Ene gy Resea ch & Social Science 112 (2024) 103511
A ailable online 15 Ma ch 2024
2214-6296/© 2024 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
O iginal esea ch a icle
Clima e ac ion om a gende pe spec i e: A sys ema ic e iew o he
impac o clima e policies on inequali y
E. Alonso-Epelde
a
,
b
,
*
, X. Ga cía-Mu os
a
,
c
, M. Gonz´
alez-Eguino
a
,
b
,
c
a
Basque Cen e o Clima e Change (BC3), Edi icio Sede 1-1, Pa que Cien í ico de UPV/EHU, Ba io Sa iena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
b
Uni e sidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Ba io Sa iena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
c
Ike basque, Basque Founda ion o Science, Bilbao, Spain
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Clima e policy
Ene gy policy
Impac assessmen
Gende analysis
Gende mains eaming
In e sec ionali y
ABSTRACT
In 1992 he Uni ed Na ions commi ed o p omo ing a gende pe spec i e in all en i onmen al and de elopmen
p og ams and o es ablishing mechanisms o assessing he impac o en i onmen al policies on women. How-
e e , 30 yea s la e mos coun ies acknowledge ha hey ha e no in eg a ed ha pe spec i e in o policy as-
sessmen s. This pape p o ides he i s sys ema ic li e a u e e iew (based on he PRISMA app oach) o he
impac s o clima e policies on inequali y om a gende pe spec i e. The esul s show ha al hough his is an
eme ging esea ch a ea, he numbe o wo ks is s ill e y low: we ind only 29 pape s, mos o hem w i en in he
las 4 yea s. The e is also a clea lack o quan i a i e analysis; and only 5 s udies p o ide an ex an e impac
assessmen . A mo e in dep h-analysis shows ha he exis ing analyses o en use gende me ely as an addi ional
explana o y a iable, bu key aspec s o a eal gende -o ien ed analysis such as powe ela ions, in e sec ionali y
and gende mains eaming a e missing. The gende pe spec i e is ypically mo e absen in s udies led by men. I
science wan s o con ibu e o he gene a ion o knowledge ha is use ul o ackling some o he g ea es
challenges o he 21s cen u y, such as he ansi ion o a socioeconomic model ha is mo e espec ul wi h he
ecological limi s o he plane and gende equali y, i is impo an o expand knowledge in his a ea bu also o
econnec wi h eminis heo y.
1. In oduc ion
Since he 1970s he e has been a deba e abou wha a e he links
be ween gende
1
and en i onmen al issues. This deba e began o ake
shape in a con ex o en i onmen al awa eness a e he publica ion o
“The limi s o g ow h”, a epo commissioned by he Club o Rome, in
which he women’s igh s mo emen inc eased i s p esence in he de-
ba es on de elopmen and s udies on he ole o women in de elopmen
eme ged.
Resea ch o da e shows ha clima e change a ec s women mo e
se e ely e en hough hei consump ion pa e ns mean ha hey ha e
con ibu ed o a lesse ex en o he inc ease in g eenhouse gas emissions
[1]. Along hese same lines, Muje e [2] highligh s ha “women and he
poo a e disp opo iona ely a ec ed by clima e change due o cul u al
no ms and hei dependence on na u al esou ces; o hei esponsibili y
o wa e , uel, ood pu chases, and home ca e; o hei g ea e exposu e
o isk in c ises and se e e clima ic e en s; o he p edominan p esence
o low echnology in ag icul u e; and o hei lack o esou ces and
powe ”.
In ac , women a e mo e dependen on domes ic ene gy, since hey
spend mo e ime on ca e asks wi hin hei homes, and on access o
public anspo , due o lowe le els o p i a e ehicle owne ship
[3,4,5]. In addi ion, hey a e mo e likely o su e om ene gy po e y
and ha e mo e di icul ies in in es ing in mo e sus ainable al e na i es,
such as enewable ene gy o ene gy e iciency, due o hei lowe income
[6]. Likewise, acco ding o Ma kkanen & Ange -K aa i [7], he g oups
mos exposed o he nega i e impac s o clima e change, including
women, a e also he ulne able o he nega i e e ec s o badly designed
clima e policies.
A he same ime, he li e a u e indica es ha , al hough hey can
gene a e ad e se seconda y e ec s in a di e en way be ween men and
women, clima e policies also ha e he po en ial o d i e social and
economic bene i s ha con ibu e o po e y educ ion and p o ide
oppo uni ies o add ess economic, heal h and gende inequali ies
* Co esponding au ho a : Edi icio Sede 1-1, Pa que Cien í ico de UPV/EHU, Ba io Sa iena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (E. Alonso-Epelde).
1
Appendix B concep ualizes his and o he common e ms in gende s udies.
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Ene gy Resea ch & Social Science
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/e ss
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.e ss.2024.103511
Recei ed 23 Ma ch 2023; Recei ed in e ised o m 22 Feb ua y 2024; Accep ed 2 Ma ch 2024
Ene gy Resea ch & Social Science 112 (2024) 103511
2
[7,8,9,10]. Fo example, ene gy policy analysis has ecognized he isks
ha women ace in e ms o ene gy po e y, especially in u al and low-
income households [11,12], bu also he ac ha well-designed policies
can bene i hem. Impac analyses ha include he gende dimension can
he e o e con ibu e o he de elopmen o inclusi e clima e policies
ha keep exis ing inequali ies om being exace ba ed
[13,14,15,16,17,18].
A in e na ional le el, he Uni ed Na ions has played a undamen al
ole in including he gende dimension in en i onmen al policies. The
i s ime ha gende pe spec i e was in eg a ed in he p omo ion o
sus ainable de elopmen was in 1992 a he Uni ed Na ions Con e ence
on En i onmen and De elopmen , also known as he Ea h Summi ,
whe e i was decided ha all en i onmen al and de elopmen policies
and p og ams should include a gende pe spec i e. In 1995, du ing he
Fou h Wo ld Con e ence on Women in Beijing, he gende -
en i onmen -sus ainable de elopmen nexus was de ined. Since
gende dynamics play a key ole in he access o and con ol o na u al
esou ces and in he goods and se ices de i ed om hem [19], en i-
onmen al issues we e iden i ied as one o he 12 c i ical a eas o
women. Thus, a he con e ence “A ea K o Women and he En i on-
men ” iden i ied he ollowing s a egic objec i es
2
: “K.1) In ol e
women ac i ely in en i onmen al decision-making a all le els; K.2)
In eg a e gende conce ns and pe spec i es in policies and p og ams o
sus ainable de elopmen ; and K.3) S eng hen o es ablish mechanisms
a he na ional, egional and in e na ional le els o assess he impac o
de elopmen and en i onmen al policies on women”.
