Moterų pavardžių reforma lietuvių kalbos žodžių darybos aspektu

S aipsniai / A icles 123 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-3826-7272 Di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch: wo d making, mo phemics, lexicog aphy, and lexicology. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. MOTHER o he Re o m o he Li huanian language The Women's Su name Re o m in he Li huanian Language om he Pe spec i e o Wo d Fo ma ion ANOTACIJA The c ea ion o wo ds (and he e o e pe sonal names, su names) is pa o he language sys em. The e o e, Li huanian emale su names mus comply wi h he equi emen s o ha sys em. Due o impo an socio-cul u al easons (no only aes he ic easons) in o de o e o m his sys em, i is necessa y o assess he p ospec s o he de elopmen o he Li huanian language and o o esee he possible consequences o changes. The a icle d aws a en ion o aspec s o Li huanian language mo phology (žodžių da ybos) ha a e silenced o igno ed in discussions abou he p oposal o legalize Li huanian emale su names wi h he su ix -(i)a. The ques ion o he ela ionship be ween adi ion and sys emici y is conside ed. The use o eminine su names wi h he su ix -ė, which do no indica e amily s a us, is conside ed o be a mo i a ed excep ion (due o he o e lap o he o ms o eminine and masculine su names), bu no a p eceden ha can be used o u he e o m he su name sys em. ESMINIAL WORDS: pe sonal names, emale su names, wo ds made up, ending, sys emici y. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The o ma ion o wo ds (and consequen ly su names) is an in eg al pa o he language sys em. The e o e, Li huanian emale su names mus con o m o his sys ems egula i ies. Fo signi ican socio-cul u al easons, no solely based on aes he ic conside a ions, i is impe a i e o e alua e he p ospec s o he de elopmen o he Li huanian language. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ 124 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX and an icipa e he po en ial consequences o change when e o ming he mic osys em o su names. The pape highligh s speci ic aspec s o Li huanian language mo phology (wo d o ma ion) ha a e equen ly o e looked o igno ed in he discussions ega ding he p oposal o legalize Li huanian emale su names ending in - (i) (a). I del es in o he ela ionship be ween adi ion and sys ema ici y. The use o he ending -ė o he o ma ion o he emale su names no demons a ing womens ma i al s a us is conside ed a mo i a ed sys ema ici y. excep ion (due o he o e lap in he o m o emale and male su names) a he han a p eceden o u he e o ming he su name sys em. KEYWORDS: pe sonal names, emale su names, wo d o ma ion, ending, The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. On 4 May 2021, he Seimas o he Republic o Li huania egis e ed, and on 4 July, a e submission, adop ed o conside a ion he d a law No. XIV-P-27001 amending A icle 3 o Law No. XIV-903 on he spelling o pe sonal name and su name, which aims o change he sys em o emale su names so ha women can choose a su name wi h a las name -a o -ia, also om a male su name wi h a las name -a o -ia. Un il hen, he e ha e been a numbe o discussions, p ess con e ences, speeches in he p ess, on adio and ele ision, and in social ne wo ks (see lis o sou ces and li e a u e) in which a gumen s o and agains such a p oposal ha e been made. A he beginning o he p ojec , he ini ia o s ied o lis en o he commen s o he Li huanians, a leas in he o icial documen s, he p oposed e o m is no longe limi ed o he spelling o su names2, bu in he u u e, he a gumen s o Li huanian language specialis s a e no longe hea d. Finally, i was emphasised ha he inno a ion being ini ia ed is a human igh o ha e a desi ed su name, and o en e in o a con ac . -bxdpcdu 9 [ e iewed by 2023-10-01]. 2 Pe haps he i le o he p oposed law change i sel is somewha misleading, as he media con inues o publicize he ac in w i ing: h ps: www.l .l newsle e /lie u oje/20222/287/mo e upa a dziu- asymo-p ojek o-pa eikimas-a ide as-ki ai-sa- ai ei; This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 3 […][V]a d is an in eg al pa o human iden i y. An indi idual should ha e he igh o choose he name and su name wi h which he eels com o able. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. I is especially impo an o emphasize ha i is no necessa y o ake in o accoun only he opinion A icles o he 125 h Mo e ų pa a džių e o ma lie u ių kalbos žodžių da ybos aspek u o he cooks in his ma e , because i is no a "g amma ". In he su ounding able discussion "Asmens pa a dė […] choice o a pe son?" by specialis s in poli ics, human igh s, equal bėjusi socioling is ė pa a dę apsk i ai p ilygino emblemai a e ike ei, ku iai kalbos, kaip sis emos, dėsniai, adinasi, negalioja4. Nebeplė ojan diskusijų su oppo uni ies, psychology, sociolinguis ics, law on pe sonal names as an indica o and exp ession o human iden i y, we mus ne e heless s op a he subjec o language, because his science canno be a oided he e. Pe sonal p onouns, no ma e how hey may seem o he ep esen a i