio a didesnės disku so a ka pos seman ikos, ka ais i s uk ū os,
išski inumą, ypač – bend inei lie u ių kalbai nebūdingo modelio azių a o-
jimą. Tokia dėlionė iš išski inumu pasižyminčių, pasika o i linkusių disku so
sec ions can e eal he scale o alues accep ed by he people, hei own models o
wo ld iew, which may appea o be ela ed o he ep esen a i e o ano he
e hnic g oup due o hei peculia i y and wei dness.
The s uc u e o his publica ion is as ollows: in he in oduc o y pa , he p inciples o selec ion o
he ma e ial chosen o he s udy a e b ie ly desc ibed, he alues a e g ouped by seman ics, and
ų inklas, galin is padė i nus a y i yškiausius žemai iškosios apa ybės b uo-
žus. Toliau žemai iškojo pasaulė aizdžio sa i umą a spindin ys disku so ypa-
some imes by semio ics, discussing he meaning and some aspec s o o mula ion, ocusing on he
uniqueness o he signs, he easons and mo i es, and some imes on he g amma ical s uc u e o
some ph ases o sen ences. Selec ed ma e ial 8 Ano he edi ion o he eco dings o he Zemai ic
speech is men ioned […] Zo ia Babickienė and colleagues p epa ed ex s o he no he n lowland
K e ingiškio speeches wi h commen s (2007). 9 Acco ding o Dai os Vaišnienė, he ocabula y o he
K e inga dialec should be called no he K e inga dialec , bu he ocabula y o "K e inga slang" (o
K e inga dis ic slang) (see Vaišnienė 2001: XX). Howe e , judging by he dic iona y no by he loca ion
o he collec ion poin s o he ma e ial and he ~600 km2 a ea and i s bounda ies indica ed by he
au ho in he in oduc o y no es, he name sugges ed by J. Aleksand a ičius is en i ely jus i ied,
because he ocabula y is pe ec ly sui ed o illus a e he way o speaking and hinking o all
no he n lowland K e ingians. Fo mo e in o ma ion on he main ea u es o he language, he
ocabula y and he p inciples o he chosen p esen a ion, see This Decision shall en e in o o ce on
he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
10 The choice o he ype o mixed […] ocabula y, which a ies be ween di e en ial and
comp ehensi e […] ocabula y, is mos likely de e mined by he change in he au ho 's p o isions and he long and di e en pe iod o w i ing he wo ds, e.g. F esh o chilled
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
11 As o he ac ha his dic iona y is mos alued as a sou ce o unique linguis ic ma e ial, see
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o
supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. I 's he 34 h. In o de o achie e his uniqueness, he dic iona y has also le ou he meaning o he wo d, which is no qui e accu a ely ep oduced (see Vaišnienė 2011).
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
68 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
me odas – selek y usis in uicinis, o ien uo as į sa i umu pasižyminčių i (a )
equen ly epea ed s uc u al ype ph ases models. Since he olume o
ma e ial is e y la ge and an elec onic e sion o he s udy has no ye been
published, s a is ical analysis is no ca ied ou , bu a mo e p oduc i e seman ic
semio inio modelio pa eikčių a ian iškumui ilius acijų pa eikiama gausiai.
S aipsnyje žemai iško kalbėjimo ilius acijų a ka pos pa eikiamos s engian is
o phone ic ansc ip ion o he s udy is ca ied ou .
1. ŽEMAITIŠKO ELGESIO RAIŠKA KTŽ
In he wo ld iew o he speake
As we begin o alk abou he issue o land iden i y, i is necessa y o emphasize
ha much o he KTZ illus a ed ma e ial is no pa o a monologue na a i e,
bu o an ac i e dialogic discou se, e.g. :
1) Wha is i ? //
[…] Ge ã […] I is no a pa […] s ệis a […] 91 […]
2) Wha will happen o he ship? //
"I'm going o kill you". "I'm going o kill you". "I'm going o kill you".
(3) Wha is he name o he coun y? //
– p sâu / ẹdọ nê / nẽ gè ã / nẽ p às ã // 484
4) Wha 's he ma e wi h you? Wha 's he ma e
wi h you? I 's no like I'm going o be able o do i .
(5) A e you going o ell me wha 's going on? //
I'm going o jail. I'm going o jail.
6) […]škisk smkês jọg[…]ma âu ì // jè
si mộn pa ê ẽks 335 335 o […]
7) Wha 's he ma e wi h you?
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
8) he mo he ecei es he milk om he
mo he 's milk om he mo he 's milk om he mo he 's milk om he mo he 's milk om he mo he 's milk om he mo he 's milk om he mo he 's milk
Mos o he examples o KTJ a e single-pe son ph ases o sen ences, bu ac i e dialogues a e
pa icula ly o en chosen in he o m o deon ological modali ies, in which he speake asks o
ells 12 abou he p inciples and peculia i ies o his phone ic ansc ip ion. The Commission shall
be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion
by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
18; Vaišnienė 2011: XXIII[…]XXIX. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he coun y ha a woman has been elec ed p esiden .
S aipsniai / A icles 69
Žemai iškos apa ybės aiška:
dėlionė iš K e ingos a mės žodyno (2011) pa yzdžių
g amma ical indica o s o he p onuncia ion o consonan s o o he dialogues,
o example, e e ences o exp essions o wo ds and emo ions, exp essions o
eelings, exp essions o speech, e c. Fo example: :
10) o be anspo ed o he o he side o he coun y
11) Wha 's he ma e wi h you? // 319
In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned easons, i is also necessa y o ake in o
accoun he ac ha , in he absence o a clea de ini ion o he e m, i is no
possible o de ine he e m in he sense o he e m in he sense o he e m in
he sense o he e m in he sense o he e m in he sense o he e m in he
16) ežûok g èãu /jg pa ielusê // 483
17) a‿jũs‿žnûo / kàm jûsa žsis / mûsa à ẹžũos // 458
18) kệik dộusi adbu / âdau a b ọkš klẹ // 332
sense o he e m in he sense o he e m in he sense o he e m in he sense
o he e m in he sense o he e m in he sense o he e m in he e m. The
abili y o J. Alexand o ich o choose as he majo pa o he illus a ions o he
KTZ no he na a i e o he s yle- ansmi ing discou se, bu he daily
con e sa ion o he pa s ha make up he ma e ial o his dic iona y ali e, is
mo e han one could expec knowing ha he illus a ions o he KTZ a e om
he pe iod co e ing he second hal o he 20 h cen u y, when he dialec al
w i ings ocused on he s o ies o he mos p ominen , he mos in o med men.
Wha led o such a success ul selec ion o illus a i e ma e ial by KTZ can only be
guessed a . One o he easons may be ha he KTZ collec o o ma e ial
collec s and w i es alone and mos likely he KTZ discou se sec ion e y o en
indica es ha he speake -in o man was no passi e, in he di ec ion o
ecollec ions and lessons, bu an ac i e pa icipan in he si ua ion, whose
con e sa ion is ela ed o eal e e yday si ua ions and cu en asks. A man who
ca es abou he p esen and he immedia e u u e, so I'm going o ake a axi, a
ai da ė aplinkoje, ku ioje būdamas sugebėda o ap i sa as i be eik nema omas
in o man ams, o gal jis už ašinėda o įdomiausias azes slapčia a ba iš a min ies.
axi, a axi, a axi, a axi, a axi, a axi, a axi.
kymai i e ybės a siskleidžia umpomis azėmis.