A Eu opean le el, nume ous calls ha e also been made o in eg a e
gende mains eaming in o all legisla ion, policies, and ins umen s
ela ed o clima e ac ion. The Eu opean Pa liamen has been playing a
leading ole in his a ea since 2011, ha ing p oduced se e al esolu ions
add essing clima e change om a gende pe spec i e. In i s Resolu ion
o Sep embe 29, 2011 on he de elopmen o a common EU posi ion
be o e he Uni ed Na ions Con e ence on Sus ainable De elopmen (Rio
+20) [20], A icle 19 emphasizes ha an in eg a ed app oach should be
discussed o add ess mul iple challenges including clima e change,
gende equali y o ene gy supply. Also, in i s Resolu ion o Ap il 20,
2012 he Eu opean Pa liamen [21] u ges he EU Commission and all
Membe S a es (MS) o collec gende -disagg ega ed da a in he plan-
ning, implemen a ion, and assessmen o clima e policies in o de o
assess and add ess he di e en impac s o clima e change o each
gende , so ha empowe ing policies ha p o ec women can be de el-
oped. Tha same yea , gi en ha he gende pe spec i e was s ill no
well in eg a ed in o sus ainable de elopmen policies and p og ams, he
EU Pa liamen again called on he EU Commission and all MS in a
Resolu ion da ed Sep embe 11 [22] o es ablish mechanisms o gende
mains eaming in en i onmen al policy a all le els. The Eu opean
Pa liamen ’s epo on women and clima e change [23] also called on
he Commission and he Eu opean Council o mains eam gende in all
phases o clima e policy o ensu e ha clima e ac ion does no inc ease
gende inequali ies.
Howe e , despi e he demands o he EU Pa liamen and he UN, he
gende dimension o en i onmen al policies has no been add essed in
dep h in he in e na ional and Eu opean policy un il ela i ely ecen ly.
In e na ional and EU de elopmen policies ha e in eg a ed gende
equali y and en i onmen al sus ainabili y issues in pa allel p ocesses
[24], bu no in an in eg a i e o comp ehensi e way.
Fo all hese easons, he e is a need o unde s and wha he main
impac s o di e en clima e policies on gende a e, and o de e mine
whe he he e is su icien e idence o unde s and he s a e o he a in
his a ea, bo h in he academic and poli ical amewo k. This pape ies
o ill ha gap by p o iding he i s sys ema ic e iew o he exis ing
li e a u e on he impac s o clima e policies on inequali y om a gende
pe spec i e.
3
The aim o he s udy is o p o ide an analysis o he s a e o
he a on his a ea, and o y o unde s and he gaps and ba ie s o he
e ec i e inclusion o gende mains eaming
4
in en i onmen al policy
assessmen s. The pape is s uc u ed as ollows: Sec ion 2 desc ibes he
me hods used o ca y ou he academic li e a u e e iew, Sec ion 3 se s
ou he esul s and discusses he indings, and Sec ion 4 p esen s he
conclusions and lis s ecommenda ions o u he esea ch.
2. Me hodology
This s udy p o ides a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew based on he
P e e ed Repo ing I ems o Sys ema ic Re iews and Me a-Analyses
(PRISMA) app oach [25]. A sys ema ic e iew o li e a u e is a spe-
ci ic me hod o analyzing he exis ing li e a u e on a speci ic opic
unde p ede ined eligibili y c i e ia [26,27]. Al hough his me hodology
was o iginally de eloped in heal h sciences, i has ecen ly also been
used in social sciences and clima e policy esea ch [28,29,30,31,32,33].
The PRISMA app oach is cha ac e ized by i s sys ema iza ion,
anspa ency, and ep oducibili y [27]. I is based on p e-es ablished
guidelines o acili a e he unde s anding o he e iew p ocedu es.
The use o his o mal me hodology enables c edible and mo e obus
in o ma ion o be p o ided on opics o in e es o esea che s, poli i-
cians, and he gene al public. In addi ion, his me hod has been
equen ly complemen ed in he li e a u e and in ou a icle wi h ech-
niques such as snowball sampling o include addi ional a icles and o
ind ou i any ele an a icles had been missed [34,35]. Fig. 1 shows
he 4 phases o he me hodology, i.e. he iden i ica ion, sc eening,
eligibili y, and inclusion phases, wi h he esul s o ou analysis.
We used di e en inclusion c i e ia o iden i y po en ial pape s o
assessmen . To co e as much li e a u e as possible we sea ched o
pape s in English and Spanish on Scopus and he Web o Science, he wo
main scien i ic ci a ion da abases, which con ain o e 169 million e-
co ds.
5
We se 1992 as he i s yea o esea ch, gi en ha he 1992 UN
Con e ence i s es ablished he need o include a gende pe spec i e in
he p omo ion o sus ainable de elopmen . Ou goal is o de e mine he
main impac s o di e en clima e policies om a gende pe spec i e, so
we sea ched o all pape s ocused on he socioeconomic impac s o
clima e policies ha ake gende - ela ed aspec s in o accoun . Since he
ocus o he s udy is clima e policies, he s udy adop s he IPCC de ini-
ion, which de ines clima e policies as hose ha a e p oposed by a
go e nmen (some imes in collabo a ion wi h di e en poli ical o
economic agen s) o accele a e mi iga ion and adap a ion ac ions o
clima e change. Examples o clima e policies a e suppo mechanisms
o enewable ene gy supplies, ca bon o ene gy axes, uel e iciency
s anda ds o au omobiles, e c. The 6 inclusion c i e ia used we e he
ollowing:
2
h ps://www.un.o g/womenwa ch/daw/beijing/pla o m/en i on.
h m#objec 1
3
We unde s and gende pe spec i e as he concep ual ool ha makes i
possible o iden i y, ques ion, and alue he opp ession, inequali y, and
exclusion o women when looking a any social phenomenon, policy o p ocess,
as well as he ac ions ha mus be aken o ac on gende ac o s and c ea e he
condi ions o ad ance owa ds a socie y ee o disc imina ion agains women
and wi h equal oppo uni ies o all.
4
Gende mains eaming can be de ined as a delibe a e, sys ema ic app oach
ha enables a gende pe spec i e o be ac o ed in o analyses, p ocedu es, and
policies.
5
Web o Science and Scopus
E. Alonso-Epelde e al.
Ene gy Resea ch & Social Science 112 (2024) 103511
3
1. Pape s mus be published in English o Spanish.
6
2. Pape s mus be published in he da abases Scopus o Web o Science
(WOS).
3. Pape s mus ha e been published be ween 1992 and Ma ch 2022.
4. The ull ex o he pape mus be a ailable online.
5. The pape mus ocus on he socioeconomic impac s o clima e pol-
icy, ha is, i mus s udy o analyze he p os and cons o a speci ic
clima e policy o a whole communi y. Those pape s whose main
ocus is no he one men ioned abo e a e excluded.
6. Gende - ela ed aspec s mus be aken in o accoun . Those pape s ha
only men ion women o ein o ce gende s e eo ypes
7
a e excluded.