es o he a o emen ioned a eas, a e a ma e o bo h sys ems […] no only o g amma , bu also o žodžiai, jie suda o kalbą. O pas a oji neabejo inai y a sis ema. Pa a dės y a kal- language, o o he a eas […]. And who, i no language specialis s (in his case, i s and o emos Li huanians, esea che s in he ield o Li huanian names and wo d o ma ion, mo phologis s) knows he bes abou he s uc u e o he sys em, he ules o ope a ion, he his o y, and can p edic he p ospec s o de elopmen and he consequences o simila e o ms. The aim o he a icle is o d aw a en ion o aspec s o Li huanian wo d o ma ion and mo phology ha a e silenced o igno ed in public discussions abou he p oposal o legalize Li huanian emale su names wi h he ending -(i)a, and o jus i y he nega i e assessmen o such su names6. In o de o ca y ou he ollowing asks: o examine publicly (in p esen a ions o he d a law, discussions, a icles o language specialis s, documen s and explana ions o he S a e Li huanian Language Commission) he a gumen s suppo ing he c ea ion o Li huanian emale su names wi h he e b -(i)a om he analogous pa o male su names con aining he e b o which ep esen he possibili y o he su name being ea ed (wi h elemen a y knowledge o he language) by he Cen e o Language De elopmen (h ps: www.you ube.wa ch.com? =I867BYM g). The ac ha […][P]a a des is a cul u al he i age belonging no only o he owne o he su name, bu also o he na ion, he s a e, he communi y, he amily[…] (Ga š a 2012: 221), is gene ally igno ed. 4 […]Names can be unde s ood as emblems. [...] He e he iden i y emblem is essen ially, no he g amma . [...] We can g amma ically ake ha name as a noun, in p inciple, i a woman needs i , wi h ha man's hand, and i 'll be like a label. The spa ow. I 's he lax. I 's all he e. A anged in Li huanian. No hing has changed. (h ps: www.you ube.com.php? =I678BYMkn g, om a ound 59:00 a he ime o his eco ding [ iewed 2023-08-10]). In addi ion, he p esen a ion o he p ojec con ains a s a emen simila o ha o he sociolinguis : "The ques ion o wo ds is no a ques ion o he g amma o he Li huanian language and does no change ha g amma in any way" (h ps: www.l s.l sp.po al.show?p_ =826&p_k=1&p=a_we _media_objec _ iewe &guid=4B73D31A4D8C71D76-973- E7B37-535-4 a he ime o eco ding). In addi ion, he Ins i u e o Li huanian Language and he S a e Commission o Li huanian Language issued nega i e conclusions on his p ojec , which p o ide mo e weigh y a gumen s agains he p oposal o legalize emale su names wi h he ending -(i)a ( e e ence o he lis o sou ces and li e a u e). DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ 126 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX is opposed o he p oposal; an o e iew o he c ea i e unc ionali y o he -(i)a and -ė endings, ocusing on synch onous p oduc ion, bu also highligh ing he ele an aspec s o his o ical nomina i e eminine p oduc ion and he endencies o inno a ion; discussed adi ions and sys ems miškumo ski ies p oblema e inan kalbos ino acijas. Ty imo me odai – mo ologinė, žodžių da ybos, seman inė analizės. (1) The illage o DARYBOS - (i)a 1.1. As ega ds he common wo ds and hei de i a i es, i should be ecalled ha he e a e 7 homonymic endings -(i)a7 in he cu en Li huanian language, wi h which: • he names o ac ions, e.g. ac ion ( auk i), in e oga ion (app os i); he se ice is a pa liamen a y p ocedu e applied o senio o icials o Membe s o Pa liamen who ha e iola ed he cons i u ion o b oken an oa h (accusa ion), he a odėka (dismissal), he d eba ( emo al), he pe da a ( ansmission), he pe samda ( emo al), he p iesky a (au ho ) is indica ed by he ins i u ion o which he publica ion is assigned (LKG 1965: 303 […] 304; DLKG 2006: 99; ND); and • he names o cha ac e is ics, e.g. cou ageous (: cou ageous, -i), gausa (: gausus, -i); he ollowing de ini ions apply: 1965: 316; DLKG 2006: 104; ND); and • he names o he ac o s o cha ac e s, e.g. slang (: slang); The oolish one who is oolish, he oolish one who is oolish; old quail […] (nak ak i), he old man […] he old man […] (su ė ė i), he old man […] who always appea s and begins (šmėžuoja) […] (šmėžuo i) and he like (LKG 1965: 338; DLKG 2006: 112[…]113; ND); and • Names o he holde s o adjec i e ea u es, e.g. bailia ‘bailys (: bailus, -i) and k . (LKG 1965: 367; DLKG 2006: 124); and • place names, such as shel e (p i(si)glaus i), shel e (pe ilk i); new (: o go), newly buil place (may be specially equipped, e.g. o anspo ) (: newly buil , -i) and k . (LKG 1965: 405; DLKG 2006: 137; ND); and • he names o he esul s o he ac ion, e.g. spli ( o spli ); The "swimming pool" is he "swimming pool" (swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool, swimming pool). Mu mulai y ė 2022 ( o me ly known as Mu mulai y ė) 8 Šios da ybos ka ego ijos naujada ų, pada y ų su ap a iamąja galūne, Naujažodžių duomenyne (ND), egis, da ne iksuo a [žiū ė a 2023-10-02]. A icles o he 127 h Mo e ų pa a džių e o ma lie u ių kalbos žodžių da ybos aspek u wha is concen a ed om he a ailable in o ma ion […] ( o squeeze ou ), he d op in he wa e le el in he