Peter Wiesinger Albrecht Greule. „Baiern und Romanen. Zum Verhältnis der frühmittelalterlichen Ethnien aus der Sicht der Sprachwissenschaft und Namenforschung“

HARALD BICHLMEIER Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Research fields: Toponymy (Germanic, Celtic), Old Iranian Studies, Mycenology, Indo-European Studies, etymology. DOI: doi.org/10.35321/all83–17 Peter Wiesinger, Albrecht Greule BAVARIANS AND ROMANS. ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE EARLY MEDIEVAL ETHNIC GROUPS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LINGUISTICS AND NAME RESEARCH Cartography: Michael Schefbäck. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto, 2019, 250 pages. ISBN: 978–3–7720–8659–5 (Print); 978–3–7720–5659–8 (E-book) The toponymy of the older linguistic strata of (Central–)Europe has not been systematically investigated from an Indo-European perspective for decades and, above all, hardly in monographic studies. Exceptions include individual works such as Scheungraber, Grünzweig (2014), which, however, over large stretches primarily compile the existing state of knowledge without actually yielding new results. The systematic investigation of this linguistic material according to the current state of Indo-European Studies thus remains a desideratum of research. More extensive investigations have been conducted above all into Celtic onymic material, which may be regarded as the best researched (Falileyev, Gohil, Ward 2010; Anreiter 1996, 2016; Sims-Williams 2006; Raybould, Sims-Williams 2007–2009, as well as numerous further studies on personal names, such as Meid 2005). At the current level of Indo-European Studies, 360 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII Peter Wiesinger Albrecht Greule. Baiern und Romanen. Zum Verhältnis der frühmittelalterlichen Ethnien aus der Sicht der Sprachwissenschaft und Namenforschung the investigation of the names of Pannonia transmitted from antiquity by Anreiter (2001). With regard to hydronyms, the DGNB (2014) deserves emphasis; despite its weaknesses in detail and its excessive brevity (cf. Bichlmeier 2015, 2015a), it may be regarded as a work providing a good overview. From this perspective, the DONB (2012) is less successful, likewise owing to the excessive brevity of the articles and, even more, to the disciplinary heterogeneity of the almost 90 contributors who prepared them. 1. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE BOOK According to the authors’ own statement, this collaborative work by the two well-known Germanists was written primarily to refute a (hitherto entirely unknown to the reviewer and apparently no longer relevant for at least a decade) hypothesis that seems to have been widespread, especially among archaeologists, around and after the year 2000: namely, that the Bavarians were ultimately of Romance origin (pp. 21–25, back cover). Like the two authors, the reviewer also finds it unclear how one could arrive at this view, given that Bavarian is, after all, a variety of German, and that in Bavaria and Austria German is primarily spoken. 2. ON THE FIRST PART OF THE BOOK (PP. 11–98) The first part of the book thus addresses precisely this theory advanced by archaeologists and clearly refutes it. Following an overview of research, the history of the Bavarian language, and thus also the history of names integrated into Bavarian, is presented in an exemplary, though at times rather condensed, manner. It is regrettable that the dates for the operation of, for example, the First and Second Sound Shifts, i-umlaut, a-umlaut, later monophthongization and diphthongization processes, etc., which are certainly correct throughout when taken as a whole, are offered largely without references to further literature. For readers less familiar with the subject matter, this may at times create the inaccurate impression that these are findings newly obtained by the author (here Wiesinger). This is, of course, hardly ever the case. The contents of the book concerning the dating of phonological processes in Germanic and German are compiled here in tabular form, making the occasionally divergent datings visible as well: Reviews / Reviews 361 HARALD BICHLMEIER Process | Dating | Page Unrounding of pre-/early Proto-Germanic *o > Proto-Germanic *a in the stressed syllable | “probably completed by around the birth of Christ at the latest” “the Germanic sound change from o > a completed around the birth of Christ” | 61 84 Unrounding of pre-/early Proto-Germanic *o > Proto-Germanic *a in the composition juncture of names | after the 1st c. AD? (Chariovalda in Tacitus) | 61 pre-/early Proto-Germanic *ā > Proto-Germanic *ō | “completed by the 1st c. AD at the latest” | 61 older i-umlaut Proto-Germanic *e > i | “from the 2nd c. AD,” “completed around 600” “from approximately 150 to 700 at the latest” before “the closing 7th c.” | 62 