Eduard Berend und die Anfänge der deutschen literarischen Onomastik

220 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This is a lis o linguis ic wo ks by Li huanian au ho s. VOLKER KOHLHEIM Bay eu h Scien i ic esea ch a eas: li e a y onomas ics, name heo y, an h oponymy, and homonymy. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . Edua d Be end and he Beginning o Ge man LITERARISCHEN ONOMASTIK Edua das Be endas and his li e a y onomas ics The anno a ion In 1942, he edi o o Jean Paul's wo ks, Edua d Be end, published om exile in Swi ze land an essay on Jean Paul's naming, which may be conside ed he ounding ex o mode n scien i ic li e a y onomas ics. In i , he no only shows how Jean Paul came o his o en eccen ic name, bu also desc ibes in g ea de ail he poe 's poe ic name-gi ing. Thus, he pa ly explici ly, pa ly implici ly designs he me hodology o a u u e scien i ic li e a y onomas ics. SCÜSSELWÖRTER: Edua d Be end, Jean Paul, Li e a y Onomas ics, Me hodology, Compa a i e Li e a y Onomas ics, Phonemic Seman ics, Syllable Numbe , Socioonomas ics, Speaking Names, An i he ical o B oken Names. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way. The anno a ion In 1942, he edi o o he wo ks o he Ge man poe Jean Paul (Rich e ), Edua d Be end, published om his Swiss exile an a icle on Jean Paul's poe ic naming p ac ices. This a icle can be conside ed as he ounding ex o scien i ic li e a y onomas ics. Be end no only shows how Jean Paul ound his names, bu gi es a de ailed analysis o his naming p ac ice. Thus, pa ly explici ly, pa ly implici ly, Be end de ises a me hodology o u u e scien i ic li e a y onomas ics. KEYWORDS: Edua d Be end, Jean Paul, li e a y onomas ics, me hodology, compa a i e li e a y onomas ics, phonoseman ics, numbe o syllables, socioonomas ics, alking o c a ylic names, an i he ic o b oken name. S aipsniai A icles 221 and 221 Edua d Be end und die An änge de deu schen li e a ischen Onomas ik 1. A li e o philosophy o John Paul I is ce ainly no en i ely w ong o da e he beginning o a scien i ic Ge man li e a y onomas ics o he yea 1942. In his yea , he Ame ican jou nal Publica ions o he Mode n Language publishes a naming wi h Jean Paul by Edua d Be end. I should be said Associa ion o Ame ica in deu sche Sp ache de um ang eiche Au sa z Die now ha his essay con ains a mo e han he i le p omises, namely no less han a o eshadowing d a o he hi he o non-exis en li e a y onomas ics, execu ed on he basis o a model p esen a ion o he naming echniques o he poe Jean Paul (Rech e ) (1763-1825). Bu who was Edua d Be end? Bo n in Hano e in 1883, he came om a well- o-do, middle-class Jewish amily. His a he , Emil Be end (1846-1920), was a lawye and no a y and b ough i up o he Sec e Judicial Council. Du ing his s udies, he young Edua d Be end was ascina ed by he w i ings o Jean Paul, so ha in 1907 he comple ed his s udies wi h a doc o a e in Ge man Philology wi h a disse a ion on he subjec o Jean Paul's aes he ics. Un il he ou b eak o he Fi s Wo ld Wa , Be end was a p i a e schola in Munich, bu a ha ime he al eady concei ed he plan o a comple e edi ion o he wo ks o Jean Paul, suppo ed by he li e a y schola Julius Pe e sen. A e he end o he wa , in which Be end had pa icipa ed as a olun ee , he i s ob ained an edi ion o Jean Paul's le e s; In 1927, he P ussian Academy o Sciences commissioned him o publish he wo ks o Jean Paul, a mammo h ask ha he ul illed un il 1938, when he was old o lea e Ge many immedia ely. Al hough he managed o a el o Swi ze land, he did no achie e he hoped- o eloca ion o he Uni ed S a es. A e he end o he wa , he Ge