Volga – the First River of Europe

52 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI VÁCLAV BLAŽEK Masaryk University Fields of research: Indo-European studies, especially Slavic, Baltic, Celtic, Anatolian, Tocharian, Indo-Iranian languages; Fenno-Ugric; Afro-Asiatic; etymology; genetic classification; mathematic models in historical linguistics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35321/all81-03 VOLGA THE FIRST RIVER OF EUROPE Volga primeiro rio Europeu Чтобы не было раздора Между вольными людьми, Волга, Волга, мать родная, На, красавицу возьми! So that peace may reign for ever In this band so free and brave, Volga, Volga, Mother Volga, Make this lovely girl a grave!ˮ Дмитрий Николаевич Садовников1 in 1883 ANNOTATION The present study summarizes all designations of the Volga River and when it is possible, in wider context of primary texts, arranged in Appendix. The second task is a survey and discussion of existing etymologies. The third goal consists in offer of new solutions, if those existing are not convincing enough. Finally, some general conclusions are formulated. KEYWORDS: River, Volga, hydronym, etymology. 1 Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.orgwiki/Stenka_Razin> [accessed 01.11.2019]. Artigos Articles 53 / Volga – the First River of Europe ANOTACIJA Este estudo resume todas as introduzições do rio Volga quanto possível no mais amplo contexto dos textos primários apresentados anexo do artigo. O segundo objetivo do estudo explorar e discutir as etimologias existentes, terceiro propor novas soluções, caso as existentes não sejam suficientemente convincentes. Ao final do artigo apresentam-se conclusões gerais. ESMINIAI VOODŽIAI: upė, Volga, vandenvardis, etimologia. pe, the westernmost big river of Eurasia and the biggest endorheic river in the world. For such long rivers it is With its 3,534 km of length (before the system of dam lakes it was 3,693 km) and basin 1,380,000 km2 the Volga River is the biggest watercourse in Eurotypical that they bear several names in various languages. The following seven hydronyms, arranged in alphabetic order, will be analyzed in detail in both etymological perspective and from the point of view of semantic motivation. 1. Ἀράξης 1.0. Herodotus [1.201202] (c. 450 BCE) mencionou ράξης as a river comded to flow through 40 parable with or even bigger than the Ister, i.e. the Danube. This Araxes neestreams, but only one of them emptied into the Caspian Sea. In its delta there would have been islands of the size of Lesbos (1,630 km2). Esta description can only be applicable to the Volga (originally 3,693 km; basin 1,380,000 km2; discharge 8,060 m3s in Astraxań; the delta of the Volga consists of c. 500 channels2 on the area of 27,524 km2) and not to the river ράξης, known in Modern Armenian as Araks, Turkish, Persian, Kurdic Aras, Azerbaijani Araz072 km; 102,000 km2; discharge 285 m3s by the mouth into the Kura), rising near Erzurum City in East Turkey in the same area as the source 2 Available at: <https: www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov> This Araks was described as swift, but narrow4, in contrary to the description of Herodotus. 01.11.2019]. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 54 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI 1.1. Swift stream can be a convincing motivation for designation of this shorter and faster river rising on slopes of mountains with an altitude over 3,000 m, traditionally explained with help of Armenian arag, erag quick, swift, fast (cf. Tomaschek 1895, c. 404), which itself is of Iranian origin, cf. Parthian (Turfan) rg quick, swift, Avestan raγuleicht beweglich, flink (Olsen 1999: 868; Bailey 1979: 359). The initial vowel represents a typical Armenian prothesis before the borrowings in r-5. Let us add that in classical Armenian sources the river was called Erask‘, while Old Georgian had Rašī6, still without the initial vowel. 1.2. If Herodotus really described the Volga as ράξης, the ‘swift-etymology is not applicable, since the altitude of the Volgas source is only 228 m and with regard to the length of the stream, originally almost 3,700 km, the speed of the stream is extremely slow. In this case it would be thinkable to explain the ri3 This was known already to Pompey in 68 BCE according to ver-name as Iranian *a-raxsa- “harmlessˮ, cf. Young Avestan acc.sg. (-stem?) the witness of Plutarch in his curriculum of Pompey [33.1]: Πομπήϊος δ ες ρμενίαν νένέβαλε το καλοῦ Τιου ἐγράνουῦντος αὐτόν ἤδη γὰρ ἀφειστήκει τοῦ πατρός, καὶ συνήντησε τῷ Πομπηΐῳ περὶ τὸν Ἀράξην ποταμόν, ὃς ἀνίσχει μὲν ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν τῷ Εὐφράτῃ τόπων, ἀποτρεπόμενος δὲ πρὸς τὰς ἀνατολὰς εἰς τὸ Κάσπιον ἐμβάλλει πέλαγος, Pompey then invaded Armenia on the invitation of young TigraCaspian nes, who was now in revolt from his father, and who met Pompey near the river Araxes, which takes its rise in the same regions as the Euphrates, but turns towards the east and empties into the Sea (Plutarch 1917: Pompey. Plutarchs Lives, with an English Translation by Bernadotte Perrin. (MA): Harvard University Press Cambridge London: Heinemann, 1917). Available at: <https://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg045.perseus-grc1:33.1> [accessed 01.11.2019]; <http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg045.perseus-eng1:33.1> [accessed 01.11.2019]. 4 Cf. Virgil: Aeneid 8.728: pontem indignatus Araxes the Araxes, angry at having been bridged. See also the lemma Araxes in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 3 (1986), pp. 268271, by W. B. Fisher (& C. E. Bosworth). Available at: <http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river> [accessed 01.11.2019]. 5 Cf. Armenian aroyr brass < Iranian *rauδa-, cf. Manichaean Middle Persian rwy, Zoroastrian Middle Persian lwd copper, brass; Armenian erang color vs. Manichaean Middle Persian rng; Sanskrit ragacolor, dye; Armenian erak vein vs. Zoroastrian Middle Persian rk id. etc. (Olsen 1999: 869, 879). 6 W. B. Fisher, C. E. Bosworth. Available at: <https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river> [accessed 01.11.2019]. Artigos Articles 55 / Volga – the First River of Europe raxsąm harm [Vištsp Yašt 2.127; translation of James Darmstetter8]. A similar semantic motivation was used e.g. for the Pacific Ocean. 