Dėl vieno Linkmenų parapijos oikonimo perkėlimo

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 2025, t. 93, p. 1–16 Contents link / Turinio nuoroda ISSN 2669-218X (online / elektroninis) ON THE TRANSFER OF ONE OIKONYM IN THE LINKMENYS PARISH On the Transfer of an Oikonym from Linkmenys Parish LAIMUTIS BILKIS Institute of the Lithuanian Language E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2902-4722Research interests: toponymy, anthroponymy. https://doi.org/10.35321/all93-02 ABSTRACT The article examines the history of the development of the name of the present-day village of Meironys, located within the territory of the Ignalina District Municipality and eldership. Examination of records in 16th–18th-century sources reveals that this oikonym can be classified as a transferred toponym, since it originally denoted another village—the present-day Ripaičiai, located in the Linkmenys eldership of the Ignalina District Municipality. It was only from the beginning of the 18th century that this name began to designate the present-day settlement, whose original name was *Antandringiai or a similar form. The research data show that the process of oikonym transfer was completed in the second half of the 18th century. This change in settlement names is evidenced by descriptions of village locations in historical sources, analysis of settlement anthroponymy, and the use of oikonym variants in documents from past centuries. The analysis of historical material aims not only to establish the fact of the transfer of a settlement name, but also to describe this case within the broader context of research on transferred toponyms and highlight its distinctive features. Considerations are also offered as to the possible reasons for the emergence of this atypical instance of name transfer. KEYWORDS: Lithuanian place names, development of oikonyms, transferred settlement names, village names *Antandringiai, Méironys, Ripǎičiai. ABSTRACT The article examines the historical development of the name of the present-day village of Meirōnys, located in the territory of the Ignalina District Municipality and eldership. An analysis of records from 16th–18th century sources reveals that this oikonym can be classified as a transferred toponym, since it originally referred to a different village, the present-day Ripǎičiai, situated in the Linkmenys eldership of the Ignalina District Municipality. It was only from the beginning of the 18th century that the present-day settlement began to be Copyright © 2025 Laimutis Bilkis. Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. // Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permit unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of the content in any medium, provided that the author and source are cited. Received: / Received: 2025-04-25. Accepted: / Accepted: 2025-08-14. 1 referred to by this name. In contrast, its original name was *Antad ringiai or a similar one. Research data indicate that the process of oikonym transfer was completed in the second half of the 18th century. This type of change in settlement names is evidenced by descriptions of village locations in historical sources, the analysis of settlement anthroponymy, and the usage of oikonym variants in documents from past centuries. The analysis of historical material aims not only to establish the fact of the toponym transfer, but also to describe this case within the broader context of research on transferred toponyms and to highlight its distinctive features. The study also offers considerations on the possible reasons behind the emergence of such an atypical case of toponym transfer. KEYWORDS: Lithuanian toponyms, oikonym development, transferred settlement names, village names *Antad ringiai, Mėironys, Ripaičiai. 1. INTRODUCTION In toponymy, many cases are known in which names of other places are transferred to designate various locations. Such toponyms transferred to another place are called transferred toponyms¹. The geographical scope of toponym transfer is highly varied: these names may have originated on different continents, in different countries, or in several places within one country. Probably two of the most common ways of transferring toponyms can be distinguished. One of them involves only the transfer of place names themselves to designate other places. In such cases, the primary consideration is the meaning of the place names and the associative similarity of the places being named. Such transferred toponyms often derive from the names of well-known places around the world (continents, countries, cities, and other geographical features). Their motivation may be related to similarities in natural, social, historical, cultural, or political characteristics, to commemoration, or to other factors. There are also many names of inhabited places formed in this way. For example, in Poland the most frequent oikonyms (names of villages and their parts) of this type are Praga (38), Korea (37), Sachalin (31), Amerika (23), Rzym, Ukraina (14 