14 […] ack […] ool KTZ 334
15 Fo a memo able na a i e, see he ollowing a icle. Ha é 2008: 702 […] 703; abou he na a o , how he e en s liu-
dininko, aidmenį ž . Ku kowska-Budzan, Zamo ski 2009: XII.
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
70 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
The a icle is based on he assump ion ha he KTZ illus a ions con ey a kind o
speaking16 ep esen ing he expe iences and hanks o a mul i ude o unnamed
(un e ealed o undisclosed iden i ies) indi iduals, a pic u e ha highligh s he
a emp s o c ea e ce ain models o ai y ales p o oked by si ua ions o he
same o di e en kinds o e e yday li e. Such sayings a e ce ainly ecognizable o
anyone who has g own up in a humble en i onmen , bu hey a e e alua ed
di e en ly by each pe son as an accep able o unaccep able way o speaking. The e
is no such hing as a pe ec uni y o iden i y (Helm 2009), bu some o he
cha ac e is ics o each o us a e s ill mo e p onounced. This sugges s ha
simila ly s uc u ed ph ases and simila ly-cha ac e ized judgmen s a e
commonplace, and ha people mus ha e some hing in common. I 's jus ha
hey' e been b ough up ha way and hey' e come o e ms wi h he possibili ies
o ha beha io ha hey' e been old, maybe unaccep able, maybe unusual, bu a
leas hey' e hea d o . The e o e, cap u ing and ep esen ing a ce ain pa e n o
beha iou , e ealing he mos impo an hings o he speake s, can help o ou line ce ain con ou s o iden i y, ine i ably cha ac e is ic o he local cul u e.
mės asmenims ien odėl, kad jie mąs o i kalba žemai iškai, . y. am ik u būdu.
The ollowing is an exce p om Asmens Tapa umo:
RIGHTING CRITERIES When you y o pu a lo o de ail in o a b oken pain ing in o
one image, you need some suppo . In he ea ly s ages o de elopmen o he
concep o local iden i y, i is con enien o c ea e such a amewo k based on
he ne wo k o alues p oposed by Flo ence Kluckhohn and S od beck L. F edo
(1961), consis ing o a ina y sys em o p o isions mos o ien ed owa ds he
concep and exp ession o people's ela ionships, ime and ac i i y (Dumon , 2002:
256; Hills, 2002).
2.1. Ve ybinių nuos a ų inklo kon ū ai
In an a emp o summa ize he so-called land-g abbing pa , KTZ has o be ead as a no el, whose
cha ac e s (pe sonalized and concealed) open up wi h sho ph ases. The concep s o he speake and
he speake a e used as synonyms in he a icle. The masculine gende is chosen as a gene ic one, able o
ep esen bo h sexes o speake s, when he e is no ob ious gende o he add essee in he sec ion.
17 Čia ik ų palyginimas su Julio Co áza o „Žaidžiame klases“, kai skai ančiajam nuola enka g įž i
iš ienos knygos ie os į ki ą.
A icles 71 and 72 e eal he sec e s o pe sonali ies and hus allow he eade o
Žemai iškos apa ybės aiška:
dėlionė iš K e ingos a mės žodyno (2011) pa yzdžių
unde s and he meaning o he alues ha model hei wo ld iew. "I is only in
dialogue ha he o he e eals himsel as he Essence, whose e e y wo d, e e y
modelius siekian nus a y i apa umą y a labai s a bu, nes e indamas ką no s
asmuo isada apibūdina i pa į sa e a ba a skleidžia sa o esmę (Helm 2009: 12).
Ve inimų pa ikimumą labiausiai gali už ik in i au en iškas kalbėjimas, nes i-
suminis ki o asmens sup a imas įgyjamas ik su juo kalban is. Pasak Ma ino
ac ion, e e y a i ude is ma ked by he ma k o uniqueness ha enables
ecogni ion." Speech is he mos p ominen ep esen a ion o iden i y (Helm 2009:
1215), he mos in luen ial no m in he pe cep ion o beha io as a maxim (Helm 2009:
neiš engiamos a pusa io są eikos, apimančios bend a imą i su a imiausios
aplinkos žmonėmis, i su mus supančios bend uomenės na iais, dalis.
Ve ybes laikan asmens apa umo dalimi, o asmens sp endimams ( aigi, i
11), i is impo an o cla i y he pe son's mos e ealing emo ions, such as digni y
and shame (Helm 2009: 11), and he main c i e ia o de ining a pe son's iden i y,
which a e nulli ied by obliga ions. Benne Helms (2009:17) dis inguishes h ee
g oups o commi men s and he emo ions associa ed wi h hem. Modula ing
commi men s ( ansi ional commi men s) a e ela ed o he ampli ude o deep
emo ions, de e mining he di ec ion o he a i ude (Helm 2009: 23-27). This may be a
nega i e emo ion ha leads o he pas and memo ies (e.g., anxie y o anxie y
a ising om ea o mee ing he equi emen s o a scale), o i may be a posi i e
emo ion ha leads o he u u e (e.g., con idence in he abili y o mee a scale
no m). Tonal commi men s de e mine he posi i e o nega i e one o an emo ion.
In e alua ing some hing, a pe son es ablishes and desc ibes his ela ionship wi h
he objec o pe son being e alua ed […] such iden i ica ion is insepa able om
he pe son himsel (p. 14). Values a e embodied in he iden i y o which hey a e
subjec ed when hey a e o med (p. A pe son's iden i y does no depend on he
way o li e ha he way o exile demands. A pe son's iden i y ca d is laye ed. Thus,
in o de o de e mine he dep h o alues, i is necessa y o unde s and he scale
o alues as he cen e o a en ion and i s su oundings (p. Values embedded in a
asmuo laiko e ingu, i ai y a susiję su įsipa eigojimais, ku ių pasi ink as gy-
pe son's iden i y encou age him o choose a ce ain way o li e […] one ha he
conside s aluable
mūsų apa ybės dalį. Asmens s a ba pačiam sau y a nea siejama nuo jį su o ma-
usios e inamų dalykų isumos; asmuo i jo e ybės suponuoja ienas ki ą
(p. 28) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion. The le el o in ui i ely pe cei ed alues de e mines a pe son's iden i y (p.
Focal commi men s a e based on ca e (p. I means ha someone is gi en a bene i ,
and i depends on how ha bene i is unde s ood and how impo an ha hing o
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
72 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(p. 18–19). Rūpinimasis ki u isada eikalingas dėmesio i eiksmų (p. 15). Į e -
pe son is o he ca egi e . See also page 19. The ela ionship be ween a pe son's
kad ūpinimasis ki ais bū ų sėkmingas, asmuo p i alo pakankamai mylė i sa e18.
Kalban apie įsipa eigojimus, s a bu a k eip i dėmesį į dalies i isumos san-
ykį, a sikleidžian į su okus ik uosius eiklos modelių mo y us a ba ikslus
iden i y and alues shows why iden i y is so closely ela ed o emo ions and he ype
o emo ional cha ac e : depending on how e en s u n ou - o be e o o wo se
- he scale o emo ions can a y om posi i e (p ide) o nega i e (ha e) sel -es eem
and he e alua ion o o he s (e.g.
