Tariamai finougriškos kilmės Lietuvos vandenvardžiai

136 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC SIMONAS NOREIKIS The Uni e si y o Helsinki ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-2895-5880 Di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch: ine-g ained his o y and compa a i e linguis ics, onomas ics. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This is VANDENVARDZIAI Li huanian Hyd onyms o Allegedly Finno-Ug ic O igin This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The aim o he s udy is o e i y he Fino-Ug ic o igin o he names o he wa e s iden i ied du ing he esea ch ca ied ou by Aleksand Vanago and o he linguis s on Li huanian wa e names by compa ing he names o he wa e s wi h simila -sounding cu en Fino-Ug ic appella ions and wo ds. I is belie ed ha such a compa ison is no eliable, since i e e s o possible language con ac s ha ook place 4,000 yea s ago, when he Bal ic and Finno-Ug ic languages had a di e en phonological s uc u e. Fo his eason, a his o ical-phonological econs uc ion o he compa able o ms was ca ied ou and i was de e mined whe he he Li huanian o m could eme ge om he econs uc ed Fino-Ug ic o m. A e ecei ing a su ku iuo lyginamas Lie u os anden a dis, y a a ojamas inoug iškų ie o a džių da y- boje (seman inis k i e ijus). Neigiamo a sakymo a eju inoug iškos kilmės galimybė aip nega i e answe , he possibili y o a Finno-Ug ic o igin was ejec ed. I was also examined whe he he appeal had been ejec ed. Finally, he o igin o he compa a i e Finno-Ug ic appella ion was checked and in some cases i u ned ou ha he common wo d in he Finno-Ug ic languages is a loan om o he languages and appea ed la e han he supposed con ac s o he Bal ic and Finno-Ug ic languages in he cu en e i o y o Li huania. By applying he lis ed me hods, by e asing he men ioned wa e wo ds and by e-es ablishing hei e ymologies, i became clea ha all o hem we e un eliable un il now. Based on he la es a chaeological esea ch, i can be said ha Li huania canno be a subs a e o he ine ocks o he S one Age in gene al. Howe e , i does no ule ou he possibili y ha he e may be new wo ds in Li huanian ha he au ho o his a icle is looking o while s udying o a doc o a e. The main wo ds a e: ine ib es, subs a es, wa e wo ds, onomas ics, con ac s o languages. S aipsniai / A icles 137 Ta iamai inoug iškos kilmės Lie u os anden a džiai This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The s udy aims o e i y he Finno-Ug ic e ymology o 40 Li huanian hyd onyms appella i es sugges ed by Aleksand as Vanagas and o he linguis s compa ing hem o Finno-Ug ic and p ope names ha sound simila . Howe e , such a compa ison is no languages had sui able as he supposed con ac s ook place 4000 ye s ago when Bal ic and Finno-Ug ic di e en phonological s uc u es. The e o e, a his o ical-phonological econs uc ion o he compa a i e o ms was made and sc u inised whe he he Li huanian o m could ha e been de eloped om he econs uc ed Finnic-Ug ic o m. I he answe was nega i e, hen he Finno-Ug ic e ymology was ejec able. I was also e i ied i he Finno-Ug ic appella i e o which a Li huanian hyd onym was compa ed was used in Finno-Ug ic oponym o ma ion. In case o a nega i e answe he Finno-Ug ic e ymology was ejec able. Finally, he e ymology o he compa a i e Finno-Ug ic appella i es was e i ied, and in some cases i appea ed ha hey we e loanwo ds om o he languages bo owed la e han he supposed con ac s be ween he Bal s and he Finns. Ug ians ook place in Li huania. A e in es iga ing he sugges ed e ymologies i appea ed ha all o hem we e w ong. Acco ding o ecen a chaeological da a i can be claimed ha he e canno be Finno-Ug ic subs a e in Li huania om he S one Age. Ne e heless, i is no excluded ha in Li huania he e could be Finno-Ug ic (Vo icK ee in) p ope names, which he au ho o he a icle is looking o in his PhD s udies. KEYWORDS: Finno-Ug ic, subs a e, hyd onyms, onomas ics, language con ac s. 1.The ollowing able is inse ed: The a icle is dedica ed o he c i ical analysis o Li huanian wa e ma ks conside ed ine-g ained and is published in 2018 on he basis o a mas e 's hesis w i en and de ended in Finnish a he Uni e si y o Helsinki, wi h he aim o in oducing Li huanian eade s o he esul s o his wo k (No eikis 2018). In Li huania, he e is s ill a s ong belie ha in 2000 B.C. Be o e he a i al o he Bal s in he e i o y o p esen -day Li huania, i was inhabi ed by Finno-Ug ic […] ances o s o he p esen -day Finns, Es onians and o he peoples, and he wa e names o Finno-Ug ic o igin a e p oo o he la e ac . The p oposed concep o his heo y is conside ed so unques ionable ha i is e en w i en abou in his o y ex books, o example, in he ex book Laikas 7, which gi es speci ic 2004: 37). Įsi ikinimas dėl daba inėje Lie u os e i o ijoje gy enusių inoug ų pa em as examples o such wa e wo ds Ja à, K[…]dė, Tilká (Laikas 7) con inui y heo y, . y. iki indoeu opiečių-bal ų en gy enę šukinės ke amikos kul ū os a s o ai, SIMONAS NOREIKIS The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana (LXX) con ains abou 40 hyd onyms ha o e an kalbėjo inoug ų kalbomis. Remdamasis šia eo ija, Aleksand as Vanagas pa ei- explana ion o he Finno-Ug ic o igin. Recen ly, he heo y o con inui y has begun o lose i s ele ance, i is no longe belie ed ha he Finoug i li ed in he cu en e i o y o Li huania. Acco ding o a chaeologis Val e io Lango, con ac s be ween he Bal s and he Finno-Ug ic languages began in he e i o y o p esen -day Russia ( o he wes o Moscow) and la e ook place in p esen -day La ia and Es onia (Lang 2016). The e o e, looking only h ough he p ism o a chaeological science, i can be doub ed ha he e could be aqua is s o Finno-Ug ic o igin in Li huania. acco ding o which people li ed be o e he spinning ce amic cul u e, he pu pose o his Li huanian s udy […] o e i y is p esen ed om he poin o iew o he e ymology o he wa e wo ds. Vanago's p oposed e ymologies ha e sho comings, as he compa ed he selec ed Li huanian wa e wo ds wi h Finnish, Es onian, Ka elian and o he Finnish appella i e and e i ica ion wo ds. The s udy was insu icien because e y old language con ac s we e being in es iga ed. I is impo an o know he his o y o he de elopmen o compa a i e languages and o econs uc compa a i e o ms. The e o e, he ollowing ques ions a ise om he s udy ca ied ou : 1. A e he compa isons o Li huanian wa e names wi h Finno-Ug ic appeals and e i ica ion wo ds p o ided by A ago p ecise? 