man Academy o Sciences asked him o ake o e he publishing o he s ill missing olumes o he his o ical-c i ical Jean-Paul edi ion, bu i was no un il 1957 ha he was able o con inue his wo k in Ma bach am Necka . Be o e his dea h in 1973, Edua d Be end ecei ed nume ous hono s, including he i le o "P o esso " om he s a e o Baden-Wü embe g in 1957, and he hono a y doc o a e om he F ee Uni e si y o Be lin in 1963. I is likely ha om his biog aphical ske ch eme ged ha Edua d Be end, when he was a he beginning o he 40s o he 20 h cen u y, In his Swiss Exil o he Cen u y, he w o e an essay on Jean Paul's naming, 1 The biog aphical da a acco ding o Knickmann (1994-1995). 2 appea ed in 1909 in he Duncke publishing house, Be lin. VOLKER KOHLHEIM 222 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV was well p epa ed o his. No only did he know Jean Paul's wo ks as well as anyone else, bu he was also amilia wi h he la ge numbe o no es and exce p s ha had been p ese ed in he w i e 's no ebooks and books (see Mülle 1988). The ac ha he was now dealing wi h Jean Paul's naming was p obably due, on he one hand, o he ac ha Jean Paul had, in a sense, shown him he way, since he had been "one o he i s o heo e ically dass, im Gegensa z e wa zum „namenscheuen Goe he“ (824), Jean Paul eine Unzahl an Pe sonen- und O snamen e wende , ande e sei s wohl auch da - exp ess himsel on he ques ion o he choice o poe ic names" (822)3. These s a emen s can be ound in §74 o he second edi ion o his P e-School o Aes he ics o 1804 and begin wi h he apho ism: "E en he smallness o he name-gi ing is ha dly one" (Jean Paul 2015: 175). Bu le 's go back o he essay by Edua d Be end and ask ou sel es wha he has o say abou li e a y onomas ics. 2. The Design o a Fu u e LITERARISCHEN ONOMASTIK A he beginning o his essay, Be end en isions he u u e o li e a y onomas ics: al hough desi able, bu ex emely di icul o ealize, i is o answe he ques ion o wha conside a ions and p inciples he poe s ha e bap ized hei in en ed pe sons in he wides empo al and spa ial scope; The di e ences o imes, peoples and languages could be clea ly seen in his mi o ". Fo Be end himsel , his was a u opian p ojec , especially since he s ill assumed ha a single esea che would unde ake his ask. Bu wi hou using his e m, Be end has al eady designed a global compa a i e li e a y onomas ics he e, a concep ha seems o be b ough in o angible p oximi y by he cu en compu e - echnical possibili ies. The wo k o he Du ch linguis Ka ina an Dalen-Oskam, who de eloped compu e p og ams ha a e able o ecognize names in digi ized ex s la gely co ec ly and also o classi y hem acco ding o ce ain poin s o iew. By means o hese so-called named en i y ecogni ion and classi ica ion ools, la ge quan i ies o digi ized ex s can be ob ained in espec o 3 esiden ial p isons in Gene a, E. Be end applies he Swiss o hog aphy, which al eady a ha ime had no He knew. S aipsniai 223 A icles and a icles Edua d Be end und die An änge de deu schen li e a ischen Onomas ik Analyzing and compa ing he use o names and hei unc ion ( an This is Dalen-Oskam 2016. In he ollowing, Be end makes demands on he in e p e e s o li e a y names. In he poe onomas ic in es iga ion, i is no so much he di ec meaning and sound o he name as he many seconda y ones ha esona e wi h i , he close o a he associa ions ha a e linked o i . I Be end he e speaks on he one hand o he "many old sub ones" and on he o he hand o he "close o a he associa ions", hen one may well al eady ha e he poin o iew ha led o he dis inc ion be ween "inne sys emic" and "ou e sys emic" alues o he poe ic selbe Di e enzie