Ona Aleknavičienė & Grasilda Blažienė. Povilo Frydricho Ruigio gramatika „Anfangsgründe einer Littauischen Grammatick“, 1747. Faksimilė, kritinis leidimas, vertimas. Ona Aleknavičienė & Grasilda Blažienė. Povilas Frydrichas Ruigys. Monografija, gramatikos

Recenzijos / Re iews 331 DANIEL PETIT École No male Supé ieu e, Pa is ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-8432-5600 Fields o esea ch: Bal ic s udies, Indo-Eu opean s udies. DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all85-16 La Commission es in i ée à p ésen e une p oposi ion de décision conce nan la mise en place d'un sys ème de su eillance de la pêche en me . Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė POVILO FRYDRICHO Il es RUIGIO GRAMATIQUE il es possible d'ob eni des ésul a s dans ce domaine. ANFANGSGRÜNDE EINER LITTAUISCHEN GRAMMATICK, 1747. FAKSIMIL, CRITINIS LEIDIMAS, VERTIMAS. Vilnius: Li uiniens langue ins i u , 2020, 564 p. ISBN 978-609- 411-264-5 Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė POVILAS FRYDRICHAS RUIGYS. MONOGRAPHIE, GRAMATIKOS INDEKSAI. Vilnius: Li u iens langue ins i u , 2020, 414 p. ISBN 978-609- 411-265-2 The Li huanian g amma ical adi ion goes back o he se en een h cen u y cen u y, o e a cen u y a e he i s documen s w i en in he Li huanian language. The i s g amma by Daniel Klein (1653) was ollowed by an unb oken chain o g amma ical wo ks un il he nine een h cen u y. Among hese ea ly g amma s o Li huanian, he An angsg ünde eine Li auischen G amma ick by Paul F ied ich Ruhig (1747) occupen a special posi ion. Fo he majo i y o us, he name ‘Ruhig e okes Philipp Ruhig (16751749), who au ho ed a pa h-b eaking DANIEL PETIT 332 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV ea ise on he Li huanian language (Be ach ung de Li auischen Sp ache, in ih em U sp unge, Wesen und Eigenscha en, 1745) and a dic iona y (Li auischDeu sches und Deu sch-Li auisches Lexicon, 1747). His son, Paul F ied ich Ruhig (ca 1721-1722-a e 1784), is no as well known, bu his name emains associa ed wi h he An angsg ünde (1747), a g amma o Li huanian published in Königsbe g oge he wi h his a he s dic iona y. Acco ding o Zinke ičius (1990: 260), Paul F ied ich Ruhigs g amma is based on no es aken by his a he , wi h a s ong in luence o p e ious wo ks such as Klein (1653), Sappuhn & Schul z (1673) and Hack (1730). The p esen wo k, published join ly by Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė, is a c i ical edi ion o he An angsg ünde accompanied by a monog aphy on i s au ho and on he cul u al con ex in which i was published. acsimile The edi o s a e o be hanked o making a ailable o he schola ly communi y his impo an miles one in he his o y o he Li huanian language. The p esen book consis s o wo olumes. The i s olume con ains a edi ion o he o iginal ex (I 51226), a c i ical edi ion o he Ge man ex on he le accompanied by a Li huanian ansla ion on he igh (I 227553) and inally a egis e o no ions, pe sons and places (I 555563). The second olume con ains a biog aphy o Paul F ied ich Ruhig by G asilda Blažienė (II 17121), an o e all p esen a ion o his g amma by Ona Alekna ičienė (II271) and a conclusion on he alue o his g amma in he his o y o Li huanian philology co-w i en by bo h au ho s (II 273276), ollowed by Ge man summa y (II 277277), a comple e wo d conco dance (II 289123379), a bibliog