2. A e he oun ains o Finno-Ug ic o igin p esen ed in Vanago om he S one Age? 3. Can he e be Finno-Ug ic place names in Li huania a all? The sou ces in which Vanagas p esen s possible ine-g ained hyd onyms a e p o ided in he […]Analysis[…] sec ion o he a icle. Some o Vanago's ine-g ained wa e colo s we e b ie ly discussed by Vy au as Rimša (1995) and Ka is A as Liukonenas (Liukkonen 2003), who p oposed an explana ion o he Bal ic o igin, which was done wi hou de ailed commen s in con e ence pape s. The e o e, he pu pose o his wo k is o ho oughly in es iga e each case o explana ion o he Finno-Ug ic o igin p oposed by Vanago. Me hod 2. As al eady men ioned in he in oduc ion, Vanagas o e ed Li huanian wa e men explana ions o he o igin o he Fino-Ug ic by compa ing hem wi h he cu en Fino-Ug ic appella ions, bu his is no enough when i comes o possible kadangi uo me u iek bal ų, iek inoug ų kalbų one inė iš aiška bu o ki okia. Todėl pi masis žingsnis, ku į eikia ženg i analizuojan Vanago pa eik us palyginimus – ekons uo i lie u iško anden a džio p abal išką o mą bei A icles by A icles 139 Ta iamai inoug iškos kilmės Lie u os anden a džiai 4,000-yea -old con ac s, he Fino-Ug ic appella ion o he o m o he eal wo d in he Fino-Ug ic dialec using he me hod o his o ical-compa a i e phonology. The esul may be ha […] simila ly supposed wo d o ms in speech would be e y di e en and, in he e en o possible bo owing, hey would eme ge as comple ely di e en o ms. This me hod was p omo ed by An ė Aikio in he esea ch on Sami place names in Finland, when i was popula o e alua e place names o unce ain o igin as o Sami o igin by compa ing hem wi h wo ds om con empo a y Sami languages o e en wi hou p o iding a compa ison (Aikio 2007: 160). He poin ed ou ha he phonological s uc u e o Sami dialec s and mode n Sami languages di e s signi ican ly, so a his o ical-phonological econs uc ion needs o be ca ied ou (see also 164), a e which he e ymology o he Sami could be e u ed. By analogy, his me hod could also be applied o he analysis o Li huanian wa e cou ses conside ed ine-g ained. The seman ic aspec is also no excluded om he examina ion o he app op ia eness o he e ymology o he inoug iška. I he o igin is con incing om a phonological poin o iew, i is no necessa ily con incing om a seman ic poin o iew. Fo example, a place name is compa ed o a ine-g ained appella ion, which is no used in ine-g ained place names. Finally, i is necessa y o e i y he o igin and he ime o he Fino-Ug ic appeal, wi h which he Li huanian wa e shed is compa ed. Tha appella ion may appea as a loan wo d in he same Fino-Ug ic languages ha appea ed la e han he Fino-Ug ic people may ha e li ed in he cu en e i o y o Li huania. Then he e ymology o he Li huanian wa e ma k inoug iška is ejec ed om a ch onological poin o iew. 3. ANALYSIS This pa will analyze he wa e names ha Vanagas and o he schola s p esen as being o Finno-Ug ic o igin. Vanag men ioned hem in a ious o his wo ks, o which Zigmas Zinke ičius (2005: 29) compiled, in his opinion, he mos likely lis o wa e names o Finnish o igin and claimed ha he Finnish o igin o mos o hese wa e names was no in doub , bu did no explain why. This a icle will p esen a lis o wa e names, mos o which a e based on he a o emen ioned Zinke ičia lis , bu i will also include mo e wa e names men ioned in o he sou ces. Fo example, he i e Tilka was men ioned in he his o y guide Time 7 (2004: 37). The lis o Zinke ičius will also be supplemen ed by o he wa e names men ioned by Vanago (1975: 406407). S aipsnio an aš ėse pa eikiami suki čiuo i anden a džiai kaip Vanago (1981) e imologiniame žodyne (jeigu hid onimai šiame šal inyje neki - čiuojami, s aipsnyje jie aip pa ki čiuojami nebus). SIMONAS NOREIKIS 140 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian XC The PAV. Mos likely o be o Finnish o igin acco ding o Zinke ičių (2005: 30) 3.1. The lake Vanagas (1970: 106) does no p o ide an explana ion o he o igin o he Finoug iška, bu only compa es he name wi h o he Li huanian wa e names, such as Ìlma Didžióji, Emis and assigns i o a ce ain ype, which is o med by he p e ix -ėdpagalba. Howe e , in his e ymological dic iona y, Vanagas (1981: 129) al eady compa es his wa e name wi h he La ian place names Ilmāde, Ilmede (upė), Ilma ( illage), Ilmā es (play), Ilme e ( illage), which Janis Endzelynas, in u n, compa es wi h he Es onian place names Ilma -salu, Ilm-soo, Ilma-soo (Endzelīns: 1956: 359). F om a phonological poin o iew, he compa ison o Ilm[…]do wi h he La ian and Es onian place names men ioned ea lie in he a icle is inapp op ia e, since he Li huanian o m o he name has a long owel […], which acco ding o his o ical phonology could no ha e eme ged om he sho owel e o a and he long owel. I is also wo h no ing ha in he Fino language, he ki is was ixed in he i s skiemenie, and he second skiemuo is c ossed by he lake named Ilm[…]das. S aipsniai / A icles 141 Ta iamai inoug iškos kilmės Lie u os anden a džiai In Finnish, he a ea has place names wi h he oo Ilmai , meaning " he place is highes compa ed o he su ounding objec s" (Aikio 2007: 176). The e a e o he lakes a ound Ilm[…]d, bu opog aphically hey a e on he same le el. The e o e, he opinion ha Ilm[…]das may belong o his ype o Finnish place names is ejec ed. F om he poin o iew o phonology and he ypology o place names, Ilm[…]das is mo e o Bal ic o igin and is ela ed o he names Ìlma Didžióji, E[…]mis, E[…]mė and A[…]mė (plg. Li huanian elm[…] i alm[…] i […]lė ai ekė i[…]). I exp esses he pa eldė a iš indoeu opiečių p okalbės (Rudzī e 1993: 135); nemažai indoeu o- pie iškų anden adžių suda y i su šaknimi *el- / *ol-. Be o, lie u ių kalboje apophonic a ~ e al e na ion, known as e ~ i al e na ion (in o he wo ds, kẽl i ~ ki i). 3.2. The ci y o Ýmas a (upė) Vanagas (1981: 129-130): The local name o Ýmas a is Imas u ald. In he Es onian place names communi y (EKNRe s. .1 Imas u, Ima e e) i is explained ha he oponym can be ela ed o he su names *Ima, *Immo(i) and he Finnish pe sonal name Himanen: Himas (also known as Himas) The compa ison wi h Es onian place names is phonologically p oblema ic, since he Li huanian o m o he i e name Ymas a has a long owel y, and Es onian Imas u […] sho owel i. Ýmas a canno also be associa ed wi h Finnish Himanen, since 3.3. inų *h (es ų kalboje dažnai išnykęs) y a kilęs iš inoug ų p okalbės *š, odėl į bal ų kalbas bū ų pa ekusi o ma **Šima- i lie u iškas a das bū ų **Šimas a. Ja à (up and lake), Ja lka (up) Vanagas (1981: 134) e e s o he Ja õs i e and lake, as well as he Ja lkos i e as wa e alls o Finnish o igin and connec s hem wi h he Finnish lakes ‘eže as. Vanagas (1971: 149) bases his connec ion on he ac ha he e a e sudu iniai place names in La ia, he second owel o which is -(j)e is, -(j)ē is, de i ed om he Finnish p o e b *jä i. Howe e , his compa ison is inapp op ia e. The La ian place names men ioned a e o Li huanian o igin, and he objec s hemsel es a e loca ed on he sho e o he bay o Riga, in he his o ical se lemen o he Li huanians. The phonological peculia i y o he Li huanian language […] p obalsio disappea ance a e p obalsio (Finnish p okalbės *jä i > ly ių p okalbės *jä o > Ku žemės ly ių jō a, Salacos ly ių jä u) is e lec ed in he place names (Kallio 46[…]47 2016:). 1 These he e and u he in he a icle s. . sub e bum (sub i le in he dic iona y). SIMONAS NOREIKIS 142 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC The changes occu ed la e, a ound he 15 h cen u y, and be o e ha he Li huanian language's ocabula y di e ed li le om he Es onian language nologiniu požiū iu, kadangi Lie u oje galimi inoug iški anden a džiai a si a- (c . 