ung e kennen, die spä e un e einem sys em heo e ischen name sys em: he "inne sys emic alues" include he phonological le el, he phonemic symbolism o names, e e y hing ha can be called phonemic, middle s ylis ic names, epe i ion and pa allelism, opposi ion and alli e a ion, and inally he V V V. On he o he hand, he in e ex ual and in e con ex ual ela ionships o ic ional o eal people o places a e o be ega ded as "ou side sys emic alues" (Kohlheim V. 2019: 36 […] 40). In his con ex , Be end also ouches on ansla ional issues by poin ing ou he di icul ies aced by he ansla o by speaking, i.e. seman ically anspa en names (821; c . Kohlheim V. 2019: 291309). I is also in e es ing ha Be end in his poe onomas ic ea ise al eady ouches on gen e heo e ical aspec s: he no es ha on he one hand […]a dis inc ion mus be made be ween se ious and comic, be ween idealis and ealis ic poems[…], […]and p obably also be ween epic and d ama ic wo ks; Because in bo h cases he names a e subjec o e y di e en condi ions. While on s age he ex e nal imp ession o he pe son and hei beha iou a e decisi e and he name plays only a subo dina e ole, in he na a i e, on he o he hand, he name con ibu es e y signi ican ly o e oking a ce ain idea o he bea e . I is s iking ha Be end men ions epic and d ama he e, bu no he ly ics. The e a e poems ha do no con ain p ope names (Mö ike: The wo ld s ill es s in he mis , Su ely he o es and he meadows s ill d eam...), bu on he o he hand, names can shape he whole a mosphe e o a poem (Mö ike: Wha is he name o King Ringang's daugh e ? 4 To Mö ikes Schön-Roh au s. Schildbe g-Sch o h 1995: 183-142. This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o a e o he wise closely associa ed wi h Schildbe g-Sch o h. Names in he Ly ic s. Go schalk in he yea 2009. VOLKER KOHLHEIM 224 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians) E en p oduc ion-aes he ic aspec s a e b ough up by Be end, wi hou , o cou se, using his e m. Thus, he c i icizes he "mis akes" ha some w i e s ha e made in choosing o eign names, e.g. Ca lyle, who ga e he he o o his no el Sa o Resa us (1834) he impossible name o De il's D unka d (820). Mo e impo an ly, when he inds ha Jean Paul says "once no en i ely wi hou eason, he he oines and he oes o his no els could no exis wi hou hei delicious names" (821), he comes o he conclusion ha i is ac ually he name ha cons i u es he igu e (Kohlheim V. 2019: 25 […] 28), al eady e y close. 3. JEAN PAULS The u u e is b igh Choice o name In o de o app ecia e Jean Paul's choice o name in i s o iginali y, he i s se s i apa om he li e a y naming cus oms o his con empo a ies and he eby himsel p o ides he i s clues o a li e a y his o y " om he name". Thus, in he ime o Jean Paul, Be end w i es, " he e was s ill much o he old cus om o ice, o designa e pe sons o place names only wi h indi idual le e s, usually he ini ial le e s, o wi h as e isks, e.g. in Gelle 's His o y o he Swedish Coun ess o G". (823). O he s, o example: Goe he, ins ead o he name, o en indica ed only a p o ession o amily s a us: […] he a chi ec , he cap ain; he mo he , he Oheim (823). On he o he hand, Jean Paul disliked anonymi y, e en in eal li e: "I I know o an unknown being", Be end quo es he poe , "only he name, i is mo e indi idual o me and close o my hea han wi hou i ". (824). Wi h his, Be end admi s o he poe a name- heo e ical insigh , which seems o be slowly gaining g ound, namely ha i is no he iden i ica ion unc ion ha is he main unc ion o he p ope name, bu he indi idualiza ion unc ion (see Windbe ge -Heidenkumme 2011: 20, oo no e 1). The cus om o he ime, o gi e names