Due o he di e en concep s used in he ields o clima e policy and
gende , o gene a e he desi ed esul s, and o y o co e almos all he
ele an li e a u e, he sea ch syn ax was designed o include e ms ha
a e o en used as synonyms. In addi ion, o iden i y pape s on he
assessmen o he impac o clima e policies on inequali y om a gende
pe spec i e, we se 4 hemes o he sea ch keywo ds: impac s, policy,
inequali y, and gende .
Table 1 shows he sea ch e ms applied o he i les, abs ac s and
keywo ds in bo h da abases ela ed o hese ou a eas. Following p io
es s wi h mo e es ic i e sea ch e ms, his was he se o keywo ds ha
p o ided us wi h he mos esul s and enabled us o ensu e ha we we e
iden i ying as much o he li e a u e as possible. In ac , we conduc ed an
ini ial e iew wi h mo e es ic i e sea ch e ms, bu a e 4 il e ing
phases only 8 pape s eached he inclusion phase, so we decided o
b oaden he e ms o y o iden i y mo e pape s. When we expanded he
sea ch e ms, some il e s we e included in he sea ch o y o na ow
down he opic. In ac , pape s on medicine, psychology, and nu sing
we e excluded in Scopus and hose ca ego ized unde “Heal h Ca e
Science Se ices” and “Psychology” in he Web o Science because hey
include s udies ha we e no ela ed wi h he objec i e o he pape .
Du ing he iden i ica ion phase a o al o 1.931 po en ial pape s we e
iden i ied in Scopus and WOS. Once duplica es we e emo ed, 1620
pape s we e sc eened, assessing each i le, abs ac , and keywo ds o
iden i y hose ele an o he esea ch objec i es. A his s age 1532
pape s we e excluded because hey did no i he opic comple ely. The
mos common easons o exclusion we e he ollowing:
1. The pape is no ela ed o he ield o clima e change. In ac , many
belong o o he esea ch disciplines and speci ically o he a ea o
medicine.
2. The pape is no ela ed o he esea ch objec i e:
Fig. 1. PRISMA 4 phase low diag am.
Table 1
Sea ch e ms used in he s udy.
Topic Sea ch e ms
Impac s “impac *” OR “e ec *” OR “assessmen ” OR “analysis”
Policy
a
“clima e policy*” OR “ene gy policy*” OR “en i onmen al policy*” OR
“mi iga ion” OR “adap a ion”
Inequali y “inequali y*” OR “equali y*” OR “equi y” OR “economic*” OR
“socioeconomic*” OR “dis ibu ional”
Gende “gende ” OR “gende mains eaming” OR “gende pe spec i e” OR
“gende dimension” OR “women*” OR “gi l*”
a
To b oaden he esul s o he li e a u e e iew and p e en ele an pape s om
being le ou , some exp essions ha a e o en used as synonyms in he li e a u e
a e included in he sea ch e ms, o example, “en i onmen al policy” o “ene gy
policy”.
6
A icles in Spanish a e also included because since he au ho s unde s and
bo h languages, i is conside ed a good way o b oaden he ange o analysis and
he di e si y o knowledge.
7
Acco ding o he OHCHR (O ice o he High Commissione o Human
Righ s o he Uni ed Na ions), a gende s e eo ype e e s o a widesp ead
opinion o p ejudice abou a ibu es o cha ac e is ics ha men and women
possess o should possess o abou he social oles ha bo h pe o m o should
play. His o ically hey ha e been ha m ul o women because hey ha e limi ed
hei abili y o de elop hei pe sonal acul ies, pu sue a p o essional ca ee o
make decisions abou hei li es and i al p ojec s.
E. Alonso-Epelde e al.
Ene gy Resea ch & Social Science 112 (2024) 103511
4
a. The pape analyzes he impac s, ulne abili ies o isks o clima e
change, no o clima e policy.
b. The pape analyzes p e e ences, pe cep ion o willingness o pay
o some clima e policies, no he objec i e impac s o he policies.
c. The pape deals wi h he pa icipa ion o women in decision-
making o p ojec s.
d. The pape sugges s in eg a ing he gende pe spec i e in o
clima e policies bu does no go in o he impac s implemen ing
hem.
As a esul , 88 pape s we e examined in he eligibili y phase, wo o
which had o be excluded because he ull ex was no a ailable online.
A e eading he ull pape s, we excluded 22 because hey did no mee
he inclusion c i e ia (speci ically c i e ia 5 and 6). In an e o o
iden i y mo e pape s ha migh ha e been le ou , a snowballing
echnique [36] was applied using he Inci e ul pla o m.
8
The Pape
Disco e y ool p o ided by he pla o m enabled us o iden i y simila o
ela ed i ems o hose iden i ied in he p e ious phase. Using his ool
ano he 1000 pape s we e iden i ied and assessed, again using he
PRISMA me hodology. A e his p ocess, 5 mo e pape s we e selec ed as
mee ing he a o emen ioned inclusion c i e ia. Two o he pape s iden-
i ied in he p e ious e iew men ioned abo e (wi h mo e es ic i e
sea ch e ms, which was ex ended due o he limi ed numbe o pape s
iden i ied) we e also included.
A he end o he p ocess 29 pape s ha me all he p e-de ined in-
clusion c i e ia we e iden i ied and included in he s udy. Once he se-
lec ion was comple ed, an in-dep h analysis o he pape s was ca ied
ou using a o m p e iously designed o ex ac he in o ma ion o in-
e es (see Table 2). This o m was designed o analyze how he gende
pe spec i e is in eg a ed in o he analyses and wha esea ch gaps exis .
Finally, we iden i ied a limi a ion o ou li e a u e e iew: The s udy
only ocuses on academic publica ions. G ey li e a u e was excluded
om he sea ch because i equi es ime-consuming manual sea ching.
Howe e , in u u e esea ch i may be in e es ing o also include insigh s
om wo k ca ied ou by in e na ional bodies, NGOs, and ci il socie y
o ganiza ions (which a e also an impo an sou ce o knowledge) o
inc ease he numbe o s udies analyzed. Indeed, he e a e also some
s udies and epo s ha ha e been de eloped by such o ganiza ions
[37,38].
3. Resul s and discussion
3.1. Main esul s and discussion
Fig. 2 shows he numbe o pape s iden i ied published pe yea om
1992. Ou esul s clea ly indica e ha his esea ch a ea is ela i ely
new in scien i ic li e a u e. Al hough ou sea ch da es back o 1992, all
he pape s included we e published a e 2009 and mos a e om he
las 3 yea s (2019–2021) and he i s 3 mon hs o 2022.The e is also a
g owing in e es in gende analysis in ecen yea s, as shown by he ac
ha we ind an inc ease in e e y yea om 2018 onwa ds in he numbe
o pape s ha include gende in clima e policy assessmen s.