Deonna, Te oni 2009: 34). This is a e y impo an poin .
2.2 Filling o he alua ion p o isions ne wo k
Skai an KTŽ ilius acinius pa yzdžius, labiausiai k in a į akis jais suku iamas
jau minė as ik o iško pokalbio įspūdis. Įmin i ap a iamo šal inio ilius acijų na-
The mys e y o ou ism and a ac i eness can pe haps be sol ed by e alua ing he
signi icance o bo h au hen ici y and posi ioning oles. When discussing he possibili ies
o a scien i ic me hod sui able o social psychology, Ha é ecalls he de ini ion o he
e ec i eness o speech gi en by John Langshaw in his 1964 wo k The Theo y o
Pe o mance: a speech is conside ed e ec i e i i is deli e ed in he igh con ex
and is co ec ly unde s ood by he add essee. The ole in a pa icula pa o he
speech ac is he momen a y assump ion o ce ain igh s, du ies and obliga ions
owa ds ano he pe son; These posi ions a e cha ac e ised by empo a iness […] hey
can be changed, e oked, ejec ed, ex ended (Ha é 2008: 697). How can a single speake
o lis ene o a gi en sec ion cons uc wha is said and done om di e en posi ions
and in e p e i di e en ly, e en hough i has eached e e yone in he same
language? This, o cou se, also applies o anyone who ies o p esen a model o he
possibili ies o in e p e ing he speech ac ha is a leas somewha gene alizing.
3. Values o he DERINIAI and J
The sea ch o KALBANT
In o ming a ne wo k o local alua ion p o isions, he mos aluable pa o
he illus a i e examples o KTZ is he speaking pe son's alua ion o his o
he sel -es eem and 18 Abou sel -es eem and sel -lo e see. 2009: Helm on he 23 d
S aipsniai / A icles 79
Žemai iškos apa ybės aiška:
dėlionė iš K e ingos a mės žodyno (2011) pa yzdžių
Responsibili y also en ails equi emen s o he pe son. The pe cep ion ha a
pe son's essence does no change is epea edly ecognized (see examples 264 […]
269 illus a ing such an opinion), bu a ce ain daily si ua ion illus a ed by he KTZ
kalbė ojų eiginiai aki aizdžiai lemiami bū inybės pa a i ad esa ui a jį išmoky i
nu odan , paliepian a pagi ian . Dauguma KTŽ ilius acijų už iksuo as kalbė-
jimosi wi h he manne o he in e locu o e eals ha he di ec add essee is
jam i in a imas asmuo ( aikas, su uok inis, mo ina, ė as, b olis, sesuo a pan.),
he one o whom he ca es and eels esponsible. The e o e, e e y unusual poem
is no iced and old abou i in one way o ano he , some imes openly exp essing
one's emo ions, e.g. 115) "I'm no going o ell you ha you' e al eady los you
mind", "I'm going o ell you ha you' e al eady los you mind", "I'm going o ell
you ha you' e los you mind", "I'm going o ell you ha you' e los you mind".
119) Wha is he meaning o he wo d "papy us"? 309 120) I'm going o kill you. I'm
going o kill you. I'm going o kill you. The ca e o people li ing in a common space is
e lec ed in hei speech. The g ea es esponsibili y o household a ai s and
o e all success es s wi h he householde , and i is o en om his o he lips
121) aps ệlk šl jẹ bska ẹ‿nasọšâlsi // 48
ha child en ecei e ins uc ions and ins uc ion on how o beha e p ope ly.
P ohibi ions, ema ks and ins uc ions a e usually ela ed o beha iou a home
o in a s ange en i onmen , and especially in a public place, no ms, e.g. :
124) he ecep ion o he nažaimûokis47 he ecep ion o he nažaimûokis47 he
ecep ion o he nažaimûokis47 he ecep ion o he nažaimûokis47 he ecep ion
o he nažaimûokis47 he ecep ion o he nažaimûokis49 [127] [128] [129] [129] [129]
[129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [121] [129] [129]
[129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] [129] ] [129] [129] [111] [129] [129] [129] [111] [129] [111] [111] [111] [111] [111] [112] [112] [112] [112] [113] [113] [113] [113] [113] [113] [114] [114] [115] [115] [115] [115] [116] [116] [116] [116] [116]] [116] [117] [117] [117] [117] [117] [117] [117] [117] [117] [117] [117] [117] [117] [117] [117]] [111] [111] [111] [111] [111]] [111] [111] [111]] [111] [111] [111] [111]] [112] [112] [112] [112]] [112] [112] [112] [112]] [112] [112] [112] [112]] [112] [112] [112] [112]]
// 22
The ca ing o he speake o he imp o emen o he di ec add essee is
e lec ed in he pa icula ly equen ema ks on he insu icien ly aes he ic, bu
wi hou much e o co ec ed appea ance, on he a icula ion and con en o he
speech. And, o cou se, because o he inco ec 45 in o he nkį […] […] a u,
aplinkui[…] KTZ 344 46 o sp ead, […]s a, […]o […] o be su ounded, wa e ed[…] KTZ 309
47aimed a women, […]ójas, […] e lój. […] o speak, o si down, o laugh, o whispe
KTZ 496 48 wa ching, ~oj, ~ojes e l. […] aimed a doing, p onouncing KTZ 22
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
80 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
pasi ink o duo ų užduočių a likimo būdo i empo. Pas a ojo pobūdžio p ie-
The models o compa isons a e qui e a ied (indica ion wi h compa ison,
cons uc ion o he sen ence, ques ions, emphasis on pe sonal opinions) and
may imply no only he speake 's doub s abou he app op ia eness o he way
he wo k is ca ied ou , bu also conce ns abou he physical and men al heal h
o he add essee, e.g. 129)
224
I'm no su e i I'm going o be able o do i , bu I'm going o be able o do i . I'm
going o be able o do i . I'm going o be able o do i . In he Uni ed S a es, o
example, he numbe o people who ha e been diagnosed wi h Alzheime 's
133) ko‿ ailẹneji / a‿dâ ba n ọ i? 333
134) na aûok49 sa dina / mkis kũ‿nûo s m a // 452
135) na ọpẹộuk50 / mkis kãp ẽkện dâ ba // 459
disease has doubled in he pas decade, and he numbe o people who ha e been
diagnosed wi h Alzheime 's disease has doubled in he pas decade. :
14), 141) nabûk êp sọsẹkũp nẹs ẹṣṣ ệisk 141) nabûk sọsẹkumpnẹs
nasọsẹ âuk ikp a ẹṣṣ iskệ 142) sọsshọkộuk a a kãp kdẹl le1953) 1533)
a ẹṣnûs # 1977) is no seen as a sign o es ain , a pe son's ne wo h is
no e ealed, and some imes he le hand is le -handed. :
144) dộuk bẹn‿kà ẹnộu zûbus nulaiž ẹ / s ibalẹnis // 342
Ma an , kad pašneko ui gali p i eik i daugiau pas angų susi a ky i (a nau-
I is used in compa isons (such as he memo able no e), o example. :
145) n epê s ũom pishũom // kãp ês éš êizi 478 49 asió i, ~iója, ~iójė
o un, o duke, o dig, o climb, o climb, o climb, o climb, o climb, o
50 upiniúo i, ~iúoja, ~iã o – ‘dels i, nep adė i kaip eikian di b i, lūku iuo i‘ KTŽ 459
climb, o climb, o climb, o climb, o climb, o climb, o climb, o climb, o
climb, o climb, o climb, o climb, o climb, o climb The KTZ 408. 53 he
b ide […] […] someone who has g own up, g andchild […] KTZ 153
S aipsniai / A icles 81
Žemai iškos apa ybės aiška:
dėlionė iš K e ingos a mės žodyno (2011) pa yzdžių
146) Wha is he meaning o he wo d "clo hes" in he Bible? The ollowing is a
summa y o he indings o he pee e iew o he Eu opean Commission's epo
on he implemen a ion o he Cha e o Fundamen al Righ s, as well as i s
ecommenda ions and ecommenda ions: 326 Some imes a commandmen is a
eques o pay a en ion o he appea ance o ano he pe son. Tokyo model
s o ies may aim o d aw he a en ion o he in e locu o o he pe son being
se ed as unsui able o he pa ne ship o o d aw he a en ion o he
add essee o he appea ance o he o he pe son no pa icipa ing in he
con e sa ion in a nega i e way. :
152) The pain ing is a copy o he wo k o he a is who pain ed i .