1.3.1. Among hydronyms names which are motivated by colors are relatively frequent. A promising candidate could be Iranian *raxšadark-colored > Khotanese rrṣa dark-colored, Sogdian rγš bay horse, Persian raxš mixed red and white, between black and fusc > Wakhi rakš grey, brown (Steblin-Kamenskij open question is interpretation 1999: 292), Kurdic aš “black, darkˮ (Bailey 1979: 362; Cabolov 2010: 194). The of the initial vowel. The easiest solution would be the negative *a-, i.e. *a-raxša- = non-dark. But it would be rather strange that at least the middle stream of the Volga any word denoting a light color was not directly used instead. On the other hand, has been called black (see below). 1.3.2. Another possibility is the compound *ha-raxšaall dark, cf. Avestan hatogether, Khotanese ha all (ESIJ 3: 345353; Bailey 1979: 438). 1.3.3. The third possibility is the compound *h-raxšadark mouth, cf. Avestan h-, Khotanese hamouth (Bartholomae 1904: 345, 351, 357; Baiwould perhaps reflect the fact that in the delta of Volga there are oil deposits9. ley 1979: 29–30; ESIJ 1: 303–304). The hypothetical meaning “dark mouthˮ 1.3.4. In principle, it is also possible to admit that Herodotus combined two quasi-homonymous hydronyms, one with initial vowel, representing the ‘Arand menian prothesis’ (Araks/Ars/Araz; in past Erask‘, but Old Georgian Raḵšī) the second without it (*Raxsaor *Raxša-; perhaps Volga). The result was a levelling leading to the form *Araxšawith the analogous initial a-. 2. *As(a)tEl > στὴλ/σατήλ ~ ττίλας ~ τελ ~ Tίλ ~ Ätil 2.0.1. Byzantine sources (in chronological order; see Moravcsik 1958: 7879): ττίλας... river by Zemarchus, c. 570 (mediated by Menander Protector) Tίλ... river by Theophylactus Simocatta, Historiae, written c. 630 about the end of the 6th cent. τελ... river by Theophanes Homologetes (†818), Chronicle (AD 284813; about c. 680) 7 Available at: <https://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.detexte/etcs/iran/airan/avesta/avest.htm> [accessed 01.11.2019]. 8 Available at: <http://www.avesta.org/fragment/vytsbe.htm> [accessed 01.11.2019]. 9 Available at: <https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/5650/volga-river-delta> [accessed 01.11.2019]. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 56 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI στὴλ... river and fortress in Khazaria in Byzantine geographic notices from the 8th cent. σατήλ... episcopate in Khazaria according to one Parisian manuscript (c. 800?) τὴλ... river by Constantine Porphyrogenitus (first half of the 10th cent. about the 9th cent.) τελκούζου... place, where Pechenegs lived in the time of Constantine (ibid.) τλ καὶ Κουζοῦ... place formerly inhabited by Turks (= Hungarians), later by Pechenegs (ibid). 2.0.2. Armenian sources (Pritsak 1956: 407): Et‘il in Geography of Pseudo-Mowsēs Chorenac‘i in a copy of Anania Širakac‘i (c. AD 700). At‘l by Gregor of Akanc‘ (†1333). 2.0.3. Sources written in the Hebrew script (Gaster 1899: 67, § 34.14): Htl {התל} in Yosippon (c. AD 900). 2.0.4. Sources written in the Arabic script (Marquart 1929: 96; Pritsak 1954: 407–408): itil by Ibn Rusta (c. 903) and al-Muqaddas (996) tl & tl by Ibn Falān (922) tl by al-Bal (†934) itil by Iar (mid of the 10th cent.) and Idrs (1157) til by Ibn awqāl (977/8) Ätil by Mamūd Kašghar (c. 1070) and Marwaz (1120) atal by Abū āmid al-Andalus al-Ġarnā (10801170) Itil by Yāqūt (†1229) tīl by uwain (†1283) dīl in Šaarat al-atrk (c. 1457) adl by al-Ifahān (c. 1509) ʕadal or ʕadil in Derbend-nāmeh etc. 2.0.5. Records of the European travellers from the 13th cent. : Frater Richard Ethyl; Rubruk Etilia, Ethilia, Edilia; Marco Polo Edilia; Benedictus Polonus Ethyl (Gombocz 1917: 183; Pritsak 1956: 409). 2.0.6. The hydronym is attested in the Turkic languages from the 11th cent. (Mamūd Kašghar) and in the Mongolic languages from the 13th cent. (Secret history of Mongols): Karakhanid Etil ‘river name, perhaps Volga [Mamūd Kašghar, 11th cent.; Legend about Oghuz-Qaghan from the 13th cent.] (DTS 187), Chaghatay Ätil, Ädil ‘Volga, Ak-Ädil ‘Kama, lit. ‘White Ädil, Kazakh & Nogai Edil, Teleut Ädäl, Bashkir Idəl ‘Volga, Kazan Tatar Izəl, Idəl ‘Volga, Kara Idəl ‘Volga = Straipsniai / Articles 57 Volga – the First River of Europe ‘Black Idəl vs. Ak Idəl ‘Kama10 = ‘White Idəl, Chuvash ADl ‘Volga, ŠurəADl ‘Kama, lit. ‘White ADl (Gombocz 1917: 183; Radlov I: 842, 857, 1509; Räsänen 1969: 52). Later occasionally in the appellative role: Chaghatay ädil river, stream, dim. ädil-ča & ädil-čik rivulet, Kazan Tatar idəl big river (> Mansi eètl water of sea) vs. idəl-čäk rivulet (Pritsak 1956: 415). Middle Mongol Idil ‘Volga River [Secret History of Mongols, §§ 262, 270], Eil ‘city destroyed by the Mongols [Secret History of Mongols, § 274], Kalmyk Idžl (mörn) ‘Volga (river) (Ramstedt 1935: 205). The following etymologies or etymological comments have been (or could be) proposed: 2.1. Klaproth (1826) differentiated ττίλας ‘Volga (p. 117) and Tίλ ‘Kama (p. 274), ascribing the meaning black to the latter one (p. 268). Arising from his conception of a relation between the ancient Avars and modern Avars from Daghestan, he compared the hydronym with Andi dir, but the term black should be b-ečedir in Andi, besides Karata b-ečeiro-b, Hunzib cədilu, Bezhta codolo etc. (Klimov & Xalilov 2003: 354; according to NCED 556 Andi -dir is referring to Theophylactus Simocatta a derivational suffix). Concerning the attribute “blackˮ, cf. Pritsak (1956: 411), ́s 630 [258.9]: Historia (written about the end of the 6th cent.), where νθα ὁ Tίλ διαρρεῖ ποταμός, ν Mέλανα Toύρκοις ἀποκαλεῖν <θος> wo der Til-Fluss hindurch-fliesst, den die Türken ‘den Schwarzen <zu>nennen<pflegen (see Haussig 1953: 283, 287), and further the frequent Turkic designation of the Volga as black, Qara Idil or Qara Itil. Pritsak (1956: 411) interpreted it as big, like the name Qara Mören for Huang Ho by Rašd ad-Dn (†1318). of σιοι, where the form Tίλ was recorded by Theophylactus Simocatta (already Abel-Rémusat 1820, 320 2.2. Haussig (1953: 426) reconstructed the form Ἀστήλ as *As-Til = *‘river identified in Tίλ the Volga River). But Haussig was not able to offer any witness that Tίλ represented the appellative meaning ‘river vel sim. not only in Turkic. 