each), Paryż, Syberia (13 each), Węgry (12), Kanada (11), Karpaty, Madera (9 each), Betlejem, Kalwaria, Kąpkaz, Palestyna (8 each), Wenecja (7), and so on (Rutkiewicz-Hanczewska 2019: 37–38). Latvian transferred names of inhabited places, which, together with the names of other objects, are also called exotic or traveling names, mostly derive from the names of foreign cities, countries, and regions: Amerika, Bulgarija, Egiptė, Italija, Ukraina, Palestine, Roma, Venēcija, Parizė, Ber līni, Varšava, Maskava, and so on (Balode 2022: 161–173). In Lithuania, at least several dozen officially used transferred oikonyms are recorded: Amėrika, village, Prn; Arabija, settlement, Mlt; Florencija, village, Rs; Kaukāzas, village, Kn; Londonas, village, Jon; Madagaskāras, village, Zr; Parỹžius, village, Jon; Šveicarija, village, Jon; Vilnius, village, Kp, and so on (Vanagas 1988: 16–17). The other way of transferring names is associated not only with the transfer of place names but also with population migration². When a larger or smaller ethnic group of people changes its place of residence, it brings with it ¹ In works on onomastic terminology, transferred names are defined as proper words transferred from one object to another, for example, Paryžius near Samarkand, Niujorkas near Luhansk, and numerous place names Berlynas or Heidelbergas in the United States of America (OS 157). The transfer of a place name is its conveyance from one geographical object to designate another (Podolskaja 1978: 110). An ony m arising through transfer from another category of proper names is also called a transonym (Gałkowski 2024). ² In some works, names formed through migration—that is, place names transferred together with their inhabitants from their original location to another—are also called transferred toponyms; cf. EKNR 18. 2 with them the names of various places in the former territory, mainly settlements. This migration of populations and place names, prompted by political and economic factors, takes place from one continent to another and from one country to another. In various periods of history, especially large migration flows of people of different nationalities from Europe to North and South America have been documented. For example, it is claimed that from the eighteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century there was intensive migration of the Scottish population to the territory of present-day Canada. Settlements in Nova Scotia and on Prince Edward Island were established mainly by migrants from the Highlands of Scotland and the Western Isles in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; accordingly, most of the names of inhabited places recall locations in those parts of Scotland, while in the remaining territories most place names were transferred from the Lowlands of Scotland (Rayburn 1999: 313–323). Research on Finnish migration to the United States has established that Minnesota contains places named after Finnish villages or other locations (Kaups 1966: 377–397). The names of villages Sudau, Sudniken, recorded on the northern shore of the Sambia Peninsula, may be considered cases of transferred toponyms of the ancient Baltic peoples; they may have arisen as a result of the migration of the Sudovians to the area in the thirteenth century, whether spontaneous or enforced. Historical sources report that, after suppressing the Great Prussian Uprising, the Teutonic Knights transferred nearly 3,000 Sudovians from the particularly devastated region of Sudovia to Sambia in 1283 and thereafter (for further details, see BRMŠ II 124; Kregždys 2009: 179–180; Subačius 2014: 43–44). It cannot be ruled out that place names, especially names of inhabited places, were also transferred as a result of internal migration, that is, the relocation of inhabitants over a much smaller geographical area—to another location within the same country or state. For example, in explaining the origin of the name of the town Kamajai, the hypothesis has been put forward that this oikonym may once have been transferred by the settlement’s owners from the name of the town of Kamojys in present-day Belarus (Vanagas 1996: 88–90). Cases of place-name transfer resulting from internal migration have also been found in Estonia (Laansalu 2019: 112). Other kinds of transfer are also known, that is, cases unrelated either to similarities in the meanings of place names or to population migration. For instance, it is claimed that the name of the Polish village of Sečka (Polish Sieczka), together with the settlement (its buildings), was transferred to its present location in the early twentieth century from another area that had been designated for afforestation (OMP). Several cases of transferred settlement names have been recorded in the oikonymy of the Klaipėda Region: Gėrviškiai may have been transferred to name the village of Dėčiai from the village name Gerwe Mauschel after that settlement was joined to another village; Kaln uvenai, as the name of the village of Ginduliai, may have