ese oi and he sho e d ainage due o he wind di ec ion om he sho e […] (LKG 1965: 378[…]379; DLKG 2006: 128; ND) and • he names o he ools, e.g. saga (seg i), pakaba (pakabin i), sho el (: įmau i) i k . (LKG1965: 395; DLKG 2006: 132–133)9. I should be no ed ha he names o he i e ca ego ies o wo ks a e he eminine gende 's adjec i es, and he names o he wo […] ac o s and hose wi h he cha ac e is ic o ac ion (žliumba) and he names o hose wi h he cha ac e is ic o su name (bailia) […] he gene al gende . These subs an i e communia can name bo h emale and male pe sons, animals, pe soni ied beings, e c. wha gende he subjec has in mind, shows o he wo ds wi h which he ends -(i)a a e syn ac ically combined, g amma ical ela i es, plg. In he nu se y, he e was a deligh , a deligh , a deligh , a deligh . Tha 's wha i 's like o be a aid o you own shadow. Names acco ding o gende di e ence a e no used in he cu en Li huanian language wi h he su ix -(i)a. This ca ego y o wo ks includes wo ks whose meaning is ‘a pe son o ano he li ing being o opposi e sex han he one ma ked by he oo wo d. They a e made wi h se e al p eposi ions and he only one is galūne -ė. O he p eposi ions, only -ienė, -i-u ienė, o example, queen (: king), dėdžiu ienė (: g and a he ), sukčiu ienė (: g and a he s), and -inas, o example, lapinas (: lapė), and -ėnas, o example, e ėnas (: aun ). Fo mo e in o ma ion on his ca ego y, see LKG 1965: This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 416418; DLKG 2006: 142143. The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. 1.2 Saulius Amb azas, who has s udied he de elopmen o he ca ego ies o Li huanian wo d-making, a gues ha "wo d-making ends - a Vedic, di ec ly deno ing he emale sex, a e only emnan s", and p o ides only a ew examples om he old w i ings " iend iend", " iend iend", "sis e ", "sis e " and "sis e " as well as a ew p eposi ions o he wo d-making endings "sis e " and "sis e ". I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . La e , such ma iages we e eplaced by ma iages wi h he su ix -ė ( iend, sibling, lo e , neighbo , e c.), which is he mos impo an o m o eminine gende names o people and animals in Li huanian (Amb azas 2000: 71[…]72, 79). P anas Ska džius, also esea ching he his o ical aspec o Li huanian wo ds, speaking abou […]balsinę p iesagą -ā[…], so 9 Regis, new names o he anks, de i a i es wi h he end -a, ND also no eco ded [ iew 2023-10-22]. Unless he name is unde s ood as a means o eminding someone, he new e b emembe s […] eminds […] a le e wi h b ie in o ma ion abou a subjec o e en o wi h an explana ion o how o do […] (: o emembe ). DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ 128 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX pa mini kai ku iuos iš šių pa yzdžių, be ne ašo, kad mo e ų pa adinimai pa- and does no g aphically indica e ha he e is a c ea i e opposi ion among hem (Ska dijus 1996 [1943]: 36[…]37). The wo d e ulėna is conside ed o be he p e ix -ėna edinu and he di ec e b connec ion (like edinys wi h he base wo d) wi h e ulėnas is no associa ed (Ska džius 1996 [1943]: 238[…]239). Synch onously, he la e pai o ela ed e ms would appea o be seman ically simila o he mobile noun (see sec ion 3 o mo e on he subs an i e noun), whose masculine and eminine o ms a e di ec ly ela ed o he basic noun e ule. I would be di icul o o mula e he meaning o i s c ea ion by conside ing he wo d e ulėna as a nominum emininum, i.e. a gallows - a Vedic om e ulėnas. I i is a gende -speci ic žodžio e ulėna u ė ų ski is ik mo e iškosios ly ies sema, ačiau ‘duk ė’ nė a ‘mo e iškosios ly ies sūnus’. Be ikė ina mobiliojo daik a a džio mo e iškosios name, i is likely ha he base genus o m would ha e galūnę -ė (plg. sese ėnas […]sese s sūnus[…], sese ėnė […]sese s duk ė[…] (LKŽe)). On he o he hand, he LKZ does no indica e he exis ence o he wo d e ulėna a osenas, i is eco ded only in a ew old dic iona ies, so i is mo e di icul o assess i s seman ic connec ions wi h he wo ds o he nes o he same c ea ion wi hou he con ex s o he li ing language. In any case, his is only heo e ical specula ion, diach onic wo d-making is no o be con used wi h synch onous. Simila ly, he ac ha in Li huanian he nomina i e eminine was once made wi h he e b -a, and only a ew his o ical, obsole e e bs o his e b, would no be needed o suppo he p oposed e o ms o he cu en language. All he mo e so since he his o ians o ca pen y men ioned ha he iend and he eminine name did no ake he o m o he basic wo ds o he ca pen y (e.g. iend), so i would be impossible o speak o he e i al o such a ca pen y ype. The un ixed and he limbs - a new e b ha e e s only o he emale sex om he basic wo d called a pe son, an animal, a pe soni ied being, e c. A pe son, a li e, a pe soni ied being, e c. The only new wo d wi h his ending is pu pose ully c ea ed no so much o each ou o people as o make a wo d ha jus doesn' show any gende a ilia ion. Fo example, he mo i a ion o he au ho o he new Dai os Repečkai ė11: 10 […]The cons uc ion o he wo ds (cons uc ion o he new buildings) [...] canno ha e any in luence on he gene ic, p imi i e [...] cons uc ion ela ionships ski i mo e is, . y. su eik i pama iniam žodžiui žmogus mo e iškumo semą, kiek when hey no longe mani es hemsel es synch onously, i.e. do no coincide wi h he cu en cons uc ion ela ionships[…] (bu is 2009: 41). 