Terminai ir nebe terminai populiariojoje žiniasklaidoje

ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language ORCID id: orcid.org/0000-0001-5508-1555 Research areas: terminology, terminography. DOI: doi.org/10.35321/all84-05 TERMS AND NO LONGER TERMS IN THE POPULAR MEDIA Terms and Non-terms in Popular Media ABSTRACT The article discusses the use of terms in the popular online media. The study sought to determine in what meaning—specialized (terminological) or determinologized—linguistic units functioning as terms in medicine are used in the online media, and to identify other semantic changes in those terms. The object of the study is the term allergy and compound terms formed with it, while the main source is the DELFI.lt corpus. The article reveals the dynamics of terminology. KEYWORDS: term, determinologization, semantics, variation, corpus. ANNOTATION The article discusses the usage of terms in popular online media. The aim of the research was to determine in which meaning – special (terminological) or determinologized – the language units functioning as terms in medicine are used in online media and to identify other semantic changes of those terms. The object of the research is the term alergija ‘allergy’ and the complex terms formed with it, whereas the major source is the DELFI.lt corpus. The article reveals the dynamics of terms. KEYWORDS: term, determinologization, semantics, variation, corpus. 98 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Terminai ir nebe terminai populiariojoje žiniasklaidoje INTRODUCTION Terms not only form the foundation of scientific and professional discourse but also enrich the general vocabulary. Probably no one would dare dispute that “a certain part of terms enters everywhere language is used, into all varieties of language in use” (Keinys 2005: 226). Illustrative examples need not be sought for long—since the COVID-19 pandemic began, terms from epidemiology and other medical fields, statistics, and so forth have reached the general public every day. Exceptional events and situations are regarded as one of the extralinguistic causes of determinologization in the broad sense. This is also an incentive for terminologists to turn their attention to the relationship between terminology and nonspecialized language, the place and status of terms in the lexical system, and determinologization¹. In Lithuanian terminology, these issues have received little attention—Kazimieras Gaivenis (2014 [1997]: 242) briefly described determinologization, Kazimieras Župerka (2000) studied the use of linguistics terms in journalistic writing, Jurgita Mikelionienė and Aušra Berkmanienė (2018) analyzed the determinologization of the term apparatus, and Asta Mitkevičienė (2020) examined the usage patterns of two-word terms in the online media. The selection and presentation of words functioning as terms and of fixed word combinations are relevant to lexicography (Žilinskienė 1997, 2000; Naktinienė 2002 and elsewhere). In general-language dictionaries, such as DŽ, according to K. Gaivenis, “definitions of terminological meanings are not provided at all; instead, explanations of the lexical meanings of words used in terminology are included, and their fields of use are indicated” (Gaivenis 2002: 14). Thus, the terminologist substantiates the idea that DŽ includes words performing the functions of terms, rather than the terms themselves. This position is also adopted in the present study. Interestingly, from another perspective—that of lexicography rather than terminology—it is claimed that, for example, botanical words are traditionally defined as terms in explanatory dictionaries (Gaidienė, Liutkevičienė 2020: 94)². This article discusses the use of terms in the popular online media. Its aim is to determine in what meaning—specialized or determinologized—the linguistic units functioning as terms in medicine are used there, and to identify other semantic changes in those terms. Theoretical premises. It is well known that the media help popularize certain terms. Another matter is that terms are not necessarily used there with the same ¹ For example, at this year’s international VAKKI symposium, Slovenian terminologist Mojca Žagar Karer gave a presentation on determinologization and the COVID-19 pandemic. ² “Traditional definitions are generally used in explanatory dictionaries of the Lithuanian language; that is, elements of scientific categorization (scientific nomenclature) are relied on when defining a word’s meaning” (Gaidienė, Liutkevičienė 2017: 7; see also the literature cited there). Straipsniai / Articles 99 ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ specialized meaning, like that of specialists in the relevant field (for now, stylistic and figurative usage is left aside). The question arises: if the meaning changes, can we still regard these linguistic units as terms? There is no single answer to this complex question; it depends on the theoretical view of the relationship between word and term—words and terms remain a fundamental and debatable dichotomy in terminology, occupying a central place in theoretical discussions and disputes (Myking 2007: 84). This article adopts a functional-communicative approach to terms. Although the principal and natural environment of terms is the professional discourse of specialists (which, incidentally, is far from homogeneous), the idea is followed that “a term does not become a word beyond an imagined wall” (Gambier 1991, cited from Delavigne 2017: 43). The terminology literature indicates that terms change in nonscientific discourse: their field of use expands; their precision, definiteness, and univocity decrease or are lost; their meaning broadens; the systemic relations of terms, their extension and intension change; and new collocations, associations, connotations, individual meanings, and finally a systemic figurative meaning emerge (Meyer 2000; Meyer et al. 2000; Суперанская et al. 2003; Žagar 2005; Halskov 