arisen in the twentieth century by transfer from a village with the same ony m located elsewhere; and the former village name Vaidaugai was transferred in 1923 to name part of the village of Prūtnesiai and the Karlsberg manor (Kiseliūnaitė 2020: 88, 105–106, 191). ³ Kamajai – a town in Kamajai Eldership, Rokiškis District Municipality. ⁴ Kamojys – a town in Pastavy District, Vitebsk Region, present-day Belarus. ⁵ This hypothesis should now be regarded more as an abstract possibility of this type of transfer, since it is doubtful that this could have been the case in the specific instance of the origin of the name Kamajai. Later research has noted that the oikonym most likely derives from the hydronym *Kamajys or *Kamajai, the former name of present-day Lake Petriòšiškis (Baliulis 2016: 143, 146; LVŽ V 81). Incidentally, Aleksandras Vanagas also allows for the possibility of a hydronymic origin in the work cited above. 3 In analyzing various phenomena of toponym transfer, several types are distinguished: 1) analogical transfer of a name, prompted by an association with or resemblance to the place; 2) metaphorical transfer of a name, prompted by an association with a concept; 3) metonymic transfer of a name, prompted by an associative connection, which is a frequent and very common case; 4) psychological transfer of a name, for example, motivated by feelings, by considerations of popularity (i.e., eponymization through popular, fashionable names), by security, or by nostalgia; 5) transfer of a name caused by social factors, for example, when settlements—usually belonging to the social elite—are named after prestigious onymic forms (Brink 2016: 163–164). In analyzing the processes of toponym transfer in Estonia, two main subgroups of transferred names are distinguished: migratory transferred names, which migrated with settlers, and comparative transferred names, which imitate the names of other, better-known places; as a certain semantic subgroup, occasional names are also included in the latter category (see Laansalu 2019: 109–125 for further discussion). In specifying the reasons for the emergence of transferred Latvian toponyms, researchers identify metaphorical thinking—the perception of a resemblance to the object being named—as well as the characteristics of residents of a particular nationality living in the place, cultural or historical associations, certain topographical features of the locality (remote regions, soil fertility), stereotypical resemblance, historical facts, and the whims or fashions of landowners (Balode 2022: 172). While researching the oikonyms of the historical Linkmenys Parish and their attestations in historical sources, one striking instance of a change in the names of the present-day villages of Meironys and Ripáičiai drew attention. This article therefore aims to analyze and characterize this process of development in detail, and to determine whether it may represent one way in which (Lithuanian) toponyms are transferred. To achieve this aim, a historical investigation is conducted, seeking to record and discuss in detail as many historical attestations of the toponyms as possible, to present and examine the broadest possible historical and geographical context of the places named in the sources, as well as their inhabitants’ anthroponymy, and to establish the chronology and possible causes of changes in the oikonyms. 2. OIKONYM ATTESTATIONS IN SIXTEENTH- AND SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS The present-day village of Meironys⁶ is located in the Ignalina Eldership of Ignalina District Municipality. It is first mentioned in historical sources in the mid-sixteenth-century (1554) inventory of Linkmenys District, where the village Sioto Meyranškie⁷ is recorded (LI 89–90), situated half a mile from Linkmenys Manor (od dwora w pol mile). The account states that the village fields begin at one end or along one side at the Gėlainė River (które się poczynają końcami albo bokami od rzeczki Gieloyny), and at the Žvalkinė (Užvalkinė?) homestead (outlying settlement) (od zascianku, ktory zowią Żwołkinia), as well as at the bishop’s lands belonging to the village of Stučių (?) (od ziem biskupich siota Staciow), and along one side begins at this ⁶ The nominative form Méironai is more commonly recorded in spoken language, and Méironys less commonly (VK). The official form Méironys (Méironų) is used below. ⁷ In this inventory, the suffix -sk- (-skie) is also added in other cases; compare the entries miasteczko Lyngmianskie (LI 83) (= Liṅkmenys), Sioto Mineyszewskie (LI 88) (= *Minéišiai, present-day Minéiškienis), Sioto Kirdeykowskie (= Kirdéikiai) (LI 96)—so it should be regarded as a Polonizing device. 4 of the village’s homestead (bokiem od zascianku tegoż sioła), and at the other end, at the boundary of the Meigūnai (?) Kaniūkai (końcem drugim od sciany konieczney sioła Mieyguncow Koniuchow); along the other side, at the boundary of Mineiškiemis village (bokiem drugim od sciany sioła Minieyszewiczow). The village homesteads adjoin the bishop’s lands at one end (leżą końcem ku ziemiom biskupim y od ziem biskupowych), and Kaniūkai village at the other (końcem drugim od sciany sioła Koniuchow), while along one side they adjoin the side boundary of that village (bokiem drugim od sciany boczney tegoż sioła). Among the toponyms given in the inventory, the now-known Gėlainė River and the nearby village of Mineiškiemis can be identified with certainty; its older forms were Mineišiai and Mineišenai⁸; see also Figure 1. Figure 1. Location of the Gėlainė River and Mineiškiemis village, which bordered the settlement recorded in 1554 as Sioło Meyranskie. Map © Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania, © Public Institution Construction Sector Development Agency, [2025] The same 1554 source mentions the village Sioło Untadryngi, located two miles from Linkmenys Manor (od dwora dwie mile). Its first boundary at the end began at Lake Ešerinis (ku jezioru Oserun); another boundary along one side ran from the homestead in the royal forest (od zascianku puszczy j. k. msci); a third ran from Lake Dringis (od jeziora, ktore zowią Dryngi) and from Lake Juodinis, belonging to Lord Mikalojus Narbutas (ktore zowią Jadynthy⁹), as well as from Petro Narbutas’s settlement of Žėnūn or Žiriūn¹⁰; the fourth boundary ran from the aforementioned village homestead and the road from Linkmenys to Salakas (LI 100). Also important for locating the village Untadryngi is the description of its homesteads, which mentions fields on Pabiržė Island¹¹ (na ostrowie, który zo(wią) Pobierże), between the manor’s hay meadows called Pabiržės and Lakes Asalnai and Lušiai (miedzy sianożęciami dwornemi Pobierzami a miedzy jeziorem Osolnem y jeziorem Lussem). To identify the village ⁸ For further discussion of the hydronym Gėlainė and the village name Mineiškiemis and its older forms *Mineišiai, *Mineišenai, see Bilkis 2023: 64–66, 84–86. ⁹ Lake Juodinis may then have been called *Juodintas. ¹⁰ The inventory is published on the basis of three surviving copies, designated A, B, and C by K. Jablonskis; the first form of the settlement name is therefore given from the most reliable copy, A, while the variant in copy B is also noted in the footnote. ¹¹ In fact, this is not an island but a peninsula. 5 It is not very difficult to determine the location of *Antadringiai¹², since it lay between Lakes Ešerinis, Dringis¹³, and Juodinis, the royal forest, which can most likely be identified with the present-day Linkmenys Forest, and the Linkmenys–Salakas road. Its farmstead lands extended to the Pabiržė peninsula. This geographic description essentially corresponds to the layout of the territory of present-day Meironys village; see Figure 2. Figure 2. Location of Antadringiai village between Lakes Ešerinis, Dringis, and Juodinis according to the 1554 description. Map © Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania, © Public Institution Construction Sector Development Agency, [2025] Data from the first half of the 17th century also attest to such oikonyms and village locations. The 1636 inventory of the Vilnius tijūnija records a village belonging to the Linkmenys manor, Sioto Meyrany (VTI₁ 21v). Its lands are described as performing all obligations together with the village of Tikminai (present-day Rukšėnai)¹⁴ (Powinność Ich wewszÿs Ikim zarowno Siotem Tykmianskim). The village includes the farmstead Zascianek Bolmirskis, for which taxes are paid by a person named Brolinski Kasper. It may be assumed that the personal name Brolinski is recorded incorrectly, since among the inhabitants of Meironys village ¹² According to the entry Sioto Untadryngi, the Lithuanian plural form *Antadringiai can primarily be reconstructed, although the variants *Antadringis, *Antadringė are also possible; cf. similar historical spellings de Villa Kierdeyki, de Kirdeyki 1743, 1753 (= Kirdeikiai), de Strypeyki 1756, de Strypeyki 1758, 1760 (= Stripeikiai), de Villa Akriemi 1748 (= Akriemiai), de Mufteyki 1750 (= Musteikiai), and de minieszkiemi 1758, de mineyszkiemi 1758, de Mineyszkiemi 1760 (= Mineiškėmis, Mineiškėmio?), de Lapiekatni 1760 (= Låpiakalnis, Låpiakalnio?), and de Antogowi 1745 (= Antågavė, from Antågavė), de Antalksni 1747 (= Ańtalksnė, from Ańtalksnė) (Bilkis 2023: 51, 74–75, 115, 123). The initial Unta– in the historical spelling unquestionably reflects the characteristic East Aukštaitian shift of the diphthong [an] to [un] (Antå-); cf. also the oikonyms of the Linkmenys parish, de Untogowie 1744, 1746, 1748, 1750, 1753, 1754 (= Antågavė), de Vntokolnie 1751 (= Antåkalnis) (Bilkis 2023: 34), and settlement names in other parishes of eastern Lithuania, de Vntamalkies 1683 (= Antåmalkėstė) (Garliauskas 2004: 156), Untabalta 1819 (= Antåbaltė) (Garliauskas 2005: 1046). ¹³ That the settlement should be near Lake Dringis is also indicated by the origin of the oikonym *Antadringiai: it is a derivative with the prefix anta-, formed from the lake name Dringis. ¹⁴ Apie dabartinio Rukšėnų kaimo vardų kaitą plačiau žr. Bilkis 2024: 363–377. 