aphy (II 380402) and an index o pe sonal names (II 403413). I is ex emely use ul, and e en down igh essen ial, o ha e he e a acsimile o he An angsg ünde (I 51226): his opens a di ec access o he ex and sheds ligh on i s ma e ial p esen a ion. In he o ewo d o he g amma , Paul F ied ich Ruhig éc i que he edac ion o his ex was ini ia ed by his a he , who had o ace some obs acles and he e o e asked his son o eplace him. The g amma i sel is bo h adi ional and inno a i e. In many aspec s, i e lec s a long-s anding adi ion o g amma ical desc ip ion, beginning wi h ‘le e s (Buchs aben), i.e. o hog aphy and phone ics, hen mo ing o wo d o ma ion and declension (nouns, adjec i es, p onouns, e bs) and ending wi h a ew obse a ions on syn ax. The g amma has exac ly he same s uc u e as Sappuhn & Schul z (1673) and Hack (1730), bu is conside ably mo e de eloped han Klein (1653), who has no sec ion on syn ax, and he Uni e si as Lingua um Li uaniae (1737), whose sec ion on syn ax is p e y puny. The g amma is w i en in Ge man, on a pa wi h Daniel Kleins Compendium Li uanico-Ge manicum (1654) and Hacks Ku zge ass e Li hauische G amma ic (1630), whe eas he majo i y o p e ious wo ks was in La in (Klein 1653, Sappuhn, Schul z 1673, Uni e si as 1737). The choice o he Ge man language, mo i a ed by he in ended eade ship, implies Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė Po ilo F yd icho Ruigio g ama ika Po ilas F yd ichas Ruigys. Monog a ija, g ama ikos indeksai Re iews 333 e minological choices, pa icula ly o g amma ical ca ego ies o o ma ions ha a e no ep esen ed in La in o Ge man. As a ule, he La in e minology is simply inco po a ed in he Ge man ex and applied o he Li huanian language wi hou oo much di icul y, ei he di ec ly (e.g. Vocales ‘ owels, Consonan es ‘consonan s, Nomina ‘nouns, Conjunc iones ‘conjunc ions, P aeposi iones ‘p eposi ions, Ve ba ac i a and passi a ‘ac i e and passi e e bs, e c.), mo e a emen h ough Ge man (e.g. Syllben ‘syllables). The use o he La in e m Ancipi es (I 69); i is ul ima ely based on he G eek e m δίχρονοι ‘o wo quan i ies used by ‘ wo-headed ( owels)’ o e e o owels ha a e bo h sho o long is s iking Dionysos Th ax. G amma ical ca ego ies a e usually iden i ied wi h hose o La in. Th ee gende s a e asc ibed o Li huanian adjec i es, Masculinum ‘masculine, Fœmininum ‘ eminine and Neu um ‘neu e (I 100). The condi ional (e.g. būčiau ‘I would be) is called Modus Conjunc i us ‘conjunc i e mood (I 134). The s ong La in empla e may easily each i s limi s, in pa icula o he desc ip ion o he case sys em, whe e Li huanian is said (I 85) o possess six cases like La in (Nomina i us ‘nomina i e, Geni i us ‘geni i e, Da i us ‘da i e, Accusa i us ‘accusa i e, Voca i us ‘ oca i e and Abla i us ‘abla i e), he la e subdi ided in o an Ins umen alis.The ‘ins umen al (e.g. Li h s a g Li h good one) a e p esen ed as adjec i e combined wi h he ‘demoni i e p onoun o ms (I 109q), bu do no ecei e any speci ic name. The g amma ocuses on and a Localis ‘loca i e’ (e.g. Li h. danguje), which is a i icial. De ini e adjec i es he Li huanian language as i was spoken a he mid-eigh een h cen u y in Eas P ussia (based on he dialec s o Ins e bu g, nowadays Черняховск, and Ragni , nowadays Неман), bu includes a sec ion on o he dialec s (I 195198, c . also II 223234), in which, in e alia, one inds a b ie , bu