95 124 a-umlaut *i > *e | 2nd c. AD to 600 (simultaneously with i-umlaut) “from approximately 150 to 700 at the latest” | 62 95 older acts of the Second Sound Shift (t, p, k > ss/z, ff/pf, <ch> [χχ] (thus k only intervocalically) | “beginning around 600,” “beginning no earlier than 565” “ca. 600–650” “completed by around 650 at the latest” | 49, 55, 60, 63, 64 65 66 2nd phase of the Second Sound Shift (d > t) | (by) the 1st half of the 8th c. “ca. 700–760” | 62, 64 65 3rd phase of the Second Sound Shift (b > p) | “approximately 740 to 780” | 64, 66 Bavarian, Alemannic k > “ch” > [kχ] initially, in gemination, after a nasal” | “approximately 740 to 780” | 65 4th phase of the Second Sound Shift (g > k) | 2nd half of the 8th c. “approximately 760 to before 800” | 62 65, 66 Raising o > u /_ NK | 2nd half of the 8th c. | 62 younger i-umlaut | 2nd half of the 8th c. to the 12th c. “from the 9th c. into the Late Old High German period of the 11th c.” | 67–69 126 Stress shift to the first syllable upon integration into Old High German | “until the middle of the 11th c.” | 70 362 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII Peter Wiesinger Albrecht Greule. Baiern und Romanen. Zum Verhältnis der frühmittelalterlichen Ethnien aus der Sicht der Sprachwissenschaft und Namenforschung Process Dating Page so-called “New High German” diphthongization of Middle High German ī – ū – iü “already from the 2nd quarter of the 12th c., originating in the Central Bavarian Danube region” 70f. 3. ON THE SECOND PART OF THE BOOK 3.1. Structure The second part of the book (pp. 99–218) comprises the name catalogues arranged by region (southern Bavaria: Greule; Austria: Wiesinger; the names have been numbered for corresponding cross-references): 175 names in ancient Romance tradition (pp. 99–186), 73 Romance-German mixed names (pp. 186–203), 20 Walchen names (that is, names composed with the element walch- ‘Romance speaker’; pp. 203–208), 15 Parschalken names (pp. 208–211). This is followed by a list of the Romance-German names to be excluded (pp. 213–218; with only maximum two-line comments on the etymology), that is, names formerly regarded as mixed names but now explained differently. A further nine maps follow (on the unpaginated pages 221–229). On p. 54, n. 64, the reader learns that maps 6–9 (that is, pp. 226–229) are taken from Wiesinger 1994. This is not mentioned in the map section itself. The book concludes with a list of abbreviations (p. 231), a bibliography (pp. 233–246), and an index of the Romance-antique, mixed-origin, Walchen, and Parschalken names discussed (247–250 [in two columns]). 3.2. On the Indo-European Studies Used in the Book and the Spelling of Reconstructions The second main part is the more problematic part of the book. Here the individual names are discussed and also analyzed etymologically. A selection of attestations is provided (naturally, older ones are preferred), followed by the etymology. These name articles may be a few lines long, but quite often may also extend over half a page in Greule and over a page in Wiesinger. This leads to a certain imbalance in the Reviews / Reviews 363 HARALD BICHLMEIER presentation, since Wiesinger incorporates considerably more historical and geographical information into his name articles than Greule does. A discussion of differing opinions on a name usually does not take place; occasionally two possibilities are presented, apparently somewhat more often in Wiesinger’s name articles than in Greule’s. Another difference between the two authors is that Wiesinger seems even less capable than Greule of correctly applying the methods and spellings customary in Indo-European Studies for half a century. Thus, Wiesinger almost invariably contains unreflectively adopted forms from the IEW with two vowels, such as “PIE *bherem-” (p. 129); the aspiration is, as in the example just cited, practically never superscripted (unlike usually in Greule), and the same applies to labialized secondary articulation (ibid.: *gurem instead of the correct *gᵘrem-—thus the IEW is reproduced incorrectly here). The inconsistency resulting from the fact that, at times, instead of *u or *ʷ, the spelling more customary in the Anglophone sphere, with *w or *ʷ, is used is striking; compare, for example, the article on Lech: “PIE *wilikwō- ‘moistener’ from PIE *wleikw- ‘to moisten’” (p. 107; Greule), etc. Not only such inconsistencies would have made another review of the book (by both authors) desirable. From an Indo-European perspective, it must be noted that Germanic name research ignored the current state of Indo-European Studies for decades and has only gradually begun to catch up over roughly the past decade. It should be pointed out here that the institutional locations of the two authors, Vienna and Regensburg, were also those of Jochem Schindler and Gert Klingenschmitt, respectively—two