sumè ẹš sẹs // 478
The choice o choice o clo hing ha is sui able o he ci cums ances o
he pe son is commended, he commen is made abou he inapp op ia e […], o example. :
153) also p onounced askepalšis // 447
Wha 's he ma e wi h you? Wha 's he ma e wi h you? Wha 's he
ma e wi h you? Simila ly, a c i ical ema k may be made abou an
inadequa e social ole, o example an appeal o he esponsibili y o he
mo he o he aes he ics o child en's clo hing, e.g. :
155) o p ese e he li ing space o he dwelling. In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned
Daugybė panašaus modelio disku so a ka pų KTŽ odo, kad kalban ysis aky-
easons, i is also necessa y o ake in o accoun he ac ha , in he absence o
a clea de ini ion o wha cons i u es a se ious in ingemen o EU law, he
Commission does no ha e he powe o adop delega ed ac s unde A icle 107 (3)
(c) o he T ea y.
158) ès sọs nus aukẹnejẹs // 442
159) ès sọs nglệns / ēk nusẹčs k // 25
161) p m nusẹp nk ọž‿ngâ / ès sọs snigệns // 379
162) nê / uoks‿snigệns i‿ ûoba nẽk // 379
55 Apie NAMŲ koncep o analizėje iš yškėjan į lie u iui būdingą š iesių, jaukių, g ažių šil ų, a -
kingų namų su okimą i bū iną pas angų, a sida imo i da bo po eikį ž . Ru ko ska 2017: 87 .
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
82 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
kalbėjimo, p z.:
164) ko‿ pọ slúojs56 / ka‿pàsakûoji? 327
165) ko‿ âuzgi / ọkộukis kãp žmogs // 256
166) // ès na amu na ame jd kš k 251 167) na àšknk ūpũopeu is an
un easonable o inapp op ia e speech add essed o you, e.g. 452 168) anbelis
ès kana ọkujs mneka é é é nasakâ 253 KTZ. :
169) Wha a help you a e! 170) The place o bi h o he wins is
unknown 265 papàsakûok kũnûo s m a / 497
171) I don' know wha o do.
172) a a smagẹnnepaska pe son's ka ẽp sakâ 375 The con en o he speech
can also be linked o di e en e e ences o he possibili ies o assessing he
pe son (and pleasan , and he essence o iden i y poses a h ea ) and (o )
simila i y o some hing based on e e ences o desc ip ions, plg. 173) pùpu li58
kãp bàg en? 326 174) […] […] is he name o he coun y? Wha a e you going o
do? 176) […]k[…] […] 316 […] old age is old age is old age is old age is old age is old age
is old age is old age is old age is old age is old age is old age is old age is old age is
old age is old age 179) […] […] m[…]emi à[…]m[…]emi k[…]p[…] […] i? […] […]m[…] is he
name o he game. I'm no su e i I'm going o be able o do i , bu I'm no going
178) ‿ / pộ za60 à‿pộ za / k‿ žẹnâ! 309
o be able o do i . I'm no going o be able o do i . I'm no going o be able o do
i . I'm no going o be able o do i .
kaip ne inkamus; pas a osios su okiamos kaip g ėsmingos, be galinčios apsau-
go i ad esa ą nuo ne inkamo elgesio, p z.:
58 pupu ẽlis – ‘mažu ėlis‘ KTŽ 326
60 pliù za – 2. ‘kas ne ykęs, ne ikęs (pp . apie mo e į)‘ KTŽ 309
A icles 83 and 83 concep s in un a o able si ua ions seem o be annoying, so he
Žemai iškos apa ybės aiška:
dėlionė iš K e ingos a mės žodyno (2011) pa yzdžių
Konk e aus, apa ybę nu odančio asmen a džio paminėjimas ga bingumo
in e locu o may be com o ed, e.g. :
184) nabẹjûok // ẹn a pà a des namẹna ûoje 238 The ung a e ul speake
may e e o he p ide o he hos as unwo hy, e.g. :
I don' know i i 's because I don' know wha I'm alking abou . I don' know wha
186) k‿ / bèp uo li / eizek kp‿ g en // 43
Pačiam pa eiškiamus p iekaiš us kalban ysis laiko įky iais i pageidauja ne-
I'm alking abou . I don' know wha I'm alking abou . I don' know wha I'm
alking abou . I don' know wha I'm alking abou . :
When he speake ails o each an ag eemen wi h he add essee (o hei
g oup), he si ua ion is le o a e. :
193) jũs pasẹkâ kẹ kãp nûo ẹ ẽp ẹda kệ 148 o
3.1.3. Speaking o he hi d pe son
Speaking o he in e locu o in he hi d pe son, he necessi y o de ini eness
o he use o e e ences is highligh ed. Fo success ul iden i ica ion o a
pe son, a i s name o las name is usually su icien , e.g. 194) * jũonis nudệ b
nucàckệi lzda ẹpikê ẹš êiz 59 // 198) * žúobakienê ddlê nk lẹiž i plk ẹ62 // Ra ely,
195) *pliksis bũ jẹs / jê bũ pa adnẹ // 58
196) *s õnkộu p nk us â // 447
197) *ma inkene᳞ a je᳞ pukãs apkẹbọsi // 326
in o de o a oid doub s abou he de ini ion o a pe son o be se ed, he
unc ion o a pe sonal name may be indica ed by adding an a icle 302
į a dis as, a, p z.:
61 kiaũlin i, ~ina, ~ino – ‘kone eik i, adin i kiaule‘ KTŽ 158
62 ongue o bi e […] o bi e, o bi e KTZ 302
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
84 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The hi d pe son's su names ons, ana, anėi, anėi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi,
anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi,
anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi,
anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi, anēi. They a e also commonly used
as p onoun subs i u es when discussing he beha iou al pa e ns o
acquain ances ela ed o e hical p o isions (communica ion, decency, e c.), e.g.
203) ha […]kùmè ns p iẽ ọ p imnẹs ẹg a žũodi pasakī ō ùi nên[…]kumè .