60[…]61). The e o e, he compa ison is inapp op ia e. The o m o he eže as y a oli nuo ly ių gy enamojo a ealo, odėl palyginimas a ealiniu- ipolo- lychees appea ed 3500 yea s la e . In addi ion, he Ja õs i e is no sui able om an onomas ic poin o iew. I is wo h no ing ha he o igin o he Finnish lake is no en i ely clea . The wo d is e en hough o be o Bal ic o igin (Nuu inen 1989); i has been associa ed wi h he whi e jau a (lie u ių jáu a), which in Finnish p o e b became he jaw ä (EVE s. . jä i), and la e because o he me a hesis became he *jä i. I 's ha d o imagine how Ja à could ha e go en ou o i in he e en o a possible e e se bo owing. Finally, he name Ja à is c ossed in he las syllable, which is con a y o he laws o he Finnish language. Meanwhile, Ja lka is a he a wa e name o Sla ic o igin, which is associa ed wi h he Sla ic pagan god Ja il(k)o. The illage o Je icho in La ia is associa ed wi h he name o his god (Buga III 639), so he possibili y o Sla ic o igin is much mo e con incing. I should be added ha Vanagas (1981: 134) d aws a en ion o Gus a o Leidingo's p ose-jo ingian place names Ja cke, Ja a, A ke, Ja ke Fliess (Leyding 1959: 43), bu does no commen on he de ails o hei ela ionship wi h Ja à. The e o e, u he esea ch should check whe he Ja à is no ela ed o hese place names. 3.4. K[…] ė (upė) is he name o he i e . Vanagas (1975: 405): K[…] ė ~ es ų käwe […]g ei as, eiklus[…] (Wiedemann 1869: 278, 425), since Kazimie as Būga (III 615) connec ed his se ies o La ian place names wi h he wo d es išku. The La ian place names gi en in he bugs will no be discussed he e because hey a e un ela ed o he opic o he a icle. Meanwhile, om he poin o iew o his o ical phonology, K ė canno be linked o he Es onian käwe. The o m käwe gi en by Fe dinando J. Vydemano is a weak o m, and he o m used in mode n Es onian is käbe (kilmininkas käbeda) (EESe s. . käbe). The o m o his wo d in Finnish p okalbē *käpedä, om which i could ha dly ha e come ou *Kēwijā bal ų p okalbėjė. Vanagas (1981: 154) p o ided a mo e con incing explana ion o La ian a he han Finno-Ug ic o igin. 3.5. K[…]dė, Kidẽlė (upė) ( o me ly known as K[…]dė) Vanagas (1981: 156): K[…]dė ~ La ian appella ion o he wo d ķidas, ķides, ķidi […] ly ių kid(ūd) ‘žu ų idu iai, ža nos; kas no s mažas, nes a bus’; ~ es ų ie o a dis A icles o he 143 d Ta iamai inoug iškos kilmės Lie u os anden a džiai Kide-maa (Endzelīns 1961: 378); ~ upė a dis Ķidu ga ~ ly ių kid(ūd) (Rudzī e 1961: 185). Pi miausia eikia a k eip i dėmesį į Vanago pa eik us ik inius žodžius. Ķidu ga has he a ian Ķīdu ga wi h he long ī (LGIA VD). The Es onian place name da abase (KNAB) does no con ain he exac wo d Kidemaa, only Kiidemaa wi h a long ii can be ound he e. As a esul , i is doub ul whe he he i e name K[…]dė is p ope ly ela ed o he La ian and Es onian place names men ioned ea lie in he a icle om a phonological poin o iew. F om he poin o iew o onomas ics, he o igin o he Finno-Ug ic language is also doub ul, since he e a e no place names in he Finnish language whose de e minan would be he lion's kid (ūd) and i s equi alen s in o he Finnish languages, such as Finnish ki a […] yklä, ge klä, bu na[…], es onian kida, kidu id. […] g een and Finnish kidukse […] g een. Wol gang P. Schmid poin ed ou ha he La ian keys, keys, keys a e a la e loan; I i had en e ed he Bal ic dialec , he La ian equi alen would be *cid-, and explained why Kdė migh be o Li huanian o igin (Schmid 1988: 165[…]166). The e ymological dic iona y o Vanago also includes he names Skidẽlė, Skidupỹs and Skidulỹs ~ sks i ‘skleis is in o he coun y; o dissol e; I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. o ea , o ea , o ea , o ea , o ea , o ea , o ea , o ea , o ea , o ea , o ea . Šmidas compa es hese wo ds wi h ano he Li huanian wo d (s)kedžius. The e o e, by analogy, he kni e can be associa ed wi h he kni e. In addi ion, Rimša (1995: 97) belie es ha K[…]dė could ha e o igina ed om he e b kidén i […]keden i[…]. The ques ion o whe he Li huanian wa e names could be de i ed om he wo ds (s)kis i, kidén i, emains open o Li huanian onomas ics esea che s. Howe e , i can be a gued ha K[…]dė is no a wa e sou ce o he ine-g ained subs a e o he S one Age. 3.6. The Kigus, he Kigas (upė) Vanagas (1981: 157): Kigus ~ Ke g-oze o (~ Finnish kä ki […]genỹs[…], Es onian kä g […]juodàsis genỹs[…] (Vasme 1934: 380)), also known as Ke g-oze o, is he name o a illage in Es onia. […] Ky gus[…] (up in he A changel egion (Čase 2010) ~ he highes […]highes […] (Slia a 1996: 50). A compa ison wi h Finnish kä ki may be app op ia e, as he appella i e has equi alen s in o he Finno-Ug ic languages (SES; UEW), bu in he case o a possible bo owing, he Li huanian equi alen **Kegus is mo e likely. Šlia as (1996: 50) also indica ed a a ian o he i e name, which is mos likely he second lowe o m. The compa ison wi h Ky gus is ques ionable, since i s Finno-Ug ic o igin is gi en by compa ing his su name wi h a ious Finno-Ug ic appella ions and no elying on jų, kaip ie o a džių, da ybos, seman ikos speci iką bei is o inės onologijos dėsningumus. SIMONAS NOREIKIS 144 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC inas seman iniu, since he i e lows h ough a Šlia o palyginimas galbū bū ų inkamas onologiniu požiū iu, ačiau a mes- le el. Schmid poin ed ou ha he name o he i e may be ela ed o he sound o he sound o he sound o he sound o he sound o he sound o he sound o he sound o he sound o he sound o he sound o he sound o he sound (Schmid 1988: 166). Due o he app op ia eness o his compa ison, he ques ion is le open o Li huanian onomas ics. 3.7. K ė, La ian o Ki e (upė) The Kė ė Ri e lows h ough he e i o ies o Li huania and La ia. Būga (III 229) sugges ed ha his i e name should be conside ed o Finnish o igin (plg. ly ių ki , Finnish ki i […]akmuo[…]). The La ian equi alen Ķi e indica es a la e o igin o his name. I he name had en e ed he Bal ic dialec , he La ian o m would be **Ci e. I is also necessa y o pay a en ion o he ac ha bo h in Li huania and La ia his i e name has ano he a ian , in which he oo oice y ī is long: Li huanian Ky ė and La ian Kī e. The la e o m is indica ed in he La ian place name da abase (LGIA VD) as he main, o he o ms o he i e name Ķī es s au s, Ķī ī e. The long oo oice does no allow he name o be associa ed wi h he Finnish *ki i, since he bo owed oo oice does no sound like i . Laimu ė Baluodė connec s he La ian o m Ķī ī e wi h he appella i e ķī ī e ‘pempė, which is a loan om he Ge man lowland language (kiwi ) h ough he Es onian language (Balode 2015: 58). So i may be an indi ec inism, bu i 's jus an assump ion. Howe e , Vanagas (1981: 158) does no disca d he Bal ic o igin and associa es i wi h he appella i es ky is, ky ynas ‘ki mėly ė o some kind o bee le, ky ynas ‘smulkus wa e animal, in uzo ija. I he name o m wi h a long owel is p imi i e, hen pe haps his connec ion is app op ia e. Bu in any case, i seems mo e con incing han he o igin o he Finno-Ug ic. 3.8. he mou h Vanagas (1975: 405) a