eminent Indo-Europeanists who advanced the field considerably and had already worked consistently and exclusively since the 1970s with the phonological system also used in LIV² and NIL. It should also be pointed out that, on the Germanist side—not only in the field of onomastics but generally in the historical linguistics of (Old) Germanic languages—not only has modern Indo-European Studies largely not been received (or is not being received), even when it explicitly concerns Germanic, as in Müller 2007 or EWAhd and EDPG, but the research on Celtic Studies important for the Bavaria-Austria region, including work in French and English, has also practically not entered the investigations presented here (in cited form)—this concerns individual onomastic studies as well as etymological works (such as the EDPC, which, presumably because of its convenient usability, was regularly cited at least by Greule in the DGNB, but is absent here). The present book lacks—as did the DGNB and 364 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII Peter Wiesinger Albrecht Greule. Bauern und Romanen. Zum Verhältnis der frühmittelalterlichen Ethnien aus der Sicht der Sprachwissenschaft und Namenforschung many other works by the two authors—works by Delamarre (2007, 2012, 2017, DLG², DLG³, DTNG [the latter could of course not have been consulted in either work, since Volume 1 was published only in 2019]), as well as those by Falileyev (Falileyev, Gohil, Ward 2010; Falileyev 2013, 2014), Lambert 2003, McCone 1996, Repanšek 2016, Sims-Williams 2006; Raybould, Sims-Williams 2007, 2009, Zair 2012, etc., as well as the LEIA, unfortunately left incomplete but so far the most thorough etymological dictionary of an individual Old Celtic language. In any case, the bibliography of the present book appears to list only IEW, LIV², and NIL as etymological works, which is wholly inadequate given the numerous words from various languages subsequently used argumentatively as well. It is particularly serious at times that, despite the many Celtic proposals, neither ACS [Holder], nor LEIA or EDPC (let alone the works of Delamarre, Lambert, or Repanšek) are cited. At times, it would certainly also have been worthwhile to consult EWAhd or EDPG. Since this has been going on for some time, it has led to different classifications of the same name sometimes coexisting for decades in Germanic linguistics (or onomastics) and Celtic Studies without any discussion taking place: for example, the name of the Isar has been regarded by Celticists as clearly Celtic for at least a century¹ (and certainly is so on phonological grounds; cf. Bichlmeier 2016)—here it is once again classified as “PIE preform” or the like. Moreover, this book too shows that scholarly opinion on the individual names is far from as unanimous as is suggested here: the same problem had already been noted with regard to the DGNB (cf. Bichlmeier 2015, 2015a). For the present book, which was certainly subject to fewer space constraints than the DGNB, it would have been easy at least to consult all relevant literature on the individual names and to discuss different proposals for their etymology briefly. The book would have benefited substantially and could thus have become a handbook of the pre-Germanic names in (southern) Bavaria and (central) Austria. This opportunity was nevertheless missed, since literature offering new insights (that is, etymologies) and providing clarification from the last two decades was quite consistently not consulted. The ¹ See, for example, Pokorny 1914: 293, where he calls the Bavarian Isar Celtic, or DLG² 191, Falileyev, Gohil, Ward 2010: 136; Delamarre 2012: 165; DLG³ 192; DTNG 1: 390, where *isarā is likewise naturally regarded as Celtic. – Both positions are reported by Bach 1954: 21f., without a decision being made. Recenzijos / Reviews 365 HARALD BICHLMEIER The reception of these works, published in entirely standard series and journals (there are certainly about three dozen titles by various authors in all), could in many cases have helped avoid the reprinting of outdated or even partly incorrect / impossible solutions or, in the case of a presentation corresponding to scholarly conventions and discussing the various proposed solutions, reject them. Not least as a consequence of failing to receive parts of the contemporary scholarly literature, the literature cited in the name articles displays a certain tendency toward self-reference (Greule occasionally cites only himself, Wiesinger prefers himself); another frequently cited author is von Reitzenstein (especially Reitzenstein 2006 [concerning Old Bavaria], 2013 [concerning Bavarian Swabia], and occasionally Reitzenstein 1991). Greule is generally more sparing with literature, rarely citing more than three titles, whereas Wiesinger cites twice as many on average; overall, Wiesinger’s name articles are also