202) ka‿sọsẹ nkâm / ns sumè pasẹs éikindâms pakile kep ẹ // 161
// 195
204) […]ns […]sumè palàbện ẽdâms p ọšli nap amúžện 247 205) a nà […]k à
ũopške[…]64 // […]sumè p ašmũžện p o[…]š[…]li ni[…]l[…]bas napas[…]osi also known as
450
In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned easons, i is also necessa y o ake in o
accoun he ac ha , in he absence o he abo e-men ioned easons, i is no
possible o de e mine whe he he pe son conce ned is a pe son wi h disabili ies
o a pe son wi h a disabili y. In he con ex o he KTZ discou se, hey a e o en
accompanied by a pa ody name ha plays he ole o he de ini e a icle 63
elnái is […] isdykėlis […] (abou a child) KTZ 480 64 õpškė […] […]ne aleika, ne ykusi,
žiopla (mo he ) […] KTZ 450 65 his man, ~ ė […] […] psil asnadis, emp y man […] KTZ 66
410 KTZ 503 is he name o he ai c a . 67 o se le […] o con ac , o li e
oge he […] KTZ 348
S aipsniai / A icles 85
Žemai iškos apa ybės aiška:
dėlionė iš K e ingos a mės žodyno (2011) pa yzdžių
(a) he quali y o he demons a ion; (b) he quali y o he demons a ion; (c) he
quali y o he demons a ion; Less well-known people a e mo e likely o be in he
cen e o a en ion because o hei appea ance, beha iou o ances y, e.g. :
217) // kûokẹs ệlgas blaks enas ha žmúogãus // 46 218) ha žmúogãus
ha pãu ê àškanûojẹs kis 45219) 2 ha žmúogãus ệik e žûodm
žûodmájě // 501 220) hoseme gũos kãp s šâdê 48 489 // 302 221) ha m ō gà
oki plmpaik pa s pa s pas is ha s no bad ha ps no good ha s no
good ha s no good ha s no good ha s no good ha s no good ha s
no good ha s no good ha s no good
223) à m gà apsẹkâ s a ẹsúokês kàspẹnãs ẹ‿ ẽp ẽ i‿mes a // 147
224) a‿mûo ẹška ệlga lẹiž i ộ 70 // 214
225) às žmogs maiš k âujis / e s š‿ ẹinã i â / ọ‿mûo ina ẹš‿kaž-
A high le el o us is associa ed wi h he inabili y o o he s o in luence he
pe son being se ed, while a low le el is desc ibed as shaping he agg essi e
beha iou o he majo i y o people owa ds he pe son no being p o ec ed. In
some si ua ions, such as con lic s wi h people who a e pe cei ed as agg essi e
o agg essi e, i can be di icul o a oid he use o he wo d "agg essi e" in
he con ex o a con e sa ion wi h someone who is pe cei ed as agg essi e o
agg essi e. :
231) biss ànũo ọn sẹsedệms75 ọn‿ uo‿ ãka // 27
232) ns àksệi kũožna ệina / ka‿ ik‿ as‿lêdas // 472
68 h loo Rosina 1996: 85 yea s old
69 hai d esse s […] hai d esse s who ha e hai […]
KTZ 138 70 […] ongue ongue ongue ongue ongue
ongue ongue ongue ongue ongue ongue ongue
72 p isikns i – ‘p ikib i‘ (KTŽ 178), ‘p isikabin i‘
ongue ongue ongue ongue ongue ongue ongue
ongue ongue ongue ongue ongue ongue ongue
ongue ongue ongue ongue ongue ongue ongue 73 o o e h ow, o o e h ow, o o e h ow, o o e h ow, o o e h ow, o o e h ow, o o e h ow, o o e h ow, o o e h ow, o o e h ow, o o e h ow, o o e h ow, o o e h ow
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
86 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
233) ns nkumè mộn ne ọžme ẹnejẹs76 / ka‿ẹ‿pẹk ộujọ b ûom / ẹs ệik //
236
People who a e lonely, abandoned, bu ned by i e, who a e unable o ake p ope
ca e o hemsel es, e.g. 234) b […] edà uokê lẹgúo â mú ẹškâ ẹinâ g […] 215 235)
a […] ã because o he de ails o he pe son's beha iou in ques ion, e.g. he
combina ion o he pe son's appa en will and he language o he pe son in
ques ion. :
237) he speake 's a en ion is ocused on appea ance, beha iou , abili ies, and
men ioning he pas and u u e possibili ies, e.g. :
238) Tassanu Vaks Dils Kp Auollis 25 239) Annual Vaks
Toks Mžos Kp Kkle 25 241) She ana Tu Vaks Smu glis
240) as‿anũ‿ ãks ûoks žlis / na kẹs // 446
is he name o he place whe e he e en ook place
This is he i s ime I' e seen him in public.
243) ha he may no be able o swallow he holy wa e o he wa e o he
wa e o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s o he wa e s
329
245) he w eckage o he w eckage o he w eckage o he w eckage o he w eckage o he w eckage o he w eckage o he w eckage o he w eckage o he w eckage o he w eckage
3.1.4. The speake chooses he inde ini eness (neu aliza ion o he meaning o he indi idual you,
beha io al maxims and gene aliza ions) can choose he second pe son named you as a gene alizing
Siekdamas uni e saliau apibūdin i sa o pa i ies modelius, KTŽ kalban ysis
noun. In his case, 'you', which in he usual con ex ends o e e o ano he pe son as being
dis inguished, akes on he meaning o he noun 'man' and becomes a wo d wi h a gene ic p e ix.
Unde ined e e ences is used in sen ences ha use uni e sal e e ences ( o mos Indo-Eu opean
languages see Re e ences o unde ined meanings 78). Haspelma h 2000: 11. This is he i s ime ha
his has happened. In Li huanian, i desc ibes
76 užme inė i (sl.) – ‘p iekaiš au i‘ KTŽ 236
77 šlámš in i, ~ina, ~ino – ‘neg akščiai ei i‘ KTŽ 416
nama kaip u a ojimas apibend in a eikšme (plg. Valeckienė 1965: 668), kaip indi idualios u
eikšmės neu aliza imas (plg. Rosinas 1996: 26) a g ama inės me a o os a ejis (plg. Judžen is
2012: 114).
In he a icle, he au ho desc ibes he si ua ion in which a nega i e pola i y and
Žemai iškos apa ybės aiška:
dėlionė iš K e ingos a mės žodyno (2011) pa yzdžių
būdingos) aisyklės, susijusios su apibend inamąjį pobūdį pe eikiančia kiek
speci ine laiko san ykių aiška: asmeninis į a dis neapib ėž ą eikšmę įgyja nu-
(o ) ee choice is chosen o be desc ibed. :
246) he numbe o nes s is no known.
247) jê nûo i / ka‿kas‿ọžâug ọ / ẽk nga p ikš ẹ // 136
248) ka‿s ẹs na êizi / ẹ ‿apšộ s i žmogs / apsẹlêdi // 421
249) ali‿kãp as‿c ọlis81 pikê gệid / klauskis ẹ‿nuo ek // 62
In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned easons, i is also necessa y o ake in o
accoun he ac ha in he case o he use o he e m "cus ome " in he
con ex o he p o ision o se ices, he e m "cus ome " is de ined as a pe son
o en i y who is a cus ome o he company, and he e m "cus ome " is de ined
as a pe son o en i y who is a cus ome o he company.