gues ha he Finno-Ug ic o igin o his i e name is qui e doub ul. In his e ymological dic iona y (Vanagas Sa o 1981: 161162) he compa es his wa e name wi h se e al La ian oponyms wi h he oo Kāk-, pa o which Būga (III 623) associa ed wi h he Finnish köykky ‘sulinkęs, kup o as. F om he poin o iew o his o ical phonology, a compa ison wi h his Finnish appella i e is comple ely unde eloped, since i s o m in Finnish p o e b was *keikkü, om which he o m *Kāk- could ha dly ha e a isen. In addi ion, he long- ailed dee a e he long- ailed dee appea ed la e han he whi e and Finnish dee S aipsniai / A icles 151 Ta iamai inoug iškos kilmės Lie u os anden a džiai Va das Pe na à y a su p iesaga -a a, ku i dažnai su inkama bal ų anden- a džių leksikoje (lie u ių kalboje ji dažnai keičiama naujesne o ma -u a). Vanagas (1970: 101) w i es ha he meaning o many names ending in -a a -u a is unclea oday. Pe na à is one o hem. Paulius A is ė w i es ha he Es onian and Finnish place names Pä ni Pe ngali a e subs a e o an unknown ex inc language (A is e 1981: 17). The appella i e pä nä occu s only in Finnish languages (SES s. . pä nä), so i may be ha i is a subs a ic wo d. Thus, i can be assumed ha Pe na à and Pé nokė a e no o Finno-Ug ic o igin, bu may ha e o igina ed om an ex inc language subs a e. P […]ladis (upė) is he name o a illage in Poland. Vanagas (1981: 258) in he e ymological dic iona y p oposes wo explana ions o he o igin o he Finoug i. Fi s , Vanagas elies on he p oposal o Rudzy ė (Rudzī e 1968: 189) and An on B eidako (B eidaks 1973: 100) o explain ha he La gale i e Pyldys ups (La ian o m Pilda) may be ela ed o he Es onian ield […]3. Pyldys is p esen ed as he ances o o he La galian single emale genus (see Leikuma 2003: 13). Howe e , Vanago's compa ison o he name Pila us wi h La gale Pylda is inco ec , since he la e only appea ed a e he Es onians mo ed o La gale a he beginning o he 19 h cen u y. I would also no be ai o equa e he name Pladis wi h he Es onian o m põld. In Finnish, he o m was *pël o, and he wo d i sel is bo owed om Ge manic p okalbs (< * elþa) ‘ ield, soil (EVE s. . pel o). I is di icul o ind a easonable explana ion o how he shape Pladis could ha e a isen om he pel o põld […] *pël o. Vanagas in he e ymological dic iona y also aised he hypo hesis ha Pladis is ela ed o he La ian place names Pīlags, Pīladzis, e c. They a e composed o simila Finnish loan-appeals, he p ima y o m o which is li e pīlõg ‘še mukšnis. These loans a e widesp ead and a e mainly ound in he Ku sa, Žiemgalos and Vidžemės po s (Zeps 1962: 165[…]166). Howe e , hey a e no ound in he La galian bo de s (excep o a ew snails on he bo de o he Middle Eas ). The Pladza i e is loca ed in he a ea o Paš i ina, which also belongs o he his o ical e i o y o Žiemgala. Un o una ely, he e is no in o ma ion abou he wa e alls in he e i o y o Žiemgala, o med om he wo d pīlõg. 3 Despi e s ong a gumen s o he connec ion be ween Pilda and põld, no one has poin ed ou ha in he sou he n Es onian dialec s he Ge manic loan põld […]laukas[…] is much mo e commonly used han he Finnish eldinys nu m […]laukas, pie a[…], which may deny he connec ion be ween he La ian wo d and he Es onian appella i e. The au ho o he a icle add esses his issue in he doc o al s udies ela ed o place names o Finnish o igin in La ia. SIMONAS NOREIKIS 152 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC F om he poin o iew o he phone ic s uc u e, i is di icul o ind a connec ion be ween he name Pladis and he a ian s o he appella i e kamienų pīlādz-, pīlāg-, pīlag-, pīlaģ. The s one oice in he o iginal language (ly a) and in all La ian wo d o ms is always long. In Li huanian, on he o he hand, his oice is sho Ly ių pīlõg and has become long due o a phonological change *š > *h > (plg. suomių pihlaja, es ų pihlakas). In he ancien Finnish dialec , he oo was *pišla-, bu he Li huanian o m o he name does no ha e hese oo p in s. The e o e, he name Piladis canno be associa ed wi h any Finnish o m. On he o he hand, duk y us lie u ių anden a džiuose. Kamienas pil- gali bū i daik a a džio pils a ba eiksmažodžio pl i edinys. Iš abiejų leng ai galima suda y i anden a - Pladis can be an in ixed wo d, because he in ix is -ady a p odžius, o example, Pil-ẽlė < Li huanian pils, Pil-ãšius < pl i (Vanagas 1981: 258). In his ea lie wo k, Vanagas (1970: 71) equa es he name Pladis wi h he las names. He men ions he possible o igin o he inches only in he o ewo d. Vanagas acknowledges ha om a phone ic poin o iew, he o ms o he ly iškė and he La ian o ms o med om hem can ha dly o can no be ela ed o Pladis. Howe e , he assumes ha Pladis may be ela ed o he La ian name Piladzis (in his opinion, i is he Li huanianized o m o Pīladzis). Un o una ely, i 's no clea wha his a ea is and whe e i is, why he sound has become so sho . Meanwhile, Vanagas (1981: 258) in his e ymological dic iona y w i es only abou he possible o igin o he inoug es, and pa allels wi h he names Pilẽlė and Pilãšius a e no indica ed, no s jos paaiškinamos plačiau. Todėl šiuo a eju links ama p i a i bal iškajai e imologijai. 3.22. he pond Vanagas (1981: 268): Púožas ~ La galia's mano name is Puožu-māja. Acco ding o he schola , he o m o he poem is de i ed om he o ms pāz-, pāž-. He bases his s a emen on he ac ha he La galian language ansla es he whi e ā in o uo. He compa es he name o he lake o o he La ian place names, such as Pāze (pie a), Pāzis ( h ee di e en objec s) and Pāzs, Pāžupe (upė), which a e composed o he La ian wo d pāzis […] pāź ‘uola (Vanagas ma ked he wo d pāž as Finnish, al hough in ac i is Vydemano Es onian […] okiečių wo ds used he o m pāž, he egula o m in Finnish wo ds is paasi (Wiedemann 1869: 858). The use o he wo d pāzis in La ian is no widesp ead, i is used only in Li onian (Vidžemės) languages (Zeps 1962: 160). The name o he illage is Pāz-, Pāž ie o ės is Ku še (LGIA VD). In Puožas i Puožu-māja y a ski ingose is o inėse ie o ėse. Púožo eže o e- i o ijoje nė a uolų, odėl siejimas su inų *paasi y a seman iškai nepag įs as. addi ion, he Finnish language and i s equi alen s in o he Finnish languages a e conside ed o be o Ge manic o igin (< * spāđa, EESe s. . paas). Assuming ha he Lie u oje iki bal ų a sik aus ymo, jie ik iausiai ne u ėjo žodžio *paasi, ku is A icles by A icles 153 Ta iamai inoug iškos kilmės Lie u os anden a džiai Finno-Ug ic inhabi an s a e compa a i ely ecen ly bo owed, hey en e ed he e i o y o Finland a e he Finno-Ug ic inhabi an s allegedly se led in Li huania. In Li huanian, he case o phone ic de elopmen is *paasi > *puožneįmanomas (pa icula ly *s > *ž). Puožas associa ed he name Vanagas wi h ecen Finnish language o ms, which a e he esul o an au onomous phone ic de elopmen . Aikio no es ha he names should be compa ed no wi h he cu en o ms, bu wi h he econs uc ed ones (Aikio 2007: 164). The compa ison o he wo d paasi wi h he ea ly o m *spāđa indica es ha Púožas is no ela ed o hem. The e o e, i can be concluded ha Púožas is no a place name o he ine-g ained subs a e o he S one Age. 3.23 