considerably longer on average, since they often provide additional information on the history of the named object (see above). Demonstrating these findings through selected examples would go too far and exceed the scope of this journal. Reference may be made here to the detailed discussion in Bichlmeier 2020, where all this is set out at length through more than three dozen examples. Overall, the following picture emerges: As convincing—as poor in literature references—the first part of the book is, the second part with the name articles is unconvincing. Over large stretches, the name articles are characterized by the following features: • With regard to the transcription used for (Proto-)Indo-European reconstructions (*w vs. *u, *bhvs. *bh⁻, etc.), they are inconsistent. • Relevant literature from the last two decades is not cited (although at times the impression arises that it was indeed read) and consequently does not appear in the bibliography either. In total, certainly about three dozen titles by several authors would need to be added. The failure to consult this literature, which in some cases clearly improves or refutes older solutions, ultimately means that the book as a whole rarely goes beyond the state of knowledge of 2000 and practically never beyond that of 2010. • The bibliographical references provided especially in the second part are strongly self-referential, particularly with regard to hydronyms. Literature not originating with the two authors probably accounts for scarcely half, so that the reader may gain the false impression that the etymologies could originate with those cited authors, which they 366 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII Peter Wiesinger Albrecht Greule. Bayern und Romanen. Zum Verhältnis der frühmittelalterlichen Ethnien aus der Sicht der Sprachwissenschaft und Namenforschung generally do not. The ‘discoverers’ of the respective etymologies are in any case not specifically named; occasionally the solution is already a century old. • Only in isolated cases are competing proposals mentioned, and only rarely are they discussed. Usually only one solution is given, and it is not always the correct one (according to general opinion or linguistic understanding). • Consequently, in numerous cases an etymology is offered that has long since been superseded or recognized as inaccurate; moreover, the solutions offered often represent a step backward from what had already been achieved earlier, and at times even from what the two authors themselves had previously written in their own cited literature. • In several instances, a solution is presented without discussion as the only one, although it does not appear at all in the literature cited for the respective name; the cited literature therefore does not necessarily support the etymology presented. It is good that the abstruse thesis of a (linguistically) Romance origin of the Bavarians has been refuted and that the (largely) entire2 pre-Germanic name corpus of Old Bavaria and central Austria is now assembled in one listing—but as a handbook of the etymologies of these names, the work is unusable: although the oldest attestations are probably all provided, the etymologies cannot be judged correct throughout, especially where Celtic or even pre-Celtic formations are concerned. The attempt to incorporate modern Indo-European Studies into the description and explanation of the names is commendable, but must ultimately be regarded as unsuccessful. In this respect, the book is a typical representative of works on the oldest name strata in (Central) Europe by authors whose knowledge of Indo-European Studies is inadequate to the subject. A comprehensive treatment of this ancient name corpus of Central Europe on a sound Indo-European basis thus remains a desideratum. Yet it is taking place—although often not received or understood on the Germanic side—name by name, in a steady succession of articles in journals and edited volumes. ² Attention may be drawn, for example, to the absence of articles on (Bad) Ischl, Iller, Ilz, Vils / Fils; further names are likely to be missing. Reviews / Reviews 367 HARALD BICHLMEIER BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. DICTIONARIES ACS – Holder Alfred 1896, 1904, 1907: Old Celtic Glossary. 3 vols., Leipzig: Teubner. Delamarre Xavier 2007: Celtic Personal Names in Classical Epigraphy. Nomina Celtica antiqua selecta inscriptionum, Paris: Edition Errance. Delamarre Xavier 2012: Celtic Place Names of Ancient Europe. (– 500 / + 500). Dictionary. (Collection les Hesperides), Paris: Éditions Errance. DGNB – Greule Albrecht 2014: German Hydronym Dictionary. Etymology of hydronyms and the associated regional, settlement, and field names. With the collaboration of S. Hackl-Rößler, Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter. DLG² – Delamarre Xavier 2003: Dictionary of the Gaulish Language. A Linguistic Approach to Continental Old Celtic, Preface by P.