in e es ing men ion o he Samogi ian s ess e ac ion (I 196). I is ich in obse a ions on ine-g ained de ails o he Li huanian g amma and es i ies o a good command o he language. In some aspec s, Ruhigs g amma ep esen s a signi ican ad ance o e i s p edecesso s. The Li huanian one sys em, gene ally o e looked in p e ious wo ks (wi h he excep ion o he Uni e si as, 1737), is submi ed o a b ie o e iew (I 7274), using he Ancien G eek e minology (Acu us ‘acu e, G a is ‘g a e, Ci cum lexus ‘ci cum lex). The aspec ual use o he p e e b beis duly signaled in a sec ion on ‘con inua i e e bs (Con inua, I 169), e.g. Li h. Beeimi ich gehe so nach und nach o ‘I am going con inually. The sec ion on syn ax (I 199220) e lè e he p edominan app oach o syn ax a ha ime, limi ed o a ew ques ions such as g amma ical ag eemen , he unc ions o cases, he syn ax o p eposi ions, and inally some e y b ie commen s on wo d o de . I does no a oid he common p ejudices o he ime, in pa icula he idea ha ce ain syn ac ic con igu a ions can be ega ded as mo e ‘na u al han o he s. Ruhig, o example, p esen s he DANIEL PETIT 334 Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXXV wo d o de [noun + geni i e] in Sunùs Diewo ‘Son o God as na ü lich ‘na u al (I 218), wi hou pu ing o wa d any g ound in ha ega d. An impo an componen o any g amma ical desc ip ion lies in i s exempli ica ion. Mos o he Li huanian examples ound in he An angsg ünde seem o be d awn om eligious ex s, in pa icula om he ansla ion o he Bible. The eligious ph aseology is omnip esen ; in some cases, Ruhig e en indica es he G eek o Heb ew sou ce. O he examples seem o e lec he daily use o he language. I is no di icul o ack down examples om p e ious g amma s: one may compa e, o example, Ge iù Wandens ‘I d ink wa e (I 209, G eek πίνω δατος, Ge man ich inke Wasse ) wi h Ge iu Wandenio (Sappuhn, Schul z 1673: 80, G eek πίνω δατος, La in Bibo aq am), o Důk Důn mán mi ‘gi e me some b ead (I 209, Ge man giebôs B o ) wi h Důk man Důnôs (Hack 1730: 333). The acsimile is ollowed by a c i ical edi ion o he Ge man ex on he le and i s Li huanian ansla ion on he igh (I 227553). The use ulness o his ansla ion is immedia ely ob ious, because i makes he ex a ailable o he Li huanian eade ship ha can be un amilia wi h he Ge man language. T ansla ing in o Mode n Li huanian a Li huanian g amma w i en in Ge man in he eigh een h cen u y is no an easy ask, no only owing o he di icul y o he language i sel , bu abo e all because o he a ious p oblems aised by he choice o e minological equi alen s. The ansla ion is ex emely p ecise and may be used wi h con idence. I is p obably no useless o poin ou a o m o ch onological pa adox, howe e : he Li huanian linguis ic e minology used in his ansla ion is gene ally ha es ablished by Jonas Jablonskis (and o he s) a he beginning o he wen ie h cen u y, i.e. almos wo cen u ies a e Ruhigs g amma . In mos cases, his e minological ans e is ha mless: Genus Neu um is ende ed by be a dė giminė (I 100), In ini i us by bend a is (I 128), Modus by nuosaka (I 129), e c., which causes no p oblem o unde s anding. Some imes, he e minological equi alence is mo e challenging. I ha e al eady men ioned he La in e m ancipi es ‘ wo-headed used o e e o owels ha a e ei he sho o long; i has no equi alen in Li huanian. I is ende ed he e by s y uojančiosios balsės ‘hesi a ing owels (I 251), which is a e all a good op ion. In a small numbe o cases, one could p opose a di e en ansla ion. The La in e m Deduc io (li e ally ‘leading away) is ende in Li huanian ei he by edyba (e.g. I 367) o by da yba (e.g. I 372). I would sugges o choose a uni o m ansla ion and pe haps mo e p ecisely o ende La in deduc io by de i acija. These a e mino de ails, which do no comp ome e he e y high quali y o he Li huanian ansla ion. The second olume places Paul F ied ich Ruhig and his g amma in hei p ope con ex . I begins wi h a biog aphy o Paul F ied ich Ruhig by G asilda Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė Po ilo F yd icho Ruigio g ama ika Po ilas F yd ichas Ruigys. Monog a ija, g ama ikos indeksai Re iews Re iews 335 / Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Re iews 335 Blažienė (II 17121). Li le is known abou Ruhigs li e, and he b ie men ions ha can be ound in he li e a u e a e despe a ely sho .1 E en his da es o bi h and dea h a e no known wi h p ecision. Mos sou ces indicen ca 1725 o his bi h, a e 1781 o his dea h, bu Blažienės wo k p oposes di e en da es (ca 1721/1722-a e 1784). Paul F ied ich Ruhigs place de naissance was Wal e kehmen (now Ольховатка) in Eas P ussia. He began o s udy in Königsbe g in 1740; he was bound o he Li huanian Semina y, whe e he augh o a ew yea s. La e , he appea o ha e wo ked as a p o es an chu ch minis e in La ia since 1752 and o ha e been e en ually epa ia ed o Königsbe g due o men al illness. We lose ack o him a e 1784. The biog aphy by G asilda Blažienė (II 17121) is he mos ex ensi e ea men o Ruhigs li e o da e. I con ains all a ailable documen s on he li e and ac i i y o he Ruhig amily, including p e iously unknown manusc ip le e s. Paul F ied ich Ruhigs da e o bi h (ca 1721-1722) can be in e ed om his posi ion as he elde b o he in he amily (be o e his b o he Ch is ian Geo g, bo n in 1724-1725) and om his uni e si y egis a ion in 1740 (II 7374). His dea h, commonly supposed o ha e aken place a e 1781, can now be pos poned o a sligh ly la e da e, since he is s ill men ioned as ali e in 1784 (II 74). The spa se in o ma ion ha we possess on his li e be o e he publica ion o his g amma is limi ed o his uni e si y egis a ion in Königsbe g (1740: Paul F ied ich Ruhig, Wal e kaimensis Bo uss), his au og aph applica ion o m o g an (1743), he only documen w i en in his own hand ha has been p ese ed, and a ew men ions o he Li huanian semina y, whe e he was ac i e du ing he 1740s. In he o ewo d o his dic iona y, his a he Philip Ruhig men ions ha he en us ed his son o w i e a Li huanian g amma . Ruhigs g amma appa emmen had g ea success a e i s publica ion in 1747. I was men ioned as an impo an sou ce by Go ied Os e meye (17161800) in his Neue Li auische G amma ik (1791). Johann Se e in Va e (17711826) uses i in he amous encyclopedia o languages Mi h ida es (1809: 706). Ruhigs la e li e is less known, and we ha e no p ecise sou ces on his ac i i y in Riga, on his men al illness and on his dea h. This sec ion is e y well-w i en and in o ma i e; i enhances conside ably ou knowledge on he cul u al ac o s who ha e con ibu ed o he p og ess o Li huanian philology in he eigh een h cen u y. The nex sec ion is a p esen a ion o he An angsg ünde by Ona Alekna ičienė (II 123271). Ruhigs g amma was i s in ended o he pa icipan s in he Li huanian semina y in