as un ema kable as possible, bu poe ic as possible, such as […]Waldheim, S e nheim, Hohen hal[…], was also a oided by Jean Paul (825). He also ha dly pa icipa ed in he con empo a y I is ashionable o call no el cha ac e s by hei occupa ional su names, such as a shoemake Pech o P iem o a me chan Peppe (826) […] ac ually jus a kind o anonymi y. In gene al, Jean Paul had an a e sion o names ha di ec ly "speak": "I I we e a a he o a child o a bene ac o , I would ha e pu hese names away long ago", Be end quo es om Jean Paul's au obiog aphical no es, he so-called. The book o li e (826). Be end sees Jean Paul he e as an inno a o o li e a y naming, bu is S aipsniai A icles 225 and 225 Edua d Be end und die An änge de deu schen li e a ischen Onomas ik he 19 h o him. The li e a u e o ealism - no jus he Ge man one - is ull o i . In his espec , Jean Paul was a ahead o his cen u y; I 's only he 20 h. The 20 h cen u y began o ejec he name-calling. As an example, he w i e Hans Bende is quo ed as saying in a le e o a ques ion in 1991: "I like how he has o imagine he cha ac e s: alka i e, a -belly, ain, shabby, e c". (Debus 2002: 130) This a icle is nich die male ischen, i onischen, komischen Namen. [...] Sie geben dem Lese pa o a se ies on he Bible. The p ophe ic wo ds spoken by Ludwig Bö ne in his eulogy o John Paul II also apply o John Paul's name. Bu he s ands pa ien ly a he ga e o he wen ie h cen u y and wai s smiling un il his c eeping people ollow him. 4. The Sou ces o he Names o John Paul Bu how did Jean Paul ind his nume ous names? Be end is bes able o gi e in o ma ion abou his, bu he is amilia wi h he wo k ma e ials le by he poe . Thus, he epo s on a "collec ion" o Jean Pauls, p obably begun as ea ly as 1789, which con ains a " e y ex ensi e lis o places and pe sonal names" (828). F om his collec ion o […]an es ima ed 2,000 place names and pe sonal names[…] (832) i appea s ha Jean Paul […]has used e e y oppo uni y o inc ease his collec ion o names[…] (833). Fi s o all, he mus ha e no ed down he many names o his Uppe F anconia homeland: "You only need o walk once in he s ee s o Ho o Bay eu h, and e e y momen you will see a amilia name om Jean Paul's wo ks on a shop sign on he doo ". (833) And his " a el s o ies" can be accu a ely aced on he map (Kohlheim V. 2015). Bu hen, acco ding o Be end, he ex ac ed calenda s, F ench and English dic iona ies and g amma s. He ook Old Ge man names such as Theoda om he book On Ge man Names and Su names by Tilemann Do hias Wia da, published in 1800, and exce p ed place names om he common geog aphical handbooks o his ime. Fo his pu pose, he had collec ed collec ions o oponymic mo phemes, such as […]Obe -, Un e -, Mi el-, Al -, F ei-, Ki ch-, -be g, - hal, - ode, -ho en, - ingen, -weile , -hagen, -s e en[…] (835). He has also occasionally mo ed places wi h eal place names o o he Zei (833 .). F ei e unden ha Jean Paul seine eilweise doch ech au allenden Namen nu seh sel en (834), wohl abe ha e o ge undene Toponyme leich a eas. VOLKER KOHLHEIM 226 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV so in he no el Siebenkäs (1796) he Saxon cow's hoo o Swabia (See also Kohlheim V. 2019: 179 […] 181). Be end poin s o ano he , pe haps unique peculia i y in Jean Paul's collec ions o names, namely he di ision in o "good" and "bad" o "bad" names, bo h in he place names and in he pe sonal names. As Be end has ecognized, his is no only a sepa a ion o mo ally good and bad cha ac e s, bu also a social sepa a ion o high and low, wi h which, in he adi ional sense, se iousness and comedy co espond (830). "I is signi ican ", w i