2005; Dury 2008; Шмелева 2010; Багиян 2014; Renouf 2017; Nová 2018 and elsewhere). Ingrid Meyer and Kristen Mackintosh (2000) identify not only semantic and pragmatic changes but also grammatical changes when terms begin to be used by nonspecialists. What may happen to a term outside scientific discourse has been mentioned here, but certainly not all changes necessarily occur; for example, a systemic figurative meaning emerges rarely and only when, as K. Gaivenis states, terms are widespread and well known to nonspecialists (Gaivenis 2014 [1997]: 242). K. Župerka, who studied the use of linguistics terms, empirically substantiated the assumption that terms are used in Lithuanian journalistic writing in various ways: “[b]oth with a precise terminological meaning and as ordinary words or means of making language expressive” (Župerka 2000: 181). He distinguished two functional-semantic groups of terms in journalistic writing—those performing the function of a term (used not only with a precise terminological meaning but also with an approximate or imprecise meaning) and determinologized terms (used with a systemic or individual figurative meaning) (ibid.: 177). It should be noted that metaphors are often created on the basis of terms in the journalistic style (Bitinienė 2007: 37). As noted previously (Mitkevičienė 2020), determinologization is understood differently in terminology—in a broader and a narrower sense. According to Viktoras Tatarinov’s summary, determinologization is analyzed in three ways: 1) as a term entering the general language with its true meaning, 2) as the metaphorization of a term, 3) as the “accretion” of general-language semantics onto a terminological meaning (Татаринов 2006: 47). Determinologization may also be understood as a process in which terms travel 100 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Terminali ir nebe terminai populiariojoje žiniasklaidoje from specialized language into everyday language, and as the result of that process—the use of terms in a nonspecialized context (see Humbert-Droz et al. 2019 and the literature cited there). Despite differences in the concept of determinologization itself, terminology most commonly distinguishes two types of semantic change in terms used in nonspecialized language: 1) the essence of the terminological meaning is retained, and the same concept as in the relevant field is named, but that concept is understood more superficially than by a specialist in the field; connotations are possible; 2) the same concept is no longer named, the word is used with another (figurative) meaning, or it becomes part of idioms. The first type is also called despecialization, simplification, partial determinologization, and so forth; the second is called determinologization (then the term is used in the narrow sense, sensu stricto, as in Župerka 2000). For clarity and precision, and continuing the line of K. Gaivenis’s and K. Župerka’s work, in this article the term determinologization will henceforth be used only in the narrow sense. Object of the study, sources, and methods. Medicine is regarded as one of the fields (along with computing, economics, ecology, sports, and others) whose terms are most often taken up by society. The object of this article is the term allergy, which entered general usage long ago, and compound terms containing it. This term is well known also to specialists outside medicine. This can be asserted simply from the fact that it is used in a figurative meaning as well. On the other hand, this word entered Lithuanian as a term, so there is no doubt about its terminological nature and direction of use (specialized use → general use). This is important because terms formed through terminologization may be understood somewhat differently by nonspecialists than “inherent” terms. The publicly accessible DELFI.lt corpus was selected for the study; its size is 70 million words. It consists of texts published on the website of the same name in 2014–2016. The texts are assigned to 12 sections of various subject matter, professional and entertainment-oriented: DELFI Veidai, Projektai, DELFI Mokslas, DELFI Auto, Sportas, DELFI Gyvenimas, DELFI Žmonės, DELFI Pilietis, Verslas, DELFI FIT, DELFI Žinios, and the Unidentified category (for more on the corpus, see LKKŽ 2019: 14–15). This corpus proved convenient for the study because, first, it reflects language from only a few years ago, and second, it consists of texts published on a popular news portal whose target audience is broad. Allergy was recorded 1,047 times in this corpus (identical concordance lines were excluded). To compare the results in the media and professional literature, allergy was also searched for in other corpora—the Lithuanian Academic Language Corpus CoraLIT (9 million words, texts from 1999–2009) and the nonfiction section of the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (DLKT) (21 million words, Straipsniai / Articles 101 ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ 1992–2011). The internet corpus Sketch Engine³ accessible to users, Lithuanian Web 2014 (ltTenTen14), was also used; it was compiled from web texts using SpiderLing crawling in April 2014. The size of the latter corpus is over 778 million words (see below). The research methods are analytical, comparative, and descriptive. Traditional corpus-analysis methods are applied: the concordance of allergij*, informative contexts (English knowledge-rich contexts), and collocations are analyzed. The DELFI.lt corpus data are compared with data from allergy literature and structured terminological resources (see below). LEKSIKOGRAFINIAI IR TERMINOLOGINIAI DUOMENYS The German term corresponding to Lithuanian allergy was formed in 1906 from the Greek words allos ‘other’ and ergon⁴ ‘reaction’ by the pediatrician Clemens von Pirquet (Dubakienė 2019: 16). The word allergy was already included in the 1936 dictionary of international words (“an altered organismic reaction to a repeated