261) sọ‿ ûoọ sm da kàs gâl bû ẹ kpẹ ûo // 378
Neapib ėž umo kons ukcijos pasi enkamos i siekian pasiguos i dėl žmo-
gaus esmės nekin amumo, plg.:
264) ku lks gme u ẹkâ š // 147 265) jê kàs nussẹs 401 ns ûoks ẹlks 79 Abou he ela ionship be ween
un ealis ic meanings and he ac ual implica ions o p esupposi ions o he ic im. Hol oe ,
Pajėdienė 2004: 90. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o ob ain a ce i ica e o
au hen ici y om he Membe S a e.
80 Plg. o he Haspelma h 2000: 52, 64. This is no he case.
81 c ulis ie e sys KTŽ 62
82 gùdin i, ~ina, ~ino – ‘p a in i‘ KTŽ 119
83 bo owing […] bo owing, plg. KTŽ 499 and
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
88 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
266) kọp ûo a k ã g àbs baẹš aiss // 197
267) apsk è eli / kãp ẹ‿kọp ûo a / k ã kàps baẹš aiss // 29
268) ẹšmúoksi kâ ẹ i‿mdi lp ẹ / nkumè // 257
269) bûoba na ónkûo e naẹš ẽ si kok ànà ok ẹbûs napá dệ bsi also known as he "language o he sea" o "language o he sea"
// 481
The language s a egies o he KTZ speake in ques ion, based on an open
con ession ( he disclaime o he speake 's sel ), di ec desc ip ions o be gi en
o any pe son and me (and in some cases also us), ha (and om se e al
add essees you a e ela ed), ons, ana, anėi, anus, a e di ec ly add essed in o de
sa ui ( o, jūs, mes) a uni e saliomis elgesio aisyklėmis i modeliais ( engian
indi idualios asmens nuo odos), pokalbiuose pe sipina iena su ki a. Čia jos iš-
o be able o dis inguish ce ain dis inc ea u es o he KTZ om a la ge
numbe o di e en discou se a ian s. As he pic u e o he e es ial
indi idual becomes e en mo e i id, all o he KTZ's s a egies o communica ing,
oge he (o wi hou d awing a en ion o hei peculia i y), will be e alua ed by
he KTZ's eco ded in e es ing obse a ions o he indi idual's exis ence as
being only in space a a ce ain ime.
3.2 A i udes o ime and space and in e ela ionships
The eal eason o many o he abo e-men ioned KTZ sayings o he speake ,
which a i s glance may seem o be ela ed only o he habi o ep oach, helps
o unde s and he KTZ discou se sec ions, which eco d a ce ain s age o he
speake 's li e and e eal he close connec ion o his daily ac i i ies wi h
obliga ions.
3.2.1. Tu ned in o a ime wheel
The KTZ speake 's sen ences, which e eal he e alua ion o ime and i s low,
make i possible o unde s and why some imes he a en ion o o de is
exagge a ed ( ema ks o he di ec add essee abou he obse ance o e e yday
habi s), and some imes he e is an ex e nal indi e ence (a oidance o
communica ion wi h acquain ances a ising om he ea o dis up ing he no mal
hy hm o wo k). The models ha e eal hese hings show ha he KTZ speake pe cei es daily ac i i ies as a con inuous spi al o emo ions.
dėjimą į p iekį. Tokio judėjimo a skai os aškas dažniausiai y a dienos i me ų
ciklai, p z.:
270) me s‿nu‿m a / dinà nù‿dẹinã / ẽp ẹ ‿ẽ ộmžọs // 261
The daily ac i i ies o he KTZ speake a e ela ed o esponsibili ies o he
amily, e.g. :
In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned easons, i is also necessa y o ake in o
Žemai iškos apa ybės aiška:
dėlionė iš K e ingos a mės žodyno (2011) pa yzdžių
accoun he ollowing ac o s: (1) he pe son's abili y o communica e wi h
366) š dis ọžda ẹms / kàs s a âusis dàlks // 467
o he s; (2) he pe son's abili y o communica e wi h o he s; (3) he pe son's abili y
o communica e wi h o he s; (4) he pe son's abili y o communica e wi h o he s;
(5) he pe son's abili y o communica e wi h o he s; (6) he pe son's abili y o
communica e wi h o he s; (7) he pe son's abili y o communica e wi h o he s.
488
When aced wi h di icul ies a wo k o in ec ea ion, hey need help and
suppo . E e y hing happens in li e, so some imes you complain abou
loneliness in ouble, and some imes you complain abou concen a ion and
loneliness, o example: 372) nûo n s shini apkabnệs šãuk neka nap išã lã ka
beda 2593) mèsikėkûos kãp ṛsã gi i 484 374) kãp lnksm kai kãp gè bú e 216 KT
gazu, you wo k (we, all) […] i s scale, spa umu, he esul achie ed in gene al:
In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned easons, i is also necessa y o ake in o
accoun he ac ha , in he absence o he abo e-men ioned easons, i is no
possible o a pe son o be conside ed as a pe son in he same ca ego y as a
pe son in he same ca ego y as a pe son in he same ca ego y as a pe son in he
same ca ego y as a pe son in he same ca ego y as a pe son in he same
ca ego y as a pe son in he same ca ego y as a pe son in he same ca ego y as a
pe son in he same ca ego y as a pe son. […]help, help[…] KTZ 160
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
96 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
384) pa kẹs ẹ‿skọd ộms119 uos‿mé gũos // 371
385) I is said ha he ma iage o a husband and wi e is a measu e o he
success o he amily li e, e.g. :
38) his wi e's wi e's wi e's wi e's wi e's wi e's wi e
389) […]ns sm[…] k[…]s àl[…] e […]ánà nap[…]es i 251 I is indica ed o he
helpe o he couple which o which pe son should no be us ed, e.g. :
390) sọ‿na kọọ žmog nekộ nagâl ọžsẹkš ẹ120 // 165
391) s‿anu ne ‿kũo ọžsẹde ẹ / ns k ọs mnkš âušis // 239
392) s u pš121 gèȓãu naọžsẹde ẹ // 310
In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned easons, i is also necessa y o ake in o
accoun he ac ha , in he absence o he abo e-men ioned easons, i is no
possible o es ablish he exis ence o a ela ionship be ween he spouse and he
spouse, and i is no possible o es ablish a ela ionship be ween he spouse and
he spouse. :
The ollowing is an exce p om he book, "The Un old S o y o he Li e and
Times o a Young Man," by William H. Whi e, published in The New Yo k Times,
May 21, 1999, pp. 239-240: "The Un old S o y o he Li e and Times o a Young
Man," by William H. Whi e, published in The New Yo k Times, May 21, 2000, pp.
191-220. o ely on, ely on KTZ 165 122 dalas ka š akošis KTZ 454 123 canno be
Ka ais paguoda gali bū i i oniška, p z.:
403) n ẹ ‿ẹšsẹ nka ẹš‿ sa bũda mésũos ẽ ši ộudẹga // 48
elied on canno be done, plg. KTŽ 495 124 o p omise, o p omise, o p omise 2.