2.3. Pritsak (1956: 404419; 1982: 444) analyzed both the personal and river name ττίλας and the river name στήλ as a hypothetical Old Bulgarian comlation Talui-nuŋ Xanï see Pelliot 1923: 2425: ‘le khan pound, consisting of the components *as “great, oldˮ and *til “seaˮ, i.e. “oceanic = universal {ruler}ˮ (cf. the Mongol title Dalaj-in Qa’an, with its Turkic transocéanique; Pritsak 10 Alternativamente, the Kama was called Čölmen-Idəl in Kazan Tatar, i.e. the river of wasteland, similarly Chuvash čolma and Old Bulgarian Čōlmn-Itil (Tomaschek 1889: 33) vs. Old Turkish čöl, Kazakh šöl etc. steppe, wasteland (Räsänen 1969: 117). VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 58 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI 1956: 417), with evidence in the following Turkic forms: Chuvash as-l gross, ki old etc. (Räsänen 1969: vornehmˮ11, Chaghatay äs-li “great, strongˮ, Old Uyghur, Middle Turkic äs50), and Old Turkic talūy sea, Old Uyghur taluj sea or lake, Sary-Uyghur talej, tali, taľi lake, sea, ocean etc. (Räsänen 1969: 130; Clauson 1972: 502). The term could be of Chinese origin, if it represented an adaptation of the Chinese river-name 大 dà(i)lěi12 < Late Middle Chinese *ta(j)lyj ́ < Early Middle Chinese *dalwi or *dajhlwi (Hirth 1895: 18). But it is questionable that this Chinese borrowing could have been transformed into the component Tίλ already in the 6th cent. More probable is another idea of Pritsak that Tίλ corresponded to the Chuvash hydronym Tilɛ (> Russian Teľča), where the last syllable reflected the Turkic diminutive suffix *-ča/*-če, Pritsak (1956: 410412) identified the same root in the rather enigmatic riAnother Qara Tal emptied into Balkhash Lake according to udūd al-lam. The real appellative use of the root *til-/*tïlwas found by Pritsak (1956: 413) only in Tungusic: Evenki tilkan flood, Even tïlqa, Ulchi čïlčan, Nanai čïlqã id., besides the verb in Evenki tilka-, Even ver-name Qara Tīl from the basin of the Syr-Darya by Nizām ad-Dn (†1404), alternatively called Qara Tal by ‘Anonymous author of Iskander’ from 1414. tlqъn-, Ulcha člčan-, Nanai člqato overflow, splatter (Cincius: 1977: 180181). InDAL it is compared with Turkic *d(i)ɨ()- to overflow > Old Uyghur, Karakhanid taš-, Turkmen dš Kirghiz, Tatar tašɨ-, Yakut tahjetc., id., besides Oirat tašɨqn flood (Räsänen: 46 Writ 1969 Writon 1972: 559; ESTJ 3: 169170), and Mongolic * chalčilgi- * to overflow > Clausten Mongolian čilga-, čalgi-, Khalkha-, Ordosalgi-, Buryat-, čalgi-, salgan, šald. The Chuvash hydronym Tiland its Central Asiatic counterparts Tīl Tal can be connected with Turkic *d(i)()-ɨ to overflow /. In this case the hydronym στήλ is analyzable as the Old Bulgarian compound *as-tia super-overflowing or {river bringing} big floods. Note: It is necessary to mention that Eugene Helimski (2000, 2004; plus Evgenij Xelimskij 2000, 2003) tried to present arguments about a Tungusic comcandidate for the first component *asof the hydronym στήλ etc. It could be 11 Pritsak (1956: 414) tried to identify the component *äsin the Hunnic name σκάμ = *äs-kam great priest, and in the name of the Khazarian majordomus, called starn (abar), i.e. ‘gre- *over-tarxan. He added, the same etymology could be ascribed to the city-name Astraxań, alnese *da, *dajh & lěi ‘river name < Late Middle Chinese *lyj ́ < Early Middle Chinese *lwi the Tungusic root *asvery; many > Udihe asahi very, Ulča asr id., Nanai asō, asor not very, Manchu asi, asuru very; many, much, frequently (Cincius 1975: 5455). The compound *as(V)til would mean *{river bringing} ponent in language(s) of the Avar Kaganat. It is natural to add the Tungusic very {big} floods, i.e. almost the same as the Old Bulgarian interpretation. at tarxan’, or rsarḫn (Yaʕqūb), with the first Arabic component raʔs “head; top; leaderˮ, i.e. though it was known only from the 14th cent. 12 大 dà, dài “big, great, large, wide, deepˮ < Late Middle Chinese *tɦaˋ, *tɦajˋ < Early Middle Chi- (Pulleyblank 1991: 69, 185). Artigos Articles 59 / Volga – the First River of Europe 2.4. Axmetjanov (2001: 76) derived the forms of the type Karakhanid Etil *frertil, perhaps via *ettil, and proposed the same origin as for the hydronym Irtyš; which should be derived according to him from the verb attested in Old Uyghur, Cumanic, Shor ert-, Khakas, Chuvash irt-, Yakut irdēto pass (Räsänen 1969: 46). 2.5. Taking in account the record στήλ, there is an alternative Turkic solucould be tion, based on the hypothetic compound *ast13-(h)l14 “lower dampnessˮ, which ascribed to the delta of the Volga River. rian compound, consisting of Old Hungarian 2.6. Alternatively, the form Ἀστήλ allows us to think about an early Hunga- (AD 1055) azaa, azah Fluß, Bach (UEW 3) ~ ‘fehe rea, Modern Hungarian (dial.) aszó Wasserriß, zeitweiliger Wasserlauf; Trockental (EWU I: 54), Tal, Niederung; ein Tal, in dem in Regenperioden und zur Zeit der Frühjahrschneeschmelze ein kleiner Bach fließt, das aber sonst trocken ist (UEW 3); and Hungarian tele (first 1372), teli, dial. ‘televoll, gefüllt, tel- ‘voll werden, sich füllen, voll, arch. teles ‘ganz, vollständig, ken; füllen, anfüllen (EWU II: 14971500; UEW 518: together with Mansi TJ täwl, P taγlə and total, komplett; voll’, tölt- ‘(Flüssigkeit) schütten, gießen, (Getränke) einschenKhanty Vj. O tel ‘voll are derivable from FU *tälk or *täwδe). or ‘river full {of water}. The hypothetic compound asz(a)tele could designate ‘valley full {of water}’ Note 1: Constantine Porphyrogenitus had also recorded the compound τελκούζου [§ 38.30], explained as places, in which the nation of Pechenegs lived in his time. Further it appeared in the syntagm τλ {ποταμὸς} καὶ15 13 Turkmen, Crimea-Tatar, Crimea-Karaim, Karakalpak, Uyghur ast, Uzbek åst, Kirghiz, Tatar as(t), beneath, ast (13th cent.) astïndakï situated below, Chaghatay(ï) beneath, Bashkir aş(t)/aθ(t) “belowˮ (Sevortjan 1974: 195–196); cf. Karakhanid (11th cent.) astïn “under, Cumanic astïnda beneath etc. (Clauson 1972: 242). 14 Proto-Turkic *(h)l > Old Turkic (Manichaean), Old Uyghur (Buddhist) (both 8th cent.) l moist (Sanglax) (about land), Karakhanid öl [Mamūd Kašghari; Qutadɣu Bilig] “moist, wetˮ, Middle Turkic öl id., (Pavet de Courteille) marsh, Chaghatay (15th cent.) öl moist, also used for darya sea, öl Turkish moist, wet, Osman öl pool, Turkmen l, dial. hl moist, wet, Khalaj Jél, Jél, Kirghiz öl, Karakalpak höl, Uzbek hl id., Uyghur höl damp, moist, Khakassian öl moist, wet, Clauson 1974: 124 1972; Sevortjan: 524525). 15 Shor ǖl, Oyrat ül, Tuva, Tofalar öl, Yakut üöl “moist, wetˮ, Chuvash vilǝ id. (Räsänen 1969: 371; Marquart (1903: 33, fn. 3) explained the conjunction as a mistake of a copist, who thought that Kουζού was an alternative name for τλ. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 60 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI Kουζού [§ 40.24], which was explained more explicitly as the place in which the Turks (= Hungarians) used formerly to be is called after the name of the river that runs through it, Etel and Kouzou, and in it the Pechenegs live now (translated by Jenkins). Menges (19441945: 259) pensou que this term designated either another river or it became an appellative. Following Zeuss (1837: 751), Markwart (1903: 33) speculated that the word Kúζού was an equivalent of köz of Greek μεσοποταμία, identifying in Kουζού Hungarian köze (3 sg. possess. center, middle), which was also used in Hungarian names of districts, e.g. Szamos-köz, Mura-köze, Rába-köze. Hungarian köz is derivable from Fenno-Ugric *küt (UEW 163; EWU II, 827) ~ *küti middle (Sammallahti 1988: 544). Note 2: Müllenhoff (1906: 75) proposed that the hydronym Δάϊξ [Ptolemy 6.14.2,4,5], Δαΐχ [Zemarchus], Γεήχ [Constantine Porphyrogenitus 37.2], later Jajík, cf. Chuvash Jεjək, Kazakh ajyk, from 1775 called the Ural River (Vasmer IV: 551552), might be of Uralic origin, connecting it with Uralic *joke river mology has been (UEW 99) ~ *jukå (Sammallahti 1988: 537), although usually the Turkic etyassumed (cf. 19441945: 260, who compared Turkish Turkic [MK] jaδ-, Old Uyghur jad-, jaj-yk “expanded, openˮ, part. perf. pass. of jaj- “to expandˮ, Tuva čat-, Middle but Altai ďajyq flood, Tuva čajyq deluge, downpour are semantically closer to the river-naming and cannot be derived from Common Turkic *jd-, but only from *jj-, continuing in Tuva čajto swing, pump, Altai ďajto overflow, inundate, spread (on a river) see ESTJ 1989: 7677). 3. JUL 3.0. Mari: KB Jl, B Jul, U Ju·l-ßüt Wolga (Wichmann 1953: 54, #264); East (Paasonen 1948 Jul: 29). 3.1. Paasonen (1926: 38) connected the hydronym with Khanty of Konda iətp spring, source, iətpo·ŋ die Mündung eines aus einer Quelle fliessenden Baches, Yugan iəLpə kleiner reissender Bach, Giessbach. The final syllable was explained by Toivonen (1933: 382383). 3.2. Markwart (1929: 96) speculated about adaptation of this Mari hydrono analogy in Chuvash loans in Mari. nym from its Chuvash equivalent ADl via *Ajəl. But such a development has 3.3. Most probable seems to be the solution of Sinor (1964: 18), seeking origin of Mari Jul ‘Volga in Turkic *jul stream, brook, fountain > Old Uyghur yuul mountain brook, spring, Karakhanid jūl, jul brook, Oirat, Salar jul, with its mouth in the south Artigos Articles / 67 Volga – the First River of Europe neighborhood of Warszawa (67 km long). These hydronyms are transparently derivable from Common Slavic *Vьlga dampness, moistness (Vasmer I: 336337). It is necessary to add the direct Baltic cognates, which can also etymologize the hydronym Volga, namely Latvian valgs m., valga f. feucht, vilgt, ogstu, ogu feucht werden (ME: IV: 454, 587), Lithuanian vìlgti, vílgstu, vílgau anfeuchten etc. (Pokorny 1959: 11451146: *uelg-). There are also alternative etymological attempts: 7.2. Tomaschek (1889: 32) and Rozwadowski (1913: 49; 1948: 227230) tried to explain the hydronym from Fenno-Volgaic *walkeδa white21, but Vasmer (I: 336337) rejected it as phonologically impossible. It is right concerning *walkeδa white and its continuants, but there are also other forms, which are not derived by the suffix *-δa, especially Mari wolγem ich leuchte, glänze (Feuer, Wasser, Gold, Glas). Its 3rd person sg. wolγa it is light looks like a good candidate with regard to the fact, that the biggest tributary of the Volga, Kama, is called white, namely Chaghatay Ätil, Ädil ‘Volga, Ak-Ädil ‘Kama, lit. ‘White Ädil, Kazan Tatar Izəl, Idəl ‘Volga; big river, Kara Idəl ‘Volga = ‘Black Idəl vs. Ak Idəl ‘Kama = ‘White Idəl, Chuvash ADl ‘Volga, Šurə-ADl ‘Kama, lit. ‘White ADl (Gombocz 1917: 183; Radloff I: 842, 857, 1509; Räsänen 1969: 52). Tomaschek (1889: 32) still mentioned the Lake Volgo (61 km2), the lowest of four natural lakes which the Volga flows through. 7.3. According to oral witness of Roman Jakobson, his former countryman Nikolaj Sergeevič Trubeckoj proposed a Baltic etymology of the hydronym Volga during his lectures in Vienna in the 1930 ́s. According to him the etymology of Volga was as follows: in primitive eastern Slavic, unrounded front vowels changed into rounded back vowels before a tauto-syllabic l, so that jilga must have changed to julga; the initial j was lost before rounded vowels in eastern Slavic, and the initial u acquired an obligatory prothetic v. Thus the form vulga arose, and short u changed in the 12th13th centuries into o. So through a long series of changes Jilga became Volga. Cited according to Gimbutas 1963a: 69; 1963b: 33, 205. See also Toporov 1980: 40. Among the Baltic hydronyms there are really such names which are formed from the Baltic adj. long continuing in Lithuanian ìlgas, Latvian ilgs id., besides Prussian adv. ilga for long time, 21 Fenno-Volgaic *walkeδa > Finnish valkea weiß; leuchtend, hell; Feuer, leuchtende Flamme, Licht des Feuers; Blitz, Ludic valged, Estonian valge weiß, hell, blond; Weißes, Lich, Livonian vlda (SKES: 16191621); Saami N viel‘gâd white; light, pale, Kildin vīlkeδ, Nö vielkeδ id. ; Mordovian Erzya valdo, Moksha val hell, licht; Mari (J) walδ, (U B) wolδo klar, hell; Helle, Klarheit. Further cf. Mari wolγem ich leuchte, glänze (Feuer, Wasser, Gold, Glas); Hungarian világ Licht; Welt; Leute, (arch.) Menschheit, Leben, indicating Fenno-Ugric *walk white, light; to shine (UEW: 554555; Bereczky 2013: 315316). Sammalahti (1988: 551) reconstructed Fenno-Ugric *wɨlkilight, além de Fenno-Permic *velkita. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 68 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI e.g. in Lithuania rivers Ìlga, Ìlgė, Ilgės, Ilgups etc., and lakes Ìlgai, Ilgis, Ilgs, Ìlgažeris, Ìlgežeris etc. (Vanagas 1981: 129); Latvian rivers Ìlga upe, Ilgupe, and lakes Ìldza-zrs, Ildzes-ezers etc. ; Prussian lakes Ilgayn, Ilgen See, Ilgolwen etc. (Toporov 1980: 39). The longest ‘Long River is Chinese 長江 Cháng Jing, with length 6,379 km and basin 1,808,500 km2, called ‘Long from the period of Six Dynasties (220589 CE). The present name 揚子 Yángz originally was used for the lowest stream of the river22. 7.4. Still less probable is the attempt of Mikkola (1929: 127128) to identify a source in Proto-Mari *Jyl23, really attested as West Mari Jl, East Mari Jul ‘Volga (see below). For an explanation of difference in the anlaut Mikkola (1929: 127) mentioned the Old Russian transcription Omov(ъ)ža, Omovyža of the Estonian river-name Emajgi. The existence of Old Russian *Vъlga should be demonstrated by the Udmurt folklore loan Bulga ‘Volga (Mikkola 1929: 128). Vasmer (I: 337) added that the hypothetic Proto-Mari *Jyl would have been borrowed from such Turkic languages as Baraba Tatar, Bashkir jyla river, brook, Kazakh, Nogai yla rivulet, river (Räsänen 1969: 200: borrowed from Mongol ǯylɣa “bed of river, brook, slopeˮ – see Ramstedt 1935: 109). 