No all he pape s included in he li e a u e e iew can be said o
in eg a e a gende pe spec i e: many o hem ea gende no as a social
o cul u al cons uc bu a he as an analy ical ca ego y
[39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48]. The e o e, al hough he e is a
g owing in e es in including gende in esea ch, he lack o a gende
pe spec i e could lead o misin e p e a ion and misguided ecommen-
da ions o imp o ing clima e policies. In addi ion, i seems o be a opic
ha spa ks mo e in e es among emale esea che s: in 69 % o he pa-
pe s ound he i s au ho is emale (see Fig. 3). I should also be no ed
ha mos o he ew pape s whose i s au ho is a man do no in eg a e a
gende pe spec i e. In ac , he only one ha does so is he pape by
Saue & S ieß [49].
Fig. 3 shows di e en a iables ha help o iden i y di e en pa hs in
he selec ed li e a u e and o unde s and he s a e o he a o he
li e a u e on clima e policy analysis om a gende pe spec i e. The e is
a g ea e end owa ds mi iga ion s udies, since 66 % o he pape s
s udy mi iga ion measu es, 17 % adap a ion measu es, and 17 % bo h
Table 2
Da a ex ac ion o m.
Va iable Label
Ti le Ti le o pape
Au ho s Au ho s o pape
Gende o he i s au ho Female
Male
Yea Yea o publica ion o pape
Type o s udy
Li e a u e e iew
Case s udy
O he
Me hods
Quan i a i e
Quali a i e
Mixed
Assessmen
Ex an e: p io assessmen o e ec s
Ex pos : assessmen a e wa d o e ec s
Bo h: Ex an e and ex pos
NA: No applicable
Clima e policy a ea
Mi iga ion
Adap a ion
Mi iga ion and adap a ion
Loca ion
A ica
Asia
Eu ope
No h Ame ica
Sou h Ame ica
Wo ld: he s udy has a uni e sal ocus
Income Le el (Wo ld Bank
classi ica ion 2022)
Low
Lowe -middle
Uppe -middle
High
In e sec ionali y
Yes: in e sec ionali y is men ioned o aken in o
accoun
No: in e sec ionali y is no men ioned o aken
in o accoun
Class/Income
Yes: class/income is men ioned o aken in o
accoun
No: class/income is no men ioned o aken in o
accoun
Race/E hnici y
Yes: ace/e hnici y is men ioned o aken in o
accoun
No: ace/e hnici y is no men ioned o aken in o
accoun
Age Yes: age is men ioned o aken in o accoun
No: age is no men ioned o aken in o accoun
Sexual o ien a ion/iden i y
Yes: sexual o ien a ion/iden i y is men ioned o
aken in o accoun
No: sexual o ien a ion/iden i y is no men ioned
o aken in o accoun
Educa ion/Occupa ion
Yes: educa ion/p o ession is men ioned o aken
in o accoun
No: educa ion/p o ession is no men ioned o
aken in o accoun
Func ional di e si y
Yes: unc ional di e si y is men ioned o aken
in o accoun
No: unc ional di e si y is no men ioned o aken
in o accoun
Powe ela ions
Yes: powe ela ions a e men ioned o aken in o
accoun
No: powe ela ions a e no men ioned o aken
in o accoun
Mains eaming
Yes: gende mains eaming is poin ed ou as
necessa y o imp o ing gende equali y
No: gende mains eaming is no men ioned
Deg ee o in eg a ion o gende
in he analysis
a
Low
Medium
High
a
See Table A1 o de ailed c i e ia o cha ac e izing he deg ee o gende
in eg a ion.
8
h ps://inci e ul.xyz/
E. Alonso-Epelde e al.
Ene gy Resea ch & Social Science 112 (2024) 103511
5
mi iga ion and adap a ion measu es. Al hough in gene al he e is mo e
li e a u e on clima e policies in ol ing adap a ion, such s udies end o
be mo e ocused on ulne abili y o pe cep ion analysis because adap-
a ion goals a e mo e quali a i e. Mo eo e , B yan e al. [50] iden i y
he lack o s a capaci y on gende and he lack o unding o suppo
gende in eg a ion o socio-cul u al cons ain s as he key ba ie s o he
e ec i e inclusion o gende in adap a ion policies. This may explain
why he e is less esea ch on he opic.
Ou esul s also show a lack o a ie y in he ypes o s udy iden i ied.
31 % o he pape s a e li e a u e e iews and 66 % a e case s udies. In
addi ion, one o he eigh pape s included is a desc ip i e s udy ha
includes bo h a b ie e iew o he li e a u e and wo case s udies o
explain how a gende impac assessmen ool has been adap ed and how
i can be used o be e include gende aspec s in clima e policy ad ice
[49]. In addi ion, mos o he pape s use quali a i e me hods (55 %) and
mixed me hods (24 %) ha combine quali a i e and quan i a i e ech-
niques in hei analyses. The lack o quan i a i e analysis in analyzing
he socioeconomic impac s o clima e policies wi h a gende pe spec i e
is wo h highligh ing, since hese a e necessa y o complemen he in-
o ma ion collec ed in quali a i e s udies. This u he con i ms wha
has been iden i ied in he li e a u e as one o he sho comings o his
kind o analysis: he sca ci y o and need o app op ia e me hodologies
o gende -sensi i e clima e policy assessmen and sex-disagg ega ed
da a [51,52,53,54,55,56,57].
55 % o he pape s included assess policies o s a egies o mi iga-
ion and adap a ion o clima e change a e hey ha e been imple-
men ed, i.e. hey gi e an ex-pos assessmen o policies. Only 5 o he
case s udies analyzed (17 %) p o ide an ex-an e assessmen . Ex-pos
analysis is essen ial in assessing he e ec i eness o policies al eady
implemen ed and iden i ying a eas o imp o emen , bu i is also
essen ial o ca y ou ex-an e impac analysis o iden i y and a oid po-
en ial ad e se e ec s o policies be o e implemen ing hem and o
in oduce di ec policy ecommenda ions. Thus, gende impac assess-
men s a e essen ial in designing inclusi e clima e policies ha do no
exace ba e exis ing inequali ies. His o ically, bo h in he design o pol-
icies and in he design o esea ch, gende has no been conside ed. Bu
in ecen decades, e o s ha e begun o be made o include he gende
pe spec i e in all phases o he p ocess (including he design phase) in
bo h a eas. Howe e , he exis ing disconnec ion be ween bo h science
and poli ics means ha he po en ial o include gende in bo h a eas is
being limi ed ( o deepen his e lec ion, see Sec ion 3.2.7).
In his sense, he pape by Saue & S ieß [49] is o pa icula in e es ,
as hey de elop a ool ha pe mi s such analysis. Thei impac assess-
men is ca ied ou in wo s eps. Fi s , a ele ance es is used o examine
whe he o no a clima e policy has gende equali y impac s. I i has
signi ican gende equali y impac s, hen he main assessmen is ca ied
ou . Thus, he pape iden i ies 6 gende dimensions (ca e economy and
ca e wo k, employmen , con igu a ion o public in as uc u es, ins i-
u ionalized a ionali ies, pa icipa ion in decision-making, and physical
in eg i y) and a se en h ans e sal dimension (symbolic o de ) o be
analyzed du ing gende impac assessmen s. These a e conside ed as he
co e a eas o social s uc u ing h ough which hie a chical gende e-
la ions a e es ablished, main ained, and ep oduced [58]. This ool
iden i ies he key issues o be add essed and he igh ques ions o be
asked. Bu he app oach is quali a i e and somewha subjec i e, so i s
e ec i eness depends on he app oach o he pe son applying i . In o he
wo ds, he me e use o he ool does no gua an ee he quali y o he
analysis. Ra he , he knowledge and ision o gende expe s a e
equi ed o ca y ou an e ec i e gende impac assessmen . In ac , as
he au ho s hemsel es indica e, o a oid he ool being i ialized i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
(ll
ma ch)
Fig. 2. Numbe o pape s published pe yea om 1992.
Fig. 3. Va iables analyzed in he li e a u e e iew.
E. Alonso-Epelde e al.
Ene gy Resea ch & Social Science 112 (2024) 103511
6
should be used “unde he auspices o gende expe s and wi h s ong
delibe a i e elemen s, including he pa icipa ion and consul a ion o
women and gende associa ions commi ed o clima e policy”. In addi-
ion, i should be no ed ha his ool is designed o be applied in high
income coun ies. I would be in e es ing o eplica e hei s udy o
c ea e a simila ool ha can be applied in he con ex o Low and Middle
Income Coun ies
9
(LMIC).
Howe e , he e a e ew s udies (12 %) ocused on high income
coun ies
10
[43,44,46,49,60]. 60 % o he li e a u e e iewed ocuses on
low o lowe -middle income coun ies, analyzing he socioeconomic
implica ions o he di e en mi iga ion and adap a ion s a egies o
clima e change in his con ex . 12 % e e o uppe -middle income
coun ies and he emaining 17 % o he pape s d aw no dis inc ion
be ween coun ies, since hey ha e a uni e sal ocus. This endency o
ocus analyses o clima e change and gende almos exclusi ely on LMIC
has been poin ed ou as a sho coming in esea ch ha seeks o be
gende -sensi i e (as also highligh ed by Feens a &
¨
Oze ol [61], Mac-
G ego [62] o Lahi i-Du [63]).
We ha e also sough o cha ac e ize he deg ee o in eg a ion o he
in e sec ionali y app oach in he analyses. In e sec ionali y is de ined as
“ he phenomenon whe eby each indi idual su e s opp ession o holds
p i ileges based on hei belonging o mul iple social ca ego ies, which
a e cons uc ed and dynamic” [64,65,66,67,68]. Mos pape s do no
ake an in e sec ional app oach and ew o hose ha do so men ion he
concep o in e sec ionali y.
Fig. 4 shows he concep s iden i ied as p esen and absen in he
analysis. The socioeconomic ca ego ies mos widely in eg a ed in o he
analyses in he pape s analyzed a e he ollowing: class/income (93 %),
educa ion/p o ession (72 %), age (59 %), and ace/e hnici y (45 %).
Howe e , he e is a lack o a en ion o ce ain ca ego ies associa ed
wi h g oups which a e in a si ua ion o disc imina ion, such as sexual
o ien a ion/iden i y and unc ional di e si y ( ound in only 10 % o he
pape s). This bias may be ela ed o a lack o da a o hese ca ego ies
when seconda y da a is used, bu his da a gap could be co ec ed when
p ima y da a is gene a ed h ough speci ic su eys, in e iews o ocus
g oups. These echniques a e used in he pape s analyzed, bu none o
hem di ec ly ask pa icipan s abou hese ele an cha ac e is ics. In
his sense, i is wo h highligh ing he eno mous concep ual e o made
by Saue & S ieß [49] o in eg a e he LGTBIQ+pe spec i e in o hei
gende impac assessmen , al hough ha e o does no show up in he
case s udies ha hey p esen . Addi ionally, in mos pape s hese social
ca ego ies a e included as explana o y a iables ha in e ac wi h
gende inequali y, which is insu icien om an in e sec ionali y iew-
poin since a mo e complex app oach is needed o add ess he sys em
ha c ea es powe di e en ials [67,69,70].
In ac , al hough 41 % o he pape s conside ed implici ly o
explici ly men ion o acknowledge he exis ence o powe ela ions ha
place women a a disad an age o men, none o hem look in dep h a he
causes and consequences o gende inequali y (see Fig. 5). Acco ding o
B e he on [71], his endency o s udy women a he han gende
ela ions and powe dynamics may be a consequence o he way in
which gende was in oduced on o he global en i onmen al policy
agenda (see Sec ion 3.2.2. o b oaden he discussion).
In addi ion, al hough he ecommenda ion o include a gende
pe spec i e in all phases o clima e policy has been con inually epea ed
by in e na ional and na ional o ganiza ions since 1992, he concep o
gende mains eaming ha e no ye pene a ed deeply in o academia in
his a ea. Gende mains eaming can be de ined as a delibe a e, sys-
ema ic app oach ha enables a gende pe spec i e o be ac o ed in o
analyses, p ocedu es, and policies [69]. I s aim is o “make isible
gende ed aspec s o he assump ions o policy-make s and di e en ia ed
ou comes o policy and policy-making o men and women” [72]. Only
i e o he pape s analyzed explici ly indica e gende mains eaming as
necessa y o enable e icien and inclusi e mi iga ion and adap a ion
s a egies [49,60,61,73,74]. In o he pape s, gende mains eaming is
no di ec ly men ioned bu i is implici ly p esen in he ollowing ideas:
1) he lack o a gende pe spec i e in esponses o clima e change is
c i icized [75]; 2) he need o de elop policies o ini ia i es in an in-
clusi e manne o a oid exace ba ing exis ing inequali ies is s essed
[7]; and 3) he e is a ecommenda ion o he ene gy ansi ion esea ch
communi y o place g ea e emphasis on gende and social equi y con-
side a ions in hei wo k o acili a e p ocesses ha pe mi he de el-
opmen o inclusi e ins i u ional a angemen s o a jus ansi ion [76].
Finally, a e an exhaus i e e iew o he pape s, he deg ee o
in eg a ion o gende in he analyzes has been cha ac e ized (see
Table A1 o mo e de ails on he cha ac e iza ion c i e ia and Sec ion
3.2. o an in-dep h analysis o gende inclusi eness). Table 3 shows how
in almos hal o he pape s (48 %) he deg ee o gende in eg a ion is
low, which indica es ha hey do no include a gende pe spec i e in
hei analyses. Rega ding he gende o he i s au ho , i is men who
in eg a e he gende pe spec i e o a lesse ex en in hei s udies, wi h
he deg ee o gende in eg a ion being low in 67 % o he cases. Like-
wise, i should be no ed ha he deg ee o gende in eg a ion is mos ly
low in s udies ocused on mi iga ion policies (63 %) o in hose loca ed
in bo h he Global No h (60 %) and he Global Sou h (53 %).