injection or infection”). This international word did not enter the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, but it can be found in the dictionary’s card file—in the main file and supplements, and only with its medical and veterinary meaning (see http://1kiis.lki.lt/). Table 1 shows the explanation of the word allergy in three Lithuanian-language dictionaries. There are two essential differences: TŽŽ 2013 and BŽ also provide a figurative meaning, while TŽŽ 2013 indicates two medical meanings that are related to each other. The same two specialized meanings are recorded in earlier dictionaries of international words, beginning in 1986, while from 2001 a third—figurative—meaning also appears. Allergy was first included in DŽ in 1993 (in the third edition). In the Explanatory Dictionary of Immunology and Allergology Terms (2012), allergy is defined as “an altered immune response of the organism to an allergen, manifested by the production of specific antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes”; in a clinical allergology textbook published slightly earlier—as “a hypersensitivity reaction caused by immune mechanisms” (Dubakienė 2011: 11); while in the book intended for the general public, Allergy: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, the concept of allergy is explained more simply, taking into account the addressees’ (nonspecialists’) level of medical knowledge—“an altered, distorted reaction of the organism’s immune system to ordinary substances present in the environment ³ Online access: https://www.sketchengine.eu/. ⁴ ergeia TŽŽ 2013. 102 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Terms and no longer terms in the popular media substances” (Dubakienė 20019: 19). Comparing the latter definition with the explanation of the word (not term) in Lithuanian-language dictionaries (see Table 1), it is apparent that in the latter the word is explained more abstractly—the features of the medical concept, such as reaction and immune system, are not expressed. It may be hypothesized that precisely these features—especially the latter—should be significant in determining whether allergy is used in the media with its precise terminological meaning. TABLE 1. Explanation of Allergy in explanatory dictionaries of the Lithuanian language DŽ TŽŽ 2013 BŽ med. increased sensitivity to irritating substances. 1) a condition of altered (increased, decreased, or absent) sensitivity of the organism to an allergen, 2) increased sensitivity of the organism to an allergen, 3) [figurative] intolerance, hostile attitude. 1) a condition of the organism in which sensitivity to certain substances (allergens) is increased, 2) intolerance, irritability, hostility. DETERMINOLOGIZATION In approximately 3% of cases in the DELFI.lt corpus, the word allergy is used metaphorically—completely determinologized. Most (79%) of the concordance lines containing this usage come from the News section, for example: This testifies to a large part of society’s allergy to the Homeland Union–Lithuanian Christian Democrats. [News] Indeed, the words “constant presence” still seem to cause an allergy in some NATO leaders, which is why synonyms are being sought for it, such as “long-term.” [News] According to grammatical structure, combinations with the determinologized word allergy do not differ from compound terms in which allergy is named according to the allergen (see below), cf.: allergy to holidays, allergy to the Soviet era and allergy to pollen, allergy to nuts, and so forth. The determinologized word allergy is used with the same verbs as the corresponding term, e.g.: (to) cause an allergy, feel an allergy, an allergy develops, an allergy arises, and so forth. Based on the analysis of the concordance obtained, it might seem possible to claim that only the one-word term allergy is determinologized, but not compound terms containing it. On the other hand, such a corpus combination as allergy to cats, without context Straipsniai / Articles 103 ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ may be understood in different ways—as the name of one type of allergy and as a metaphorical expression. However, it is more likely that in the latter case determinologization would be characteristic only of the principal component of the combination, allergy, rather than of the entire word combination. In the combination allergy to blood found in the corpus, both words are used figuratively; the combination itself is not determinologized—such a term does not exist. The usage data for allergy can also be compared in the internet corpus Lithuanian Web 2014 (ltTenTen14), where there are more than 18,000 instances of this lemma, allergy. Sketch Engine allows the word’s concordance in this corpus to be analyzed by website. As Figure 1 shows, most instances of allergy were found on specialized health-related websites. This result was expected. However, as can be seen, lrytas.lt and delfi.lt also appeared among the top ten. It is likely that allergy is used there in a determinologized meaning as well. This was confirmed by examining random concordance lines⁵. As Figure 1 shows, allergy occurred most often on the educational website SVEIKASŽMOGUS.lt. Restricting the corpus search to data from this website alone and examining each of the 1,307 concordance lines, it was established that allergy is used on this health-related website only in its direct—specialized—meaning. Thus, when writing about medicine or health, there is little tendency to use the medical term in a figurative meaning. FIGURE 1. Frequency of Allergij* in the Lithuanian Web 2014 (ltTenTen14) corpus by website It is also useful to look at how allergy is used in scholarly language. In the Lithuanian Academic Language Corpus CorALit, the frequency of the lemma allergy is only 16, and all instances of use ⁵ Incidentally, it should be noted that the word analyzed may also be a proper name, for example, the humor group “Alergija,” so the statistical data should be assessed somewhat cautiously. Nevertheless, it may be thought that they should not significantly change the overall picture, since in total, including sentence beginnings, allergy occurred with an initial capital more than 1,500 times (out of more than 18,000). 