11 He e and below, quo a ions and examples o he use o wo ds a e gi en inco ec ly, some imes wi h he ini ials o pe sonal names eplaced, he omi ed ex ma ked wi h a space. ... S aipsniai / A icles 129 Mo e ų pa a džių e o ma lie u ių kalbos žodžių da ybos aspek u Some imes I hough abou how I could uni y my ocabula y o e lec some o my alues. Speci ically, I ha e a p oblem wi h he wo d "man" because i 's ob iously a male species. [...] Bu he o he day I hough I could jus say […]žmoga[…]: […] [...] I 's essen ially a lexible wo d om he poin o iew o he genus, made om analogous Li huanian wo ds […]neklaužada[…], […]pikčiu na[…], […] ėpla[…], […]pi dyla[…], […]nenuo ama[…], […] ašei a[…] (al hough I only sugges he nega i e). The e a e also masculine su name nouns, p onounced as eminine su names, common in some a ian s o he highland dialec (as well as he sound […]b a ka[…]). So I'd say he's a good guy and she's a good gi l. Thus, i is no a emale bu a common ances o ha is sough o be named o people o bo h sexes (subs an i um commune), so ha he male is no conside ed a name acco ding o gende di e ence. I could no ye all in o his ca ego y because i does no co espond o he meaning o he e m 'o he opposi e sex' o 'pe son o o he li ing en i y' cha ac e is ic o all i s de i a i es, since he e m 'pe son' does no ha e a gende a all. Acco ding o Ri os Miliunai is (2022: 293), he use o […][...] human […] o ms some imes seeks o exp ess gende di e ence ( he wo d is associa ed wi h o he gende -speci ic wo ds such as ci izen, p o essional, colleague), bu in he only example o he use o […]14 he wo d seems o be used jus o neu alize he seman ics o gende , be o e people use he wo d abou he common g amma ical gende , sugges ing ha i is used by people o bo h sexes, and how i was c ea ed. O cou se, i canno be en i ely denied ha he e m " emale" can also be unde s ood and used in he sense o " emale human", bu his is usually he case only when he inno a o himsel is annoyed and does no know he ci cums ances and mo i es o i s eme gence, and does no use i na u ally in his speech. Wha e e i is, ime will ell i his newcome will go beyond his na ow and s ylis ically conno ed 12 quo ed om ND (www.ekalba.l /naujazodziai/%C5%BEmoga?paieska=%C5%BEmoga&i= This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o 13 Beje, ne eikė ų s ebė is, kad ieškan analogijų, į gal ą a eina ik neigiamos kono acijos žodžiai – menkinamoji seman ika y a būdingas daugumos ci a oje paminė ų žodžių da ybos ipų (p iesagų he Eu opean Union. -la, -ei a, galūnės -a edinių, names o ac o s, holde s o ope a ional cha ac e is ics o holde s o ope a ional cha ac e is ics) signs (see he desc ip ion o hese manu ac u ing ools in 14 „Pagal šiuo me u Lie u oje y aujan į požiū į mo e ys is da su okiamos i pačios sa e su okia pi miau- sia kaip ly ies a s o es – mo e is, žmonas, po encialias meilužes, mo inas, o ne žmones, žmogas – pilie es, he ZDV). P o essionals and colleagues. [...] women a e i s and o emos people, people, ci izens whose needs and opinions mus be espec ed as much as hose o men [...]. (15min.l , 2015-12-14, quo ed om ND: see h ps://ekalba. I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ 130 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX he limi s o he e b, o he ex ension o i s seman ic s uc u e. Howe e , i is ob ious ha he joke is an oppo unism, an a ypical, bo h o mally and seman ically un ashionable inno a ion. Being such and alone, i in no way indica es ha one o he Li huanian language's p oduc ion ca ego ies […] names acco ding o gende di e ence […] en iched he new p oduc ion p onoun, galūne -(i)a (plg. Aleksai ė 2022: 231[…]233, 239). The e o e, he idea o e o ming he Li huanian su name sys em om he posi ion o he wo ds "making" (nowadays) canno be suppo ed by his example ei he . 1.4. Thus, he e is no such ype o wo k, which would consis o women's names o people, animals, pe soni ied c ea u es and so on, wi h he end o he wo k - (i) o de i e om he co esponding men's names o people, animals, pe soni ied c ea u es and so on, in he cu en Li huanian p isons. This can be said abou bo h common wo ds and su name mic osys ems. I should also be no ed he e ha in he case o he p oposed name e o m (a leas in i s ini ial s age, since he e is no hidden in en ion o expand i ), he basic wo d and he o m o he e b comple ely coincide. Bo h male and emale su names would end in -(i)a. In cases whe e he end o a base wo d is eplaced by an analogous, Li huanian-language spelling sys em, i also seems o be absen . Because o he end - in his aspec see. 2.2 o which: 2. he illage o DARYBOS The main nomina i e eminine o m is galūnė -ė (LKG 1965: 417[…]418; DLKG 2006: 142[…]143; see Amb azas 2000: 79). Based on he