Only 31 % o he pape s ac ually include he gende pe spec i e in
hei analysis (high in eg a ion deg ee). In his sense, i should be no ed
ha i is mainly women who include o a e ying o include a gende
pe spec i e in hei esea ch: 35 % o he s udies whose p incipal au ho
is a woman ha e a high deg ee o in eg a ion, while 25 % ha e a me-
dium deg ee. The pe cen age o s udies wi h a high deg ee o in eg a ion
is highe in hose ha s udy adap a ion policies (40 %) o mi iga ion and
adap a ion policies oge he (40 %). I is also impo an o highligh ha
s udies wi h a global ocus end o e ec i ely in eg a e he gende
pe spec i e in mos s udies (71 %).
3.2. In-dep h analysis and discussion om a gende pe spec i e
3.2.1. Lack o gende pe spec i e
As men ioned abo e, he pape s analyzed show a lack o e ec i e
in eg a ion o he gende pe spec i e. In mos o hem gende is used as
an addi ional explana o y a iable a he han being ecognized as a
social o cul u al cons uc . In hese pape s he concep s o sex and
gende a e con used, because i he dis inc ion be ween men and women
is based on biological sex and no on he ecogni ion o a sys em ha
gene a es inequali ies ha pu s women in a si ua ion o in e io i y
me ely by din o being women hen we a e no alking abou gende bu
abou sex. I should be no ed ha his esea ch a ea has spa ked mo e
in e es among emale esea che s (in 69 % o he pape s he i s au ho
is a woman) and ha he ailu e o ac o in he gende pe spec i e is
mo e no able in pape s led by men, al hough i is also an issue in hose
led by women. A clea example o pe sis en and ocen ism and sexism
in academia a e hose pape s in which women a e only men ioned in
ph ases ha pe pe ua e and ein o ce adi ional gende oles, such as:
“Women may also ha e mo e ime a ailable o do household cho es like
kni ing and c a ing.” [77]. This is p ecisely he opposi e o including
9
We e e o income when ca ego izing coun ies o simpli y he analysis and
a oid he use o dicho omous e ms (such as “de eloped” e sus “de eloping”
coun ies) ha ha e hei o igins in acism and colonialism. In ac , e en some
e ms ha we e o iginally in oduced wi hou a conno a ion o hie a chy and
wi h he aim o c i ically poin ing ou social, economic and poli ical gaps and
inequali ies (such as he “Global No h” e sus he “Global Sou h”) ended up
c ea ing a alse hie a chy and di ision among na ions based on access o weal h
and poli ical powe [59].
10
The classi ica ion ha e e s o he income le el o he coun ies in which
he pape s a e ocus is based on he ca ego iza ion made by he Wo ld Bank in
2022 (h ps://blogs.wo ldbank.o g/openda a/new-wo ld-bank-g oup-coun
y-classi ica ions-income-le el- y24). Likewise, he “Wo ld” ca ego y is added
o e e o hose pape s whose ocus is uni e sal, ha is, pape s ha do no
ocus on he analysis o he impac o a speci ic measu e applied in a speci ic
coun y.
E. Alonso-Epelde e al.
Ene gy Resea ch & Social Science 112 (2024) 103511
7
he gende pe spec i e in he analyses.
3.2.2. Gende ela ions and powe dynamics
Along hese same lines, he pape s analyzed a ely include gende
ela ions and powe dynamics in hei na a i es. Mos o hem do no
e en acknowledge he exis ence o powe ela ions and none looks in
dep h in o he causes and consequences o gende ed powe dynamics.
This lack o analysis o powe ela ions and gende oles may be closely
ela ed o he dominan discou ses ega ding he links be ween clima e
change (o he en i onmen ) and gende . In ac , he ma e ial mani es-
a ions o clima e change a e being shaped by sociocul u al no ms and
discou ses.
11
Thus, in he discou ses ha ha e concep ualized he links
be ween women and he en i onmen , bo h in he agenda o global
en i onmen al poli ics and in esea ch on gende and clima e change,
women all in o h ee b oad ca ego ies (women as “sa io s”, “ ic ims”
and “ he p oblem”) and B e he on [71] explains how each o hese
pe cep ions has di e en poli ical implica ions.
Fi s , he no ion o “women as sa io s” holds ha women ha e a
special sensi i i y and esponsibili y o he na u al wo ld as a esul o
sha ing opp ession and exploi a ion wi h he en i onmen and hei
ep oduc i e and ca e oles.
12
In p ac ice, his discou se and he policies
de i ed om i ha e placed women, once again, in a si ua ion o sub-
o dina ion in which hei wo k is no inancially ewa ded. Second, he
no ion o “women as ic ims” is closely ela ed o he exis ing links
be ween po e y and en i onmen al impac s, especially in hose con-
ex s in which women’s well-being and su i al s em om hei links o
he en i onmen ( o example in sou he n u al a eas whe e women a e
esponsible o ga he ing ood o wood). In hese con ex s, policies ha e
ocused on helping women and hei child en, who a e he objec and
no he subjec o policies. Thi d, he no ion o “women as he p oblem”
Fig. 4. Concep s iden i ied as p esen and absen in he analysis.
Fig. 5. P esence and absence o powe ela ions and mains eaming concep s.
Table 3
Deg ee o in eg a ion o gende in he analysis.
To al 1s au ho s’ gende Clima e policy a ea Loca ion
Female Male Adap a ion Mi iga ion Mi iga ion and adap a ion Global No h Global Sou h Wo ld
Low 48 % 40 % 67 % 20 % 63 % 20 % 60 % 53 % 29 %
Medium 21 % 25 % 11 % 40 % 11 % 40 % 0 % 35 % 0 %
High 31 % 35 % 22 % 40 % 26 % 40 % 40 % 12 % 71 %
11
Acco ding o Eps ein [78], a discou se is “a cohesi e se o ideas, concep s
and ca ego iza ions abou a speci ic objec ha ame ha objec in a ce ain
way and, he e o e, delimi he possibili ies o ac ing in ela ion o i ”, whose
c i ical analysis helps us unde s and how humans “make sense o hemsel es,
hei in e es s and ways o beha ing, and he wo ld ha su ounds hem.”
12
This no ion is consis en wi h he p inciples o ecological eminism [79].