104 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Terminai ir nebe terminai populiariojoje žiniasklaidoje instances are from biomedical texts. In all concordance lines it is used as a medical term, most often as a one-word term, less often as a component of compound terms (e.g., allergy to cow’s milk). In the nonfiction section of DLKT, 105 instances of the lemma allergy were found (35 sources covering the period 1994–2008). Examination of every concordance line established that in 7 of them (i.e., approximately 6.7%), the word allergy is used figuratively (completely determinologized), e.g., allergy to otherness, and so forth. The titles of the sources of the determinologized usage show that they belong not to medicine and health sciences but to the social sciences and humanities. Apart from those 7 clearly determinologized instances, in 4 more concordance lines it was impossible to determine the word’s meaning precisely (even after maximally extending them), and those problematic instances come from texts on social topics. OTHER SEMANTIC CHANGES First of all, it must be emphasized that the DELFI.lt corpus is not homogeneous—the texts included in it may recount or quote the speech of an allergology specialist, present information from scientific or popular-scientific texts, press releases from health institutions, and so on, but it is not always possible to determine this precisely from concordance lines. It is also usually difficult to distinguish where the speech of a health-sector specialist (a physician, pharmacist, etc.) is being paraphrased and where such speech is being quoted; likewise, it is often unclear from quoted speech who the interlocutor is—an allergologist or a dentist, a medical professional or a representative of the beauty industry, and so on; where the journalist’s interpretations are; and what audience the text is intended for, e.g.: According to it, food-service establishments are required to indicate substances in food dishes that cause allergy or food intolerance, but because of the manner in which the information is presented [...]. [Life] For this reason, this study does not divide concordance lines on the basis of the traditional terminological opposition—specialists’ language vs. nonspecialists’ language; the material under study is analyzed as part of popular-media discourse, with attention directed toward the addressee—what meaning the term allergy reaches the nonspecialist audience with. Informative contexts help establish a term’s meaning. The concept of allergy is explained in the media, and it is explained in different ways. There are both professional explanations close to scientific definitions (a) and more vivid, playful ones employing analogies (b): Straipsniai / Articles 105 ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ (a) Allergy is a disturbed immune response, an inadequate response to certain antigens that [...]. [Science] Allergy is caused by a distorted human immune response to foreign substances—allergens. [Life] (b) Simply put, allergy is our immune system going haywire [...]. [Science] Allergy is also a kind of poisoning, because in this way the organism’s rejection reaction manifests itself [...]. [Unspecified] The contexts in the first group (a) show that allergy is explained much as it is in the popular-science book about allergy (see above); they also convey more features of the concept (expressed by the words response, immune, immunity) than the explanation of that word in general dictionaries. In such contexts, allergy is used with a terminological meaning. On the other hand, an expressive explanation (b) does not yet mean that the term is used with a changed meaning—the first b example shows that the feature “immune system” is foregrounded in the explanation. Informative contexts also provide an approximate picture of the relations between terms. Although allergy is regarded by scientists not as a disease but as a condition (see Dubakienė 2019: 98), in the corpus under study allergy and disease are used both as co-hyponyms and as hyponym and hyperonym, cf.: It is said that certain diseases or allergies cannot be prevented—all of this is hereditary. [Life] “Dysbiosis can also occur with many other diseases—food allergy, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, diabetes, and other immune diseases,” the specialist explained. [Life] In allergology, according to the new nomenclature of allergic diseases adopted in 2001, increased sensitivity to food products is divided into food allergy and increased non-allergic sensitivity to food (Dubakienė 2011: 9); the latter corresponds to food intolerance in the 1995 nomenclature (see Rudzevičienė 2015: 7). In the corpus, the terms allergy and sensitivity or intolerance, which is no longer used, as well as compound terms formed with them, are most often associated as co-hyponyms. However, in several lines allergy is used as a term at a higher hierarchical level, e.g.: Sensitivity to dairy products is one of the most widespread types of allergy. [Life] 106 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Terminai ir nebe terminai populiariojoje žiniasklaidoje Also—in the case of food, especially gluten, intolerance. Signs that this allergy is overwhelming you include constant headaches, fatigue, digestive problems, excessive or insufficient weight. [Life] In the media, the closest context of allergy (limiting the analysis to the word-combination level) is not only neutral but also negative; in other words, a negative connotation is noticeable. For example, in the DELFI.lt corpus allergy is used with verbs such as ambushed, lurks, torments, afflicts; suffers (from), escape (from), get rid of; fight (against), with the noun struggle (with / against), and so forth, e.g.: Pollen allergy can strike in autumn as well. [Life] Those whom allergy torments should wash down the foods with sour-milk products while enjoying them: kefir, yogurt, sour milk [...]