al eady exis ing opposi ions o he e bs 15 ilkė: wol , balandė: balandis, e c. ( his ca ego y o e bs used o include mainly emale names), new wo ds a e o med ha di e om he basic eminine gende s: budelė (: budelis), pi a ė (: pi a e), popiežė (: popiežius), pa ulė (: pa ulis). New obo (: obo ), doll (: doll), lawn (: lawn), eli e (: eli e) a e basic nouns ha ha e he g amma ical o m o he masculine gende , seman ically no e en ela ed o he masculine gende . Howe e , when gende ( eminini y) needs o be emphasized o emphasized, he usual means o exp ession a e used o his pu pose […] end […] 15 The p inciple o analogy in wo d o ma ion is essen ial (U bu is 2009: 327[…]328). In he case unde conside a ion, he wo ds wi h he su ix -ė om he nouns e e o a pe son o he opposi e ( emale) sex, a c ea u e, a pe son o a pe son. suda o da ybiškai susiję žodžiai, su uo pačiu da ybos o man u pada y i iš ai pačiai kalbos daliai A icles by A icles 131 Mo e ų pa a džių e o ma lie u ių kalbos žodžių da ybos aspek u - The 16 h. Pe haps he mos consis en way o do his is o use " emale" names o p o essions, i les, e c. ha we e p e iously ese ed o men ( o mo e on his and o he seman ic g oups o such new wo ds, see Milionai e 2022: 292). In hose cases whe e he base masculine noun has an ending -a ( o example, abo e), he eminine noun is also p onounced wi h an ending -ė, such as: (1) The Chie In es iga o o he Response B anch o he Anykščiai Dis ic Police Commissione 's O ice, Inspec o R. S., he Chie In es iga o o he Response B anch o he Anykščiai Dis ic Police Commissione 's O ice, V. V. K. 17, he Chie In es iga o o he Klaipėda Dis ic Police Commissione 's O ice, V. V. V. K. 17, he Chie In es iga o o he Response B anch o he Anykščiai Dis ic Police Commissione 's O ice, V. V. V. K. 2.2 A e o m o Li huanian su names was ca ied ou wo decades ago, legalising he use o emale su names wi h he su ix -ė, which do no indica e ma i al s a us. Today, his e o m can appa en ly be conside ed mo i a ed and jus i ied o socio-cul u al easons. Women, like e e y man, ha e he igh no o disclose hei pe sonal da a, in his case no o disclose hei social s a us. In he pas , such a desi e may ha e seemed s ange, bu nowadays i seems na u al and necessa y o ha e such a means o p oduc ion ha does no e eal he amily's posi ion in he amily, indeed i does. Since his is a ypical and nomina i e eminine means o cons uc ion, i can be conside ed a new wo d-making polynomial, om which he emaining and e en inc easing unc ionali y o he end - o show, exp ess o emphasize he eminine na u e o he subjec o he Vedic designa ion, is ela ed o he eminine gende . Wha else is he e in common wi h he exp ession o gende inequali y? ne u inčios galūnės -a a eju (plg. 1.3 sk.). 17 Ž . h ps://www.anyks a.l /anyksci-policijos-pa eigun- eikla-i e ino-i -policijos-gene alinis-ko 18 Policijos dienos p oga – apdo anojimai pa eigūnams. – Palangos il as, 2014-10-06; p ieiga in e - ne e: h ps://www.palangos il as.l /policijos+dienos+p oga++apdo anojimai+pa eigunams,7,2, This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In he la e 1990s, R. Miliūnai ė quan i a i ely and quali a i ely s udied he linguis ic disposi ions o socie y in ela ion o such su names and p epa ed a de ailed scien i ic s udy showing he a i ude o socie y a ha ime o women's su names and hei changes in usage (Miliūnai ė, 2013). DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ 138 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX The c ea ion o su names is a his o ically based sys em, no jus a adi ion, by means o ules, ules and o mali ies. In he discussions, he au ho s o he d a law in ques ion do no hide he ac ha his ini ia i e o he end is he beginning o he name e o m. The so-called "Anglo-Saxon" su name model, i.e. he same su name o he whole amily, would be pu sued in he u u e. In his case, he e o m would co e no only a small pa o su names (con aining his end), bu he en i e su name sys em. Legaliza ion o he -i-a would open he doo o such a model, and he consequences would be such ha emale su names, which a e o mally indis inguishable om male su names, would ha e he same meaning as male su names. Ragauskas, Pe onis, Macke ičius and k . (male) Ragauskas, Pe onis, Macke ičius and k . (app op ia e daugh e s o he wi e) would no be p o ec ed. This would iola e he mo phological and syn ac ic sys em o he Li huanian language, no o men ion make i much mo e di icul o communica e […] i would be necessa y o look o addi ional adjec i es, signs, nouns o o he means ha signal he gende o he pe son being named […] M . Ragauskas, M . Pe onis, M . Macke ičius, e c. The ac ha Li huanian su names indica e a pe son's gende is bo h a ma e o sys em (language, mo phology, as well as syn ax) and adi ion. And an excep ional ea u e o he Li huanian language, which, aking ca e o he na i e language, should be nu u ed and no des oyed, hus dis u bing he na u al de elopmen o he language. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. 