E. Alonso-Epelde e al.
Ene gy Resea ch & Social Science 112 (2024) 103511
8
highligh s ha e e y hing ha su ounds women has implica ions o
he en i onmen . A good example o his is he discou se ha wa ns
abou he o e popula ion o he plane and he need o con ol bi h
a es in LMIC coun ies, wi hou ocusing on he high a e o con-
sump ion in high income coun ies. The e o e, he way in which gende
is in oduced in o esea ch needs o be e hough in an a emp o mo e
away om he discou se ha classi ies women as ic ims, sa io s o “ he
p oblem” [62,71].
Howe e , in addi ion o he way in which ideological cons uc ions
shape he ma e ial eali ies abou gende inequali y and he plane a y
c isis, he e a e o he mechanisms ha ensu e ha gende con inues o
be unde s ood as women (losing i s meaning as a ela ional p ocess).
One o hem has been he inabili y o bo h scien is s and policymake s o
concep ualize he sub le ope a ions o powe . Acco ding o Lukes [80],
he powe ha allows one o be decisi e in se ing he agenda depends
on h ee dimensions: he abili y o pu issues on he agenda when a
public deba e is aking place; he abili y o emo e i ems om he
agenda by c ea ing he alse belie ha including hem would be useless
o coun e p oduc i e; and he abili y o p e en p oblems om being
no iced in he i s place. Thus, s uc u al powe has been a he se ice
o he exclusion o women, bo h in public and p i a e spaces, ensu ing
hei poli ical subo dina ion and economic exploi a ion ( h ough he
sexual di ision o labou ) and, in u n, he way in which i ope a es has
con ibu ed o ou inabili y o unde s and he ull meaning and impli-
ca ions o gende [71].
All hese discou ses and mechanisms h ough which s uc u al powe
ope a es a e no alien o science and ha e also been e lec ed in aca-
demic wo k. And ocen ism has been (and con inues o be) e y p esen
in science [81]. In ac , i was he c i icism by eminis s du ing he
second wa e o eminism ha ale ed o he p esence o and ocen ism
in science [82]. La e on, he 5 ways in which and ocen ism is p esen in
science a e iden i ied: he low p opo ion o emale esea che s, esea ch
opics domina ed by men, me hods and in e p e a ions es ic ed by
sexism o male pe spec i es, he use o science o jus i y sexis social
p ojec s and dis o ion in he way scien is s wo k [83,84,85].
Thus, a p esen , he masculine bias ha pe sis s in science, he
sub le way in which s uc u al powe con inues o ope a e and he dis-
cou ses ha ca ego ize women as “sa io s”, “ ic ims” and “ he p oblem”
make he meaning o gende as a ela ional p ocess is los and educed o
he ca ego y “woman”. All his has led o he de elopmen o esea ch
and he implemen a ion o policy measu es ha ein o ce “ adi ional”
gende oles. Because o ha , i is necessa y o e- hink he deba e,
engage wi h he unc ioning o powe , and add ess issues o ans-
o ma ion, jus ice, and democ a ic clima e go e nance [86].
3.2.3. In e sec ionali y
Likewise, ou s udy has iden i ied a lack o in eg a ion o in e -
sec ionali y, which no only e e s o “ he phenomenon by which each
indi idual su e s opp ession o holds p i ilege based on hei belonging
o mul iple social ca ego ies” [63,64,65,66,67] bu should also be un-
de s ood as an analy ical ool o analyzing he a icula ion o di e en
socioeconomic ca ego ies (e.g. class, gende , ace, e c.) ins ead o
conside ing hem as independen o ms o powe /gende ela ions [87].
Including his app oach in clima e policy esea ch is hus a e y use ul
way o analyze impac s on he mos ulne able g oups om a gende
pe spec i e, as p e ious eminis schola s ha e also shown in he anal-
ysis o he impac o clima e change and esponses o i
[64,67,88,89,90,91,92].
In e sec ionali y is “a p ism o looking a complexi y in he wo ld”
[65], so i is also aluable o desc ibe how di e en impac s in e sec
dynamically wi h each o he [93]. Howe e , an in e sec ional app oach
means mo ing away om a cumula i e pe spec i e whe e impac s a e
ea ed as simple add-ons o exis ing inequali ies: I equi es a mul idi-
mensional, mul i-scale impac assessmen p ocess ha akes in o ac-
coun he speci ic impac s and o ms o disc imina ion ha ha e aken
place and been ep oduced his o ically [69]. Howe e , as no ed in
Sec ion 3.1, he way in which social ca ego ies a e in eg a ed in o an-
alyses is no exhaus i e in mos pape s, because hey a e usually
included as explana o y a iables ha in e ac wi h gende inequali y.
Bu in an in e sec ional app oach i is necessa y o ca y ou an in-dep h
analysis o he in e connec ions be ween hem and he powe ela ions/
s uc u es ha pe pe ua e inequali y [94]. The e o e, as men ioned
abo e, he deg ee o which social ca ego ies a e in eg a ed in o he
pape s e iewed is no enough om an in e sec ionali y iewpoin
because a mo e complex app oach is needed o add ess he sys em ha
c ea es powe di e en ials [67,69,70].
3.2.4. Focus on low and middle income coun ies
Ano he ele an end is ha mos o he pape s analyzed ocus
almos exclusi ely on LMIC, bu gende issues ela ed o ene gy and
clima e policies a e also ound in high income coun ies. In ac , despi e
he ac ha 17 % o he pape s ha e a uni e sal ocus and do no
dis inguish be ween coun ies, mo e han 30 % e e o policies applied
in A ican coun ies (ca ego ized by he Wo ld Bank as low o lowe -
middle income), 12 % ocus on Asian coun ies (such as Nepal,
Bangladesh, India o Indonesia) and 10 % in coun ies loca ed in Sou h
Ame ica (See Fig. 6).
This is ecognized and he inclusion o such issues is ecommended
by in e na ional ins i u ions such as he UN and he Eu opean Com-
mission. In ac , i has been poin ed ou as a sho coming in esea ch ha
seeks o be gende sensi i e, because i is common ha he gende
app oach in such s udies is limi ed o add essing he ole o women in
socie y, so ha hey a e educed o ulne able consume s in a ma gin-
alized posi ion, ep oducing he ic imizing discou se ha many emi-
nis s a e ying o decons uc [61,62,63]. In his sense, i is impo an o
mo e away om he assump ion ha ulne able g oups do no ha e he
skills and capaci ies o d i e social change [95].
3.2.5. Gende mains eaming in impac assessmen
As men ioned be o e, we obse e ha , despi e con inued ecom-
menda ions o include a gende pe spec i e in clima e policy, he
concep o gende mains eaming has no ye pene a ed deeply in o
academia in he ield explo ed. In any case, i is necessa y o poin ou
ha he e has been a wide deba e on he concep and p ac ice o gende
mains eaming [72,96,97,98,99,100]. Thus, he e a e some doub s as o
whe he gende mains eaming eally places women on he poli ical
agenda o has he opposi e e ec . On he one hand, i has i s oo s in
eminis heo y,
13
which p oposes i as “an agenda-se ing idea wi h
adical eminis po en ial” o ans o m policy app oaches o gende
inequali ies [96]. Bu on he o he hand, he e is widesp ead c i icism o
he in eg a ionis o m ha he concep has aken in p ac ice, since
gende mains eaming has been “inco po a ed as a policy ool in o
s uc u es, p ocesses, and no ms ha emain unchanged”
[97,102,103,104,105].