es Be end, " ha among he "good" names he o eign ones p edomina e s ongly", e.g. "Machy, Selis, Lo gna, Düchau ou , Ancillon, Alme ia, le Bau , Da ila [...]" (830). Bad names, on he o he hand, a e: S eiche , Meusele , As mann, S echmann, Bans pach, Beez, F anzen, Fokeln [...] […] (831). The deepe eason o Jean Paul's di e si y o names is seen by Be end in he poe 's iew o humo : Jean Paul, acco ding o Be end, "had [...] ecognized [...] ha humo , because i is based on he con as o he senso y wo ld wi h he idea, mus indi idualize e e y hing o he smalles ex en possible". (828). Th ough his a o "humo ous indi idualiza ion o all pe sons and s a es", Jean Paul, acco ding o Be end, p epa ed he la e ealism o he 19 h cen u y. cen u y and pa ially an icipa es i (828). The inal analysis by Jean Pauls Names and add esses An exempla y ine analysis o Jean Paul's li e a y naming ollows in Be end's ea ise. Thus, he examines he numbe o syllables in p ope names and inds ha in Jean Paul insigni ican pe sons o places ecei e one-syllable names ([…]Kob, Kolb, Lind, Kne , Le ch, S a k, Fisch [...][…]), while he names o impo an objec s a e mul i-syllable (837). He has p obably ecognised a gene ally alid ac . Be end himsel men ions Fon ane, who ac ed simila ly (836 .); The ac ha e en in he English-speaking wo ld, a highe numbe o syllables co ela es wi h a highe social s a us is indica ed, o example, by M . Chuck's exp ession in F ede ick Ma ya 's no el Pe e Simple o he h ee syllables (ci . acco ding o (1834): „When I was in good socie y, I [...] seldom bowed, Si , o any hing un- Hengs , Sobanski 2000: 81). Be end also add esses he consonan ism o Jean Paul's p ope name and no es ha many names end in [s], which, in conjunc ion wi h a p eceding consonan , "has a s ong sound-pain ing powe and usually a mo e o less comic e ec " (838). As examples, Be end ci es […]Kuhpanz, S aipsniai A icles 227 and 227 Edua d Be end und die An änge de deu schen li e a ischen Onomas ik Reno anz, Veldenz [...] […] (839), also known as Reno anz. Jean Paul likes o a ach he diminu i e endings -lein o he Sou h Ge man abb e ia ions -le and -el o his names, which gi es his igu es a cozy, ha mless, unhe oic ouch. The e o e, almos all he "he oes" o Jean Paul's Idylls and Humo esques belong o his g oup: Fixlein, K önlein, Schmelzle, Fälbel, F eudel, Fibel, Vie neissel[…] (839). Pa icula ly impo an is he phonemic seman ics o he owels. Unpleasan people o en ha e a long "ö" in he onic, e.g. Oe el, Oeh mann [...] […] (842) This is he i s ime I' e seen his. Long A and E a e also nega i ely occupied: […]Blaise, Flä z, [...] Egelk au […] lichen (842). Wenn Be end wei e hin es s ell , dass „langes I einen en schieden eund- cha ac e […] bea s, long A and O on he o he hand […]noble, exal ed igu es, e.g. Albano, Cesa a, Liane, Bea a [...] (842), he is in pe ec ha mony wi h he la es esea ch on phonemic seman ics, which s a es ha he owel [i] is almos uni e sally associa ed wi h he idea o he small, bu wi h he owels [o] and [u] wi h ha o he la ge (Elsen 2015: 29). Be end also diagnoses socio-onomas ic ai s in Jean Paul's naming, when he s a es: "Pe sons o he uppe classes ha e [...] o en o eign names, e en i hey a e no o he wise cha ac e ized as o eigne s". F ench names, on he o he hand, end o ha e "se ious o i olous cha ac e s" (842). I had al eady been poin ed ou ha Jean Paul ejec ed alka i e, i.e. seman ically anspa en names. Howe e , Be end no es ha he could no comple ely exclude hem due o hei widesp ead use, bu a ely used hem in such a way ha hey clea ly indica ed he cha ac e o s a us o he bea e . Thus, such a