7.5. A quite new solution may be offered on the basis of Hungarian völgy valley, vale, dale (1211); (obsolete) Mark, Kern eines Geschwürs, cf. the Old Hungarian place-names: Furizuelgi (1211), Welg (1220), Sasweolgy (1256), Weulgzad (1338), Worrewlabvelgu (1342) etc. (EWU 1653). Related are ObUgric *wγəľ > PKhanty *wγľ > Khanty Trj. wl ein Zufluß des Ob, O χaľ, Kaz. wχal Zufluss; Wogule, wχal-jχa ‘Вогулка (rivulet); PMansi *wľ > Mansi (LM) vuo Flußkrümmung, (KU KM P LO) wō, (So.) w Flußstrecke (Honti 1982: 193, #677); Komi (S) vo, vo-ju ein kleiner Fluß, (Vō) ve ‘ein rechter Nebenfluß der oberen Vyčegda; Nenets (Nj.) wäej in jaχaw < Uralic *waδk small river; bend river or portion of river between two bends wäej “längere gerade Strecke des Flusses zwischen zwei Krümmungen; плсоˮ (UEW: 550551). 7.6. For completness Tocharian B walke (indeclinable) adj. long (of time) , adv. for a long time should be added as a hypothetical source too. The semantic motivation is the same as in Lithuanian Ìlga f. long (cf. § 7.3). The synchronic shape stands also very close to the form Volga. The traditional projecti- (see Blažek 2015: 62), if correct, probably would exclude this solution. 22 on back to *ulH2go-, perhaps derived from the verb *uel- “to turnˮ (Adams 2013: 631–632), is also applicable to Volga. But the etymological analysis *ui-dlH1ghoAvailable at:<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze> [accessed 01.11.2019]. 23 The loss of after the fall of the final vowel is regular, cf. KB Mari jal foot vs. Mordovian Moksha jalga on foot, Finnish jalka foot (Mikkola 1929: 127; UEW: 8889). Straipsniai / Articles 69 Volga – the First River of Europe 8. SUMMARY hydronym Slavic Baltic Iranian Tocharian Mordovian Mari Hungarian Turkic ράξης *araxsaharmless (cf. Tatar Idəl Kara Volga) *haraxšaall dark -*hraxšadark mouth *As(a)tEl asz(V)tele valley full {of water} *astia with big floods *ast(h)l lower dampness * Juljul stream Tatar jul road Λύκος *loukas treeless terrain luk bend Rav(o) *rahdampness > Avestan Raŋh- rava river <*rava *raγa *raŋa / / VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 70 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI hydronym Slavic Baltic Iranian Tocharian Mordovian Mari Hungarian Turkic Ὄαρος Avestan vairisea, sea bay Pahlavi var lake B war B water -wär B stream *uarubroad Volga *vьlga dampness Latvian valga f. wet is light walke long wolγa völgy valley Bashkir jyla river ìlga long f. Artigos Articles 71 / Volga – the First River of Europe CONCLUSÃO 9. 9.1. The preceding table (§ 8) summarizes all more or less probable solutitivations, they ons, although they are often mutually exclusive. Evaluating their semantic mocan be divided into two sets. The first group consists of the fully ‘hydronymical names motivated by meanings connected with water, namely water itself, further river, (river-)valley, stream, flood, dampness, lake, sea. The second group includes the terms characterizing the river stream or shores, here namely broad, long, bent, treeless, harmless, whiconnected with water and should be preferred. In the case of te/lightˮ, “black/darkˮ. It is apparent that the first semantic group is directly several etymological candidates the semantic motivation, which is repeated in different designations, seems more promising than isolated explanations. So, Old Russian Volga *rah-, whose meaning moisture, dampness, humidity is reconstructed < Common Slavic *vьlga “dampnessˮ corresponds to Iranian, perhaps Scythian, according to Vedic [RV] ras-, which is the feminine to the masculine rásathe sap or juice of plants, juice of fruit, any liquid or fluid, moisture, humidity, essence, compound *ast-(h)l lower dampness. It would be possible to imagine that it described marrowˮ. The third counterpart could be identified in the hypothetical Turkic the Volga delta. It is tempting to conclude that the Slavic and maybe Turkic hydronyms represent calques on their Iranian predecessor. already from 9.2. Chronologically first seem to be the mythical river-names Ras, known the Rgveda composed probably between 15001100 BCE, and its Young Avestan counterpart Raŋh, from the beginning of the 1st mill. BCE. Mordovian Rav or Ravo can reflect both *raŋa and *raγa. The first case preserves the specific Avestan-like development of the sequence *h, the latter case probably represents the form *Rah, reconstructible for several Old and Early Middle Iranian dialects, namamente Scythian, Sarmatian and Sakan with regard to their geographic distribution. Ptolemy ́s and Pseudo-Agathemeros ́ ς are cent. BCE Herodotus still close to *Rah in the 2nd and 3rd cent. CE respectively. In the mid of the 5th recorded three various river-names, which may perhaps belong to the Volga: αρος, ράξης, Λύκος. The αρος is etymologizable on the basis of Young Avestan vairisea, sea bay and Pahlavi var lake. This solution indicates a river emptying into a big water reservoir. In competition with the no less attractive Tocharian etymology (B war water, -wär stream), the Iranian origin should be preferred with regard to the Ptolemy ́s hydronym Οὐαρδάνης, probably designating the Kuban River emptying into the Azov Sea Maeotis, which is analyzable explicitly as *uar(V)-dnuriver emptying in a sea/lakeˮ, where the second component is Iranian *dnu- “riverˮ > Young Avestan dnuriver, stream, Ossetic don river, water, without any known VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 72 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI Tocharian counterpart. The river ράξης was described by Herodotus as a stream divided into 40 arms before its mouth into the Caspian Sea. This description is applicable only to a really big delta. If the delta of the Volga was meant, at least three Iranian interpretations are thinkable, namely *a-raxsaharmless with respect to its quiet stream or *ha-raxšaall dark, with variant *h-raxšadark mouth with regard to the black mud in the delta (cf. also Kazan Tatar Kara Idəl). The third Herodotus ́ hydronym, probably belonging to the Volga, Λύκος, looks like a Greek transcription of Proto-Mari *luk bend, which can designate the bend of the Volga from the east to the south by the mouth of the biggest tributary, the Kama River. This solution seems more convincing than the alternative Baltic designation *laukas treeless terrain, which would have designated the wasteland around the Kama River, described by Herodotus. Alsemantic motivations of hydronyms. In the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE Ptolemy and Pseudo-Agathemeros recorded the Volga-names and ς respectively, which represent continuations of Iranian *Rah, discussed above. From the 6th cent. though such an interpretation is quite legitimate, it is not generally typical for CE the new name of the Volga is known, which is reconstructible as *As(a)tEl. There are at least three alternative etymologies. Old Bulgarian *as-tia grad regions are more or less regularly flooded once every 5 years24. A weakness of this solution consists in the fact that there is no appellative continuant in Chuvash, only the hydronym Tilɛ (see § 2.3). The hypothetical compound *ast-(h)l lower dampness should probably be ascribed directly to some mainstream Turkic dialect, “with big floodsˮ can be supported by the fact that e.g. the Astraxań and Volgosince none of components continue in Chuvash. The third etymological attempt presents the hydronym as a predecessor of the hypothetical Hungarian compound asz(V)-tele river valley full {of water}. It should not be any surprise to take into account the possibility of a Hungarian etymology as well. A trajetória de migração de ancestrais of the Hungarians very probably followed the stream of the Kama and further the Volga from their confluence to the basin of the Don, which brought them to the Pontus and along its shores further to the Danube basin (cf. Blažek 2013: 181). The etymology implies the presence of ancestors of the Hungarians in the basin of the lower Volga before c. 570 CE, when Zemarchus crossed the river and recorded its name as ττίλας. This interpretation may be reinforced by one of alternative etymologies for the hydronym Volga proper, namely Hungarian völgy valley. The Volga itself was first mentioned in the Russian Primary Chronicle dated AD 964. Its Slavic protoform *vьlga dampness seems safe; corresponding hydronyms are known from basins of the Dnieper and Vistula. But Volga may be an 24 Available at: <https://www.climatechangepost.com/russia/river-floods> [accessed 01.11.2019]. Straipsniai / Articles 73 Volga – the First River of Europe East Slavic adaptation of the Baltic name of the type Latvian valga f. wet too. The close semantic motivation is proposed for the Vedic mythical river Ras, and its Avestan counterpart Raŋh, which have been connected with the Iranian Indo-Iranian homeland and identified with the Volga. The hypothetical Turkic compound *ast-(h)l lower dampness would express the same characteristics. But there are several alternative etymologies based on languages spoken along the Volga earlier than the time the first Slavs reached the river (perhaps c. 600 CE with regard to the glottochronological dating the disintegration of Common Slavic to the 6th cent.), namely Baltic (Latvian valga f. wet; less probable is Lithuanian ìlga f. long with respect to the difficult explanation of Slavic v-); Mari wolγa is light; Hungarian völgy valley; Tocharian walke long. Bashkir jyla river can be directly excluded as a late Mongolic loan. Embora the Mari, Hungarian and Tocharian interpretations are not compatible, they could have been applied to the same river in various times. It is possible to imagine that an older designation was replaced by a new one on the principle of quasi-homonymy, independently of semantic difference. An illuslated in the Russian Primary Chronicle as Уголъ angle, in agreement with its trative example may be found e.g. in the Old Russian hydronym Erelь, transTurkic etymology (Osman äjri schief, krumm, äjrilä sich biegen), but by today it has been modified to Oreľ, i.e. eagle (ver § 4.3). From the last three alternatives the Tocharian one had separated as first. According to the glottochronological analyses separation of the Tocharian branch from the Indo-European mainstream (the Anatolian branch was already separated in the 5th mill. BCE) is dated to 3,810 BCE and 3,900 BCE by Sergej Starostin and Georgij Starostin respectivamente (see Blažek & Schwarz 203207), while disintegration of the Fenno-Ugric protolanguage is dated only to 2,350 BCE by Blažek to 2,160 BCE by G. Starostin (2015: 579): on average 2,230 BCE. The (2012: 34; 2016b: 89), to 2,180 BCE by S. Starostin (see Blažek 2012: 32), and separation of the Mari and Permic branches is dated to 1,370 BCE by S. Starostin and to 1,200 BCE by Blažek (see Blažek 2012: 32, 34; 2016: 89) and the separation of Hungarian from Ob-Ugric is dated to 1,340 BCE by S. Starostin and to 1,480 BCE by Blažek (see Blažek 2012: 32, 34). This means that the Tocharian branch was separated c. 1,5 millennium before disintegration of the Fenno-Ugric probably occupied the easternmost position in the Indo-European homeland too. Se o North Pontic unity and c. 2,5 millennia before separations of the Mari and Hungarian. The Tocharians were the easternmost Indo-European branch in the 1st mill. CE. They localization of the Indo-European homeland, at least after separation of the Anatolian branch, is accepted, the Volga could represent the eastern borderline of the Indo-European dialect continuum, first crossed river, important for orientation, transfer and fishing, was kept for a long time, and when new populations inhabited just by the ancestors of the Tocharians, perhaps in the first half of the 4th mill. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 74 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI BCE. In such a case, it would seem natural that the designation of such a mighty its shores, they preferiram usar quasi-homonymous names, although their meanings were reinterpreted. Besides the longest chain represented by Tocharian B walke long25 → Hungarian völgy river valley → Mari wolγa is white → Latvian valga wet → Old Russian Volga *dampness, there is also the series consisting of Tocharian B war water, -wär stream → Avestan vairisea, sea bay, Pahlavi var lake → Chuvash var valley, flume, ravine, gorge; inside, center, middle, belly, or Young Avestan Raŋh or ‘Scythian *Rah → Mordovian Erzya Rav, Ravo ‘Volga, Moksha rava river, Rav ‘Volga. This hypothesis implies a continuity of populations in spite of names of many important rivers were preserved, although languages on their banks changed. Naturally, além de old names also new ones are introduced. In the case of the Volga periods of massive migrations, probably in the form of relic settlements along important rivers mediating the original hydronyms. Thanks to this mechanism, the youngest example of this type is probably Mari Jul, adopted from some Turkic source of the type Old Uyghur yuul mountain brook, spring. 