1. Names a e wo ds, i.e. hey a e pa o he lexicon, i.e. hey belong o he language sys em. The e o e, i canno be ca ego ically a gued ha hei e o ms (especially hose based on subjec i e ac o s a he han on he condi ional de elopmen o na u al language) a e a ma e o human igh s alone and no o linguis ics. 2. The ac ha he cu en Li huanian women's su names a e ela ed o he ela ionship be ween sexuali y and amily ela ions should no be ca ego ically ega ded as an ou da ed adi ion. I is impossible no o see he sys emic na u e o his lexicon, he in e ela ionships, he cha ac e is ic ac ions, he mo phologies, he syn ax, and so on. 3. he need o e o m he su name sys em should be based on e y s ong mo i es, and he means o i s implemen a ion should be ho oughly conside ed, modeling possible changes in he language sys em and assessing he isks o i s de elopmen . In he case in ques ion, he need a ises mainly on aes he ic, subjec i e c i e ia (g ažu, no iu), and he damage o he language may be essen ial. Fi s ly, because o he clinging o he mo phological sys em, and secondly, and his is e en mo e impo an , because o he possible u he e o m o he su name sys em and i s "Anglo-Saxon" model, i.e. he ma ching o male and emale su names. This "necessa y" al eady sounds openly as i i hadn' been legalized ye . S aipsniai / A icles 139 Mo e ų pa a džių e o ma lie u ių kalbos žodžių da ybos aspek u and i was he who undoub edly des oyed he Li huanian su name sys em and des oyed i s peculia i y. In Li huanian, i is cus oma y o use o he means o naming acco ding o gende , in he case o wo ds ha indica e he emale sex, wi hou men ioning p eposi ions, i.e. he high. F om he old, he names o emales wi h his high ( ilk-ė: wol , baland-ė: high and k .), om ecen esea ch, i has been seen ha he seman ics o he basic wo ds a e expanded ( i šilė: op, k -ė: high and k ). I is he mos uni e sal means o naming acco ding o he di e ence in he emale sex, no hing mo e han belonging o his sex. In addi ion o čiai, ne odan i. Pa a džių mik osis emoje ai pačiai da ybos ka ego ijai da p iklauso ediniai su p iesagomis -ienė, -u ienė; -ai ė, -y ė, -(i)ū ė i k ., a- gende , i also indica es a woman's amily ela ionships and, mos o en, he social s a us, whe he she is ma ied o no . 5. he 2003 Li huanian su name e o m, which legalized women's su names ha do no indica e a ma i al s a us, he use o he su ix -ė, bea ing in mind hese socio-cul u al easons, oday, looking a i om a 20-yea pe spec i e, p obably could be conside ed co ec ed. Howe e , i mus be acknowledged ha i also c ea ed one excep ion […] when male su names ha e a inal -ė (e.g., Bložė, Gaulė, Lapė, Paukš ė, e c.), emale su names ha do no indica e ma i al s a us coincide wi h hei o ms. E en i we look a he opposi ion be ween masculine and eminine su names, i.e. women's su names wi h he las name -ė wi h male su names, his excep ional case in he Li huanian su name sys em canno be conside ed a p eceden and should no be used as an excep ion in u he expanding he e o m o women's su names. 6. Opposi ion o wo ks be ween o mally coinciding male and emale su names wi h ce ain excep ions could only be seen in cases whe e hey ha e he unc ion […]. The main […] is he unc ion […] o he a o emen ioned wo k […], wi h his unc ion he common Li huanian language gi es names acco ding o ski umą, konk ečiau – nomina eminina. Pa a džių su galūne -(i)a a eju gende (Ša ka, Dausa, Biekša, Pajeda, Mulia, e c.) such wo ks canno be, because he […] does no dis inguish he unc ion […] om he base wo d ( emale). 7. he p oposal o legi imize he making o emale su names wi h he e b -(i)a is ung amma ical, unp eceden ed in he s udy o he making o wo ds, he use o wo ds, does no e lec any new polynomials o su names and common wo ds and opposes he making o wo ds in he Li huanian language. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ 140 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX ŠALTINIAI IR LITERATŪRA The cu en legisla ion. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Aleksei Agnew: New names by gende . […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 87, 224[…]244, which is a ailable in Li huanian. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: jou nals.lki.l h ps: ac alinguis icali huanica/a icle/ iew/2193/2297 [ iewed 2023-07-29]. Amb azas Saulius 2000: Daik a a džių da ybos aida 2: Li huanian language e dažodiniai ediniai, Vilnius: Ins i u e o he publishing o academic and encyclopedic wo ks. Discussion a he ound able […]Asmens su name […] choice o pe son?[…] […] Open Seimas, 2023-05-31. I is a ailable on he In e ne a h ps: www.you ube.com/wa ch? =I678BYMkn g [ iewed on 25 July 2023] Bilkis Laimu is 2023: Sel o a s ange ? Due o he p oposal o allow he use o Li huanian emale su names wi h he su ix -a. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. The dic iona y o he Li huanian language, edi ed by D. Liu ke ičienė, D. Mu mulai y ė, V. Sakalauskienė, A. G i ėnienė, A. Gaidienė, D. Daugi dienė, L. Jonušys, edi ed by D. Liu ke ičienė, Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e, 2013-2022. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. DLKG […] G amma o mode n Li huanian language, edi ed by V. Amb azas, 4 h amendmen . Published by Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedic Publishing, 2006. DLKŽ […] Con empo a y Li huanian language dic iona y, ed. S . Keynes, he eigh h amendmen . and supplemen s. Published by he Li huanian Language Ins i u e, Vilnius, 2021. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: www.ekalba.l /daba ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas. In 2012, Ga sh a Kazimie z was awa ded he i le o Li huanian Women's Poe Lau ea e. […] Cul u e o he language 85, 216[…]224. R.I.P.S. I'm looking o wa d o seeing you in he women's sec ion o he R.I.P.S. Women's sec ion in 2023. […] Na i e language 5, 21[…]22. JUDGENTIS ARTURAS (Li huanian g amma ca ego y, Vilnius: VU publishing house, 2012) is a Li huanian w i e . Kie e Su he land's "Bo n o Run" is he second book in he "Bo n o Run" se ies. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: www.15min.l /naujiena/ak ualu/www.nuomones/ dalia-kiseliunai e-da -ka a-apie-mo e u-pa a dziu-bu bula-18-2064732 [žiū ė a 2023-07-10]. LKG […] G amma o he Li huanian language 1, ed. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. A icles by A icles 141 Mo e ų pa a džių e o ma lie u ių kalbos žodžių da ybos aspek u Conclusion o he Scien i ic Council o he Li huanian Language Ins i u e […]On he d a law No. XIVP-2700 amending A icle 3 o Law No. XIV-903 on he spelling o he name and su name o a pe son in he documen s o he Republic o Li huania[…]. P epa a ion o he wo king g oup: D . Laimu is Bilkis, academician, p o esso , habil. d . Ri a Miliūnai ė, d . Dai a Mu mulai y ė. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://lki.l /lie u- G asilda Blažienė (leade o he g oup), p o . d . This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. D a law No. XIVP-2700 amending A icle 3 o Law No. XIV-903 on he spelling o he name and su name o a pe son in documen s o he Republic o Li huania The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. The Li huanian Pa liamen held a session on 4 July 2023 a he ollowing add ess: h ps: www.l s.l /sip/po al.show?p_ =35826&p_k=1&p_a=media_objec _ iewe &guid=4BFCD3- 1A-AF71-4D4C-77-8D-9E73B37 om app oxima ely 54:45 pm [ e iewed by 2023-08-10] LKŽe […] Li huanian language dic iona y 1[…]20 (1941[…]2002), edi ed by he college G. Nak inienė, J. Paulauskas, R. Pe okienė, V. Vi kauskas, J. Zaba skai ė, edi ed by he college. G. Nak inienė, e. a ian , Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, 2005 ( enewed e sion, 2018). He is a membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he Li huanian Academy o Sciences. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: www.ekalba.l . Miliuna Ri a: Wha do you hink abou women's su names? The Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e. Miliūnai ė Ri a 2022: Va ia ions and new mani es a ions o he Li huanian language a he beginning o he 21s cen u y: sys ema ics and di ec ions o changes, Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. "Million-dolla -a-yea -old" is no a wo d, i 's a ph ase, and i 's no a wo d, i 's no a wo d, i 's no a wo d, i 's no a wo d, i 's no a wo d, i 's no a wo d, i 's no a wo d, i 's no a wo d, i 's no a wo d, i 's no a wo d, i 's no a wo d, i 's no a wo d, i 's no a wo d. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p: www. aseiniai .l o a he ollowing add ess: www.kalba-ne a-pageida imu-konce as-a ba-ka-g ama ikasako-apie-sa kas [ iewed 2023-08-01]. Miliūnai ė Ri a 2023a: I wan o con use he Li huanian language so ha i becomes disgus ing. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. Mu mu is Dai a 2021: New wo ds in he Li huanian language in e ms o gende exp ession. […] Li huanian language 16, 51[…]69. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Mu mu a Dai a 2022: The homonymy o he o man s o he wo d "Da ybo" and i s ma king in he dic iona y o wo ds "Da ybo" […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 87, 200 […] 223. This is he i s ime ha he Ac has been amended. The App oach DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX is a ailable on he In e ne a h ps: h ps: www.jou nals.lki.l [ iewed on 20 Sep embe 2023] Mu mulai y ė Dai a 2023: Vi ė i ė košę, o mo e abou he su names […]su a goje“. – Del i.l , 2023-08-11. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://www.del i.l /news/ ingas/li / dai a-mu mulai y e- i e- i e-kose-a ba-da -syki-apie-pa a des-su-a-pabaigoje.d?i- pabaid=94130745& bclid=IwAR31 siwsu12Y M 3ASqobpH Jhk2gk W3wRNFAJgY6cT- oJndAdlW Nxpk [ iewed 2023-1-081]. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. La ian language upda e da a [con inued online knowledge since 2011], sud. R. Miliūnai ė, Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Paulauskienė Aldona 1994: Mo phology o he Li huanian language: lec u es o Li huanians, Vilnius: Science and encyclopedia publishing house. Paulauskienė Aldona 2007: Basics o he mo phology o he Li huanian language, Kaunas: The echnology. P ess con e ence by Seimas membe S asio Tumėnas […]Do we need o ge ang y wi h g amma and change he es ablished adi ions o o ming women's su names?