6 The list includes a person named Kasper Balinski, probably the same man who owned the farmstead. Since the mentioned Tikminai (present-day Rukšėnai) are near Mineiškėmis village and the Gėlainė River, it may be assumed that the settlements referred to in 1554 and 1636 as Sioto Meyranskie, Sioto Meyrany were in the same location. This is indirectly confirmed by their personal names as well: in 1554, a person named Andrzej Alechnowicz lived there, while in 1636 the inhabitants included Ianuk Aleknianis, Ian Alekniewicz. The same 1636 inventory also records the village of Antadringiai: Siolo Antÿdringi15 (VTII 24v). It also includes the Pabiržė farmstead (Zascianek Pobirzis), located near present-day Meironys, where Stanisław Iozephowicz lived, as well as the farmstead *Asalninis (Zascianek Aselninis), inhabited by a man identified as Matul Dirwanski. As noted, the Pabiržė settlement near present-day Meironys (then a farmstead) also belonged to Antadringiai village in 1554. The Asalninis farmstead16 was undoubtedly by Lake Asalnai, which extends as far as the vanished Meironys. It can therefore be argued that the location of the Antadringiai mentioned in 1636 was the same as that of the settlement called Sioto Untadryngi in 1554, and that at that time the present-day village of Meironys was called *Antadringiai. 3. CHANGE AND ESTABLISHMENT OF SETTLEMENT NAMES Later records already reflect changes in oikonyms. The 1732 inventory of the Vilnius tijūnija records the village of Antadringiai, also called Meironimis: Wies Untydryngi17 alias18 Meyrany (VTII 6). Among other properties, it includes the Pabiržė (Zascianek Pobirzis) and Asalninis (Zascia[n]ek Osolninis) farmsteads, which are assigned to this village in the 1636 inventory as well. In addition, the enumeration of inhabitants records the nobleman Michał Haydukian Boiarzyn, while the 1636 source records a man bearing a personal name with the same root, Baltromiej Hayduk. Thus, the identity of these localities, whose attestations are separated by about 100 years, is confirmed by both geographic and anthroponymic context. It follows that in the first half of the 18th century the village of Antadringiai also began to be called Meironimis. This 1732 source mentions the village Wies Rypaycie (VTII 5). It included a farmstead inhabited by a person named Marcin Mickiewicz, and the farmstead Balinżki, alias Bolmirski. Recalling that the 1636 inventory describes Bolmirski as a farmstead belonging to Meironys village, one can establish a change in oikonyms: the village formerly called Meironimis began to be called Ripačiai in the first half of the 18th century. The present-day village of Ripačiai19 15The form Antÿdrigi is undoubtedly a scribal error caused by omission of the letter n (that is, it should be Antÿdringi). Such misspellings involving omitted letters are fairly common in historical oikonymy; compare cases with an omitted n in de Antakiawa 1729 (= *Antakiaunė), de Asaliszki 1752 (= *Asalniškis) (Bilkis 2023: 32, 35, 39). 16 Plačiau apie šios gyvenvietės ir jos vardų istoriją žr. Bilkis 2023: 39–44. 17The form Untydryngi (not Untadryngi) is apparently a scribal form influenced by the following y; compare similar cases of oikonym spellings: ex Villa Łyszczycy 1751 (= *Lušýkštis, *Lušýkščiai), de Pasieyty 1752 (= *Paisėtė) (Bilkis 2023: 63, 64). 18 Latin alias = ‘otherwise’. 19Ripačiai is a village in Saldutiškis eldership, Utena District Municipality. The oikonym is most likely derived from the personal name *Ripaitis; compare the surnames Rīpas, Rīpelis (PDB). The presence of a personal name with this root in Linkmenys parish may be indicated by the village name Ripėliaukis, apparently derived from the personal name Ripelis, which has been recorded in the registers of Linkmenys Church since the 18th century 7 It lies by the Gelainė River and borders Mineiškiai, so its geographical location corresponds to the description of the Meironys territory given in 1554; see also Figure 3. Figure 3. The location of present-day Ripaičiai (formerly Meironys) village. Map © Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania, © Public Institution Construction Sector Development Agency, [2025] The process of oikonym change is also reflected in the 1744 list of parishes and settlements in the Diocese of Vilnius, which includes the villages belonging to Linkmenys Parish, Meyrány feu Rypáyčie and Untydryngie (SDV 82). As can be seen, in this case the older name of present-day Ripaičiai village, Méironys, is still retained, now with a later variant, whereas the oikonym *Antadringiai appears without a variant. The variation and transformation of the place names can also be clearly traced in the 1761 inventory of the Vilnius Tijūnystė estate, which records the villages Wies Rypaycie v. Meyrany (VTEI 12) and Wies Meyrany v. Untydryngi (VTEI 13). The village of Meironys, or Antadringiai, included Pabiržė village and homestead (Pobiržys). This settlement had already been mentioned several times in earlier sources as