. [Life] In the fight against allergy, all measures are justified. [Life]⁶ Studies of conceptual metaphors show that, in writing about health topics in the media, there is a tendency to employ the metaphorical models ILLNESS IS A STRUGGLE and ILLNESS IS AN ENEMY (Kvašytė et al. 2013: 115)⁷; the use of allergy confirms this, although, as stated, allergy is not a disease. Negative evaluation is also expressed by isolated combinations such as terrible allergy, cursed allergy, the burden of allergy season, and so forth. COMPOUND (NON-)TERMS Combinations whose principal components are allergy merit separate discussion. Some of them are hyponymic terms, while others, as the examples from the previous subsection show, are not. In a large proportion of attributive combinations in the DELFI.lt corpus, allergy is named according to the allergens. Names of allergies according to allergens. In allergology, allergens—antigens that cause an allergic reaction—are divided by origin into two groups: infectious (see Figure 2) and noninfectious (Dubakienė 2011: 18). As can be stated from the material studied, the allergic reactions caused by noninfectious allergens have attracted the media’s attention. ⁶ This example may be seen as a linguistic play (cf. All measures are justified in war). ⁷ Conceptual metaphors are also widely used in online press reports about HIV / AIDS, whose purpose is to inform the public (Arcimavičienė 2005). Straipsniai / Articles 107 ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ FIG. 2. Classification of non-infectious allergens according to Rūta Dubakienė (2011: 19) Table 2 presents attributive combinations found in the DELFI.lt corpus with the head component allergy, by which allergy is named according to allergens or sources of allergens. The table does not list all combinations of this type that were found, but only those that could be considered terms, as well as their synonyms and variants. To determine whether a combination found is an allergology term, the medical classification and nomenclature system SNOMED CT (English Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine–Clinical Terms)⁸ was used. This system is described as “the world’s most comprehensive multilingual clinical healthcare terminology database” (Pagrindai 2019: 6). The main reason why this particular system was chosen is that in its Lithuanian section 8 In the TLK-10-AM systematic list of diseases used by healthcare institutions, the head component of only 13 diagnostic names is allergy (e.g.: unspecified allergy, personal history of allergy to drugs, medicaments and biological substances, personal history of allergy to penicillin, etc.). 108 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Terminali ir nebe terminai populiariojoje žiniasklaidoje “approximately 48 thousand concepts were translated,” and among them was the concept group “Allergy and sensitivity to medicines” (ibid.: 68, 69)⁹. Only the term allergy to a drug is included in the Explanatory Dictionary of Immunology and Allergology Terms (but cf. drug-induced allergy AIATŽ 65), but it is not considered a specific allergy term; cf. the definition: “[f]rom a medical point of view, an adverse immune-system reaction to a drug. Δ manifests itself similarly to an allergy: skin reactions, anaphylaxis, respiratory disorders, fever and allerg[y].” The term allergy to medicines is defined in a clinical allergology textbook: “[a]llergic reactions caused by medicines acting as allergens” (Dubakienė 2011: 290). According to the 2001 nomenclature of allergic diseases, hypersensitivity to medicines is divided into allergy to medicines and increased non-allergic sensitivity to medicines (see Dubakienė 2011: 8–9); therefore, the terms allergy to medicines and increased non-allergic sensitivity to medicines are considered co-hyponyms. In the SNOMED CT nomenclature, as can be seen from the examples, the expression of all terms relevant to this article follows the same model—with a noun in the dative attached (allergy + Ndat.), which sometimes has dependent components expressed by a noun in the genitive. In the DELFI.lt corpus, the expression of allergy names according to allergens is more varied, but combinations with a noun in the dative clearly predominate. This structural model also dominates in the SVEIKASŽMOGUS.lt corpus, whose data are presented in the second column of Table 2 to provide a broader picture. Clearly, variation also occurs in the SVEIKASŽMOGUS.lt corpus, although it is not as abundant. As the table shows, in the popular media, based on the DELFI.lt corpus, the greatest number of synonymous combinations name food allergy, pollen allergy and house-dust-mite allergy—the names of these three concepts predominate in it. In the allergology literature, the combinations allergy to food (Rudzевičienė 2015) and food allergy (Dubakienė 2011: 312; 2019: 185) are defined as terms, and synonymous usage has been observed in texts in this field themselves. The combination food allergy, which is typical of terms in its grammatical structure, was also recorded in the corpus under study, as was an attributive combination with a noun in the genitive (food allergy). Another synonym is allergy to food products (cf. allergy to dairy products in the corpus and SNOMED CT). In the DELFI.lt corpus, pollen allergy is named in a particularly varied way—not only by two-word combinations with a noun in the dative and genitive, but also by less terminological three-word combinations—with participles ([Ngen + Px] + allergy). The concept is not named by combinations expressing the latter form in SVEIKASŽMOGUS.lt. ⁹ As will be seen below, nevertheless, not all terms relevant to the topic of the article have Lithuanian equivalents. Straipsniai / Articles 109 ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ House-dust mites are named differently in various scholarly sources. This may have partly determined the variation of the term house-dust-mite allergy in the media. At a scholarly terminology seminar held in 2018, allergologist R. Dubakienė mentioned that questions concerning the naming of this concept remained (in her most recent works, she herself uses house-dust mites). Although “[b]esides house-dust mites, so-called storage mites also play an important role in allergology” (Dubakienė 2011: 45), in the media, insofar as can be claimed from the combinations analyzed in the DELFI.lt corpus, dust-mite allergy is used as a synonym for house-dust-mite allergy. It is difficult to decide on the relationship between house-dust allergy and house-dust-mite allergy—although SNOMED CT distinguishes these concepts, this does not mean that they are distinguished in the media. 2 TABLE. Allergy according to allergens DELFI.lt corpus ltTenTen14 corpus section (SVEIKASZMOGUS.lt) SNOMED CT food allergy 33¹⁰; food allergy 22; food allergy 3; allergy to food products 1 allergy to food 44; food allergy 25; food allergy 1; allergy to food products 4; allergy to food allergens 1; food-induced allergy 1 food allergy allergy to milk 2; allergy to dairy products 1 allergy to milk 3; allergy to dairy products 1 allergy to dairy products allergy to cow’s milk 2 allergy to cow’s milk 5; allergy to cow’s milk proteins 1 cf. [not translated] allergy to cow’s milk protein¹¹ allergy to seafood 1 – allergy to seafood allergy to fish 2; allergy to fish 1 allergy to fish 3; allergy to fish and fish products 1 allergy to fish ¹⁰ The number indicates frequency. Thicker lines separate groups of examples in the table based on the classification of allergens (Fig. 2). ¹¹ Cf. “Allergy to cow’s milk is a classic example of food allergy [...]. Apparently because the production of antibodies is induced by various cow’s-milk proteins and their combinations, allergy to cow’s milk manifests itself through both immediate- and delayed-type allergic reactions” (Dubakienė 2011: 321). 110 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Terminai ir nebe terminai populiariojoje žiniasklaidoje DELFI.lt corpus ItTenTen14 corpus section (SVEIKASZMOGUS.lt) SNOMED CT allergy to crustaceans 2 allergy to crustaceans 3 –¹² allergy to nuts 5 allergy to nuts 3 allergy to nuts allergy to eggs 3 allergy to eggs 3 allergy to an egg 1 allergy to eggs peanut allergy 1 peanut allergy 2 peanut allergy wheat allergy 1 – wheat allergy pollen allergy 9 pollen allergy 4 pollen-induced allergy 4 pollen-caused allergy 2 pollen-related allergy 1 pollen allergy 10 pollen allergy 2 pollen allergy house-dust-mite allergy 2 house-dust-mite allergy 2 house-dust-mite-induced allergy 1 house-mite allergy 1 dust-mite allergy 5 dust-mite allergy 2 dust-mite allergy 2 house-dust-mite allergy 3 house-dust-mite allergy 1 dust-mite allergy 2 house-dust-mite allergy house-dust allergy 1 house-dust allergy 1 house-dust allergy feather allergy 1 allergy to down and feathers 1 allergy to feathers and down 1 – feather allergy mold allergy – mold allergy ¹² SNOMED CT distinguishes allergy to seafood, and lower-level concepts—fish allergy and shellfish allergy. The latter concept includes allergy to oysters, allergy to lobsters, etc., that is, both mollusks and crustaceans. The Lithuanian equivalent of allergy to shellfish was most likely selected inaccurately (cf. IATE shellfish – aquatic invertebrates). Straipsniai / Articles 111 ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ DELFI.lt corpus ItTenTen14 corpus section (SVEIKASZMOGUS.lt) SNOMED CT insect allergy 1 insect allergy 1 insect-induced allergy 1 [not translated] allergy to insect allergen13 allergy to insect stings 1 allergy to insect bites 2 allergy to an insect bite 1 [not translated] allergy to insect venom14 bee allergy 1 allergy to bee bites 1 allergy to a bee sting 1 allergy to bee venom allergy to medicines 1 allergy to medicines 4 drug allergy 2 allergy to medication 1 allergy to medicines allergy to antibiotics 1 - [not translated] allergy to antibiotic allergy to chemicals 1 allergy to chemicals 2 - cf. allergy to a substance15 allergy to latex 1 allergy to latex 7 allergy to latex animal allergy 6 [cf. allergy to pets 4] animal allergy 1 allergy to an animal 1 cf. [not translated] allergy to animal protein; sin. animal allergy allergy to animal hair 1 [cf. allergy to cat hair 1, allergy to a cat’s hair 1] allergy to animal wool 1 animal-fur-induced allergy 1 allergy to animal hair cat allergy 5 allergy to a cat 1 - cf. allergy to cat skin particles, vaccine against cat allergy dog allergy 4 - cf. allergy to dog skin particles, vaccine against dog allergy 13 “Insect allergens are: those of stinging insects and insects belonging to the group of inhalant allergens” (Dubakienė 2011: 55). 14 Cf. allergy to insect stings ME 1, VPLŽ. 15 Cf. “allergy to chemicals remains for life” (Dubakienė 2019: 62). 112 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Terminai ir nebe terminai populiariojoje žiniasklaidoje Allergens cannot be physical factors (cold, ultraviolet rays, heat, humidity, etc.) (Dubakienė 2019: 29). In the DELFI.lt corpus, varying combinations were found whose dependent components are the words cold and sun, cf.: a) cold allergy, allergy to cold, pseudo-cold allergy; b) sun allergy, true sun allergy, allergy to the sun, allergy to sunlight, allergy to sunlight. The combination allergy to cold was also used in the non-fiction section of DLKT (one of the contraindications is named), and its source dates from 1998. When analyzing the material under study, the initial hypothesis was that cold allergy, sun allergy and their variants are not terms, but that allergy is used here in a non-terminological sense. The reasons were that the concept named by the term allergy was not precisely known, while related concepts were also named