-Y. Lambert, 2ᵉnd revised and greatly expanded edition, Paris: Edition Errance. DLG³ – Delamarre Xavier 2018: Dictionary of the Gaulish Language. A Linguistic Approach to Continental Old Celtic, Preface by P.-Y. Lambert, Third edition, Paris: Edition Errance. DONB – Niemeyer Manfred (ed.) 2012: German Place-Name Dictionary, Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter. DTNG – Delamarre Xavier 2019–2021: Dictionary of Gaulish Nominal Stems. A Dictionary of Gaulish Nominal Stems, Volume I: Ab–/Ixs(o)–, Volume II: Lab–/Uxs–pero– (Collection Linguistique 5, 6), Paris: Éditions Les Cent Chemins. EDPC – Matasović Ranko 2009: An Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 9), Leiden, Boston: Brill. EDPG – Kroonen Guus 2013: Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill. EWAhd – Etymological Dictionary of Old High German. Volume I: -a – bezzisto, by Albert L. Lloyd and Otto Springer, Göttingen, Zürich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1988. Volume II: bi – ezzo, by Albert L. Lloyd, Rosemarie Lühr, and Otto Springer † with the collaboration of Karen R. Purdy, Göttingen, Zürich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998. 368 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII Peter Wiesinger Albrecht Greule. Bavaria and Romans. On the relationship of the early medieval ethnic groups from the perspective of linguistics and name research Volume III: fadum – fūstslag, by Albert L. Lloyd and Rosemarie Lühr with the collaboration of Gerlinde Kohlrusch, Maria Kozianka, Karen R. Purdy, and Roland Schuhmann, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2007. Volume IV: gāba – hylare, by Albert L. Lloyd and Rosemarie Lühr with the collaboration of Gerlinde Schuhmann, Maria Kozianka, Karen R. Purdy, and Roland Schuhmann, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009. Volume V: iba – luzzilo, edited by Rosemarie Lühr, compiled by Harald Bichlmeier, Maria Kozianka, and Roland Schuhmann, with contributions by Albert L. Lloyd and the collaboration of Karen K. Purdy, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014. Volume VI: māda – pūzza, edited by Rosemarie Lühr, compiled by Harald Bichlmeier, Maria Kozianka, Roland Schuhmann, and Laura Sturm, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2017. Volume VII: quaderna – skazzōn, edited by Rosemarie Lühr, compiled by Dagmar S. Wodtko (head of the project office), Harald Bichlmeier, Maria Kozianka, and Roland Schuhmann, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2020. Falileyev Aleksander, Gohil E. Ashwin, Ward Naomi 2010: Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names. A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Aberystwyth: CMCS. IEW – Pokorny Julius 1959: Indo-European Etymological Dictionary I, volume, Munich, Bern: Francke. LEIA – Vendryes Joseph: Léxique étymologique d’Irlandais ancien. – A: Dublin: School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Inst. for Advanced Studies, 1959 (ND 1981). – B: Dublin: School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Inst. for Advanced Studies, Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1981. – C: Dublin: School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Inst. for Advanced Studies, Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1987. – D: Dublin: School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Inst. for Advanced Studies, Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1983. – R, S: Dublin: School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Inst. for Advanced Studies, Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1974. – T, U: Dublin: School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Inst. for Advanced Studies, Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1978. LIV² – Rix Helmut et al. 2001: Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs. The Roots and Their Primary Stem Formations. Second, improved and expanded edition, Wiesbaden. NIL – Wodtko Dagmar S., Irslinger Britta, Schneider Carolin 2008: Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag. Reitzenstein Wolf-Armin Frhr. von 1991: Lexicon of Bavarian Place Names. Origin and Meaning. Second, improved and expanded edition, Munich: C. H. Beck. Recenzijos / Reviews 369 HARALD BICHLMEIER Reitzenstein Wolf-Armin Frhr. von 2006: Lexicon of Bavarian Place Names. Origin and Meaning. Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Upper Palatinate, Munich: C. H. Beck. Reitzenstein Wolf-Armin Frhr. von 2013: Lexicon of Swabian Place Names. Origin and Meaning. Bavarian Swabia, Munich: C. H. Beck. 2. FURTHER LITERATURE Anreiter Peter 1996: Celtic Place Names in North Tyrol. (Innsbruck Contributions to Linguistics, Lectures and Shorter Writings 65), Innsbruck: Institute of Linguistics. Anreiter Peter 2001: The Pre-Roman Names of Pannonia. (Archaeolingua: Series minor 16), Budapest: Archaeolingua. Anreiter Peter 2016: North Tyrolean Names of Celtic Origin, Vienna: Praesens. Anreiter Peter, Chapman Christian, Rampl Gerhard 2009: The Names of the Municipalities of Tyrol: Origin and Meaning. (Publications of the Tyrolean Provincial Archives 17), Innsbruck: Universitätsverlag Wagner. Bach Adolf 1954: German Name Studies. Volume II: German Place Names. Part 2: German place names considered from historical, geographical, sociological, and psychological perspectives. Place-name research in the service of other sciences, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag. Bichlmeier Harald 2015: [Review of:] Greule, Albrecht: German Water-Name Book. Etymology of water names and of the associated region, settlement, and field names. With the collaboration of S. Hackl-Rößler, Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter, 2014. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 72, 269–276. Bichlmeier Harald 2015a: [Review of:] Greule, Albrecht: German Water-Name Book. Etymology of water names and of the associated region, settlement, and field names. With the collaboration of Sabine Hackl-Rößler, Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter 2014. – Kratylos 60, 82–89. Bichlmeier Harald 2016: Isar, Isel, Isen, Iser, Isny – Reflexes of a Celtic water-name family in Bavaria and Austria, with an appendix on Isura (Bavarian-Austrian place and water names from an Indo-European perspective 8). – Austrian Name Studies 42, 35–61. Bichlmeier Harald 2020: Research report on the toponymy of the older language strata of (Central) Europe. Part I: Review article on: Wiesinger Peter, Greule 370 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII Peter Wiesinger Albrecht Greule. Baiern und Romanen. Zum Verhältnis der frühmittelalterlichen Ethnien aus der Sicht der Sprachwissenschaft und Namenforschung Albrecht: Baiuvarii and Romans. On the relationship between the early medieval ethnic groups from the perspective of linguistics and name studies. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto 2019. – Kratylos 65, 1–85. Falileyev Alexander 2013: The Celtic Balkans, Aberystwyth: CMCS. Falileyev Alexander 2014: In Search of the Eastern Celts. Studies in Geographical Names, their Distribution and Morphology. (Archaeolingua, Series Minor 34), Budapest: Archaeolingua Alapítvány. Lambert Pierre-Yves 2003: The Gaulish Language. Linguistic Description, Commentary on Selected Inscriptions. Revised and expanded edition. (Collection des Hesperides), Paris: Éditions Errance. McCone Kim 1996: Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change. (Maynooth Studies in Celtic Linguistics 1), Maynooth: The Department of Old Irish, St. Patrick’s College. Meid Wolfgang 2005: Celtic Personal Names in Pannonia. (Archaeolingua, Series Minor 20), Budapest: Archaeolingua Alapítvány. Müller Stefan 2007: On Germanic from the perspective of laryngeal theory. With an introduction to the fundamentals of laryngeal theory. (Studia Linguistica Germanica 88), Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. Pokorny Julius 1914: Origin and etymology of the word iron. – Kuhn’s Journal 46, 292–294. Raybould Marilynne E., Sims-Williams Patrick 2007: A Corpus of Latin Inscriptions of the Roman Empire containing Celtic Personal names, Aberystwyth: CMCS. Raybould Marilynne E., Sims-Williams Patrick 2009: Introduction and Supplement to the Corpus of Latin Inscriptions of the Roman Empire containing Celtic Personal names, Aberystwyth: CMCS. Repanšek Luka 2016: Celtic Heritage in the Toponymy of the Southeastern Alpine Region. (Linguistica & Philologica 33), Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. Scheungraber Corinna, Grünzweig Friedrich E. 2014: The Old Germanic Toponyms and Non-Germanic Toponyms of Germania. A Handbook of Their Etymology. Edited by Hermann Reichert using a bibliography by Robert Nedoma. (Philologica Germanica 34), Vienna: Fassbaender. Sims-Williams Patrick 2006: Ancient Celtic Place-Names in Europe and Asia Minor. (Publications of the Philological Society 39), Oxford, Boston: Blackwell Publishing. Recenzijos / Reviews 371 HARALD BICHLMEIER Zair Nicholas 2012: The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Celtic. (Brill’s Studies in Indo-European Languages and Linguistics 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill. Submitted on September 15, 2020. HARALD BICHLMEIER Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Oriental Institute Department of Indo-European Studies and General Linguistics Ludwig-Wucherer-Str. 2 D-06099 Halle (Saale) [email protected] Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig Jena Office: Etymological Dictionary of Old High German Zwätzengasse 12a D-07743 Jena [email protected] 372 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII