Person matters in impersonality

DOI: 10.1111/syn .12230 REGULAR ARTICLE Pe son ma e s in impe sonali y Ane Be o1Ane Od ia2Bea iz Fe nández2 1Uni e si y o Deus o 2Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y Co espondence: Ane Be o, Uni e si y o Deus o, Unibe si a e E o b. 24, 48007, Bilbao, he Basque Coun y Email: ane.be o@deus o.es Abs ac TheBasqueimpe sonalisade ansi i izedcons uc ion whe e he in e nal a gumen is he only o e a gu- men and he ex e nal a gumen , al hough seman ically p esen , does no ha e any mo phological e lex. This a icle a gues ha , despi e i s in ansi i e shape, he impe sonalin ol esapa icula kindo Voicep ojec ion ha we e m de ec i e. Fo case and ag eemen , being de ec i e means ha ing no unin e p e able ϕ ea u es and no Case o assign. Howe e , a silen pe son p o- noun is in oduced in i s speci ie posi ion, and hus, he e a e wo a gumen s wi hin VoiceP. The wo a gu- men s compe e o alue he ϕ ea u es o he nex unc- ionalhead, namelyT.Wi h hisanalysis weaccoun o he main p ope ies o he impe sonal, such as he syn- ac ic ac i eness o he implici ex e nal a gumen and hepe soncons ain on hein e nala gumen . 1INTRODUCTION Basque has a de ansi i ized cons uc ion called impe sonal (O iz de U bina 1989,1991, Albizu1997a,2001a, O iz deU bina2003,2011–2019,Fe nández&Be o2021)o ,al e na i ely, mediopassi e(B e schneide 1979,O izdeU bina2006,DeRijk2008,Rezac2009b).In hiscon- s uc ion,whichwewill e e oasimpe sonal, hein e nala gumen is he onlyo e a gumen , since he ex e nal a gumen , al hough seman ically p esen , does no ha e any mo phological e lex. Thus, he Basque impe sonal has an in ansi i e shape; e en hough he lexical e b is This is an open access a icle unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i s License, which pe mi s use and dis ibu ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed, he use is non-comme cial and no modi ica ions o adap a ions a e made. © 2022 The Au ho s. Syn ax published by John Wiley & Sons L d. Syn ax. 2022;25:147–187. wileyonlinelib a y.com/jou nal/syn 147 148 BERRO e al. ansi i e in his cons uc ion, he auxilia y selec ed is he in ansi i e auxilia y izan ‘be’. This is illus a ed in (1).1 (1) Libu u ho iek e az sal- zen di a. book hose[abs] easily sell-ip be;3pl.abs ‘Those books a e easily sold.’ As can be seen in (1), he in e nal a gumen libu uho iek ‘ hose books’ is he only a gumen p o- nounced and also he only a gumen c oss e e enced on he in ansi i e auxilia y, which shows hi d-pe son plu al absolu i e ag eemen . On he basis o he in ansi i e mo phology, he agen i e in e p e a ion, and o he p ope ies ha we will discuss, he Basque impe sonal could be conside ed o be in ac passi e (see sec ion 2 o a ious p e ious app oaches) and o be buil on op o a ully cons uc ed e b, like pas- si es ha ha e been analyzed in o he languages, such as English and Ge man: see Do on 2003, Collins2005,B uening2012,Alexiadoue al.2015.In hose app oaches,i is a gued ha passi es a e o med when a Passi e head (o a Voice head, in Collins 2005) selec s o a Voice p ojec- ion (o , al e na i ely, a P, when is he head in oducing he ex e nal a gumen ) consis ing o ac i eVoice.2In hisway, hoseapp oachesexplain hesys ema ici yandhighp oduc i i yo he cons uc ion—in con as , o example, o middles—and he syn ac ic ac i eness o he ex e nal a gumen . Like in passi es, he ex e nal a gumen o Basque impe sonals is syn ac ically ac i e. Thesyn ac ic p esenceo heimplici ex e nala gumen issuppo edby,amongo he hings, he ac ha i can license agen -o ien ed ad e bs and ins umen al ph ases and he ac ha i can con ol in o pu pose clauses. All o his makes Basque impe sonals di e en om English-like middles (such as Books ead easily), which simila ly a e in ansi i e and ha e an implici agen a gumen . In u n, hese es s si ua e he Basque impe sonal close o he passi e cons uc ion (Fe nández & Be o 2021). Howe e , heBasqueimpe sonaldi e ges om hepassi einsomeimpo an espec s:unlike in passi es, in impe sonals he in e nal a gumen —which is ma ked absolu i e—mus necessa - ily be hi d pe son, as (2) illus a es, and he ex e nal a gumen canno be o e ly ealized in an adposi ional ph ase, as (3) illus a es. (2) Ni/zu hondo a- u nin zen/zinen. I[abs]/you[abs] sink-p be;1sg.abs;ps /be;2.abs;ps Inchoa i e: ‘I sank.’/‘You sank.’ In ended impe sonal (ung amma ical): ‘I was sunk.’/‘You we e sunk.’ (3) *I sason zi-a hondo a- u zen Billez. ship-de [abs] sink-p be[3.abs].ps Bill.ins In ended: ‘The ship was sunk by Bill.’ 1Abb e ia ions used in he glosses in his a icle: 1 i s pe son, 2 second pe son, 3 hi d pe son, abs absolu i e, abl abla i e, all alla i e, cl cli ic, com comi a i e, comp complemen ize , da da i e, de de e mine , dom di e en ial objec ma king, e g e ga i e, eminine, ine inessi e, ins ins umen al, ip impe ec i e, loc loca i e, m masculine, neg nega ion, p pe ec i e, pl plu al, p os p ospec i e, ps possesso , ps pas , eln ela ional, es esul a i e, sg singula , e m e mina i e. 2The con ibu ion o he passi e head (o he Voice head, in Collins 2005) is di e en depending on he au ho . B uening and Alexiadou e al. a gue ha a Pass head sa u a es he ex e nal a gumen o Voice by exis en ially binding i . On he o he hand, Do on claims ha he passi e head in Heb ew assigns o he ex e nal a gumen he hema ic ole o ac o (bu does no exis en ially bind i ). Finally, Collins sugges s ha Voice (simila o he passi e head in he analyses jus men ioned) equi es he pa iciple (Pa P) o mo e o spec,VoiceP in English, in oduces he p eposi ion by as i s head, and checks he accusa i e case o he DP in spec, P. Thus, in Collins 2005 he passi e head does no p e en he p ojec ion o he ex e nal a gumen . 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License PERSON MATTERS IN IMPERSONALITY 149 Thus,in his a icleweanalyze he impe sonalwi h a s uc u edi e en om ha o he passi e. Pa icula ly, heanalysispu o wa din hisa icledoesno assume ha heimpe sonalisbuil on op o a ully cons uc ed e b. Ins ead, i is a gued ha he ype o Voice in ol ed in impe sonals is di e en om ha o common pe sonal ansi i e and in ansi i e clauses. The p esen analysis has wo impo an aspec s ha accoun o he main p ope ies o he impe sonal. On he one hand, we a gue ha he implici subjec is a silen pe son p onoun, in e p e ed as [+human], ha has an unspeci ied pe son ea u e (i.e., a pe son ea u e wi h no speci ic alue)andnonumbe ea u es.Becausei isap onouno ca ego yDP,wecanaccoun o he ac ha he implici subjec can license seconda y p edica es and bind ecip ocal anapho s and ce ain kinds o e lexi e anapho s (Landau 2010). Addi ionally, being a pe son p onoun bu unspeci ied o pe son, he implici ex e nal a gumen mus be in e p e ed as an anima e agen bu canno license adposi ional ph ases wi h agen i e in e p e a ion ha ha e a speci ic pe son ea u e ( i s , second, o hi d pe son). In all hese espec s, Basque impe sonals a e sim- ila o e lexi e-ma ked impe sonals/passi es in Spanish (Mendikoe xea 1999, Sánchez 2002, O mazabal & Rome o 2019,2020). On he o he hand, he pe son es ic ion on he in e nal a gumen —also a es ed in Span- ish e lexi e-ma ked passi es/impe sonals (Mendikoe xea 2008, MacDonald 2017, O mazabal & Rome o 2019,2020)—is a consequence o he de ec i eness o he e sion o he Voice p ojec ion ha isin ol ed.Assuming he ypologyo Voicep oposedinSchä e 2008bandla e de elopedin Alexiadoue al.2015,wep opose ha hede ec i eVoiceinimpe sonalsisseman ically ansi i e bu lacks a D ea u e. Thus, al hough his Voice in oduces a seman ic a gumen , i is di e en om heVoiceo commonpe sonal ansi i eclauses.As ega dscaseandag eemen ,wep opose ha beingde ec i emeansha ingnounin e p e ableϕ ea u esandnoCase oassign.Since he e a e ne e heless wo a gumen s wi hin VoiceP, he wo a gumen s compe e o alue and dele e heunin e p e ableϕ ea u eso henex unc ional head, namelyT. Gi en ha Thasasinglese o ea u es (one uPe s and one uNum), he un alued ϕ ea u es a e sha ed by he wo a gumen s, and his leads o he pe son es ic ion on he in e nal a gumen . As we will show, his spli in he ϕ- ea u e alua ion o a gi en unc ional head is eminiscen o he spli ϕchecking a es ed by he Pe son–Case Cons ain , seen in di ansi i e cons uc ions (Anagnos opoulou 2003,Béja &Rezac2003,Rezac2007,2008a,2009a,2011). As sugges ed in Rezac 2009b: 314–316, he silen ex e nala gumen in hespeci ie o Voice( ,inRezac’s e ms)plays hesame oleas heapplica- i eda i ein di ansi i esand hus p e en s he in e nal a gumen omAg eeingin bo h pe son and numbe ea u es wi h T. Howe e , hepe son es ic ionon hein e nala gumen iso e comei anaddi ionalϕ-p obe head is in oduced, as a las - eso epai s a egy, a he syn ax–LF in e ace (in o de o assu e Full In e p e a ion; Rezac 2011,Kalin2018,T.Le in2019). As we will show, in he Basque impe sonal he in e nal a gumen can be i s o second pe son i i is ma ked da i e: (4) Ze duzu, baina, gau is e ikus- en zaizu.3 wha [3.abs] ha e;2.e g[3.abs] bu oday sad see-ip be;2.da [3.abs] ‘Bu wha ’s going on wi h you? You look sad oday.’ Li . ‘…You a e seen sad oday.’ We will a gue ha da i e Case is assigned by ac i a ing unin e p e able ϕ ea u es in a KP p o- jec ed on op o he in e nal-a gumen DP. Wi h his ex a Case license , he in e nal-a gumen 3Ly ics om he song “Oihana” (a name meaning ‘jungle’ o ‘ o es ’), w i en and pe o med by Mikel U danga in; ack 1 o he album Heldu a ean (So aluze–Placencia de las A mas, he Basque Coun y: Gaz elupeko Ho sak, 2002): h ps:// www.badok.eus/euskal-musika/mikel-u danga in/heldu-a ean. 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 150 BERRO e al. DP does no need o sha e he un alued ϕ ea u es o T, and as a consequence he e is no pe son cons ain . This a icle is s uc u ed as ollows. In sec ion 2 we conside he a ious p e ious app oaches o he cons uc ion unde analysis. In sec ion 3 we p esen an o e iew o Basque impe sonals and p o ide e idence o he p ojec ion o a seman ically ac i e Voice. In sec ion 4 we compa e he impe sonal wi h he middle and he passi e and show ha i canno be pa alleled wi h ei he o hosecons uc ions.Pa icula ly,wea gue ha heimpe sonalcanno be ega dedasapassi e, gi en ha i has a pe son es ic ion on he in e nal a gumen and does no allow he p esence o an o e agen a gumen in an adposi ional ph ase. In sec ion 5, we o e ou analysis o impe - sonals, and in sec ion 6 we show ha he pe son es ic ion is o e come i an addi ional ϕp obe is p ojec ed and he in e nal a gumen is ma ked wi h di e en ial case (di e en ial objec ma k- ing). Finally, in sec ion 7, we conclude by claiming ha Basque impe sonals in ol e a de ec i e Voice head bu wo DP a gumen s. Wi h his analysis, we accoun o he in ansi i e mo phol- ogyo impe sonals, hesyn ac icac i i yandanima ena u eo hesilen ex e nala gumen , and he pe son es ic ion on he in e nal a gumen . 2PASSIVE, MEDIOPASSIVE, OR IMPERSONAL? Ins ancessuchas(1)and(5a)ha ebeendesc ibedandanalyzedasimpe sonalsinBasquelinguis- ics (O iz de U bina 1989,1991,Albizu1997a,2001a, O iz de U bina 2003,2011–2019, Fe nán- dez & Be o 2021). Ne e heless, he impe sonal label obscu es he simila i y o his cons uc ion oOldBasque(medio)passi es,alabelusedbyB e schneide 1979,O izdeU bina2006,DeRijk 2008, and Rezac 2009b. The Old Basque (medio)passi e is exempli ied in (5b), a sen ence om he 16 h-cen u y w i e Joan Pe ez de Laza aga. (5) a. Libu u-ak sal- zen di a. book-de .pl sell-ip be;3pl.abs ‘Books a e sold.’ b. Di u en sal-du ninçan esclabea.4 money. o sell-p be;1sg.abs;ps sla e ‘I was sold o money as a sla e.’ (Mounole 2014: 149) The e is an impo an di e ence be ween he examples in (5a) and (5b): he in e nal a gu- men is hi d pe son in he o me and non hi d (speci ically, i s ) pe son in he la e . Thus, he hi d-pe son es ic ion on he in e nal objec (see (2)) holds o impe sonals in Con empo a y Basque bu no o Old Basque (medio)passi es, as shown by Laza aga’s sen ence in (5b) (see Al una 1980, Zulaika 1998, O iz de U bina 2006,Mounole2014). Mo eo e , al hough, as exempli ied in (3), in Con empo a y Basque he ex e nal a gumen canno beexp essedasanadjunc inimpe sonals(B e schneide 1979:381,O izdeU bina2003: 773–776, Be o & Fe nández 2019b,U es a azu2019, Fe nández & Be o 2021), his was no he 4Gido Bilbao, Rica do Gómez, Joseba A. Laka a, Julen Man e ola, Céline Mounole, and Blanca U gell, edi o s, Laza aga eskuizk ibua en edizioa e a az e ke a (Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y, 2010): B17.60. 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License PERSON MATTERS IN IMPERSONALITY 151 caseinOldBasque(medio)passi es(O izdeU bina2006:773).Thiscanbeseenin(6),asen ence om Joanes Leiza aga’s ansla ion o he New Tes amen . (6) Gauza guz i-ak ni- i neu e Ai a-z eman çaizqui . Thing all-de .pl I-da my a he -ins gi e.p be;3pl.abs;1sg.da ‘All hings ha e been gi en o me by my Fa he .’ (M 11:27; Mounole 2014: 150) This example is pa icula ly in e es ing in ha i would be accep able nowadays—no e ha he in e nal a gumen is hi d pe son—excep o he explici men ion o he agen a gumen by means o an ins umen al ph ase. (See sec ion 5.3 o mo e on bo h o he con as s jus men ioned.) Hence, we a e dealing wi h a cons uc ion, known bo h as impe sonal and (medio)passi e, ha is s ikingly simila o a passi e, as can be seen by compa ison wi h he English ansla- ion o (6). In ac , he label passi e is used in Al una 1980: 232, 234, Zulaika 1988: 779–784, and Mounole 2014: 148–155 when e e ing o ins ances such as (5b) and (6).5 Lea ingaside he e minologicalchaos,i couldbeposi ed ha he eisashi inBasque oma uepassi e oacons uc ion ha sha esmanybu no allo hep ope ieso apassi e(seesec ion 5.3). The label passi e by i sel does no seem app op ia e o e e ing o he cons uc ions in (1) and(5a)a ailableinCon empo a yBasque(al hough,aswewillseebelow—seespeci ically oo - no e 5— he label impe sonal passi e dese es some conside a ion); hence, he e m mediopassi e migh be mo esui able he e. Howe e , when compa ed o Englishand Romancemiddles— ypeI and ype II espec i ely, in Ackema & Schoo lemme 2005’s classi ica ion— he Basque cons uc- ion does no seem o be as es ic ed as he English ype, exempli ied in (7a), and beha es mo e in line wi h he Romance ype, exempli ied in (7b) by Spanish. (7) a. Books eadeasily. b. Los lib os se leen ácilmen e. de .pl book.pl cl ead.3pl easily ‘Books ead easily.’ In e es ingly enough, he p ope ies o he Basque cons uc ion di e conside ably om hose a ibu ed o English-like middles (see sec ion 4.1), bu he cons uc ion shows s iking sim- ila i ies wi h he Romance- ype middle, in pa icula he Spanish e lexi e-ma ked impe - sonal/passi e (Mendikoe xea 1999; see sec ion 5.1). Ci cling back o he beginning, (1) and (5a) migh also quali y as impe sonals. In ac , his is he e m gene ally used o e e o his cons uc ion, as we no ed abo e, and i is en a i ely used by us he e. The e m impe sonal ac ually co e s a e y b oad a ea, gi en ha i has been used in Basque linguis ics o e e no only o he de ansi i ized cons uc ion unde discus- sion bu also o cons uc ions wi h non e e en ial o impe sonal in e p e a ion o pe sonal e b ma ke s (O iz de U bina 2003: 572–576) and o wea he exp essions (O iz de U bina 2003: 577–579, A ea x & A iagoi ia 2018), among o he hings. The e m has also been used o e e o subjec -supp essing impe sonals, a es ed in Bal o-Sla ic, Bal o-Finnic, and Cel ic languages (Ble ins 2003) and discussed by Fe nández & Be o 2021 in compa ison o Basque. As wi h he 5The e y same passi e label is, howe e , also used by he same au ho s o e e o ano he cons uc ion ha does no seem o i he de ini ion o a ue passi e (see sec ion 4.3). 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 152 BERRO e al. Basquecons uc ion, he eis no consensuson hep ope cha ac e iza ion o subjec -supp essing impe sonals. Fo ins ance, Polish -no/- o cons uc ions (Siewie ska 1988,Kibo 2004), which exempli y hem,ha ebeenconside edimpe sonalpassi essince heylackasubjec (Com ie1977) and also nonp omo ional passi es (Zúñiga & Ki ilä 2019: 84–85) since he in e nal a gumen emains in he objec posi ion. As shown by Fe nández & Be o 2021, he e a e many simila - i ies be ween subjec -supp essing impe sonals and he Basque cons uc ion. Howe e , unlike hem, Basque impe sonals a e no mo phologically ansi i e bu a he show a de ansi i ed mo phology.6 In a nu shell, he Basque cons uc ion unde discussion sha es se e al p ope ies wi h pas- si es, middles, and impe sonals, and as a consequence i has ecei ed a ious labels in he p e iousli e a u e.He eweha e op ed o he e mimpe sonal,e en hough wea eawa eo he ac ha i may no ully desc ibe he na u e o his cons uc ion. 3BASQUE IMPERSONALS AND VOICE In his sec ion, we a gue ha Basque impe sonals in ol e a Voice laye ha is esponsible o in oducing a hema ic subjec . E en hough he impe sonal shows in ansi i e mo phology, namely he auxilia y izan ‘be’ and a lack o e ga i e ag eemen (sec ion 3.1), we show ha he ex e nal a gumen is seman ically p esen in impe sonals, unlike in inchoa i es (sec ion 3.2). 3.1 Mo phologically in ansi i e Basque is an e ga i e language, in ha he subjec o a ansi i e e b is ma ked by e ga i e case (-k) whe eas he subjec o an in ansi i e e b and he ansi i e objec a e assigned absolu- i e case, ha is, he unma ked case (Le in 1983, O iz de U bina 1989). Also, Basque shows a h ee-way ag eemen sys em: he a gumen s ma ked by e ga i e, absolu i e, and da i e case ig- ge ag eemen on he auxilia y e b (Hualde 2003). Addi ionally, Basque is a language wi h wo auxilia ies ha al e na e, izan ‘be’ and *edun ‘ha e’.7T ansi i e e bs equi e *edun,whe eas in ansi i es can choose be ween he wo. B oadly speaking, agen i e o une ga i e e bs equi e *edun, while pa ien i e o unaccusa i e e bs selec izan (Le in 1983; see Pineda & Be o 2020 o a ecen app oach). Albizu 2001b and A egi 2004 a gue ha *edun shows up when e ga i e ag eemen ma king is p esen in he auxilia y. As o impe sonals, hese show an in ansi i e shape and look exac ly like inchoa i es. In pa icula , hesolea gumen showsabsolu i ecase, heauxilia y selec edisizan,andnoe ga i e ag eemen is p esen (Fe nández & Be o 2021). I we compa e he examples in (8), i can be 6We lea e o u he esea ch he s udy o hese subjec -supp essing impe sonals o impe sonal passi es in ela ion o he analysis pu sued he e and also ha o o he impe sonal/passi e con igu a ions ha seem o be simila o Basque impe sonals (such as Spanish e lexi e-ma ked impe sonals/passi es). I is wo h no ing ha he Basque cons uc ion unde discussion has also excep ionally been called impe sonal passi e (Holme 1999: 191—bu see n. 7) and been compa ed o cons uc ions wi h he same designa ion (Eguzki za 1981: 242). Al hough we a e no using his designa ion he e, i migh well be he mos accu a e one, gi en he p ope ies ha he cons uc ion sha es wi h bo h impe sonals and passi es. 7The ci a ion o m o he ansi i e auxilia y, *edun, is p eceded by an as e isk because i is a his o ically econs uc ed pa icipial o m and hus una es ed as a non ini e e bal o m. See Hualde 2003 o u he de ails on his econs uc ed auxilia y and o he s, which a e omi ed he e o he sake o b e i y. 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License PERSON MATTERS IN IMPERSONALITY 153 obse ed ha a e blikehil‘kill/die’ ha allows hecausa i e–inchoa i eal e na ioncanoccu in h eecons uc ions:in hecausa i e,asin(8a),in heinchoa i e,asin(8b),andin heimpe sonal, as in (8c). (8) a. Unai-k a mia ma-k hil di u. Causa i e Unai-e g spide .de -pl[abs] kill.p ha e;3pl.abs[3.e g] ‘Unai has killed he spide s.’ b. A mia ma-k (be ez) Inchoa i e spide .de -pl[abs] by_ hemsel es hil/hil- zen di a. die.p /die-ip be;3pl.abs ‘The spide s ha e died/die (by hemsel es).’ c. A mia ma-k (zapa a honekin) Impe sonal spide .de -pl[abs] shoe his.com hil/hil- zen di a. kill.p /kill-ip be;3pl.abs ‘The spide s ha e been killed/a e killed (wi h his shoe).’ In he causa i eexample(8a), he auxilia y selec ed is*edun, whichag eeswi h he e ga i esub- jec Unaik ‘Unai’ and he absolu i e plu al objec a mia mak ‘ he spide s’. By con as , bo h in he inchoa i e example (8b) and in he impe sonal example (8c), he e is only one a gumen , a mia mak; he auxilia y is izan; and he sen ence shows hi d-pe son plu al absolu i e ag ee- men .As shown inFe nández&Be o2021, heonlyway odisambigua eexampleslike (8b) and (8c) is o in oduce modi ie s like be ez ‘by hemsel es’ o zapa a honekin ‘wi h his shoe’. The o me o ces an inchoa i e eading, whe eas he la e a o s an agen i e eading in which he ex e nal a gumen is no o mally p esen bu ecei es an a bi a y in e p e a ion. Wi hou hose modi ie s, hough, he inchoa i e and impe sonal look exac ly he same. As o he auxilia y al e na ion, in his a icle we will simply assume, in acco d wi h Be o e al. 2018, ha *edun is selec ed when he Voice head has a D ea u e and izan is selec ed when Voice lacks such a ea u e. Assuming ha auxilia ies a e inse ed in T, his can be s a ed wi h he ollowing spellou ules. (9) a. izan ‘be’ auxilia y →T/_____Voice{} b. *edun ‘ha e’ auxilia y →T/_____Voice{D} Thus, we p opose ha in bo h unaccusa i es and impe sonals he e is a Voice head p ojec ed ha has no D ea u e. Howe e , he Voice head selec ed in impe sonals is di e en om ha in unaccusa i es in ha in impe sonals Voice is seman ically ac i e. In sec ion 3.2, we will o e e idence o he p esence o a seman ically ac i e Voice in impe sonals. Ano he ques ion ha mus be conside ed he e is ha o p omo ion o he in e nal a gumen o he impe sonal. One o he o mal explana ions o he p omo ion o subjec ha is ound in middlesandpassi esinaccusa i elanguagesin ol es he aising- o-subjec ype o Amo emen , asdiscussedbyAckema&Schoo lemme 2005.Howe e , hisAmo emen isno soob iouswhen dealing wi h an e ga i e language such as Basque. To begin wi h, in an accusa i e language wi h o e case o ag eemen ma king, he subjec o a ansi i e e b is ma ked nomina i e whe eas he objec is ma ked accusa i e. This being he case, p omo ion o subjec is mo phologically is- ible, since he heme is ma ked by accusa i e case in objec posi ion and nomina i e in subjec 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 154 BERRO e al. posi ion. By con as , in an e ga i e language such as Basque, he heme is ma ked absolu i e in bo h ansi i e-objec and in ansi i e-subjec posi ions. As a consequence, he posi ed A mo e- men ,i a ailable, canno be mo phologicallyiden i ied. Wo do de doesno cla i y he ques ion ei he . In an SVO language, such as English o a Romance language, he p e e bal posi ion is associa edwi h hesubjec and hepos e balposi ionwi h heobjec . In con as o his,Basque being an SOV language, bo h he ansi i e-subjec and ansi i e-objec posi ions a e p e e bal, which blu s he di e ences be ween hem wi h espec o he e bal posi ion. Be his as i may, wewill conside he absolu i e a gumen o beme ged in objec posi ion and o be assigned Case in ha posi ionbyT.Wewillno specula eabou whe he i aises o he speci ie o Ta e wa ds, since his is no s ic ly necessa y o ou analysis. 3.2 Voice in impe sonals In his sec ion, we will p o ide e idence o he p esence o a seman ically ac i e Voice in impe - sonals. As men ioned in sec ion 3.1, we conside Voice o be p esen in bo h impe sonals and unaccusa i es, al hough wi h impo an di e ences. In bo h, he Voice head p ojec ed does no ha eaD ea u e;bu inimpe sonals,unlikeinunaccusa i es, heVoiceheadin oducesaseman- icallyac i eex e nala gumen .Addi ionally,in hisa iclewewilla gue(seepa icula lysec ion 5) ha he speci ie o Voice in he impe sonal is also syn ac ically ac i e. As shown in Fe nández & Be o 2021, he implici ex e nal a gumen o impe sonals beha es like a syn ac ic a gumen acco ding o se e al es s: i can license agen -o ien ed modi ie s, as in (10a),ins umen alandcomi a i eph ases,asin(10b),andseconda yp edica es,asin(10c);and i can con ol he PRO a gumen o an adjunc clause (Rode 1992), as in (10d). (10) a. I sason zi-a nahi a / kon u handiz hondo a- u zen. ship-de [abs] delibe a ely ca e ully sink-p be[3.abs].ps Impe sonal: ‘The ship was sunk delibe a ely/ca e ully.’ Inchoa i e (p agma ically de ian ): ‘The ship sank delibe a ely/ca e ully.’ b. Ka ama o-a-k e az ha apa- zen di a eskuekin/ c ab-de -pl[abs] easily ca ch-ip be[3pl.abs] hand.de .pl.com/ salaba doa ekin. ap.de .com Impe sonal: ‘C abs a e easily caugh by hand/wi h a ap.’ Li . ‘C abs a e easily caugh wi h hands/a ap.’ Inchoa i e (ung amma ical) c. Ibai-a e az zeha ka- zen da oinu sik. i e -de [abs] easily c oss-ip be[3.abs] ba e oo Impe sonal: ‘The i e is easily o ded ba e oo .’ Inchoa i e (ung amma ical) d. I sason zi-a hondo a- u zen asegu u-a kob a zeko. ship-de [abs] sink-p be[3.abs].ps insu ance-de [abs] collec . o Impe sonal: ‘The ship was sunk o collec he insu ance.’ Inchoa i e (p agma ically de ian ): ‘The ship sank o collec he insu ance.’ Inchoa i es a e a bes p agma ically de ian acco ding o he same es s o a syn ac ic ex e nal a gumen . Hence, while he examples in (10) a e lici as impe sonals, hey a e ung amma ical o p agma ically de ian when in e p e ed as inchoa i es. 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License PERSON MATTERS IN IMPERSONALITY 155 Thus, e en i Voice may be p esen in bo h inchoa i es and impe sonals, he seman ic and syn ac ic con ibu ion o his head is clea ly di e en in he wo ins ances. As s a ed abo e, we assume ha in bo h inchoa i es and impe sonals Voice lacks a D ea u e; his is he eason why hey selec he auxilia y izan ‘be’. Ne e heless, assuming he ypology o Voice p oposed in Schä e 2008bandde elopedinAlexiadoue al.2015,wewillclaim ha ,unlikeininchoa i es,in impe sonals Voice in oduces a seman ically ac i e subjec . Apa om ha , we will a gue ha , e en hough Voice does no ha e a D ea u e in impe sonals, a silen pe son p onoun—in o he wo ds, a ull DP—is me ged in i s speci ie and ha his explains he abili y o he subjec o license seconda y p edica es and o bind ecip ocal anapho s and ce ain e lexi e anapho s (see sec ion 5.1). 4IMPERSONALS ARE NEITHER MIDDLES NOR PASSIVES In sec ion 3, we showed ha e en hough impe sonals ha e in ansi i e mo phology (i.e., hey ha e jus one o e a gumen , ma ked absolu i e, and selec he auxilia y izan ‘be’), hey in ol e a Voice laye ha in oduces a seman ically ac i e ex e nal a gumen . In his sec ion, we will disca d wo possible analyses ha posi a nono e bu seman ically p esen ex e nal a gumen . In pa icula , we will show ha impe sonals canno be ega ded as ei he middles o passi es (Fe nández & Be o 2021). Addi ionally, we will discuss b ie ly ano he cons uc ion ha could po en ially be conside ed passi e in Basque, and we will conclude ha Con empo a y Basque lacks any cons uc ion ha ma ches he p ope ies o passi e con igu a ions c osslinguis ically. 4.1 Impe sonals a e no middles A easonablemo ewouldbe oconside Basqueimpe sonalsmiddles,since heyha esomeo he p ope ies ha a e cha ac e is ic o middle cons uc ions. Acco ding o Schä e 2008a and 2008b, in middles (i) he g amma ical subjec co esponds o he hema ic o in e nal objec ; (ii) he agen is demo ed and has an a bi a y in e p e a ion; and (iii) he aspec ual in e p e a ion o he sen enceis nonepisodic.Apa om hose ea u es,i has also beena gued ha middles (i ) need o co-occu wi h a ce ain kind o modal ad e b, namely he kind ha gene a es po en ial modal in e p e a ions;( )a e o medonlywi hasubse o e bs,namely hose ha en ailachange,such asac i i iesandaccomplishmen s;( i)dono occu in heimpe a i eo hep og essi e;and( ii) selec he ha e auxilia y in languages wi h auxilia y selec ion (Keyse & Roepe 1984, Ackema & Schoo lemme 2005). Basque impe sonals ha e some bu no all o hese p ope ies (Fe nández & Be o 2021).8 Fo ins ance, as shown in sec ion 3.1, he auxilia y selec ed in impe sonals is izan ‘be’, no *edun ‘ha e’. Fu he mo e, hey can be episodic; when he e b combines wi h he pe ec i e 8I mus be no ed ha c osslinguis ically middles do no show uni o m beha io (Lekakou 2005). Fo ins ance, Ackema & Schoo lemme 2005 makes a dis inc ion be ween middles ha ha e mos o all he p ope ies lis ed, e med ype I middles, and hose ha do no , e med ype II middles. The Basque impe sonal pa e ns wi h ype II middles, in ha i seems o be a b oade and mo e pe missi e cons uc ion han he seman ically simila bu much mo e es ic i e ype I middles. In acco d wi h Ackema & Schoo lemme 2005,Lekakou2005, Fáb egas & Pu nam 2014,andFe nández& Be o 2021, we conside middles o be a pa icula seman ic in e p e a ion ob ained in a syn ac ic cons uc ion ha is mo e b oadly used in he language, namely he impe sonal cons uc ion. 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 162 BERRO e al. his sec ion, we will examine mo e closely he na u e o he implici ex e nal a gumen and will a gue ha i is a silen p onoun o ca ego y DP. Thus, we ag ee wi h p e ious p oposals such as Albizu 1997a and 2001a ha a gue ha he subjec in impe sonals is an a bi a y p o.We u he speci y ha he silen p onoun is a pe son p onoun ha is consequen ly necessa ily in e p e ed as [+human] and ha has an unspeci ied alue o he pe son ea u e and no numbe ea u es. Fi s ly, we will show ha he implici subjec mus be in e p e ed as an anima e en i y wi h no numbe ea u es (Rode 1992). The sen ences in (20) in ol ing he e b e aman ‘ ake’ illus- a e his es ic ion. E aman does no allow he inchoa i e–causa i e al e na ion. In he ac i e example, ei he an anima e subjec (langilea ‘ he wo ke ’) o an inanima e subjec (haizea ‘ he wind’) can be he ini ia o pe o ming he ac ion o ca ying he iles o he beach. By con as , in he impe sonal example, only he agen i e-subjec in e p e a ion can emain. Wi h ega d o his anima eagen , henumbe in e p e a ionisa bi a y;i couldbein e p e edasei he onepe son o a g oup o people. (20) a. Langile-a-k/haize-a-k eila ue a-ko Ac i e/ ansi i e wo ke -de -e g/wind-de -e g oo .pl- eln eila-ak e aman di u ile-de .pl[abs] ake.p ha e;3pl.abs[3.e g] honda za- aino. beach.de - e m ‘The wo ke /s o m has ca ied he oo ing iles o he beach.’ b. Teila ue a-ko eila-k e aman di a Impe sonal oo .pl- eln ile.de -pl[abs] ake.p be;3pl.abs honda za- aino. beach.de - e m ‘The oo ing iles ha e been ca ied o he beach’ (by someone/a g oup o people/* he wind). Thus,e en hough he e bisinp inciplecompa iblewi haninanima ecause (andconsequen ly wi h a Voice head ha in oduces ha ), he impe sonal is mo e es ic i e in ha i only allows an anima e subjec . A simila es ic ion has been a es ed o he silen causee o Icelandic indi ec causa i es, as shown by E. F. Sigu ðsson & Wood 2020. The causee, i i emains implici as in (21b), canno be a non oli ional cause such as a s o m. The causee mus be anima e, e en hough his leads o a seman ic anomaly in he example gi en. Compa e his wi h he explici causee in (21a).13 (21) a. Guðlé s o minn kas a skipinu God.nom le .ps s o m. he.acc oss.in ship. he.da il. abou ‘God made he s o m oss he ship abou .’ b. #Guðlé kas a skipinu il. God.nom le .ps oss.in ship. he.da abou ‘God made (someone/* he s o m) oss he ship abou .’ 13Simila es ic ions ega ding he implici a gumen ha e been obse ed in he Icelandic new impe sonal passi e (Maling & Sigu jónsdó i 2002,Maling2006, Ingason e al. 2013) and in he Icelandic impe sonal modal cons uc ion (H. Á. Sigu ðsson & Ege land 2009). 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License PERSON MATTERS IN IMPERSONALITY 163 Sigu dsson & Wood link he animacy condi ion on he null causee o i s ϕP na u e. A ϕPisan impo e isheda gumen ,syn ac ically“smalle ” hana ulland e e en ialDP(Landau2010,E.F. Sigu ðsson & Wood 2020). They sugges ha he animacy es ic ion may be ela ed o ϕP s a us, gi en he exis ing ela ion be ween animacy and ϕ ea u es. Howe e , he implici subjec o Basque impe sonals should no be conside ed a ϕP, gi en ha , as we will show sho ly, i beha es like a DP p onoun in he con ex s analyzed by Lan- dau2010. Thus,we p opose ha heanimacy condi ionillus a edin (20) is a consequence o he implici subjec being a pe son p onoun, he e o e [+human], no o i ha ing an impo e ished s a us as a ϕP. In any case, his is ye one mo e es ic ion ha di e en ia es Basque impe sonals om pas- si esino he languages,suchasEnglishandSpanish(O mazabal&Rome o2019,2020).InSpan- ish analy ic passi es, he e en can be unde s ood o be ini ia ed by a non oli ional cause (e.g., a i e), as can be seen in (22a). In ac , Spanish analy ic passi es con as wi h e lexi e-ma ked passi es in his espec . The implici subjec o e lexi e-ma ked passi es, such as (22b), mus be an anima e agen , like in Basque impe sonals (Mendikoe xea 1999, Sánchez 2002, O mazabal & Rome o 2019,2020). (22) a. Muchos lib os ue on quemados/des uidos many books be.3pl.ps bu n.p .m.pl/des oy.p .m.pl (po el uego) aquella noche. by he i e ha nigh ‘Many books we e bu ned/des oyed (by he i e) ha nigh .’ (O mazabal & Rome o 2019: 62) b. Se quema on muchos lib os aquella noche. SE bu n.3pl.ps many books ha nigh ‘Many books we e bu ned ha nigh ’ (anima e gene ic agen only). (O mazabal & Rome o 2019: 62) In Spanish analy ic passi es, a silen pe son a gumen is no p ojec ed in he speci ie posi ion o Voice,and heVoiceheadp ojec edisno de ec i e.The e o e, he eisno es ic ion ega ding he in e p e a ion o he implici a gumen as anima e o inanima e. Rega ding he ca ego ial na u e o he silen a gumen , we claim ha he pe son a gumen o Basque impe sonals mus be ega ded as a DP, no as a ϕP. Landau 2010 a gues ha only DPs, no ϕPs, can license seconda y depic i e p edica es and bind anapho s. In ac , he null causee o Icelandic indi ec causa i es is a gued o be a ϕP, which explains why his cons uc ion does no accep seconda y p edica es (E. F. Sigu ðsson & Wood 2020). By con as , he null subjec o Basque impe sonals can license seconda y p edica es na u ally (Fe nández & Be o 2021): (23) a. Ibai-a e az zeha ka- zen da oinu sik. i e -de [abs] easily c oss-ip be[3.abs] ba e oo ‘The i e is easily o ded ba e oo .’ b. He i-ko e ese ki-a zu unik kan a- zen da. own- eln hymn-de [abs] s anding_up sing-ip be[3.abs] ‘The own’s an hem is sung s anding up.’ c. Kan a ho i mozko u a kan a- zen da. song ha [abs] d unk sing-ip be[3.abs] ‘Tha songissungd unk.’ Again, he a ailabili y o depic i e p edica es p edica ed o he implici subjec is ano he p ope y ha di e en ia es impe sonals om passi es. The implici subjec o passi es does no 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 164 BERRO e al. gene ally license seconda y p edica es in languages like English and Spanish (al hough see oo - no e 13). Acco ding o Landau 2010 seconda y p edica es mus be p edica ed o s ong implici a gumen s, namely DPs. Landau a gues ha his is he eason o he implici a gumen o passi es no allowing such p edica es in English:14 (24) a. I is impossible o me [ o be isi ed (* oge he )]. b. The oom was le (*ang y). c. The issue was decided (*unassis ed). b. The game was played (*shoeless). In con as o he implici a gumen o passi es, he shows ha PRO a gumen s can license seconda y p edica es: (25) a. I is possible [PRO o isi me oge he ]. b. They expec ed [PRO o lea e he oom ang y]. As o Spanish, as shown by O mazabal & Rome o 2019, analy ic passi es do no allow adjec i al ph ases p edica ed o he implici subjec : (26) a. *Ma ía no es besada bo acho. Ma y no be.3sg kissed. .sg d unk.m.sg In ended: ‘You (gene ic) canno kiss Ma y d unk.’ b. *Allí, odos los años las ies as son he e all de yea .pl de . .pl es i i y.pl be.3pl celeb adas es idos con ajes ípicos. celeb a ed. .pl d essed.m.pl wi h d ess.pl ypical.m.pl In ended: ‘The e, e e y yea hey (gene ic) celeb a e he es i i ies d essed in egional cos umes.’ (O mazabal & Rome o 2019: 76; glosses and ansla ions ou s) 14Whe he English passi es allow such seconda y p edica es is unde deba e. Collins 2005 a gues ha hey do, based on examples like hose in (i), and akes ha as e idence o he syn ac ic p esence o he ex e nal a gumen (see also Bake e al. 1989, Landau 2000, and he e e ences in hose wo ks o u he discussion). (i) a. The book was w i en d unk. (Collins 2005: 101) b. A he commune, b eak as is usually ea en nude. (Collins 2005: 101) c. The song mus no be sung d unk. (Bake 1988: 318) Also, he si ua ion ac oss languages seems o be complex. Fo ins ance, in Ge man, passi es can license seconda y p edica es, as Alexiadou e al. 2015: 132 shows: (ii) De Raum wu de wü end e lassen. he oom became ang y le ‘The oom was le in an ang y mood.’ 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License PERSON MATTERS IN IMPERSONALITY 165 By con as , e lexi e-ma ked passi es can license seconda y p edica es once ense, modal, and aspec ual ac o s a e con olled, as (27) shows. No e he con as be ween he e lexi e-ma ked passi es in (28) and he analy ic passi es in (26). (27) a. El ío se a a iesa descalzo. de .m i e cl c oss.3sg ba e oo .m ‘The i e is o ded ba e oo .’ b. En es a casa, se e la ele sen ado. in his house cl wa ch.3sg de . TV sea ed.m ‘In his house TV is wa ched sea ed.’ (28) a. ¡No se besa a Ma ía bo acho! no cl kiss.3sg dom Ma y d unk.m ‘One canno kiss Ma y d unk.’ b. Allí, odos los años se celeb an las ies as he e all de yea .pl cl celeb a e.3pl de . .pl es i i y.pl es idos con ajes ípicos. d essed.m.pl wi h d ess.pl ypical.m.pl ‘The e, hey (gene ic) celeb a e hei es i i ies e e y yea d essed in egional cos umes.’ (O mazabal & Rome o 2019: 75–76; glosses and ansla ions ou s) Landau2010alsoa gues ha onlyDPscanac asan eceden s o Condi ionAbinding.Landau s a es ha a Condi ion A binde mus be a s ong implici a gumen , ha is, i equi es a D laye . Wi h i s D ea u e, he binde en e s in o an Ag ee ela ion wi h T and in his way checks he D ea u e o he anapho . As can be seen in (29) and (30), ecip ocal anapho s can be bound by he implici subjec (Albizu 1997a, O iz de U bina 2003), especially when he e b has impe ec i e aspec and he in e p e a ion is nonepisodic. (29) elka engaina- zen denean each_o he [abs] decei e-ip be[3.abs].when ‘when e e yone decei es each o he ’ Li . ‘when each o he is decei ed’ (O iz de U bina 2003: 588) (30) a. Hona hel zean, elka agu - zen/besa ka- zen da. he e.all a i e.when each_o he [abs] g ee -ip /hug-ip be.[3.abs] ‘When one a i es he e, e e yone mus g ee /hug each o he .’ Li . ‘When one a i es he e, each o he is g ee ed/hugged.’ b. Hemen-dik e az ikus- en da elka . he e-abl easily see-ip be[3.abs] each_o he [abs] ‘E e yone can see each o he om he e.’ Li . ‘Each o he can be seen om he e.’ As no ed by O iz de U bina 2003, hi d-pe son e lexi e anapho s a e no accep able in his cons uc ion: (31) *be e bu u-a engaina- zen denean 3.ps head-de [abs] decei e-ip be[3.abs].when In ended: ‘when onesel is decei ed’ (O iz de U bina 2003: 588) 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 166 BERRO e al. Howe e , we belie e ha he unaccep abili y o e lexi e anapho s in impe sonals is a conse- quence no o he ca ego ial na u e o he implici subjec bu o he pe son speci ica ion o he anapho , which is incompa ible wi h he unspeci ied alue o he pe son ea u e o he implici subjec (Albizu 1997a). A simila es ic ion has been obse ed o Spanish e lexi e-ma ked passi es. O mazabal & Rome o 2020 a gues ha se in e lexi e-ma ked passi es canno license e lexi e p onouns like su ‘his/he ’ because su is speci ied o pe son ea u es whe eas se is no . Simila ly, he Basque e lexi e anapho be ebu ua =his/he head ‘himsel /he sel ’, which a ies dependingon hepe son ea u eso hean eceden (ni ebu ua=myhead‘mysel ’ o i s -pe son an eceden s, zu ebu ua =you head ‘you sel ’ o second-pe son an eceden s), canno be bound by he implici subjec o impe sonals because i equi es a binde wi h he same pe son spec- i ica ion, whe eas he implici subjec has an unspeci ied pe son ea u e: i can be in e p e ed as i s pe son, second pe son, inde ini e, o gene ic, like he pe son p onoun se in Spanish (Mendikoe xea 1999). In e es ingly, Basque has ano he e lexi e anapho , one ha equi es an unspeci ied ani- ma e an eceden , namely no be e bu ua =onesel ’s head ‘onesel ’. This anapho can occupy he hema ic posi ion o ei he he di ec objec , as in (32a), o he indi ec objec , as in (32b). (32) a. no be e bu u-a engaina- zen denean onesel .ps head-de [abs] decei e-ip be[3.abs].when ‘when onesel is decei ed’ b. Ikas a oko lehen egunean, no be e bu ua i gu un ba cou se. eln i s day.ine onesel .gen head.de .da le e de [abs] ida ziko zaio. w i e.p os be[3.abs];3.da ‘On he i s day o he cou se, we will w i e a le e o ou sel es.’ Li . ‘…a le e will be w i en o onesel .’ Sinceno be ebu ua equi esananima ean eceden ha isunspeci ied o pe son,i canno occu insen enceswi hano e o silen DPan eceden speci ied o i s ,second,o hi dpe son,such as (33b), con as ing wi h (33a). (33) a. Bes e ino ena baino lehen, no be e o he anybody.gen.de [abs] han be o e onesel .gen bu ua mai a- zen da hemen. head.de [abs] lo e-ip be[3.abs] he e ‘Be o e anybody else, we lo e ou sel es he e.’ Li . ‘…onesel is lo ed he e.’ b. *Bes e ino ena baino lehen, (ni-k/zu-k/ o he anybody.gen.de [abs] han be o e I-e g/you-e g/ ho ek) no be e bu ua mai a- zen ha one.e g onesel .gen head.de [abs] lo e-ip du /duzu/du. ha e[3.abs];1sg.e g/ha e[3.abs];2.e g/ ha e[3.abs;3.e g] In ended: ‘Be o e anybody else, I/you/ ha one lo e(s) mysel /you sel /himsel /he sel .’ In heac i e ansi i eexample(33b), he o e subjec nik ‘I’,zuk ‘you’,o ho ek ‘ ha one’o i s silen coun e pa is c oss e e enced by he co esponding ag eemen ma ke s on he auxilia y. 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License PERSON MATTERS IN IMPERSONALITY 167 I , ins ead o no be e bu ua, he example in (33b) con ained a e lexi e anapho wi h a speci ic pe son alue, i would be g amma ical, as expec ed: (34) Bes e ino ena baino lehen, (ni-k/zu-k/ho ek) o he anybody.gen.de [abs] han be o e I-e g/you-e g/ ha one.e g ni e/zu e/be e bu ua mai a- zen my/you /he head.de [abs] lo e-ip du /duzu/du. ha e[3.abs];1sg.e g/ha e[3.abs];2sg.e g/ha e[3.abs;3.e g] ‘Be o e anybody else, I/you/ ha one lo e(s) mysel /you sel /himsel /he sel .’ In (34), he e lexi e anapho s ag ee in pe son wi h hei co esponding subjec , and as a con- sequence, he sen ence is g amma ical. Thus, he only p oblem in (33b) is ha no be e bu ua is incompa ible wi h a pe son-speci ic an eceden . In con as , since in an impe sonal he implici subjec is anima e and has an unspeci ied alue o pe son, i is a sui able an eceden o no be e bu ua,asin(33a). Due o he unspeci ied na u e o he silen pe son a gumen and o he kind o Voice head in ol ed in he impe sonal, i s subjec di e s conside ably om a common DP a gumen , in ha i canno be o e ly p onounced,does no bea e ga i e case, does no igge e ga i e ag eemen on heauxilia y,anddoesno a ec auxilia ychoice.Inape sonal ini eclause,when heex e nal a gumen isaDP(o e o silen ), heauxilia ymus show heco espondinge ga i eag eemen ma ke , and he auxilia y oo mus be *edun ‘ha e’ ins ead o izan ‘be’: (35) (Gaz e-ek) kan a ho i mozko u a kan a- zen young_people-pl.e g song ha [abs] d unk sing-ip du e/*da. ha e[3.abs];3pl.e g/be[3.abs] ‘Young people/ hey sing ha song d unk.’ In con as , as we ha e shown, he implici ex e nal a gumen o impe sonals does no ha e any mo phological e lex on he auxilia y and does no change he auxilia y oo in o *edun.Aswe will explain in he nex sec ion, his is a consequence o i s ha ing a de ec i e kind o Voice, whichlacks a D ea u e and doesno p o ideunin e p e ableϕ ea u es obe aluedby a DP and dele ed. 5.2 De ec i e Voice As men ioned a he ou se o sec ion 5.1, we claim ha he Voice head in impe sonals is he- ma ic bu has no D ea u e (like in Schä e 2008b’s passi es o Alexiadou e al. 2015’s G eek passi es). We label his kind o Voice head de ec i e o con enience, in o de o compa e i wi h he Voice head ha occu s in common ansi i e sen ences, which is bo h hema ic and has a D ea u e. As we no ed, in ou accoun he ac ha Voice does no ha e a D ea u e does no mean ha a ce ain kind o ex e nal a gumen canno be me ged in i s speci ie posi ion. We a gued in sec ion 5.1 ha he ex e nal a gumen o impe sonalsis a silen pe son p onoun wi h an unspeci ied pe son ea u e, simila o he se p onoun in Spanish e lexi e-ma ked passi es (O mazabal & Rome o 2019,2020). I so, in impe sonals he e a e wo ac i e a gumen s: a silen 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 168 BERRO e al. pe sonp onounwi hunspeci iedpe son ea u esandanin e nala gumen ,whichcanbeei he o e o silen . The ac ha he e a e wo a gumen s wi hin a de ec i e VoiceP causes he pe son es ic ion desc ibed in sec ion 4.2. We assume ha Voice is he head ha in oduces he ex e - nal a gumen (K a ze 1994,1996) and assigns Case o he in e nal objec o ansi i e p edica es (like li le in Chomsky 1986). In o de o explain he de i a ion o impe sonals, we will i s conside ha o pe sonal an- si i e clauses. In such clauses, Voice has a D ea u e and he abili y o assign absolu i e Case o he in e nal a gumen . Thus, i can be ega ded as a s ong phase, equi alen o he *P o Chom- sky 2000 and Chomsky 2001. We will emain agnos ic abou he Case assignmen o he ex e nal a gumen : his accoun is compa ible wi h an analysis whe e he ex e nal a gumen ecei es inhe en e ga i e case om Voice (in line wi h p oposals such as Lega e 2002, Massam 2002, Ald idge 2004, Wool o d 2006,Lega e2008, Coon 2010)o wi honewhe ei isCaseassigned s uc u ale ga i ecasebyT( o a ecen app oach,seeRezace al.2014).Inanycase,wep opose ha , as shown in (36), in pe sonal ansi i e sen ences, he ex e nal a gumen alues and dele es he se o unin e p e able ϕ ea u es on T (uϕ, consis ing o uPe s and uNum) and he in e nal a gumen aluesanddele es heunin e p e ableϕ ea u esonVoice (uϕ, also consis ingo uPe s and uNum). This gi es ise o he ag eemen ma ke s (e ga i e and absolu i e espec i ely) ha occu in pe sonal ansi i e sen ences. (36) Pe sonal ansi i e sen ences; nonde ec i e Voice By con as , in impe sonals, Voice is de ec i e in ha i lacks a D ea u e. Fo case and ag ee- men , we conside ha being de ec i e means ha ing no unin e p e able ϕ ea u es and hus no s uc u al Case o assign. De ec i e VoiceP can also be cha ac e ized as a weak phase, simila o heone ha isp esen inunaccusa i ep edica es(Chomsky2000,2001).Hence,con a y owha weseeinpe sonal ansi i es,VoicePinimpe sonalsdoesno in ol eacomple edomain o Case licensing, and hus he in e nal a gumen in oduced wi hin i en e s in o Ag ee wi h he nex unc ionalhead ha hasunin e p e ableϕ ea u es,namely,T.Inacco dwi hChomsky2000and Chomsky 2001, we assume ha he unin e p e able ϕ ea u es in T a e in ac inhe i ed om he phasal head C. 