with the word allergy by analogy. Further research revealed that this is not accurate. The aforementioned ltTenTen14 corpus section also contains the combinations allergy to cold (20 occurrences) and cold allergy (13). As also shown by the Google search results, allergy to cold / cold allergy is used on medical or health-related websites, e.g., allergomedica.lt, vaistai.lt, l sveikata.lt, etc., as well as in interviews with medical professionals themselves. One can also compare the title of an article registered in the publication database of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and published in a popular science publication: “Urticaria and allergy to cold” (2007). In her allergology textbook, R. Dubakienė writes only about cold urticaria, whereas in her popular science book, when discussing cold urticaria, she uses the combination allergy to cold (Dubakienė 2019: 204). Based on the foregoing, a tentative conclusion can be drawn that allergy to cold / cold allergy is currently a term of popular-science and non-scientific discourse¹⁶. To support or refute this conclusion, using the capabilities of Sketch Engine, a small Allergy Corpus (117,000 words) was automatically compiled from texts on the websites allergomedica.lt and rutadubakiene.com. A search in this corpus shows that cold allergy and allergy to cold are used on both websites; cf. the informative contexts: Cold allergy is one of the non-immunological (pseudo)allergy forms. [allergomedica.lt] Cold allergy is a type of allergy that most often troubles patients in winter. [allergomedica.lt] Only by finding the cause can allergy to cold, manifested as urticaria, be cured. [rutadubakiene.com] ¹⁶ Cf. the statement “there is no such term as allergy to cold” from https:// naujienos.manodaktaras.lt/naujiena/ kodel-salcio-dilgelines-nereiketu-vadinti-alergija-salciui.216efa69-f1bf-11ea-a537-aa00003c90d0. Straipsniai / Articles 113 ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ Similarly with other compounds – saulės alergija / alergija saulei. The term allergy to sunlight has been included in the SNOMED CT ontology as a synonym of photosensitization caused by sun (without Lithuanian equivalents; the causative agent is referred to in Lithuanian as saulės šviesa). The aforementioned small Alergijos tekstyne also contains the compounds alergija saulei and saulės alergija. Metalinguistic comments show that alergija saulei is not an accurate name, cf.: Scientists are still investigating the mechanisms of sun allergy—or, more precisely, so-called photodermatoses. [allergomedica.lt] Sun allergy is a “false” allergy—a pseudoallergy, whose development does not require an allergen–antibody reaction. [rutadubakienė.com] A varying combination worth mentioning separately is allergy to gluten (2) / gluten allergy (2)¹⁷ from the DELFI.lt corpus—here allergy is probably either used with an inaccurate terminological meaning instead of hypersensitivity (hyper-sensitivity) (cf. sensitivity to gluten SNOMED CT), or the entire combination is terminologically inaccurate; cf. also: Celiac disease should not be confused with wheat allergy and gluten hypersensitivity. [Gyvenimas]¹⁸ A Google Scholar search shows that the term gluten allergy is used in LSMU master’s theses, but they belong to the field of veterinary medicine. The Allergy Corpus compiled for this study shows that gluten allergy was used several times on allergomedica.lt (as were non-celiac gluten sensitivity, gluten intolerance), including in a metalinguistic comment: Wheat allergy and gluten allergy are not necessarily synonyms, [...]. [allergomedica.lt] Other attributive combinations. In the DELFI.lt corpus, allergy is also used with attributes naming location (eye allergy, skin allergy), time or frequency (spring allergy / springtime allergy, seasonal allergy), the subject (children’s ¹⁷ Cf.: glutenas, glitimas VLEe; only glitimas LRTB; glutenas, glitimas BŽ. ¹⁸ As stated on the website of the American Association of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, gluten allergy (English gluten allergy) is a misleading term, often confused with wheat allergy (English wheat allergy), and sometimes with celiac disease (English celiac disease); gluten intolerance (English gluten intolerance) is not an allergy (https://acaai.org/allergies/types/food-allergies/types-food-allergy/wheat-gluten-allergy). 114 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Terminal ir nebe terminai populiariojoje žiniasklaidoje allergy), another characteristic (severe allergy, chronic allergy). Although the examples listed were also recorded in the SVEIKASŽMOGUS.lt corpus, without special knowledge it is difficult to determine precisely which of them really are terms and, if they are terms, whether they belong to scientific or popular-science discourse. As the example of the combination gluten allergy shows, even if the dependent component of a combination is a term, this does not mean that the combination is a compound term. This idea can be developed further—if the attribute of a term in a combination is a special-language lexical unit, e.g., an adjective, that combination is not necessarily a term, as in the combination atopic allergy recorded in the corpus under study (cf. atopy—“a congenital predisposition to allergic diseases” AIATŽ). From what has been said, it becomes clear that the special allergy meaning in the media is broader than the medical terminological meaning. This confirms the claim that when terms from special language enter the general language, their meaning is usually broadened and the concept becomes less defined (Becker 2016: 397). On the other hand, allergy also appears not always to have been used unambiguously in medicine. Thus, the 1991 Medical Encyclopedia (ME I) stated that allergy was also used to designate “increased sensitivity to any external factors (e.g., noise)” (ME I: 34)19. Accordingly, non-specialists may continue to use terms in an obsolete meaning, as studies by