‘Di ided, de e mined KTŽ 495
121 pliùškis, ~ė – ‘kas ne im as‘ KTŽ 310
S aipsniai / A icles 97
Žemai iškos apa ybės aiška:
dėlionė iš K e ingos a mės žodyno (2011) pa yzdžių
(c) (d) (e) ( ) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
4. Wha is he name o he p oduc ?
A e ying o illus a e he di e en exp essions o emo ions, he KTZ speake s
g ouped he s a emen s abou hemsel es and o he s acco ding o he
unc ionali y o he selec ed ph ases on he axis o he eigh h hi d pe son
unde ined indi idual exp ession: localiza ion in ime, loca ion in space, loca ion in he
communi y, coope a ion, highligh ing he possibili y o emo ions bu om he ocus
poin s. Some pa e ns o exp ession a e cha ac e ised by a highe equency o
epe i ion h oughou he KTZ ( his is also linked o an o e all highe equency o
consump ion o such exp essions). The mos common ypes o emo ions (iden i ied
by he peculia i y o ce ain hemes and ph ases) a e ma ked in able 1 wi h a
b igh e backg ound box. Summing up he s ong ea u es o he discou se
e ealing he emo ional ield o he speake , i is clea ha each di ec ion o
a en ion ( o onesel , o he add essee, o he hi d pe son, o he en i onmen ) is di e en ly ela ed o he ecep ion o ce ain emo ions.
skleidimo ikimybe.
KTZ, which is cha ac e ized by he documen a ion o a na u al e e yday discou se,
eco ds he close ela ionship be ween he speake and his add essee, so ha he
speci ica ions equi ing an o icial p esen a ion a e no a ailable o desc ip ions
ha consciously e eal he speake 's sel . The speake 's ego is mos o en
associa ed wi h a pa icula p edic ion ha helps exp ess he mos i id ield o
emo ions ha go e n him, such as compassion (see example 22), pe sis ence o ea
o unexpec ed hings and inno a ions (see example 23), sel -exp ession ha e eals
a decla a ion o s eng h o weakness, a change in physical condi ion (see example
(ž . 30–31 pa yzdžius). Panašios s uk ū os o muluo ės pasi enkamos i nusa-
78), o physical o men al s eng h (see example 35). The speake shows a en ion o
himsel (o en a li le la e) by indica ing his heal h p oblems (see examples 37, 38). In
he e en o a sudden change o ci cums ances, he si ua ion is changed, o en wi h
a s ong e e ence o onesel (in case). The T-Rex can be used o con ol he body's
in e nal o gans, such as he lungs, lungs, kidneys, lungs, and lungs, and can be used o
jas jis gali nusaky i palyginimais (kãp žộ ke᳞, kãp š à, ès ẽp kāp‿kâ ẹ èdâms,
plg. 77, 78, 41 pa yzdžius), o sa o sugebėjimus a nuo oką pab ėž i azėmis
con ol he body's in e nal o gans, such as he kidneys, lungs, lungs, and kidneys.
bė ojas sa o pomėgius i e inimus mėgs a išsaky i ne iesiogiai – elimina imo
būdu pa yškindamas ai, kas nepa inka. Siekdamas susig ąžin i saugias sa o as-
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
98 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
pasi enka d audimus a nu odymus, dažniausiai g indžiamus neiginiu i sa ęs
pa ies kaip objek o nuo oda: monės / mon / moni / mona (ž . 60–71 pa yzdžius).
One LENTEL. The i s is he use o he e m "emo ional in elligence" o desc ibe he abili y
o a pe son o communica e wi h ano he pe son in a way ha neu alizes hei
indi iduali y, hei abili y o communica e, and hei abili y o communica e wi h o he s.
jimai
iš yškėjan i
emocija
apie
nu o-
Modula ed ca e
anxie y + + + + + +
ha causes
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
Ve inamieji pasididžia-
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Esminiai ūpinimasis,
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
Fo he p o ec ion o o he ypes o non-pe sonal space, KTZ speaks o you, his
nu odymai aki aizdžiai pe eikia ūpinimąsi. Jis gali bū i susijęs su pačiu ad esa-
heal h, p esence, pos u e, beha io , as well as he gene al o de o he dwelling.
moje e d ėje palaikymu a paklusimu pado aus elgesio aisyklėms. KTŽ gausu
kalbančiojo nu odymų dėl ne inkamos ad esa o iš aizdos. Tokiais paliepimais
a klausimais pa a iama nepalik i namų e d ės, kol nebus a siž elg a į pas a-
By making a ema k ha may sound like a ep oach, he speake ies o
p o ec he add essee om possible insul s and unnecessa y a en ion. This
indi ec ly akes ca e o he necessa y le el o us o he add essee ou side
he home o in hei own ya d. No all di ec ins uc ions o he add essee
include commen s on he quali y o he wo k being done o he pace o he ac i i y […] he wo k does no ha e o be done o
A icles 99 oo slowly ( hen he add essee's ac i i ies would become undesi able)
Žemai iškos apa ybės aiška:
dėlionė iš K e ingos a mės žodyno (2011) pa yzdžių
no oo quickly ( his would in e e e wi h he success ul and i eless pe o mance
o he ask). When alking abou a hi d pe son usually no p esen in he
con e sa ion , he speake s a en ion is d awn o he ac i i ies, abili ies and
beha io o he pe son in ques ion, especially o he abili y o communica e,
o de liness and ca ing o o he s. In such con e sa ions, a pe son's appea ance is
o en desc ibed, and his o he dis inc i e ea u es become an addi ional sign o a
pe son's iden i y. The e alua ion is o en also ela ed o he le el o us o he
pe son in ques ion. People wi h low sel -es eem, shyness, abuse, o lack o success
a e o en desc ibed wi h compassion, which is indica ed by he use o he subjec 's
name in a diminu i e o a wo d indica ing po e y (e.g., wi e, begga , begga , begga ,
begga , KTZ 248). Posi i ely e alua ed a e people wi h a heal hy mind and who a e
known o hei s ubbo nness. In o de o neu alize he indi idual meaning o one's
sel and one's in e locu o , in o de o con ey beha io al maxims and
gene aliza ions, he speake chooses speech s a egies cha ac e ized by
ambigui y. They can be used sa ely o com o (e.g., 248 examples), o make demands,
o se ules (see examples 250-254) o o exp ess joy o joy ulness sa ely (see
examples 249). These a e language s a egies o he speake based on sel - alk,
di ec desc ip ions and ins uc ions o uni e sal ules o beha iou and e eal a
close link be ween he speake 's daily ac i i ies and commi men s. The s o ies,
modeliais, pokalbiuose pe sipina.