an outlying holding of Antadringiai village. Analysis of data from somewhat later historical sources reveals that the period of oikonym variation was followed by stabilization. The 1782–1783 visitation documents of the Breslauja deanery record the Linkmenys Parish village of Rypaycie, belonging to the Linkmenys manor (BrsIDV 139), and the Palūšė Parish village of Meyrany, situated half a mile from Linkmenys (BrsIDV 372). Similar data are also recorded in the 1784 gazetteer of the Breslauja deanery: it lists the village Rypaycie, belonging to the Vilnius Tijūnystė and situated in Linkmenys Parish (BrsIDVS 212), and a village of the same jurisdiction, Meyrany, belonging to Palūšė Parish (BrsIDVS 337). These documents attest that the village of Palūšė Parish, established in the second half of the 18th century, end: Rypela 1790 (LkmKrIII 172). In the nearby parish of Daugailiai, the cognate personal name Casimirus Ripinĸi was recorded at the beginning of the 18th century, in 1706 (DglKr 217v). 20 Latin feu = ‘or’. 21 The Latin vel = ‘or, alternatively’ is abbreviated this way in the record. 8 The parish included the village of Antadringiai, near Palūšė, already called only Meironys, while within the territory of Linkmenys Parish was the village of Ripačiai, situated closer to Linkmenys and no longer called Meironys. In the surviving registers of Linkmenys Church, whose entries begin in 1708, the former village of Meironys is called only Ripačiai, while the former village of Antadringiai is called only Meironys. Although these sources contain no geographical descriptions of settlements and do not specify associated homesteads, etc., the settlements can nevertheless be identified readily from the personal names given. The register entries show that Ripačiai was inhabited by people whose second personal names were Alekna, Guiga, Klimašauskas (and corresponding female anthroponyms); compare the entries: godfather Iosephg Alechna de villa Rypaicie 1708 (LkmKr₁ 4); godfather Iosephg Alechna de villa Rypaicie 1710 (LkmKr₁ 8); parents Math... Alechna et Agnetis Łupikicia de Rypaicie 1711 (LkmKr₁ 9v); godmother Agnete Alech’owa de Rypaicie 1712 (LkmKr₁ 13); parents Mathia alechna et Agnetis Łupikicia de rypaycie; godmother Catharina alechnowa De Rypaycie 1721 (LkmKr₁ 44); parents Adami Guyga et Sophia 1725 (LkmKr₁ 60v); parents Andrea Klimaszewski et Catharinæ Guygowna de villa Rypayci 1727 (LkmKr₁ 65v); godfather Ionas Guygo <...> Rypaycen 1730 (LkmKr₁ 73v); godmother Regino oleknicy de villa Ripacy 1738 (LkmKr₁ 98). In the previously discussed inventory from a similar period (1732), the inhabitants of the village Rypaycie are listed as Ian Guygo, Maciey Olechno, Kazimierz Olechno, Adam Guygo. A somewhat later source (1761) attests that the village Rypaycie v. Meyrany was inhabited by Ian Guygo, Adam Olechno, Jerzy Olechno, Andr... Klimaſzewski. The personal names Math... Alechna (Mathia alechna) and Maciey Olechno, Adami Guygo and Adam Guygo, Ionas Guygo and Ian Guygo, Andrea Klimaszewski and Andr... Klimaſzewski may even refer to the same individuals. In the church register, the following individuals are recorded in the settlement called Meironys: parents Casimiri Haidukan et Elisabetha Dawboricia de Meyrany 1711 (LkmKr₁ 10v); godmother Catharina Haidukienowa de Meyr... 1711 (LkmKr₁ 10v); parents Nicolai Haidukian et Catharinæ Rastenicia de Meirany 1712 (LkmKr₁ 12); mother Chrystynæ Haidukicia de Meyrany, godfather Casimirg Haidukian de Meyrany 1712 (LkmKr₁ 12); father Mathiæ Gaidelif, godfather Nicolaq Haidukian de Meyrany 1712 (LkmKr₁ 14v); godfather Casimirus Haidukian de Meirany 1714 (LkmKr₁ 20); parents Michaelis Rymszelis et Marianna Haydukowna de Meyrany 1715 (LkmKr₁ 24v); father Nicolai Rymfelif de villa Meyrany 1718 (LkmKr₁ 31); godparents Nicolaq Eydukian et Eva Eydukowna de Meyrany 1725 (LkmKr₁ 60v). The inhabitants of the settlement Wies Untydryngi alias Meyrany are identified by the same personal names in the 1732 inventory; compare Michał Haydukian Boiarzyn, Mikul Rymszel, Matyasz Gaidelis. The anthroponyms Nicolai Haidukian (Nicolaq Haidukian) and Michał Haydukian, Mathiæ Gaidelif and Matyasz Gaidelis, Michaelis Rymszelis (Nicolai Rymfelif) and Mikul Rymszel most likely refer to the same people. 9 4. REASONS FOR OIKONYM TRANSFER The analyzed data on the development of oikonyms suggest that the older name of the present-day village of Meironys was *Antadringiai or something similar²², which fell out of use for this village in the mid-18th century when the former name of the present-day village of Ripáičiai, Méironys, was transferred to it²³: *Antadringiai → Méironys; Méironys → Ripáičiai; see also Figure 4. In view of the ways transferred place names arise, surveyed in the Introduction, this case of oikonym change in Linkmenys Parish is unusual. Recalling the classifications of transferred names proposed by several researchers, it should be noted that the transferred oikonym Méironys can be considered neither analogical, metaphorical, nor metonymic; it is