Feminis schola s ha e e e ed o his inabili y o gende main-
s eaming o b ing abou adical changes in gende and powe ela ions
as he “ adical po en ial pa adox”. Se e al mu ually complemen a y
explana ions ha e been p oposed o add ess his pa adox [106]. The i s
is he di icul y o ans e ing a adical eminis amewo k ha ope -
a es a a ansna ional le el o a local le el whe e he na ional con ex
can collide wi h he eminis concep ualiza ion [100]. The e has also
been a lack o unde s anding o i s ision: Some ha e in e p e ed ha he
objec i e was o encou age women o in eg a e in o a sys em whe e
13
The e m “ heo y” e e s o he cons uc ion o a se o in e ela ed s a e-
men s abou how some aspec o he wo ld ope a es. When we speak abou
eminis heo y, we e e o he pe spec i es ha guide he sea ch o answe s o
a cen al se ies o ques ions and dilemmas abou sex and gende . Feminis
heo e ical amewo ks add ess, abo e all, he ques ion o he subo dina ion o
women o men ( o example, how i is c ea ed, how and why i is pe pe ua ed o
how i could be o e come) [101].
E. Alonso-Epelde e al.
Ene gy Resea ch & Social Science 112 (2024) 103511
9
masculine no ms p e ail o o ensu e ha women’s con ibu ions a e
also alued in gende ed socie ies, o ge ing ha he eal goal is o ca y
ou ans o ma i e ac ions ha b ing abou a ans o ma ion o inequi-
able gende ela ions [100,107]. Ano he possible explana ion o he
ailu e o gende mains eaming is he unwillingness o key ac o s o
commi hemsel es o subs an i e gende equali y goals and ou comes
ins ead o in eg a ing he gende pe spec i e h ough bu eauc a ic
p ocesses [108]. Gi en ha gende mains eaming is inco po a ed in o
ins i u ional s uc u es ha ha e adi ionally suppo ed male p i ilege
and gi en ha hose bodies a e hemsel es highly gende ed, a his poin
he adical goals o gende mains eaming end up becoming echno-
c a ic exe cises [106]. Howe e , despi e all hese c i icisms, he e is a
ce ain eluc ance o enounce he inco po a ion o gende main-
s eaming due o i s ans o ma i e, e olu iona y po en ial [109] and
unde s anding he ba ie s ha ha e hinde ed i s e ec i eness is key o
ecommi ing o adical social jus ice goals and he c i ical ans-
o ma i e po en ial o gende mains eaming [106].
Gi en he conce n o many eminis s ha mains eaming in p ac ice
becomes a simple check box which does no a o a ans o ma i e
app oach ha pe mi s p og ess owa ds equali y
[97,100,103,104,105,110], Gains [72] sugges s ha o be e ec i e in
he poli ical sphe e gende impac assessmen mus : “i) Unde ake an
in e sec ional analysis and powe analysis; ii) ensu e capaci y and
capabili y in go e nmen o unde ake gende impac assessmen
(o he wise i will become a ‘ ick- he-box’ exe cise); and iii) include
expe iews along wi h dialogue, o ma ion o alliances, e c. o ensu e
ha i does no become echnoc a ic”. Simila ly, Hanki sky [99] a gues
ha “gende mains eaming should econnec wi h eminis heo y and
in e sec ional unde s andings o mo e away om essen ialis and
echnoc a ic endencies in gende mains eaming”; and Walby [100]
sugges s ha “dialogue and delibe a i e democ acy could be used o
add ess gende in conjunc ion wi h o he complex inequali ies o mo e
owa ds a mo e in e sec ional app oach”.
Impac assessmen s a e a key ool o iden i y he po en ial impac s o
p oposed policies as well as a key componen o gende mains eaming
[96], so o add ess he conce ns o eminis schola s and ha ness he
ans o ma i e po en ial o eminis heo y i is impo an o expand
knowledge and gende -sensi i e quan i a i e ools ha enable ex an e
assessmen s. This can open he doo s o mo e in o med decisions in he
design phase o clima e policies, so ha hey a e inclusi e and do no
unde mine social jus ice.
14
3.2.6. Lack o in eg a ion o he eminis discou se
All his shows a lack o in eg a ion o he eminis discou se in
clima e policy esea ch. Feminis heo is s and academics ha e been
heo izing o decades abou he causes, consequences, and ac o s ha
ha e his o ically in luenced he inequali y su e ed by women. I is qui e
ema kable ha wi h he di e ences be ween sex and gende ha ing
been emphasized o so long, he e a e s ill s udies in which he concep s
a e misused. I is equally s iking ha gende has no ye been ully
in eg a ed in o analyses and ha i con inues o be ea ed as one mo e
independen a iable among many o he s.
Feminis s ha e been poin ing o ac o s, sys ems, expe iences, and
eali ies ha pe pe ua e he opp ession o women o cen u ies, bu he
and ocen ism p esen in science seems o ha e p e en ed hese heo ies
and concep s om being deeply in eg a ed in o esea ch o a long ime
[89,111]. This is he case, o example, o he concep o in e sec ion-
ali y. The concep was i s coined by C enshaw in 1990, bu he oun-
da ions o in e sec ionali y a e ma ked in 1851 wi h Sojou ne T u h’s
speech “Ain’ I a Woman?” coinciding wi h he ise o black eminism in
he Uni ed S a es [112]. Bu e en so, ou e iew shows ha he e a e s ill
e y ew pape s ha de elop his concep and consciously apply his
app oach. Al hough some ideas based on hese eminis heo ies a e
beginning o be in oduced in o academic li e a u e and esea ch, i is
impo an o name hem in gende -sensi i e esea ch, because naming
ypi ies expe iences and p o ides powe ul, new language o desc ibe
componen s o iden i y o membe s o ma ginalized g oups [113,114].
The e o e, one o he challenges in ca ying ou inclusi e esea ch is s ill
he de elopmen o a deepe gende analysis whe e “empi ical esea ch
is complemen ed by c i ical eminis heo izing o he discu si e con-
s uc ions and ca ego ies ha shape clima e poli ics oday” [62]. The
inclusion o he pe spec i es o gende ad oca es is also impo an o
a oid s e eo yped, pa e nalis ic, Eu ocen ic ideas abou gende
equali y and hus acili a e a con ex -based e lec ion on he quali y o
poli ics in e ms o equali y [115].
Fig. 6. Pape s analyzed by egion (%).
14
MacG ego [62] illus a es he p oblems which a ise when policies a e no
in o med by gende analysis.
E. Alonso-Epelde e al.