Roba à, also known as Robã ė (upė) Vanagas (1981: 279) a gues ha his i e name is mos likely a inno-ug ism and compa es i wi h he La ian hyd onym Rabba -Esse , associa ed wi h he lions and he Es onian aba […]pelkė[…], he lions aba -suo […]pelkė[…], he apa-suo […]klampi pelkė[…]. Es onian aba is a loan wo d om he ancien Scandina ian languages (EESe s. . aba). Skolinic languages om Scandina ian languages en e ed Finnish languages only in he 3 d o 8 h cen u y (Kallio 2015: 26), so i is no possible o say om a ch onological poin o iew ha Roba à is a hyd onym o he subs a e inoug ų o he S one Age. Vanagas men ions ha Vladimi N. Topo o o e s a di e en de ini ion o o igin, bu does no desc ibe i in de ail (Topo o 1977: 84). I can be seen in he p ima y sou ce ha his schola sugges s an Indo-Eu opean o igin. The e i ica ion o Topo o 's assump ions is no ela ed o he opic o his a icle, so i is sugges ed ha o he esea che s pay a en ion o i in he u u e. 3.24. The Rujà (uppe pa ) Vanagas (1981: 283): Rujà ~ La ian place names Rūja, Rūjupe, Rūjas, which Būga (III 617) conside s o be inoug izms. Acco ding o Vanago, he o igin o he Finoug iškė is also con i med by he La ian i e names Ruoja, p ussian Rogys, Royenn, Roigen […] *Rōjis (*Rōja-), La ian āja […]supu ęs, ne ekąs ūdyno anduo[…] and kašubų aja […]bala, pu as, pelkė[…]. The la e wo appeals we e conside ed o be o Finno-Ug ic o igin, e.g. Finnish liunas, bala, (Bedna czuk 1976: 51), ačiau San e is Jun ila, g įsdamas is o inės onologijos Es onian oe liunijos, klampynės, dumblina ėkmė, which ejec s his 283) eiškė abejones dėl upė a džio Rujà yšio su la iškais ie o a džiais ūj-, kadangi lie u ių upės a do o ma su umpuoju šaknies balsiu u. Manan , kad assump ion (Jun ila 2015: 20). La e , Vanagas himsel (1981: his assessmen is co ec , he o igin o he i e name Rujà inoug iška is ejec ed. SIMONAS NOREIKIS Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC 154 (English language law) In Finnish dialec , he Finnish o m was * ooja, and he long oo sound is a la e phenomenon. In he Finoug e dialec , he o m o his wo d could be * owaja * oηaja * oγaja (acco ding o he au ho 's pe sonal con e sa ion wi h A. Aikio), so he ea lie men ion o La ian, P ussian and Kashubian appella ions and wo ds can ha dly be e i ied as being o Finoug ician o igin. Sikià (uppe pa o he ci y) Vanagas claims ha he su name Sikià (Sỹkė) is ela ed o he Li huanian appella ions sỹkas, sỹkis, which we e conside ed Finnish deb o s, see Finnish siika (Vanagas 1975: 404[…]405). Howe e , in he Finnish languages hemsel es, siika is conside ed a Ge manic loanwo d, and he Li huanian appella i e sỹkas, sỹkis connec ion wi h he Finnish and Ge manic wo ds is unclea (LÄGLOS III 231), so Sikià canno be a s one-age subs a e wo d. 3.26 The illage o Suosà Vanagas (1981: 320): Suosà is loca ed in he Ka elian Suasjä i. In no he n Finland (Enon ekiö) he e a e h ee lakes, called Suasjä i. Vanagas does no deny he Bal ic e ymology and p o ides a compa ison, o example, wi h he wo d saus and o he Li huanian appella i es, which seems mo e con incing. The lakes, called Suasjä i, a e a om Li huania, so hey canno be associa ed wi h Suosa om an a eal- ypological poin o iew. In addi ion, Suasjä i is, I hink, a o m o he Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Su- as-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-- Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas-Suas. 3.27 The o igin o hese wa e names is unclea . He does no men ion ha he mo e common o m o he name Šakšỹs is Šekšỹs (TLE IV 167). Būga (III 627) assigns his name o he g oup o Li huanian and La ian šakš( )- šekš( )- wa e wo ds. They a e associa ed wi h he appeals o Li huanian oak ees he b anches o a wooden b anch wi h a spine a ached o he back o he mole and oak ees he s ones o a ee ha has been lying on he g ound o a long ime o lashing in he wa e wi h a wo d (LKŽe). Vanagas also assumes ha he name o he lake Šakšỹs is o Finno-Ug ic o igin. He compa es he name o he wa e wi h he names o he wa e s gi en by E geniy M. Pospelo : he Shokshos lake in he Mokshos i e basin and he nine Shokshos i e s whose basin ex ends om he Onegos lake o he Mezenesa S aipsniai / A icles 155 Ta iamai inoug iškos kilmės Lie u os anden a džiai 99–100). Pospelo as aip pa mini okius andens elkinių geog a inius pa a- A changelskaya egion (Pospelo 1970: dynas ic as ma ius šokš ‘upės a šaka and s aipsnyje ik inama, a Vanago ap ašomos pa alelės su Pospelo o pa eik omis mansių šoš ‘maža upė, upelis. Fu he mo e, p e e en ial cons uc ions and appeals a e co ec . Ma ių šokš is de i ed om he U al dialec o soya beans (UEW s. . soja), a -kšy a spell. In o he languages o he U alic amily, his o m is simila o he U alic p o e b o m and is used wi hou a p e ix. The e is no co espondence in Finnish. Mansi's shoe is no he same as soy. The co ec equi alen , o example, in he no he n Mansi language is aj . The i s o m o he wo d šoš is *čoč, because mansių *š is de i ed om *č (Sammallah i 1988: 511512). The e o e, o phone ic easons, he appeals o he minis and ma ys canno be associa ed wi h he Bal ic o m o *šakš- *šekš-. F om he poin o iew o his o ical phonology, i is possible o ejec he connec ion o Šakšỹs ~ Šekšỹs wi h he a o emen ioned ine-g ained appella i es. Finally, i should be added ha a~e change is a common phenomenon in whi e wo ds. Fo hese easons, he name can be conside ed a Bal ic one. 3.28 The illage o Šladis Vanagas (1981: 331) is based on he hypo hesis o Juoz Šlia (1970: 263) ha he wo d "šilady a" comes om he o m "šilddėl" in he local dialec o popula anap ikses and ha i s sou ce is he Li huanian wo d "sīlda ‘ il as". Vanag also ook in o accoun he name o he Scheld Ri e in Ka elia (Vasme 1934: 36). He also poin ed ou ha lions' silda is a Bal ic wo d in Finnish: bal ų * il as > suomi sil a […] il as[…] (Thomsen 1890: 98) This is no he case. In his case, Šilda is no a good example, because i is a Ka elian wa e name, o med om he appella i e Šilda […] il as[…], which exp esses he s > š kai a, cha ac e is ic o he Ka elian language, bu i does no ep esen such an old phenomenon. Thus, compa ison wi h his o m is no a sui able example o phonological de elopmen om a ch onological poin o iew. The lion's ail, like he a o emen ioned Ka elian hea , is de i ed om he Finnish "sil a" and is a whi e shell. E en i e e se lending had occu ed, i is unlikely ha s > s change could ha e occu ed. The e o e, he compa ison wi h Finnish sil a ede is inapp op ia e. The wa e name Pladis is said o be e y simila o Šladis and has he p e ix -ad-, which is p oduc i e in Li huanian wa e names. In Vanago's (1970: 72) book on Li huanian hyd onym s uc u es, Šladis is men ioned as one o he names made wi h his p e ix, examples. In his e ymological dic iona y (1981: 331), Vanagas p o ides only possible equi alen s o he Fino-Ug ic language. Howe e , he name can be made om he wo d šlas (Rimša 1995: 98). I has gi en ise o many di e en o he names ( o example, he name o he i e Šl-upis, he names o he i e s Šl-eže