Königsbe g, many o whom could unde s and and speak Li huanian only impe ec ly (II 126); his explains he choice o Ge man as he common language sha ed by all o hem. In compa ison wi h p e ious wo ks, 1 C . Bi žiška (II 120121), Zinke ičius (1990: 260), Li u iu kalbos enciklopedija (LKE 2008: 459). DANIEL PETIT 336 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV Ruhigs g amma is ela i ely ex ensi e and de ailed, which accoun s o a la ge pa o i s success in he ollowing decades as one o he majo e e ence g amma s o Li huanian. Alekna ičienė u he desc ibes he ma e ial shape o he book edi ed in 1747, i s o ma , i s sc ip , i s pa a ex (II 135). Mos in e es ing is he i s po en ial sec ion abou in e ex uali y in Ruhig’s g amma (II 152sq.), compa ing i wi h sou ces (Klein, Sappuhn & Schul z, Hack). Il illus e pa ai emen que la philologie li uanienne a sui i, dans ses di é en es pé iodes his o iques, le common h ead o a sha ed cul u al iden i y e ne de ai pas ê e abo dé comme l'éme gence de some isola ed indi iduals in a con ex whe e he Li huanian language was s ill ela i ely p eca ious in e ms o i s sociolinguis ic s a us. The es o he sec ion p o ides a ho ough desc ip ion o he Li huanian language documen ed in Ruhigs g amma , i s o hog aphy and phone ics (II 234248), i s mo phology (II 249252). Mo e han 9000 Li huanian wo d o ms a e a chaic s age o de elopmen , wi h he dual numbe s ill ully ali e (II ansmi ed. The Li huanian language in Ruhig’s g amma appea s in a ela i ely 249), wi h all ou seconda y loca i e cases s ill in use (II 249), wi h condi ional o ms in -b- (II 252), wi h compa a i e ad e bs in -(i)aus (II 25 e c2), As i s ands, i o e s us a weal h o aluable da a on Eas P ussia Li huanian a he mideigh een h cen u y. The e ollows a e y sho conclusion, co-w i en by he wo au ho s, Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė, s essing he impo ance o Ruhigs g amma o Li huanian s udies (II 275276). The olume ends wi h a leng hy Ge man summa y (II 277287), a e y use ul wo d index (II 298379) and a bibliog aphy (II 380402). The e is no doub ha his exempla y wo k will emain he e e ence edi ion o Paul F ied ich Ruhigs An angsg ünde in he yea s o come. I is no only e y well-w i en in o ma i e, philologically and his o ically impeccable; i is also well-s uc u ed, and edi ed wi h he u mos ca e. I am e y g a e ul o he edi o s o his excellen wo k, which en iches conside ably ou knowledge on he de elopmen o Li huanian philology in he cou se o i s his o y. Comme je suis enu à Li huanian s udies au débu de he 1990s, peu de emps ap ès l'indépendance de Li uanie, je us immédia emen asciné pa he mush ooming o philological wo k on Old Li huanian ex s, comme si edi ing ea ly documen s o he Li huanian language was o ha gene a ion o schola s a means o eco e ing hei iden i y. The p esen book shows ha , e en nowadays, in a wo ld o globaliza ion and g owing indi e ence owa ds he pas , i is s ill ewa ding o look back o he legacy o ancien ex s such as his one and o de o e special a en ion o hei philological su i al. Daniel Pe i (ENS & EPHE) Ona Alekna ičienė & G asilda Blažienė Po ilo F yd icho Ruigio g ama ika Po ilas F yd ichas Ruigys. Monog a ija, g ama ikos indeksai Re iews Re iews 337 / LITERATURE Bi žiška Vaclo as 19601965: Aleksand ynas. Des anciens Li uiniens éc i ains, ašiusių a an 1865 m., biog