10. APENDIX: TEXT FRAGMENTS The Russian Primary Chronicle Laurentian redaction [6472 (964)] Кнѧзю Ст҃ославу възрастъшю . и възмужавшю . нача вои совкуplti. e muitos храбръи e легъко ход. aki parduсъ. voinъи многи творше ходѧ. возъ по собѣ не возѧше . ни котьла ни мѧсъ варѧ . но потонку изрѣзавъ . конину ли . звѣрину ли . или говѧдину . на оуглех испекъ ӕдѧху. ни шатра имѧше . но подъкладъ пославъ. и сѣдло в головахъ . такоже и прочии вои єго вси бѧх. [i] posъылаше к странамъ гл. hochyu na въı iti. e vai na ku rku i no Volga . и налѣзе Вѧтичи . и реч Вѧтичемъ . кому дань даєте . ѡни же рѣша Козаромъ по щьлѧгу . и ѿ рала даємъ. Available at: <http://litopys.org.ua/lavrlet/lavr03.htm> [accessed 01.11.2019]. 25 If Tocharian B walke was really derived from *ui-dlH1gho-, it should be abandoned from candidates for protoform of the Volga. In this case the oldest member of this chain copying the stream of the Volga would be Mari. The chain should look as follows: Hungarian völgy ← Mari wolγa → Latvian valga → Old Russian Volga. Straipsniai / Articles 75 Volga – the First River of Europe Hypatian redaction [6472 (964)] Кнѧзю Ст҃ославу възрастьшю . и възмужавшю . нача воӕ съвокуплѧти . многы и храбры . бѣ бо и самъ хоробръ и легокъ . ходѧ акы пардусъ . воины многы творѧше . возъ бо по себѣ не возѧше . ни котла ни мѧсъ варѧ . но по тонку изрѣзавъ . конину . или звѣрину . или говѧдину на оугълехъ испекь ӕдѧшє . ни шатра имѧше . но подъкладъ постилаше . а сѣдло въ головах . тако же и прочии вои єг вси бѧху . и посылашє къ странам . гл҃ѧ хочю на вы ити . и иде на Ѡку рѣку . и на Волгу . и налѣзе Вѧтичи . и реч имъ кому дань даєте . ѡни же ркоша Козаром . по щелѧгу ѿ рала даєм Available at: <https://litopys.org.uaipatlet/ipathtm> [accessed 01.03.11.2019]. English translation of the Laurentian redaction 6472 (964). When Prince Svyatoslav had grown up and matured, he began to collect a numerous and valiant army. Stepping light as a leopard, he undertook many campaigns. Upon his expeditions he carried with him neither wagons beef, and ate it after roasting it on the coals. Nor did he nor kettles, and boiled no meat, but cut off small strips of horseflesh, game, or have a tent, but he spreall his retinue did likewise. He sent messengers to the other ad out a horse-blanket under him, and set his saddle under his head; (65) and lands announcing his intention to attack them. Ele foi to the Oka and the Volga, and on coming in contact with the Vyatichians, he inquired of them to whom they paid tribute. They made answer that they paid a silver-piece per ploughshare to the Khazars. The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text, Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross & Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor Available at:<httpswww.mgh-bibliothek.de http:documente/aa011/458.pdf> [accessed Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Medieval Academy of America, No. 60, 1953. 01.11.2019]. Witness of Greek authors Herodotus 1.201202: 201. ὡς δὲ τῷ Κύρῳ καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος κατέργαστο, ἐπεθύμησε Μασσαγέτας ὑπ᾽ ἑωυτῷ ποιήσασθαι. τὸ δὲ ἔθνος τοῦτο καὶ μέγα λέγεται εἶναι καὶ ἄλκιμον, οἰκημένον δὲ πρὸς ἠῶ τε καὶ ἡλίου ἀνατολάς, πέρην τοῦ Ἀράξεω ποταμοῦ, ἀντίον δὲ Ἰσσηδόνων ἀνδρῶν. εἰσὶ δὲ οἵτινες καὶ Σκυθικὸν λέγουσι τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος εἶναι. Available at: <http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001. perseus-grc1:1.201.1> When Cyrus had conquered this nation, too, he wanted to subject the Massagetae. These are said to be a great and powerful people dwelling towards VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 76 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI east and the sunrise, beyond the Araxes and opposite the Issedones; and some say that they are a Scythian people. Available at: <http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001. perseus-eng1:1.201.1> 202. ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης λέγεται καὶ μέζων καὶ ἐλάσσων εἶναι τοῦ Ἴστρου: νήσους δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ Λέσβῳ μεγάθεα παραπλησίας συχνάς φασι εἶναι, ἐν δὲ αὐτῇσι ἀνθρώπους οἳ σιτέονται μὲν ῥίζας τὸ θέρος ὀρύσσοντες παντοίας: καρποὺς δὲ ἀπὸ δενδρέων ἐξευρημένους σφι ἐς φορβὴν κατατίθεσθαι ὡραίους, καὶ τούτους σιτέεσθαι τὴν χειμερινήν. ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης λέγεται καὶ μέζων καὶ ἐλάσσων εἶναι τοῦ Ἴστρου: νήσους δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ Λέσβῳ μεγάθεα παραπλησίας συχνάς φασι εἶναι, ἐν δὲ αὐτῇσι ἀνθρώπους οἳ σιτέονται μὲν ῥίζας τὸ θέρος ὀρύσσοντες παντοίας: καρποὺς δὲ ἀπὸ δενδρέων ἐξευρημένους σφι ἐς φορβὴν κατατίθεσθαι ὡραίους, καὶ τούτους σιτέεσθαι τὴν χειμερινήν. ἄλλα δέ σφι ἐξευρῆσθαι δένδρεα καρποὺς τοιούσδε τινὰς φέροντα, τοὺς ἐπείτε ἂν ἐς τὠυτὸ συνέλθωσι κατὰ εἴλας καὶ πῦρ ἀνακαύσωνται κύκλῳ περιιζομένους ἐπιβάλλειν ἐπὶ τὸ πῦρ, ὀσφραινομένους δὲ καταγιζομένου τοῦ καρποῦ τοῦ ἐπιβαλλομένου μεθύσκεσθαι τῇ ὀσμῇ κατά περ Ἕλληνας τῷ οἴνῳ πλεῦνος δὲ ἐπιβαλλομένου τοῦ καρποῦ μᾶλλον μεθύσκεσθαι, ἐς ὃ ἐς ὄρχησίν τε ἀνίστασθαι καὶ ἐς ἀοιδὴν ἀπικνέεσθαι. τούτων μὲν αὕτη λέγεται δίαιτᾳ εἶναι. ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης ποταμὸς ῥέει μὲν ἐκ Ματιηνῶν, ὅθεν περ ὁ Γύνδης τὸν ἐς τὰς διώρυχας τὰς ἑξήκοντά τε καὶ τριηκοσίας διέλαβε ὁ Κῦρος, στόμασι δὲ ἐξερεύγεται τεσσεράκοντα, τῶν τὰ πάντα πλὴν ἑνὸς ἐς ἕλεά τε καὶ τενάγεα ἐκδιδοῖ: ἐν τοῖσι ἀνθρώπους κατοικῆσθαι λέγουσι ἰχθῦς ὠμοὺς σιτεομένους, ἐσθῆτι δὲ νομίζοντας χρᾶσθαι φωκέων δέρμασι. τὸ δὲ ἓν τῶν στομάτων τοῦ Ἀράξεω ῥέει διὰ καθαροῦ ἐς τὴν Κασπίην θάλασσαν. Available at: <http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perthe seus-grc1:1.202> [accessed 01.11.2019]. The Araxes is said by some to be greater and by some to be less than the Ister. É relatado que há muitas ilhas in it as big as Lesbos, and men on them who in summer live on roots of all kinds that they dig up, and in winter on fruit that they have got from trees when it was ripe and stored for food; and they know (it is said) of trees bearing a fruit whose effect is this: gathering in groups and kindling a fire, the people sit around it and throw the fruit into the flames; then the fumes of it as it burns make them drunk as the Greeks are with wine, and more and more drunk as more fruit is thrown on the fire, until at last they rise up to dance and even sing. Such is said to be their way of life. The Araxes flows from the country of the Matieni (as does the Gyndes, which Cyrus divided into the three hundred and sixty channels) and empties itself through forty síndhu ha vm rasáyā siñcat áśvn ghr! váya aruṣsa pári gman tát Artigos Articles 83 / Volga – the First River of Europe Ja: Those with which you swelled the Rasā (River) with a gush of water, with which you helped the horseless chariot to victory, with which Triśoka drove up ruddy cows for himself with those forms of help come here, o Aśvins. Gr: Wherewith ye made Rasā swell full with water-floods, and urged to victory the car without a horse; Wherewith Triśoka drove forth his recovered Ge: Durch die cows,—Come hither unto us, O Aśvins, with those aids.