is o Šlas), including: dėl Šladis gali p iklausy i ai pačiai g upei, aigi bal iška e imologija skamba į ikinamiau. SIMONAS NOREIKIS 156 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC The wo d is de i ed om he Finnish wo d šu, which is a sho ened o m o šu, which is a sho ened o m o šu, which is a sho ened o m o šu, which is a sho ened o m o šu, which is a sho ened o m o šu, which is a sho ened o m o šu, which is a sho ened o m o šu. The names gi en in Vanago a e in ac o ms o wo ds in he Ka elian language in which he Finnish s has changed o he Finnish s. The names men ioned a e ela ed o he Ka elian sha k o he Finnish suo. Howe e , he name Šuoju emains ague because i does no sound Finnish. I is specula ed ha his is a o m o he Ka elian wo d, in which s > š and a > u changes also occu ed. The Finnish o m would be *Suoja. Du ing he au ho 's con e sa ion wi h he esea che Pauli Rahkonen, he name o he inch was sugges ed as an explana ion o he Sami o igin o his wa e all. Vanago's compa isons a e no eliable because his p oposed Finnish equi alen s ha e a seconda y sound. Thus, om a phone ic-his o ical poin o iew, i is impossible o he name Šuojà o be ela ed o Ka elian names. The phone ic s uc u e o he wo d suo is also di e en : Finnish suo < la e Finnish p okalbė * soo < ea ly Finnish p okalbė * soγi * oγi (Saa iki i 2006: 269 […] 270). I is di icul o imagine how he Bal ic o ms could ha e e ol ed om he ea ly Finnish o ms. On he o he hand, A is sugges s ha he Finnish *soo may be a wo d om he Paleo-Eu opean subs a e (A is e 1971: 256). I emains unclea whe he he Li huanian names a e ela ed o i . The name o he lake, Suojis, and he i e , Suojá, a e connec ed wi h he Ka elian. Suo-jä i and Finnish suo […]pelkė[…]. The e ymological analysis o hese names can be ca ied ou in he same way as in he case o he name Šuojà men ioned ea lie in he a icle. Vanagas (1981: 320) is based on Būga (I 523), which explains he e ymology o he La ian name Suoja. I s Li huanian equi alen would be Šuojà. Acco ding o Bugo, he La ian Suoja and he Li huanian Šuojà may be ela ed o he Yo ingian wo d *sōjā ( eikšmė nenu ody a), om which he name o he Polish lake Sajno […] sla ų *Sajno […] jo ingių *Sōjinan (*Sjāō + -in + -an) p obably o igina ed. Vanagas (1988: 47) poin ed ou ha some o he no he n Li huanian wa e names can be explained by he names occu ing in he wes e n whi e se lemen a ea (in he pic u e, Dabikinė in no he n Li huania is p obably ela ed o he old P ussian wo d debican ‘g ea ). Fo his eason, Bugo's explana ion seems con incing. The Bal ic e ymological explana ion o he name Šuojà seems o be jus i ied o he easons men ioned abo e. Meanwhile, he e ymology o he name Suojà emains unclea , bu he associa ion o he name wi h Finnish appella i es and e i ica ion wo ds seems inapp op ia e om a phone ic poin o iew. S aipsniai / A icles 157 Ta iamai inoug iškos kilmės Lie u os anden a džiai 3.30 Ta añė (upė) ( o me ly known as Ta añė) Vanagas (1981: 340) compa es i o he La ian i e , whose s anda d name is Tē and (Rudzī e 1968: 192). Valen in Kipa sky conside s his name o be a Finno-Ug ic and iden i ies i wi h he Finnish Ty än ö, he Li huanian õõ a ‘de a and he Es onian Tõ andi küla (Kipa sky 1939: 236). The compa ison o Li huanian Ta añdė ~ Li huanian Tē and om a ch onological poin o iew is inapp op ia e. I Kipa ski's compa ison is co ec , he phone ic o m o he name Ly ian is eally qui e ecen . Acco ding o Pe i Kallio, he Ly ian dialec s began o decline only a he end o he 15 h cen u y (Kallio 2016: 4647, 6061). Ta and is oli nuo bal ų i ly ių kalbų kon ak ų a ealo, odėl šis upė a dis negali bū i e - inamas kaip inoug ų subs a o a das. Vanagas (1975: 405) also associa ed he name Ta añdė wi h he no he n Russian i e name Ta anda. The exac loca ion o he i e has no been de e mined (Ma adudina 1965: 11). I is also based on La ian place names wi h he su ix -nd- (plg. in. *-n A, *-n O) gi en by Būga (III 621). Būga gi es hem as Finnish names. Vanag also sugges s ano he op ion. Acco ding o him, Ta añdė can be associa ed wi h he pe sonal name Ta anda, bal a usių Ta anda (see he sou ce o pe sonal names used by Vanago in Bi yla 1969: 409). Howe e , i does no e e o appeals such as a añdžius, a añdė ‘plepys, a ánda ‘k ailys (LKŽe). Nikolai V. Bi la also e e s o he Russian wo d " a an a" in he Ya osla l dialec as " alking man" ( o he Mel’ničenko 1961). Visi šie žodžiai gali bū i onoma opėjiniai, nes lie u ių kal- boje y a nemažai žodžių su onoma opėjine o ma a a-, eiškiančių, pa yzdžiui, la e appella i e see " alking", " alking", " alking" (LKŽe). Ta añė is no only he name o he i e , bu also o he illage h ough which he i e lows. I is possible ha he name o he illage was i s gi en by people called Ta anda, and only a e ha he wo d began o be used as he name o he i e . The name Ta añdė is insc ibed on he second s em, and his a gumen es i ies agains he Finno-Ug ic o igin. The p e alence o -n A is limi ed o he Bal ic Finnish and Pe mian languages (Hakulinen 1979: 200), bu he p e ix -and aip is no o eign o he Bal ic languages (Būga III 847). The a gumen s o he Bal ic o igin o he name Ta ande a e qui e s ong. In addi ion, he i e lows much u he away om he known his o ical se lemen a ea. So he Bal ic o igin is much mo e con incing. Té e ė, La ian Tē e e (upė) also known as Té e ė Té e ė (La ian Tē e e) is in La ia, bu a small pa o i lows in o Li huania and is La ijos pasieniu. Vanagas (1981: 344) e imologiniame žodyne upė a dį lygina su la išku miško a du Ta as es mežs. Pasak jo, šis y a inų kilmės, i lygin- known by he Es onian names Ta wes , Ta es , Te es and Ta as u kihelkond. He assumes ha he Ka elian names Te a-lambi and Te a-jä i ha e he same cha ac e is ic. SIMONAS NOREIKIS Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC 158 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Pas a ieji du a dai ik iausiai suda y i iš apelia y o e a ‘de a’, ku is inų In languages he e may be a Bal ic loan (Kalima 1936: 168). The e m can also be o Scandina ian o igin, bu in any case i is a la e bo owing in he Finnish languages (i.e. bo owed la e han 2000 BC). Vanagas elies on Lau ie Ke unen's iew ha he wo d e y a is de i ed om he wo d a as […] au as[…] (Ke unen 1955: 223). Vanago mus ha e been su p ised o p o ide his e e ence, since Ke unen only analyzed names wi h a - The wo d a as in Finnish is conside ed a Bal ic loanwo d (< bal ų * au as (Kalima 1936: 166)), and he o m a as is he esul o me a hesis. Ta as was a p oli ic su name in local illages, a leas in Finland (in he case o Ta as-joki, Ta as-jä i). Té e ė was associa ed wi h la e bo owings in he Finnish languages, so his i e name canno be in e p e ed as a wa e name o he subs a e o he ine ocks o he S one Age. The e is no eason o deny he o igin o he Bal ic name Té e é. Būga (III 847) indica es ha his may be he p e ix in he name Te -e -ė and compa es i wi h he La ian place name Te ende, which is o Ku šiškos o igin. 3.2. Tilka (uppe pa o he body) Vanagas (1981: 345): Tilka ~ he La ian illage names Tilk(u)sā i, Tilkainis, Tilkas […] ly ių ilk, Finnish ilkka […]lašas[…] (Būga III 618). Vanagas also gi es he name o he Ka elian lake Tilkus o compa ison. The Finnish * ilkka is a wo d o sound-sounding o igin (SES s. . ilkka), om which he o igin and e bs, o example, es ų ilkuda ‘ a ė i, lašė i, a e de i ed. Howe e , " ilkka" is a wo d o la e o igin, since in ea ly Finnish speech i canno be a long p o e b (in his case kk) a e a long skiemens (Jun ila 2015a: 195). Besides, he e was no * i-> sympa hy. The e o e, om he poin o iew o his o ical phone ics, his i e name canno be ega ded as a subs a e o s one-age e ns. Meanwhile, he name o he Ka elian lake Tilkus is no composed o he wo d lašas, bu o he wo d zemė (pl. salmi sąsiau is > salmes) ( he au ho 's pokalbis su Denisu Kuzminu). Dėl anksčiau s aipsnyje minė ų p iežasčių paly- pe sonal name is also no app op ia e wi h he wo d ilkku. Vanagas (1981: 345) galiausiai eigia, kad „bene į ikinamiau bū ų sie i su lie- u ių lk i ‘ il i, im i’.