aphies, bibliog aphies e biobibliog aphies 2, XVIIIXIX amžiai, Čikaga: JAV LB Fonda ion Kul ū as, 1963. Daniel 1653: G amma ica Li anica Manda o & Au o i a e Se enissimi Elec o is B andenbu gici ado na a, & p æ iâ Censu â p imùm in lucem edi a à M. Daniele Klein Klein / Pa o e Til . Li . P æmi a e ad Lec o em P æ a io non minùs u ilis, quàm nece a ia. [...] Regiomon i, Typis & ump ibus Johannis Reusne i, Anno χριστογονίας cIɔ Iɔc. LIII [1653]. (Faksimilinis édi ion: Pi moji lie u ių kalbos g ama ika, 1653 me ai), a s. ed. J. K uopas, Vilnius: Vals ybinė poli inės i mokslinės li e a ū os publikla, 1957. Daniel 1654: Danielis Kleinii Compendium Li anico-Ge manicum, Ode Ku […] und gan […] deu liche An […]h ung u Li auschen Sp ache wie man ech Li auisch lesen sch eiben und eden ol. Klein / Cum P i ilegio S. R. M. Pol. e Se en. Elec . B andenb, Knigsbe g: Ged uck und e leg du ch Iohann Reusne n, M.D.C.LIV. LKE 2008 Li u iens langues encyclopédia, pa . K. Mo kūnas, ed. V. Amb azas, 2-ème pa iksl. e suppl. édi ion, Vilnius: Mokslo e encyclopedijų édi ions ins i u . Os e meye Go ied 1791: Neue Li auische G amma ik, Königsbe g: G. L. Ha ung. Paulauskienė Aldona 2006: P emiè es g amma icos de langues li huaniennes, Vilnius: Gim asis mo . Ruhig Philipp 1745: Be ach ung de Li auischen Sp ache, in ih em U sp unge, Wesen und Eigenscha en; [...] on Philipp Ruhig, P a e n und Senio e u Wal e kehmen, im Haup am In e bu g. Knigsbe g, d uck s und e leg s Iohann Hein ich Ha ung, 1745. (Faksimilinis édi ion, ansmissions en Li uiniens langue: Pilypas Ruigys, Li u iens langues de o igine, būdo e sa ybių y inėjimas, pa . Vy au as Ju gu is, Vale ija Vilnony ė, Vilnius: Vaga, Sappuhn Ch is up, 1986). Ruhig Philipp 1747: Li auiſch-Deu ſches und Deu ſch-Li auiſches Lexicon, [...] on Philipp Ruhig, P a e n und Senio e ʒu Wal e kehmen, Inſ e bu giſchen Haup am es, Knigsbe g, d uck s und e leg s I. H. Ha ung, 1747. Schul z Theo ili 1673: Compendium G amâ icæ Li h anicæ Theophili Schul ens Pas : Ca eno , Regiomon i: Typis F ide ici Reu ne i, [...] Aō: 1673. (Facimil edi ion: Sapūno e Šulco g ama ika), pa . K. Eigminas, B. S undžia, Vilnius: Mokslo e encyclopedijų édi ions ins i u , 1997. F ied ich Wilhelm Hack 1730: Vocab la i m Li h anico-ge manic m, e Ge manico-Li h anic m, Da in alle im Neuen Tes amen und P al e be indliche W e nach dem Alphabe h en hal en ind; Neb Einem Anhang eine ku ge a en Li haui chen G amma ic Ausge e ige on F iede ich Wilhelm Haack S.S. Theol. / Neb Einem Anhang eine ku ge a en Li haui chen G amma ic Ausge e ige on F iede ich Wilhelm Haack S.S. Theol. Cul o e, u ei DANIEL PETIT 338 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV Docen e im Li haui chen Semina io u Halle. Halle, D uck s S ephanus O ban, Uni e . Buchd . (1730) 2. (S udija, indeksai, odyklės), pa . V. Zubai ienė, Vilnius: Vilniaus uni e si e o leidykla, 2012. LLinguua um Li uu Uni e si asaniae 1737 Anoniminė 1737 m. g ama ika ‘Uni e si as Lingua um Li uaniae, pa . K. Eigminas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1981. Va e Johan Se e in 1809: Mi h ida es ode allgemeine Sp achenkunde, Vol. 2, Be lin: Voss. Zinke ičius Zigmas 1990: Li u iens langue his oi e 4, Vilnius: Mokslas. Mise à disposi ion 2021 m. sep emb e 11 d. DANIEL PETIT École no male supé ieu e 45, ue dUlm, 75005 Pa is, F ance daniel.pe[email p o ec ed]