ˮ ihr die Rasa mit Wassers Flut angeschwellt habt, mit denen ihr den Wagen ohne Roß zum Sieg verhalft, durch die Trisoka die Kühe heraustrieb, mit diesen Hilfen kommt doch ja her, ihr Asvin! IV.43.6. ū sú vm ajirám ceti ynam yéna pátī bhávatha sūryy Ja: The Sindhu River sprinkles your horses with the Rasā; your ruddy birds avoid the glowing heat. Your speedy vehicle has just appeared, with which you two become the masters [/husbands] of Sūryā. Gr: Let Sindhu with his wave bedew your horses: in fiery glow have the red birds come hither. Observed of all was that your rapid going, whereby ye were the Lords of Sūryas Daughter. Ge: Sindhu mit der Rasa benetzte eure Pferde; die rötlichen Vogelrosse entgingen den Gluten. Diese eure schnelle Fahrt machte fein Aufsehen, durch die ihr die Gatten der Surya werdet. V1.15 padé-pade me jarim ní dhyi várūtrī v śakr y pyúbhi ca síṣaktu mātā mahī rasā na smát sūríbhi rjuhást rjuváni Ja: Step after step old age has been secured for me, either (by her) who is the able Shielding Goddess or by the protectors.4 Let the mother, the great Rasā, accompany us along with our patrons, she with hands outstretched, with winnings outstretched. Gr: Duly to each one hath my laud been offered. Strong be Varūtr with her powers to succour. May the great Mother Rasā here befriend us, straight-handed, with the princes, striving forward. Ge: Auf Schritt und Tritt sei mir das Alter sichergestellt, sei es durch die mächtige Varutri und durch die Schutzgeister. Es sollen uns samt den Lohnherren die große Mutter Rasa zur Seite stehen, die eine redliche Hand hat, die redlichen Gewinn bringt. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 84 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI V.53.9. m va rasā ánitabh kúbh krúmu m va síndhu ní rīramat m va pári stht saráyu purīṣíī asmé ít sumnám astu va Ja: Let not the Rasā {River}, the Anitabhā, the Kubhā, the Krumu, let not the Sindhu bring you to a halt. Let not the overflowing Sarayu hem you around. On us alone let your favour be. Gr: So let not Rasā, Krumu, or Anitabha, Kubha, or Sindhu hold you back. Let not the watery Sarayti obstruct your way. With us be all the bliss ye give. Ge: Nicht soll euch die Rasa, Anitabha, Kubha, Krumu, nicht euch die Sindhu aufhalten, noch euch die quellenreiche Sarayu im Wege stehen. Bei uns soll eure Huld sein. VIII.72.13. suté siñcata śríyam ródasyo abhiśríyam rasā dadhīta vrṣabhám Ja: Into the pressed soma pour glory {= milk}, the full glory of the two world-halves. The Rasā (River {= water} should receive the bull. Ge: Gießet die Herrlichkeit in den ausgepreßten Saft, die beiden Welten überstrahlt! Den Bullen soll die Rasa annehmen!ˮ IX.41.6. pári a śarmayánty dhray soma viśváta | sára rasā iva viṣápam Ja: O Soma, flow for us in, protecting stream all around on all sides, like {the heavenly river} Rasā, along the upper surface {of the filter}. Gr: On every side, O Soma, flow round us with thy protecting stream, As Rasā flows around the world. Ge: Fließe für uns in schützome, o Soma, wie ringsum die Rasa um dieder Erhöhung! X5.6 tvám sindho kúbhay gomatīm krúmum mehatnv sarátham ybhi īyase Ja: To trṣmay pratʰamám ytave sajū susártv rasáyā śvety ty travel first joined with the Trāmā, {then} with the Susartū, the Rasā, and this Śvetyā, you, o Sindhu, {come} with the Kubhā to the Gomatū, with the Mehatnū to the Krumu.7 With the same chariot {with all these}, with which you go speeding and with Śvetyā here, Kubhā; with these, Sindhu and Mehatnū, thou seekest in thy course Krumu and Gomat. Ge: Zuerst mit der Tristama zum vereint, mit Susartu, Artigos Articles 85 / Volga – the First River of Europe Gr: “First with Trāma thou art eager to flow forth, with Rasā, and Susartū, Rasa, mit dieser Svetya kommst du, Sindhu, mit der Kubha zur Gomati, mit der Mehatnu kím ichántī sarám prá idám na dūré hí ádhv jágamāurithe parcaí índrasya dūtī iṣithiy carmi ichī mahá ichī paaya nīn va atiṣkáda bátás ras t na vatthy ataramy pá Ja: [Pai] Seeking what has arrived here, for the road, zur Krumu, mit denen du auf gleichem Wagen dahineilst.ˮ X.108.1–2 swallowing up the traveler in the distance? What is your mission to us? What was k asméhiti k páritakmy sīt katʰám rasy atara páyṃsi the final turn (bringing you here)? How did you cross the waters of the Rasā? [Saramā] Sent as the messenger of Indra I travel, seeking your great hidden treasuries, Paṇis. With a fear of leaping across that helped us! in that way I crossed the waters of the Rasā. Gr: What wish of Saramā hath brought her hither? The path leads far away to distant places. What charge hast thou for us? Where turns thy journey? How This hath preserved me from the fear of crossing: thus have I made my way oer hast thou made thy way o’er Rasā’s waters.ˮ “I come appointed messenger of Indra, seeking your ample stores of wealth, O Paṇis. Rasās waters. Ge: Mit welchem Ansuchen ist Sarama hierher gekommen? Der Weg so weit in die Ferne ist ja aufreibend. Was bedeutet die Sendung zu uns? Welches war der entscheidende Wendepunkt? Wie kamst du über die Fluten der Rasa? Als Indra ́s Botin komme ich abgesandt, eure großen Schätze suchend, ihr Pani ́s. Aus Furcht vor dem Überspringen half sie uns dabei. So kam ich durch die Fluten der Rasa. X.121.4. yásya imé himávanta mahitv yásya samudrám rasáyā sahá hú yásya im pradíśa yásya bhū kásmai devya havíṣ vidhema Ja: Whose are these snow-covered mountains (= the Himalayas) in their greatness; whose is the sea together with the world-stream, they say; whose are these directions, whose (their) two arms (= the zenith and nadir?) Who is the god to whom we should do homage with our oblation? VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 86 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXI Gr: His, through his might, are these snow-covered mountains, and men call sea and Rasā his possession: His arms are these, his are these heavenly regiGe: Durch ons. 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