Daugelio KTŽ kalbė ojo pasakymų ik ąją p iežas į padeda su ok i KTŽ dis-
ku so a ka pos, odančios ealią kalbė ojo si uaciją am ik ame gy enimo e ape
which indica e he expe iences and assessmen s o being in ime, space and
communi y, allow us o unde s and why we some imes o e emphasize he
pe cep ion o e e yday ac i i ies as a con inuous spi al o mo emen o wa d. The
a kai, o ka ais pasižymima nedėmesingumu ne pa ies a imiausio a o asme-
niui. Su laiko nuo odomis susiję pasakymų modeliai odo KTŽ kalbė oją kas-
ou doo space has bounda ies, and being ou doo s helps wi h ules ha equi e
No inčiam sėkmingai į eik i kasdienybės užduo is, enka spa čiai suk is, o gy-
cons an a en ion and o de . In ime and space, man is ne e alone. The bounda ies
o he eme ging geog aphical wo ld iew o he KTZ indica e a speaking balance
be ween he desi e o be sel -su icien and he desi e o coope a e, o be
oge he wi h o he s. The speci ic si ua ion de e mines whe he collec i ism
seems highly desi able o o ced. In he ace o ad e si y, he KTZ u ges he
speake o s ick wi h i and no gi e up, hus pushing him in o ci cums ances ha
equi e concen a ion, endu ance, and a s ong cha ac e , e.g. 406)
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
100 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
Based on he illus a ed ma e ial o he KTZ, he a icle discusses he mos
s iking pa e ns o speech by which a pe son speaking in he no he n lowland
K e ingian dialec e eals a iew o himsel and his su oundings. By g ouping he
examples o KTZs illus a ing he exp ession o emo ions based on di e en
commi men s acco ding o he unc ionali y o he selec ed ph ases, he hi d
pe son is an unde ined indi idual exp ession: localiza ion in ime, loca ion in space,
localiza ion in he communi y, collabo a ion, highligh ing he possibili y o emo ions
in any di ec ion o ocus om he selec ion poin s. Some speech pa e ns a e
cha ac e ized by mo e equen epe i ion h oughou he CTE ( his is associa ed
wi h an o e all highe p obabili y o using such exp essions). By summa izing he
dis inc i e ea u es o he discou se ha e eals he emo ional ield o he
speake , i becomes clea ha each di ec ion o a en ion ( o onesel , o he
add essee, o he hi d pe son, o he en i onmen ) is di e en ly ela ed o he
belie in he e ela ion o ce ain emo ions. Talking abou himsel , he KTZ speake
mos clea ly e eals one o he essen ial obliga ions lo e o himsel .
Communica ion wi h he add essee based on di ec ins uc ions e eals he
exp ession o he ca e o emo ions e y clea ly. Ca ing and us a e mos e iden
when i comes o ac i i ies and being oge he . The speake 's s a emen s abou
he hi d pe son and he maxims and gene aliza ions o beha io a e usually based
on e alua ion. The emo ion o anxie y o wo y is e iden o he speake when discussing being in ime and space.
The a icle is based on he assump ion ha by so ing ou he models o ai y
ales p o oked by ce ain o o he e e yday si ua ions, i is possible o
cons uc a pic u e o a ce ain speaking, con eying a mul i ude o
pe sonalized expe iences and sayings om he KTZ whole. The con ou s o he
subjec s' emo ional ield ha e ye o be e ined, using o compa ison he
summa y o psychic cha ac e is ics cha ac e is ic o subjec s p esen ed in
he s udy o psychic phenomena de e mined by e hnic a ilia ion125, bu his is al eady ano he s age o he s udy.
In addi ion, he Commission shall:
Alexande he G ea , The Wo d o he C e ans, ed. I'm no su e wha you' e alking
abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . Vilnius: Li huanian Language
Ins i u e. A kinson's 2002: The Sou h Pole's P ophecy and Vocalism. Vilnius:
Li huanian Language Ins i u e publishing house.
125
Fo a desc ip ion o his s udy, see Blum, in he yea 1997.
S aipsniai / A icles 101
Žemai iškos apa ybės aiška:
dėlionė iš K e ingos a mės žodyno (2011) pa yzdžių
Babickienė Zo ija, Jasiūnai ė Bi u ė, Pečeliūnai ė Angelė, Bagužy ė Rū a 2007: The cen al
language o he no he n lowlands: ex s o he language wi h commen s and a dic iona y.
Vilnius: whi e lances.
Bluma Remigijus 1997: The peculia i ies o psychic phenomena de e mined by he
e hnici y o he highlands and lowlands. […] Psychology is 17, 25 and 57. Dumon -Lewis,
Essay on Indi idualism, published in 2002. Vilnius: whi e lances. Ge din Aleksas 1967: The
phonological sys em o he Mažeiki language. A candida e's disse a ion in he ield o
philology. […] Wo ks by Kalbo y I, au ho This is Alex Gi denis. Vilnius: Ins i u e o
Science and Encyclopaedic Publishing, 89-119, 120-160 is loca ed he e.
Gi denis Aleksas, sud., 1996: Taip šneka i kšliškiai: šiau ės žemaičių elšiškių a -
mės eks ai su komen a ais. Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidykla.
G ina eckis Vladas 1973: Žemaičių a mių is o ija. Vilnius: Min is.
Rom Ha é, The Discou se Tu n in Social Psychology, published in 2008. […] The Handbook o
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke
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JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
102 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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A unny anecdo e om 2018. Access o he In e ne :
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na cissis ic, s ubbo n and ee. Access o he In e ne : www.del i.l /news/daily/li huania.
Exp ession o Samogi ian Iden i y: Pu ing
Toge he he Examples om K e inga Dialec
Dic iona y (2011) in o a Single Pic u e
Summa y
Based on he illus a i e ma e ial used in he K e inga Dialec Dic iona y (KDD), he a icle
discusses he mos p ominen u e ance models chosen by he speake s o he No he n
Samogi ian dialec o K e inga, by which he speake e eals his o he a i ude owa d himsel
o he sel and his o he en i onmen . An a emp o g oup he KDD speake 's u e ances
illus a ing di e en ealiza ions o commi men -based emo ions by he unc ionali y o he
chosen ph ases on he axis I […] you […] hi d pe son […] indi idual[…]s inde ini e exp ession:
localiza ion in ime […] localiza ion in space […] localiza ion in communi y coope a ion aises he
possibili y o e sa ile emo ions a any poin o choosing he ocus o a en ion. I is wo h
no ing ha mo e equen epe i ion is cha ac e is ic o ce ain u e ance models in he whole
KDD (i is also linked wi h a gene ally g ea e p obabili y o using such u e ances in eal speaking
si ua ions). The summa y o mo e p ominen ea u es o he discou se e ealing he emo ional
ield o he KJV speake , which a e desc ibed in he a icle, makes i clea ha each ocus o
a en ion (di ec ing a en ion o onesel , o he add essee, o he hi d pe son, o he
en i onmen ) is linked o he p obabili y o e ealing ce ain emo ions o a di e en in ensi y.
When speaking abou onesel , he KDD speake e eals one o he majo commi men s lo e o
onesel mos clea ly. The communica ion wi h
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
104 Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXIX he add essee based on di ec ins uc ions e eals he
exp ession o ca ing emo ions e y o beha iou a e usually based on e alua ions. The emo ion
clea ly. Ca ing and us a e mos i id when speaking abou ac i i ies and being oge he .
The KDD speake ’s u e ances abou he hi d pe son and he maxims and gene aliza ions
o anxie y comes o he o e when he speake discusses localiza ion in ime and space. The
a icle is based on he assump ion ha an a emp o g oup ce ain u e ance pa e ns
p o oked by e e yday si ua ions ou o he en i e y o illus a ions p esen ed in he book
enables us o assemble a ce ain pic u e o he speake ep esen ing he expe iences and
u e ances o he mul i ude o depe sonalized indi iduals. The ou line o he Samogi ian,
e e ing o he Summa y Table o he Psychic Cha ac e is ics o Samogi ians, is al eady
i ian’s emo ional ield shaped in his s udy should be u he e ised and highligh ed by also
es ablished a ano he s age o he s udy.
he Resea ch o E hnically De e mined Psychic Phenomena (c . Bliumas 1997). Bu ha is
Į eik a 2018 m. g uodžio mėn. 10 d.
JŪRATĖ PAJĖDIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
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