connec ion can be shown by […] he school councillo S ie el, [...] he Schul heissen Ha nisch, he ea ly p eache Flachs[…] and o he s […]no a all o only e y a i icially[…] (846). Finally, Be end d aws a en ion o an onomas ic ea u e o Jean Paul, which he w i e s o ealism we e happy o ake up again: he con adic o y name i sel . Be end he e men ions A ila Schmelzle A ila Schmelzle om he s o y o he ield p eache Schmelzle's jou ney o Flä z (1809) is p esen ed as an almos pa hological case o anxie y; This is indica ed by his amily name, which e okes he idea o he mel ing, so . Howe e , he himsel seems ex emely cou ageous and und Amandus Ka zenbe ge (848). De Kon as lieg hie in den un e schiedlich konno ie en Teilen des Gesam namens, dem Vo - und dem Familiennamen. sees himsel ep esen ed co ec ly by his i s name A ila, which as a pe soni ying name e e s o he Hunnic a my leade , he […]Geißel Go es[…] (see Kohlheim V. 2019: 67[…]71). E en in he case o he cu ious physician Amandus Ka zenbe ge om he s o y D . Ka zenbe ge 's Ba hing T ip (1809), he amily name s ands o his being, which seems ex emely sc a chy and epulsi e o his ellow ci izens. VOLKER KOHLHEIM Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 228 LXXXIV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania. Bu his i s name Amandus, a ge undi um, deno es one who, as E. T. A. Ho mann (1995: 952) ap ly o mula es, "should and mus lo e". Whe he he can, emains o be seen, bu his i s name e okes a sub ex , which may also ha e con ibu ed o seducing " he in e p e e s o he mos opposi e in e p e a ions" (Ueding 1993: 174). Fo such names, Pe e Deme z (1964: 197201) had in oduced he e m "an i he ical name" and named Theodo Fon anes Alonzo Gieshüble (E i B ies , 1895) and D . Niels W schowi z (De S echlin, 1898) as examples o his (see Kohlheim R. 2019: 178). Gun e P esch, on he o he hand, e e ed o such names, in o which "con adic ions can immig a e" (P esch 2002: 100), so ha hey "mean his and he opposi e", as "b oken names" (ibid., 5) and de o ed an en i e monog aph o hem. His li e a y example was Thomas Mann's Tonio K öge - also an an i he ical name in he wake o Jean Paul. Be end concludes his a icle wi h an o e all app ecia ion o Jean Paul's naming. E en his con empo a ies, he epo s, had no iced he poe 's unusual names. They didn' always ge hei applause. Cha lo e o Kalb admi ed Jean Paul, ye she judged: "As much as I am de o ed o he demigod Jean Paul, I am e y dissa is ied wi h his choice o name". Be end admi s o he c i ics ha Jean Paul's choice o name is pa ly e y "sough a e " (850), bu he poin s ou ha Jean Paul did no wan o w i e ealis ic no els, bu , "wi h all ealism in de ail, only wan ed o build a oman ic an asy wo ld" (850). In ac , Be end igh ly says, "ou spoken ealis s [...] ha e some imes allowed hemsel es a mo e, e.g. [...] Fon ane wi h Sahnepo , Thomas Mann wi h Klö e jahn, Lobgo Piepsam; Sesemi Weichb od , especially Raabe wi h names such as Schlo e beck, Ulebeule [...], Knacks e e c. (850). And i Be end's pionee ing essay wi h he wo ds begged ye all his di ec o indi ec pupils ha e been […] (850), so one becomes abou he ela ionship o Be end and he li e a y name esea che s om he middle o he 20 h cen u y. I would like o ask he P esiden -in-O ice o he Council whe he he is p epa ed o accep he amendmen s abled by he Commi ee on he schließ : „Die g ossen Meis e de E zählungskuns im 19. Jah hunde [...] sind En i onmen , Public Heal h and Consume P o ec ion. 6. Summa y by BERENDS The o egoing should indica e ha he essay published in 1942 by Edua d Be end, he edi o o he wo ks o Jean Paul, wi h he