[…] […] Open Seimas, 2023-05-17. I is a ailable on he In e ne : h ps: www.you ube.com/wa ch? =MxT4yQ p_ds [ iewed on 2023-05-18] Ska džius P anas 1996 [1943]: Rink iniai aš ai 1: Li huanian language wo d wo k, pho og aphed edi ion, pa . A. Rosinas, Vilnius: The publishing house o science and encyclopedias. The book is published by he Ins i u e o he Theo y o Wo d P ocessing (Vilnius: Mokslo i encyclopedias). Resolu ion o he S a e Li huanian Language Commission on he making o emale su names No N-2(87) (26 June 2003). The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Conclusion o he S a e Li huanian Language Commission on he d a amendmen o he Law on Names. The Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks 2023-09-30]. ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o equal ea men o men and women and on he p inciple o equal ea men o women and men. Elec onic esou ce o wo d p ocessing, Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e, 2021. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. A icles o he 143 d Mo e ų pa a džių e o ma lie u ių kalbos žodžių da ybos aspek u The Women's Su name Re o m in he Li huanian Language om he Pe spec i e o Wo d Fo ma ion Summa y Pe sonal names encompass mo e han jus an indi idual's iden i y; a su name should no be conside ed he exclusi e p ope y o a pe son. As a lexical laye , pe sonal names belong o he language sys em. The e o e, su name e o ms, pa icula ly hose mo i a ed by human by subjec i e easons a he han na u al language e olu ion, in ol e no only ma e s o igh s bu also linguis ic conside a ions. Cus oma y Li huanian womens su names e lec gende and amily ela ionships. Howe e , o his eason, hey should no be ega ded ca ego ically as an obsole e adi ion. The sys ema ici y o his lexical laye , he in e ela ionships, and he inhe en pa e ns o wo d o ma ion, mo phology, syn ax, e c., canno be o e looked. Fo signi ican socio-cul u al easons, beyond me e aes he ics, i is essen ial o e alua e he p ospec s o he de elopmen o he Li huanian language and an icipa e he po en ial consequences o change when e o ming his sys em. The pape highligh s speci ic aspec s o Li huanian language mo phology (wo d o ma ion) ha a e equen ly o e looked o igno ed in he discussions ega ding he p oposal o legalize Li huanian emale su names ending in - (i) (a). This p oposal is seen as unscien i ic, no based on esea ch in o wo d o ma ion and usage, and does no e lec any new wo d o ma ion ends, o bo h su names and common wo ds. I con adic s he egula i ies o Li huanian wo d o ma ion. The need o he su names in ques ion is based mainly on subjec i e (aes he ic, e c.) c i e ia, bu he po en ial damage his inno a ion could in lic on he Li huanian language is subs an ial. This is mainly due o he dis up ion o he mo phological sys em o he Li huanian language. Secondly, and mo e signi ican ly, i is likely o lead o u he e o m o he su name sys em and he adop ion o he 'Anglo-Saxon' model, i.e. equalisa ion o male and emale su names. I is his model ha would undoub edly e ode he Li huanian su name sys em and des oy i s uniqueness. In he Li huanian language, o he means o de i a ion a e cus oma ily used o o m nomina gene is. In he su name mic osys em, nomina eminina includes de i a i es wi h he su ixes -ienė, -u ienė; - I know, I know, I know. In addi ion o gende , such su names also indica e a womans social s a us whe he she is ma ied o single. As a as no only su names a e conce ned, he uni e sal means o o ming nomina eminina is he ending -ė. In 2003, he use o his ending o emale su names nondemons a ing womens ma i al s a us, was legalized. F om he pe spec i e o 20 yea s, his mo i a ed e o m could p obably be conside ed a success. Howe e , i has c ea ed one excep ion: when male su names ha e he ending -ė (e.g., Bložė, Gaulė, Lapė, Paukš ė, e c.), emale su names no demons a ing women's ma i al s a us a e o mally iden ical o hem. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ 144 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX The only way o see a de i a ional opposi ion be ween such o mally iden ical masculine and eminine su names, wi h some ese a ions, is he de i a ional unc ion o he ending -ė his is he ending used o o m nomina eminina in s anda d Li huanian. Ne e heless, e en i eminine su names a e conside ed de i a i es o masculine su names, his excep ional case canno be conside ed a p eceden and used o de elop eminine su name e o m u he . In he case o su names ending in -(i)a (e.g., Ša ka, Dausa, Biekša, Pajeda, Mulia, e c.), he e can be no such de i a ional opposi ion because he ending -(i)a does no se e his de i a ional unc ion […] o di e en ia e he de i a i e om he base wo d in e ms o ( emale) gende . Deli e ed on 4 Oc obe 2023. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.