“ A icles by A icles 159 Ta iamai inoug iškos kilmės Lie u os anden a džiai 3.3.3 The illage Ug a begins in La ia and lows in o K iauną in Li huania. In La ia, he name Ug a is also used, bu in Li huania he mo e common name is K iaunnų upẽlė, i s o iginal name is K iaunẽlė. The names o he i e s a e he names o he K iaunà i e s. Acco ding o Vanago (1981: 352), Ug a may be o Finoug ian o igin. He equa es he i e name wi h he name o he Ug a Ri e in Russia. The loca ion o his i e has no been de e mined, bu Vanagas men ions i as a Finno-Ug ic. In one o he sou ces, he name o he i e Ug a is no men ioned, bu o he names wi h -g - a e men ioned (see Se eb enniko 1970: 58 o mo e in o ma ion). In he Smolensko and Kalugo egions, he Ug a i e lows. Acco ding o Max Fasme , Ug a is o Bal ic o igin (Vasme 1987: 147). The scien is iden i ies i wi h La ian Uog e, Li huanian Ungu upė. Fasme 's compa isons will no be discussed in his a icle because hey a e no di ec ly ela ed o he subjec o he wo k. Howe e , a en ion should be d awn o Fasme 's ema k ha he Ug a canno be linked o he Russian ug y […] eng ai[…], since he e we e ne e any Hunga ians in he a ea whe e he i e is men ioned. I is en i ely possible ha he e is no connec ion be ween he names Ug a ound in La ia and Li huania and he name Ug a o he i e lowing in o Russia, and hey a e homonyms. The o igin o he name o he i e Ug emains unclea , so i is no possible o say ha i is Finno-Ug ic. 3.34. […] ka, […] kis (upė) […] ka, […] kis (upė) […] kis (upė) […] kis (upė) […] kis (upė) […] kis (upė) […] kis (upė) […] […] kis (upė) […] […] kis) […] […] […] kis (upė) […] […] […] kis) […] […] […] […] kis (upė) […] […] […] […] wha is he meaning o he name o he illage Vanagas (1975: 405; 1981: 355): ka ~ es ų u g ‘upelis > la ių u ga (Zeps 1962: 199), om which he La ian place names (Balode 64) we e also o med, bu such names a e ound only in he o me e i o y o he Li huanian se lemen . kis is in he middle o Li huania, i.e. a om he men ioned e i o y. U ėda (upė) in he wo d Vanagas (1981: 256) a gues ha U ėda is […]mos closely ela ed o Aujėda up.[…] He also compa es he i e name wi h he Es onian Ueda, Uueda (Vanagas 1975: 405). Howe e , Uueda is a phone ically educed o m o he pe sonal name Uue oa, which is a combina ion o he wo ds uue […]naujo[…] + oa […]kamba io[…]. This compa ison o Vanago wi h an Es onian place name was commen ed on by Ennas E ni sas and ejec ed he possibili y ha he Li huanian U ėda migh ha e some hing in common wi h he Es onian Uueda (E ni s 1979: 132). I should be no ed ha he second owel in he Es onian place name in he pe sonal name Uue oa oa is he lowe o m o he appella i e uba ‘chambe , and SIMONAS NOREIKIS 160 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC ge manų kilmės (SES s. . upa), odėl negalima kalbė i apie akmens amžiaus he appella i e i sel is he subs a um o he ime. The Bal ic o igin seems mo e con incing. 3.36. Výgala (upė) Vanagas (1975: 405) is a Li huanian singe -songw i e . Al hough hese wa e colo s sound e y simila , hey a e made in di e en ways. The Es onian Vigal is o med wi h he o man -la, he indica ing place. The wo d igā ‘long we is inse ed be ween wo hills, he wo d pailgas pelkė as slėnis is in he Ly ian language, his wo d p obably had a co espondence in he Es onian language (EKNRe s. . Vigala). Li huanian Vygala could be o med om he p oduc i e o m o Li huanian language -gala (e.g. A iógala, Baisógala, Gimbógala, e c.). Howe e , he o igin o Vy o man emains unclea . Maybe i 's he ellipse om Vijogala. 3.7. Vičiu is, Vičiu ė, La ian Vi ca a (upė) Vanagas (1981: 387) claims ha Vičiu is is a Li huanianized o m o La ian o Ziemgalių ( he p onoun in -a ie o a dži is o en changed o -u -) (Vanagas 1970: 238, 1981: 387). Vanagas w i es in he e ymological dic iona y: […] in he La ian language, i ca y a be o e he back ow o he owel a, ha c canno be, le 's say, om [minks o] k. So, he e ymologized oo should be i c-. […] This s a emen canno be accep ed, since in La ian he owel c be o e he consonan can be de i ed om he so owel k (in case, kiau s ~ cau s). Toliau Vanag p oposes a Finno-Ug ic o igin based on he hen unpublished 1977 manusc ip o Slia (published a e Slia 's dea h in 1996 in his collec ion o a icles (see Slia 1996: 50) […] au . pas .). Vanagas compa es he name o Vi chi wi h Es onian place names Vi sa küla, Vi s-jä , Vi su ald, which a e associa ed wi h he Es onian appella ion i s ‘klanas, s u ų duobė (Ke unen 1955: 238). Also in La ian he e is he wo d i ca ‘s u os, conside ed a Finnish loanwo d (Zeps 1962: 206207). A i s glance, he name Vi cho ia may ha e some hing o do wi h he Finnish language, bu i may no be a place name o subs a e o igin, bu an indi ec inism, i.e. a place name o med om a Finnish loanwo d. F om a seman ic poin o iew, his i e name also does no aise doub s, since seman ically simila i e names can be ound in bo h he Bal ic and Finnish a eas: Mỹžupis, Škupis and Finnish Paskajoki (paska […]šūdas[…], […] jokiupė[…]). Howe e , i should be aken in o accoun ha Vičiū is is one o he pa allel Lielupės in aks ha ha e a Li huanian and a La ian name, o example, Li huanian Š ė ~ La ian S ē e, Li huanian Šeš ė ~ La ian Sese e, Li huanian Vege ~ La ian A icles o he 167 h Ta iamai inoug iškos kilmės Lie u os anden a džiai Rimša Vy au as 1995: Pseudosuomug iški bal ų ie o a džiai. – Bal is ica VII: Bal is ica VII S a p au iskais bal is u kong ess 1995. g. 13.–15. jūnijā: e e ā u ēzes, Rīga: La iešu alodas ins i ū s, 97–98. Rudzī e, Ma a 1968: Somug iskie hyd onyms in he e i o y o he La ian PSR. […] The de elopmen o he La ian lexicon. The scien i ic a icles 86, Riga: Zinā ne, 175[…]198. The Saa i-Jane 2006: Subs a e o he U als. S udies on he Finno-Ug ian Subs a e in No he n Russian Dialec s, Helsinki: Uni e si y o Helsinki. Saa nis o Ma i is he au ho o Ka elian Geology (2003). Ka jalan is a na u al landscape. […] The Ka elian syn y. Viipu in läänin his o ia 1, ed. by M. Saa nis o, Ka jalaisen Kul uu in Edis ämissää iö, Ka jalan Ki japaino Oy/Ka jala-leh i, 2180. This a icle is pa o a se ies on he his o y o he illage o Viipu in. Sammallah i Pekka 1988: His o ical phonology o he U alic languages. […] The U alic languages: desc ip ion, his o y and o eign in luences, ed. by D. Sino , Se . Handbuch de O ien alis ik, Sec. 8: Handbook o U alic and Cen al Asian S udies, 1, Leiden: E. J. B ill, Schmid Wol gang P. 478–554. 