researchers from other countries show (see Nova 2018: 392). CONCLUSIONS The study of the use of the term allergy and compound terms formed with it in the popular media showed that their medical meaning is generally retained and they are used as terms. Cases of complete determinologization account for only 3 percent and are mainly from the news section. Data from the specialized health corpus also support the idea that when writing about medical or health issues, there is little tendency to use terms from this field in a figurative sense as well. Of course, more varied and substantially larger use of terms must be examined for more significant generalizations. The usage data for the terms analyzed can illustrate the terminological claim that the semantics of terms used in non-scientific discourse is altered. Some of these changes—a broader meaning, reduced definiteness of meaning, different systemic relations, negative connotation—are visible or inferable from informative contexts and collocations. Connotation directly depends on style and context, but there is no basis for claiming that the meanings of the terms studied 19 The development and polysemous use of the corresponding English term are discussed in Igea 2013. Straipsniai / Articles 115 ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ in scope and definiteness have changed specifically in the media or, more broadly, in non-scientific discourse, because scientific concepts and terminology themselves are dynamic. When attempting to determine which attributive combinations are terms and which are not, it became clear that compound terms vary considerably in the media; however, variation is also characteristic of the language of specialized health websites and is likewise noticeable in scientific discourse. Another point is that false terms (allergy to cold) are used not only in the media but also in other specialist texts intended for the general public. Thus, the study also highlighted the need for research into the use of terms in Lithuanian popular-science discourse. PRIMARY SOURCE DELFI.lt corpus. Available online: http://tekstynas.mwe.lt/. REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL SOURCES AIATŽ – Explanatory Dictionary of Immunology and Allergology Terms, eds. V. A. Tamošiūnas, R. 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Superanskaya Aleksandra, Podolskaya Nataliya, Vasilieva Nataliya 2003: General Terminology. Questions of Theory, ed. T. Kandelaki, Moscow: Editorial URSS. Tatarinov Viktor 2006: General Terminology: an encyclopedic dictionary, Moscow: Moscow Lyceum. Shmeleva Olga 2010: Changes in the essential properties of a term in the process of despecialization and determinologization. – Bulletin of MGOU 4, 46–52. Terms and Non-terms in Popular Media SUMMARY The article discusses the usage of Lithuanian terms in popular online media. The research sought to determine in which meaning – special (terminological) or determinologized – the language units functioning as terms in medicine are used in online media and to identify other semantic changes of those terms. The article showcases the dynamics of terms. The object of the research is the medical term alergija ‘allergy’ and the complex terms formed with it. The DELFI.lt corpus consisting of the texts published in the news portal of the same name in the period 2014–2016 was selected as the major source for the study. The traditional methods of corpus analysis were applied: analysis of alergi* concordance, knowledge-rich contexts, collocations. The data from the corpus were compared with the data from the texts of allergology and structured terminological resources (e.g. SNOMED CT, etc.). The study of the usage of the term alergija ‘allergy’ and the complex terms formed with it in the popular media revealed that the core of the medical meaning is usually retained in it and they are used as terms. The cases of full determinologization account for barely 3 per cent, and they mainly appear under the heading of News. The data from the specialized medical content corpus also support the idea that when writing on the topics of medicine or health, it is not a commonplace practice to also use the terms from that domain in the figurative meaning. Of course, to make more solid generalizations, the study should encompass a much higher number and diversity of terms. The data yielded from the analysis of the usage of the terms in question can illustrate the statement of terminology that the semantics of the terms used in a non-scientific discourse undergoes certain changes. A part of those changes – a broader meaning, the reduced 120 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Terminai ir nebe terminai populiariojoje žiniasklaidoje definiteness of meaning, different systemic relations, the negative connotation – are seen or implied by knowledge-rich contexts and collocations. Connotation directly depends on style and context, but there are no grounds to state that the changes in the scope and definiteness of the terms in question have taken place in the media specifically or, more generally, in the non-scientific discourse, because scientific concepts and terms themselves are dynamic. While attempting to determine which attributive phrases are terms and which are not, it turned out that complex terms vary greatly in the media, but variation is also observed in the language of a specialized health website; it is also found in scientific discourse. What is more, pseudo terms (e.g. alergija šalčiui ‘cold allergy’) are not only found in the media but also in other professional texts intended for the general public. Therefore, the research also pinpointed the need for the research focusing on the usage of terms in the Lithuanian science popularization discourse. Received on 21 April 2021. A S T A M I T K E V I Č I E N Ė Institute of the Lithuanian Language 5 Petro Vileišio Street, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected] Straipsniai / Articles 121