not comparative either. It is worth considering whether this might be a case connected with the internal migration of residents between these villages (in which case it would be a migratory toponym). It is possible that a resident or residents of the former village of Meironys (present-day Ripáičiai) moved to live in the former village of Antadringiai (present-day Meironys), bringing along the name of the former settlement. However, the historical anthroponymic data do not support this: at the time the oikonym Méironys was transferred (present-day Ripáičiai), there is no evidence of residents moving from the village of Ripáičiai to the village of Antadringiai (present-day Meironys). At the time before the oikonym-transfer process had begun (1636), the village of Meironys (Ripáičiai) was inhabited by ...azulis Karpis, Kasper Baleckienas, Staniuk nowik, Kasper Balinski, Adam Balinski, Woyciech Rawkanis, Ianuk Aleknianis, Ian Alekniewicz, Ian Alekniewicz, Mikolay Rodzios, Woyčiech Sopkowski, Szýman Gryčiunas, Iurgis Gudunas, Adam Mickiewicz (VTI₁ 21v). Nearly 100 years later, when the beginning of oikonym change is already recorded, the inhabitants listed in the village of Antadringiai (Meironys) were Ian Piluogolis, Krzysztof Grynian, Michał Haydukian (nobleman), Piotr Bulko, Mikul Rymszel, Tomasz Szołna (nobleman), Matyasz Gaydelis 1732 (VTII₂ 6), while in Ripáičiai they were Ian Guygo (nobleman), Maciey Olechno, Kazimierz Olechno, Adam Guygo, Marcin Mickiewicz (VTII₂ 5). As the anthroponymic material shows, there is not a single person in either settlement recorded under the same personal name; therefore, the hypothesis that the oikonym Méironys was transferred as a result of residents’ internal migration is untenable. ²² Other researchers have also noted that Meironys was formerly called Antadringe (Untadringe) (Tyla 1966: 32; Matkevičius 2019: 216–218), but the history of its name change was not investigated in those studies. ²³ This fact disproves a fairly popular belief that has taken hold among younger generations of local residents today: that the name of the village of Meironys derives from the name of the river flowing through it, Meira or Meirona. Believing this, the village’s main street was named Meiros Street (see REGIA), and on a map of Aukštaitija National Park published in 2010 the river is called Meira (Meirona), although its actual name is Dringykščia (see LUETK). In fact, if the oikonym Méironys is thought to be hydronymic in origin, the river in question should be sought in the present-day village of Ripáičiai; however, as noted at the beginning of the article, it is not the Meira but the Gėlainė that flows through it. It can therefore be argued that the oikonym Méironys (Méironai) most likely derives from the personal names Méironas, Meironis (PDB) (see also Razmukaitė 1993: 144). Surnames containing Meir are most common in northern Lithuania; however, only a few personal names with this root are recorded in the late 17th century in Daugailiai Parish, some distance from Linkmenys; cf. Stanislaus Meiralis 1690 (DglKr 26). In the second half of the 18th century, such names were recorded in the church registers of Užpaliai and Švenčionys: Marianna Meyriczia, Catharina Meyriczia 1776 (UžpKr 80v), Georgius Meyro (Šv nčMr 26v), Anna Meyrowa 1784 (Šv nčMr 31v). 10 Figure 4. Changes in the names of the present-day villages of Ripáičiai and Meironys. Map © Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania, © Public Institution Construction Sector Development Agency, [2025] In further analyzing the causes of this phenomenon, attention should be drawn to the indirect connections visible in historical sources among some of the inhabitants mentioned in records concerning both villages. First of all, links emerge between the Balinskis who lived in Meironys (present-day Ripáičiai) or elsewhere and the Aidukėnai (Aidukai) mentioned in Antadringiai (present-day Meironys); compare the baptismal register entries: parents Casimiri Alechna de villa Rypaicie et Marianʽæ Gaizuciecia, godmother Magdalena Balinska de oppido Vilnensi 1710 (LkmKr₁ 8v); godmother Anʽa Balinskicia de Rypaicie 1711 (LkmKr₁ 11); parents Casimiri Haidukan et Elizabethæ Dawboricia de Meyrany, godfather Georgig Balinski de Oppido Vilnensi 1711 (LkmKr₁ 10v); father Nicolai Haiduikian et Chrystynæ Rostenicia de villa Meyrany, godfather Georgius Balinski de oppido Wilnensi 1713 (LkmKr₁ 15v); godparents Georgig Balinski de Oppido Vilnensi cum Chryſtyna Haidukianowa de villa Meirany 1713 (LkmKr₁ 16). The registers show that the Vilnius resident Magdalena Balinska was godmother to a newborn child of Ripáičiai residents; in 1711, Ona Balinskytė was recorded in this village, while the Vilnius resident Jurgis Balinskis was recorded at least twice as godfather to the children of residents of the village of Meironys (formerly Antadringiai): Kazimieras Aidukėnas and his wife Elžbieta, and Mykolas Aidukėnas²⁴ and his wife Kristina. Moreover, the aforementioned man was godfather at least once