1988: Noch einmal zu F age eines wes innischen Subs a s in Li auen. This is he i s ime ha he ques ion o he Wes Finnish Subs a es has been aised in Li huania. This is he Zei sch i ü Os o schung. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. Se eb enniko Bo is A. 1970: Se eb enniko , Bo ic A. Why is i di icul разрешить проблему происхождения верхних слоёв севернорусской гидронимии [The p oblem o se e no usskoj gid onimii is being sol ed by he se e no usskoj gid onimii] […] Ques ions o language knowledge [Vop osy jazykoznanija] 1, 44[…]59. In he 1970s, he subs a e o he Žeimelis dis ic in Va dyn and Ta me. […] The Land o he Rising Sun, ed. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Šlia as Juozas 1996: In he oo s eps o he blacksmi hs, Vilnius: The company o he blacksmi hs. Thomsen Vilhelm 1890: Be ø inge be ween he Finnish and he Bal ic (Li huanian-Li huanian) languages: in a his o ical s udy o languages, Copenhagen: Blanco Lunos. TLE IV […] Council o he Encyclopedia o Li huania 4 (Simno[…]Ž o ūnė), Vilnius: Edi o o he main encyclopedias, 1988. Topo o Vladimi N. 1977: Topo o , Vladimi N. The pa allel be ween he F akian and he Bal ic languages. […] The Balkan Linguis ic Collec ion [Balkanskij lin is ičeskij sbo nik], by he au ho he o de . T. V. Ci yan, Moscow: Nauka, 59[…]116. He is also a membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences. Vanagas Aleksand as 1970: Li huanian TSR hyd onym ac o y, Vilnius: Min is. He is a membe o he Li huanian Academy o Sciences. SIMONAS NOREIKIS 168 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC Vanagas Aleksand as 1975: The p oblem o he Finnish-Ug ic subs a e in he Li huanian oponymy. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Tallinnae habi us 17.23. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. I. Ac a Linguis ica Pa s, Tallinn: Valgus, 404[…]405. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Eu opean Union ha an ac has been adop ed in his way. In he la e 1980s, Alexande Vanaga published he Li huanian hyd onym e ymology dic iona y, Vilnius: Mokslas. Vanagas Aleksand as 1988: Li huanian wa e names, se . Language and people, Vilnius: I 's science. Max Wasse mann, "A con ibu ion o he his o ical s udy o he peoples o Eas e n Eu ope." 2. The ehemali- ge Ausb ei ung de Wes innen in den heu igen sla ischen Lände n, Be lin: Akademie de Wissenscha en. Max Fassbende is a 1987 Ame ican ac o . The e ymological dic iona y o he Russian language 4 (T […] Yash yp) [E imological dic iona y o he Russian language 4 (T[…] Jašču )], ansla ed om Ge man and supplemen ed by O. N. T ubache , ed. M. A. Obo ina [ ansla ed by O. N. T ubache a, edi ed by M. A. Obo ina], Moscow: P og ess [Moscow: P og ess]. Wiedemann Fe dinand J. (1869): Ehs nisch-deu sches Wö e buch, S . Pe e sbu g. He was bo n in S . Pe e sbu g, Ge many, and was aised in S . Pe e sbu g. Zeps Valdis J. 1962: La ian and Finnic Linguis ic Con e gences, Blooming on: Indiana Uni e si y; and his wo k has been published in se e al languages. The Hague: Mou on and Co. Zinkiewicz-Zigmas, The o igin o he Li huanian na ion, Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Li huanian Hyd onyms o Allegedly Finno-Ug ic O igin Summa y This a icle is based on he au ho 's Mas e Thesis w i en in Finnish and submi ed a he Uni e si y o Helsinki in 2018. The opic is "Li huanian hyd onyms supposed o be Finno-Ug ic" and he aim was a c i ical analysis o such hyd onyms, and he esul was ha in Li huania he e a e no Finno-Ug ic hyd onyms. This opic is impo an o Li huanian onomas ics. Howe e , in Li huania, he e a e no many people wi h knowledge o Finnish. Thus, his a icle makes i possible o Li huanian eade s o see he esul s o he Mas e Thesis by he au ho . In Li huania, i is s ill belie ed ha be o e he a i al o he Bal s o he p esen e i o y o Li huania, he e li ed Finno-Ug ic people and hey mus ha e le hei aces in he oponyms. The supposed ime o his e en is 2000 B.C. Thus, Alexande Vanagas has p oposed S aipsniai / A icles 169 Ta iamai inoug iškos kilmės Lie u os anden a džiai Finno-Ug ic e ymologies o a ious Li huanian hyd onyms which in his opinion sound simila o mode n Finnic appella i es and p ope names. I he in es iga ed hyd onyms a e imes a esul o 4000 yea s old language con ac s, hen he Bal ic and Finnic languages o hose sounded di e en . Thus, he his o ical-phonological me hod will be applied in his s udy.Such wo k as well as seman ical and onomas ic me hods compa ing Bal ic and Finnic oponyms. me hods we e applied by Aike in in es iga ing supposed Sami oponyms in Finland, whe e he e was a end o p opose a Sami e ymology o oponyms wi h unclea e ymology, some imes e en wi hou compa ing hem o a Sami appella i e o a p ope name. He no iced ha P o o-Sami was phonologically di e en om mode n Sami languages, and he p oposed o econs uc P o o-Sami o ms i s and only hen compa e hem wi h Finnish oponyms. A econs uc ed o m may indica e ha Samic e ymology is w ong. This me hod is also sui able in he case o supposed Finno-Ug ic hyd onyms in Li huania. In he Mas e Thesis and his a icle, he e we e e ised o e 40 Li huanian hyd onyms o which Vanagas sugges ed Finno-Ug ic e ymologies. All he e ymologies by Vanagas we e ejec ed o he ollowing easons: His o ical-phonological. The econs uc ed o ms o he hyd onyms compa ed o Finno-Ug ic appella i es and p ope names a e so di e en ha he de elopmen om one o m o ano he would be possible. I is seman ic. A Li huanian hyd onym is compa ed o an appella i e which is no used in he o ma ion o Finno-Ug ic oponyms. Ch onologically speaking. A Finno-Ug ic appella i e, o which a Li huanian hyd onym is compa ed, is a bo owing om o he languages (la e han he S one Age). In addi ion, all he hyd onyms p esen ed by Vanagas a e e y di e en and i is impossible o classi y hem in any way (by cons uc ion, seman ics, e c.). In conclusion, in Li huania, he e a e no Finno-Ug ic hyd onyms o he S one Age. Ne e heless, he p esence o Finnic p ope names is possible on he Li huanian-La ian bo de land, b ough by he K ei ins (Vo ians) who li ed in he Bauska egion om he 15 h cen u y. Bauska is si ua ed no a om he bo de , which du ing he cen u ies was no e y p ecise and he e we e small changes in i . I means ha K e in could ha e ans e ed hei p ope names o he e i o ies o p esen -day Li huania. Thus, u he esea ch should be concen a ed on seeking K ee in names in No he n Li huania. Deli e ed on 2 May 2024 SIMONAS NOREIKIS o he Uni e si y o Helsinki Suomių kalbos, inų-ug ų i skandina ų kalbų i li e a ū ų ins i u as PL25 (Unioninka u 40) 00014 The Uni e si y o Helsinki simonas.no eikis@helsinki. i