together with Kristina, a resident of this village, who was most likely the same Kristina who was Mykolas Aidukėnas’s wife. It is also worth recalling here that the Aidukai (later Aidukėnai) in present-day Meironys and the Balinskis in present-day Ripáičiai had lived there since at least the first half of the 17th century; compare Baltromiejÿ Hayduk (Siolo Antÿdrigi) 1636 (VTI₁ 24v) and Kasper Balinski²⁵, Adam Balinski (Siolo Meÿrany) 1636 (VTI₁ 21v). On the basis of the established personal connections, the possibility that the oikonym Méironys was transferred for social or psychological reasons can be cautiously considered. Perhaps all the Balinskis mentioned in the sources—that is, Kasper Balinski, Adam, who lived in present-day Ripáičiai (formerly Meironys)— ²⁴ The 1732 inventory indicates that this man was of noble birth; cf. Michal Haydukian Boiarzyn (VTI₁ 6). ²⁵ Inventoriuose paminėtas viensėdis Zascianek Bolmirskis 1636, už kurį mokesčius mokėjo asmuo Kasparas Balinskis, vėliau (1732 m.) vadintas dviem vardais – Baliñzki, alias Bolmirskis. Oikonimas Baliñzki, matyt, ir kilo iš Kasparo Balinskio antrojo asmenvardžio lietuviškos formos *Balìnis. 11 Balinski 1636, An'n'a Balinskicia 1711 ir vilniečiai Magdalena Balinska 1710, Georgig Balinski 1711 (Georgius Balinski 1713), buvo tos pačios giminės nariai. Kaip jau minėta, jie palaikė artimus santykius su dabartiniuose Meironyse (buv. Antadringiuose) gyvenusiais Aidukėnais. Vien tai, jog Vilniuje gyvenęs Jurgis Balinskis buvo Kazimiero ir Mykolo Aidukėnų vaikų krikštatėvis, kartu su Mykolo žmona krikštijo dar vienos šeimos naujagimį, rodo šio asmens svarbą, jam ro­dytą dėmesį. Todėl neatmestina, kad Antadringiai tapo Meironimis norint parodyti pagarbą Balinskių giminei ar konkretiems jos atstovams. Reikia turėti omenyje ir tai, jog Mykolas Aidukėnas priklausė bajorų luomui, o bajorams buvo būdinga gyvenvietes pavadinti kieno nors garbei: pavyzdžiui, šitaip atsirado oikonimai Alizavà (žr. VLE), Ignalinà (žr. Bilkis 2016: 274–293). Kita vertus, perkėlimą galėjo inspiruoti kitos nežinomos ekstralingvistinės aplinkybės. 5. CONCLUSIONS 1. In the 16th–17th centuries, the present-day village of Ripa ičiai, which belonged to the historical Linkmenys Parish, was called Méironimis (Méironais): Siolo Meyranskie, Siolo Meyranỹ. 2. The original name of the present-day village of Meironai, which also belonged to the historical Linkmenys Parish, was *Antadringiai or similar. This is shown by its recorded forms in 16th–17th-century historical sources: Sioto Untadryngi, Siolo Antýdrigti. 3. Entries in sources from the beginning and middle of the 18th century (Wies Untydryngi alias Meyranỹ and Wies Rypaycie; Meyrány feu Rypáycie ir Untydryngię; Wies Rypaycie v. Meyrany ir Wies Meyrany v. Untydryngi) attest to the start of the transfer of the oikonym Méironys: the village of Antadringiai began to be called by this name. 4. Later historical data (from the late 18th century) show that by then the process of oikonym change had already ended and the use of the new names had become established: the former village of Meironai was called Ripa ičiai (Rypaycie), while the village of Antadringiai was called Méironimis (Meyrany). 5. The case of onymic development examined here shows that the formation of Lithuanian transferred settlement names was not homogeneous; oikonymy involved various and specific ways of forming transferred onyms. The transfer of the oikonym Méironys is atypical because the place name did not survive after being transferred to designate another settlement; that is, it was replaced by an entirely different oikonym, and the name of the first village was lost, although primary place names that serve as the basis for transferred toponyms are generally retained. Moreover, the village named with the transferred oikonym was not a new settlement, but a village that already had an original name of hydronymic origin. 6. The motivation for the emergence of this transferred village name cannot be linked to similarities in natural, social, political, or other characteristics; it did not arise through comparison, distinction, or following a fashion. Although the reasons for the transfer are unclear, they may be connected with the relationships between the Aidukėnai residents of the present-day village of Meironai and the Balinskis family and their relatives who lived in Ripa ičiai, relationships that became apparent through analysis of historical sources from the second half of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century. It cannot be ruled out that the phenomenon was prompted by social and/or psychological motives arising from the relationships between these people. 12 7. The fact that the oikonym Mėironys was transferred is important for explaining the development, chronology, and origin of both this name and the name of the village associated with this process, Ripaĩčiai, as well as for creating a toponymic microsystem for the present-day village of Meironai. 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