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License PERSON MATTERS IN IMPERSONALITY 169 In spi e o i s de ec i eness, we ne e heless claim ha he VoiceP in impe sonals ac ually con ains wo a gumen s: he ex e nal a gumen , in i s speci ie posi ion, and he in e nal a gu- men , in i s complemen posi ion— ha is, wi hin P. Gi en he nonphasal na u e o Voice, bo h he ex e nal and in e nal a gumen s coincide in he same phasal domain, namely, CP. The e o e, he wo o hem will y o Ag ee wi h T, he only unc ional head bea ing unin e p e able ϕ ea u es wi hin CP. The ex e nal a gumen being s uc u ally highe han he in e nal a gumen , T i s p obes he ϕ ea u es o he ex e nal a gumen . Gi en ha his is a silen pe son p onoun no speci ied o numbe , i bea s pe son bu no numbe ea u es and is hus de ec i e in i s ϕ ea u es. Consequen ly, T will only Ag ee in pe son ea u es wi h i , and as a consequence, he in e nal a gumen will ha e he op ion o Ag ee wi h T in numbe ea u es only. Thus, we p o- pose ha , as shown in (37), he ea u e se p esen in T is di ided: he ex e nal a gumen alues he uPe s ea u e, whe eas he in e nal a gumen alues uNum. (37) Impe sonal sen ences; de ec i e Voice Since he in e nal a gumen canno alue uPe s, i s - and second-pe son absolu i e objec s a e banned in his con ex , gi en ha hese bea bo h pe son and numbe ea u es. By con as , hi d-pe son a gumen s a e allowed, because—as a gued in he li e a u e on he Pe son–Case Cons ain , which applies in di ansi i e cons uc ions— hese bea numbe bu no pe son ea- u es (see, among o he s, Anagnos opoulou 2003, Béja & Rezac 2003,Rezac2007,2008a,2009a, 2011, Adge & Ha bou 2007). We hus claim ha he na u e o he pe son es ic ion in impe - sonal cons uc ions is iden ical o he Pe son–Case Cons ain as a es ed in di ansi i es. See Rezac 2009b: 314–316 o his same claim. In di ansi i es, he Pe son–Case Cons ain cap- u es he incompa ibili y o i s - and second-pe son objec s wi h an ag eeing (indi ec -objec ) da i e (Bone 1991,1994). This is a syn ac ic cons ain ha a ises when he wo in e nal a gumen s— he di ec and indi ec objec s—co-occu in he same Ag ee/Case locus, namely, (equi alen o ansi i e Voice). Fo Basque, he Pe son–Case Cons ain is illus a ed by Laka1993’s classic examplesin(38); see also Albizu 1997band1997c o a ho oughexamina ion o he Pe son–Case Cons ain in Basque and c osslinguis ically. (38) a. *Zu-k ha akina- i ni sal-du naiozu. you-e g bu che -da I[abs] sell-p ha e;1sg.abs;3sg.da ;2.e g ‘You ha e sold me o he bu che .’ 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 170 BERRO e al. b. Zu-k ha akina- i libu ua sal-du diozu. you-e g bu che -da book[abs] sell-p ha e[3.abs];3sg.da ;2.e g ‘You ha e sold me he book.’ (Laka 1993: 27) As has been a gued wi h espec o di ansi i e cons uc ions, we assume ha in i s - and second-pe son a gumen s i is no su icien o check hei [numbe ] ea u e in o de o hem o be Case licensed (Anagnos opoulou 2003). The Ag ee ela ions in impe sonal cons uc- ions a e hen iden ical o hose ha hold in di ansi i es: due o he in e en ion o a highe a gumen — he da i e in di ansi i es, he implici ex e nal a gumen in impe sonals— i s - and second-pe son in e nal a gumen s a e banned om unde going egula Ag ee wi h hei ac ual Case license , namely, in di ansi i es and T in impe sonals. This iola es he Pe son-Licensing Condi ion, which s a es ha “an in e p e able i s /second pe son ea u e mus be licensed by en e ing in o an Ag ee ela ion wi h a unc ional ca ego y” (Béja & Rezac 2003: 53). Ano he ac o in a o o he claim ha he in e nal a gumen only alues uNum on T is ha he in e nal a gumen , apa om being hi d pe son, is usually nonhuman (Rode 1992) o inanima e (Be o & Fe nández 2019b, Fe nández & Be o 2021). As men ioned by Be o & Fe nández 2019b, he impe sonal cons uc ion is much mo e equen in he co po a when he in e nal a gumen is inanima e, al hough inanimacy is no a necessa y condi ion o o m an impe sonal (see sec ion 6.2 o he de i a ion o hi d-pe son anima e in e nal a gumen s). A simila endency has been obse ed in he sp ead o he e lexi e-ma ked passi e in Spanish (Cabañas 2006). In sum, we a gue ha in impe sonals he only ea u e se , p o ided by T, is sha ed by wo a gumen s and ha his is he sou ce o he pe son es ic ion ound. Ins ead o unc ioning as a homogeneousblock, heϕ ea u esonThappen obe aluedsepa a elyby heex e nala gumen on he one hand and he in e nal a gumen on he o he : he o me Ag ees wi h T in pe son ea u es and he la e in numbe ea u es. In di ansi i es, as a gued in Béja & Rezac 2003: 54, gi en ha da i e Case is licensed by Appl, he indi ec objec can only Ag ee de ec i ely wi h , and hus hepe son ea u esin ge ade aul alue, ha is, hi dpe son.Simila ly,inimpe sonals, since he implici ex e nal a gumen bea s unspeci ied pe son ea u es, uPe s on T ge s a de aul alue: again, hi d pe son.15 Ne e heless, he implici ex e nal a gumen does no igge e ga i e ag eemen on he aux- ilia y, as ex e nal a gumen s usually do in Basque (lea ing aside e ga i e-displacemen phenom- ena).Whyabsolu i eins eado e ga i e?Wesugges ha hechoicebe weenabsolu i eande ga- i e ag eemen ma ke s migh be go e ned by a PF-in e ace ope a ion, a ocabula y-inse ion ule ha a ies depending on he na u e o he Voice head adjacen o T (in a simila ein as he ocabula y-inse ion ule o auxilia ies gi en in (9)). When T has an adjacen Voice head ha has a D ea u e, he alued ϕ ea u es o T will be ealized as e ga i e ag eemen ma ke s; o h- e wise, i he adjacen Voice head does no ha e a D ea u e, hey will be ealized as absolu i e ag eemen ma ke s. Aswillbeshowninsec ion6, hepe son es ic ionon hein e nala gumen canbeo e come i i is ma ked da i e ins ead o absolu i e. In ha scena io, we will claim ha an ex a Case license hasbeen in oducedin o he de i a ion(Rezac2011,Kalin2018,T.Le in2019). The ac 15The claim ha he ex e nal a gumen alues he pe son p obe on T as hi d pe son by de aul is suppo ed by he ac ha , wi h i s and second pe son, he pe son ea u es do no make in e p e i e sense wi hou he numbe ea u es (Ta aldsen 1995, Anagnos opoulou 2003). 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License PERSON MATTERS IN IMPERSONALITY 171 ha Case assignmen a ec s he pe son es ic ion— ha is, he ac ha he sou ce o he pe son es ic ion is he inabili y o de ec i e Voice o license wo di e en a gumen s—is e idence in a o o ou analysis. 5.3 A b ie look a Old Basque (medio)passi es Be o emo ingon osec ion6,wewouldlike os opb ie ly olooka OldBasque(medio)passi es, acons uc ionsimila o(con empo a y)impe sonalsbu wi hce ainp ope ies ha con as sig- ni ican ly (see sec ion 2). In keeping wi h he li e a u e, we will e e o he cons uc ion a es ed in Old Basque as (medio)passi es, bu he eade should no e ha we a e basically dealing wi h an (appa en ly) e y simila cons uc ion. As p esen ed in sec ion 4.2, Basque impe sonals ha e some p ope ies ha make hem di e en om well-beha ed passi es in languages like English and Spanish, especially he pe son es ic ion on hei in e nal a gumen and hei incompa - ibili y wi h agen pos posi ional ph ases. In e es ingly, his does no seem o be he case o (medio)passi esinOldBasque,asanalyzedbyI igoyen1992,Zulaika1998,O izdeU bina2006, and o he s. Fi s ly, Old Basque (medio)passi es ha e no pe son es ic ion on he subjec : no ban on i s - and second-pe son in e nal a gumen s, as can be seen in (39) and (40a) below. Sec- ondly, hey can exp ess an agen by means o an ins umen al pos posi ional ph ase, as in (40a) and (40b). The i s exampleshowing he lack o pe son es ic ion, (39), is om Be na d E xepa e’s Lin- guae Vasconum p imi iae.16 (On his p ope y o Old Basque (medio)passi es, see pa icula ly O iz de U bina 2006: sec s. 2, 3, Zulaika 1998: sec . 16.2.) (39) O ay, o hoy, enadila oguen gabe di ama. now please neg;be;1sg.abs;comp aul wi hou de ame ‘Now, please le me no be de amed wi hou blame.’ (9:14; O iz de U bina 2006: 768) As can be seen, he in e nal a gumen o he (medio)passi e in (39) is i s pe son, being c oss e e enced by he i s -pe son absolu i e ma ke on he auxilia y. The second p ope y, o e exp ession o he agen , can be seen in he Old Basque (medio)passi es in (40), bo h om Joanes Leiza aga’s 1571 ansla ion o he New Tes amen .17 (40) a. Pa i nadinean Espaignia á , e ho i en naiz lea e be;1sg.abs;comp Spain.all come.p os be;1sg.abs çue a a: ecen spe ança du i agai ean you.all o hope ha e[3.abs];1sg.e g pass.ine ikussi en çai uz edala e a çuueça-z ha a see.p os ha e;2pl.abs;1sg.e g;comp and you-ins he e guida u en naicela. guide.p os be;1sg.abs;comp ‘Whensoe e I ake my jou ney in o Spain, I will come o you: o I us o see you in my jou ney, and o be b ough on my way hi he wa d by you.’ (Rom 15:24; Zulaika 1998: 782) 16The i s book published in Basque, in 1545. See Pa xi Al una’s c i ical edi ion: Al una 1980. 17See he edi ion o Theodo Linschmann and Hugo Schucha d , I. Leiça aga’s baskische Büche on 1571 (Neues Tes amen , Kalende und Abc) im genauen Abd uck (S asbou g, F ance: K. J. T übne , 1900). 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 178 BERRO e al. In Basque, da i e Case is commonly conside ed o be assigned ei he by (High/Low) Appl o by a P head (see, among many o he s, Albizu 2001a,Rezac2008a,2008b,Albizu2009,E xepa e& Oyha çabal 2009,Rezac2009a,2009b, Fe nández 2010a,2010b, Fe nández & O iz de U bina 2010,Rezac2011, Fe nández & O iz de U bina 2012, E xepa e & Oyha çabal 2013, Od ia 2014, Fe nández 2015, Od ia 2017, O mazabal & Rome o 2017, Od ia 2019). Howe e , in o de o dis- inguish he da i e objec o impe sonals om o he inhe en da i es, we p opose ha he da i e Case assigne in impe sonals is ins ead K, a mo e gene al unc ional head ha s ands o (s uc- u al) Case— his is in ac he head ha assigns dialec ally a es ed di e en ial objec ma king in ansi i e cons uc ions(Od ia2017).Hence,wealsoassume ha he da i ema ke sin he ini e e bin ol ecli icdoubling, ha is, hemo emen o ahead ha ,a e Ag eeingwi h helicensed nominal, b ings i s in e p e able ϕ- ea u e bundle o Voice/T, as is a gued by E xepa e 2006, Rezac 2006,2007,A egi&Ne ins2008,Rezac2008a,2008b,P eminge 2009,Rezac2011,A egi &Ne ins2012, E xepa e 2014, P eminge 2014, Rezac e al. 2014, Od ia 2017, and Od ia 2019, among o he s. Ascanbeseenin(49),when heobjec Ag eeswi hK, henumbe ea u esinT emainun al- ued; hey a e hus in e p e ed as singula by de aul , since his is he mo phologically unma ked alue o numbe ea u es(seeK ame 2014,P eminge 2014,andT.Le in2019,amongo he s).24 This con as s wi h hi d-pe son objec s ha ecei e absolu i e Case by Ag eeing in numbe ea- u es wi h T, because he absolu i e ag eemen ma ke depends on he numbe speci ica ion o he objec . The la e is seen in (50), whe eas, when he objec is ma ked da i e as in (51), he numbe ea u es in T emain un alued/singula , ega dless o he numbe ea u es o he objec , since hese a e ac ually c oss e e enced by da i e ag eemen . (50) a. Libu u ho i e az sal- zen da. book ha [abs] easily sell-ip be[3.abs] ‘Tha book is easily sold.’ b. Libu u ho iek e az sal- zen di a. book hose[abs] easily sell-ip be;3pl.abs ‘Those books a e easily sold.’ (51) a. Pozik ikus- en zaizu. happy see-ip be;2.da [3.abs] ‘You (singula ) look happy.’ 24As a e iewe poin s ou , he p oposal ha he uNum ea u e o T can emain un alued makes he p edic ion ha in ansi i e e bs a e also possible in he impe sonal con igu a ion in Basque, wi h he sole a gumen being he silen ex e nal a gumen in he speci ie o Voice. As (i) illus a es, his p edic ion is in ac bo ne ou : une ga i e e bs like dan za u ‘dance’, eskia u ‘ski’, and so on can easily be ound in his cons uc ion (O iz de U bina 2003), wi h he sole a gumen emaining implici . (i) Hemen ondo dan za- zen/eskia- zen da. he e well dance-ip /ski-ip be;3.abs ‘People dance/ski well he e.’ Ce ain unaccusa i e e bs can also occu in he impe sonal cons uc ion, bu hei dis ibu ion is much mo e limi ed. We would sugges ha in in ansi i e impe sonals he implici ex e nal a gumen checks uPe s on T and uNum emains un alued. 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License PERSON MATTERS IN IMPERSONALITY 179 b. Pozik ikus- en zaizue. happy see-ip be;2pl.da [3.abs] ‘You (plu al) look happy.’ Again, he con as be ween (50) and (51) co obo a es he idea ha he in e en ion o he implici subjec exclusi ely a ec s uPe s in T. O he wise, we would no expec a numbe con as when he objec Ag ees wi h T and appea s absolu i e ma ked, as in (50). 6.3 Di e en ial objec ma king in impe sonals and nonimpe sonal ansi i es In line wi h Rezac 2011,Kalin2018 a gues ha ini e clauses ha e one obliga o y Case license ha is always me ged whe eas o he license s a e me ged seconda ily— ha is, when needed o con e gence. Thus, as in Rezac 2011, he addi ion o a seconda y Case license is seen as a las - eso ope a ion, gi en ha i is exclusi ely applied in cases whe e he de i a ion would o h- e wise c ash. In his way, Kalin accoun s o he c osslinguis ically widely a es ed phenomenon o di e en ialobjec ma king, by a guing ha he di e en ialma king a ises as a consequence o he ac i a ion o such a seconda y Case license , which licenses o he wise unlicensed objec s. Di e en ial objec ma king e e s o he phenomenon whe e objec s high in animacy and/o speci ici y bea a gi en ma king no a es ed in o he objec s (Bossong 1985,1991, Aissen 2003). Di e en ialobjec ma kingisalsoa ailableinsomeBasquesou hwes e n a ie ies.Anexampleis in (52b), whose da i e-ma ked objec con as s wi h he absolu i e-ma ked objec in (52a). In he a ie ies in ques ion, objec s high in animacy and speci ici y, especially i s - and second-pe son objec s, end o bea his da i e ma king ins ead o he canonical absolu i e expec ed in an e ga- i e language like Basque (Fe nández & Rezac 2010,Mounole2012, Od ia 2014, Fe nández & Rezac 2016, Rod íguez-O dóñez 2016, Od ia 2017, Rod íguez-O dóñez 2017, Od ia 2019). (52) a. Gau is e ikus- en zai u (zu). oday sad see-ip ha e;2.abs;1sg.e g you[abs] ‘You look sad o me oday.’ Li . ‘I see you sad oday.’ b. Gau is e ikus- en dizu (zu- i). oday sad see-ip ha e[3.abs];2.da ;1sg.e g you-da ‘You look sad o me oday.’ Li . ‘I see you sad oday.’ This di e en ial objec ma king is simila o ha ound in Spanish and Hindi, whe e anima e and speci ic objec s show he same ma king as da i e indi ec objec s: ama king in Spanish and -ko ma king in Hindi. Kalin 2018 a gues ha in languages like Spanish and Hindi ansi i e is an obliga o y license and Appl an op ional one, which me ges when he objec needs licens- ing and his equi emen is no sa is ied by . Thus, acco ding o Kalin, in hese languages Appl beha es as an obliga o y license o indi ec objec s and as an op ional one o di ec ones. Sim- ila ly, T. Le in 2019 ega ds di e en ial objec ma king in Palauan as an excep ional-licensing phenomenon since i equi es he addi ion o a Case license no o he wise p esen in he de i a ion. As we ha e al eady poin ed ou , he same mechanism applies in Basque impe sonals: i s - andsecond-pe sonobjec sendupbeingda i ema ked,asin(41c),byAg eeingwi hap e iously 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 180 BERRO e al. inac i e ϕp obe (Rezac 2007,2009a,2011) o , o pu i o he wise, by Ag eeing wi h a seconda y o op ional license (Kalin 2018,T.Le in2019). The e o e, i seems easonable o hink ha he da i eCaseassignedbyKinBasqueimpe sonalsis in ac anins anceo di e en ialobjec ma k- ing, since i is also a es ed wi h human bu no nonhuman objec s and is a pa e n a ailable o di e en ial-objec -ma king speake s.25 Ne e heless,obse e ha in ansi i esdi e en ialobjec ma king co-occu s wi h he ansi- i eauxilia y *edun‘ha e’(52b)andin impe sonals wi h he in ansi i eizan ‘be’ (41c); hela e ac educes o he de ec i eness o he Voice head in impe sonals. Fu he mo e, in he di e en- ial objec ma king ound in ansi i e cons uc ions, i s - and second-pe son da i es al e na e wi h heabsolu i e; hephenomenonisop ional o manyspeake s,and hosewhoha ei obliga- o ily also use he absolu i e in non ini e con ex s (Fe nández & Rezac 2016, Od ia 2017). This is no wha we see wi h da i e objec s in impe sonals: al hough hi d-pe son objec s may al e na e be ween he da i e and he absolu i e, i s - and second-pe son objec s can only appea wi h he da i e(howe e , see oo no e 11).As a gued in Od ia 2014,Fe nández & Rezac2016, Od ia2017, and Od ia 2019, he al e na ion ound be ween di e en ial objec ma king and absolu i e ma k- ingin ansi i econs uc ionsmaybedue o he ac ha ,unlikeinimpe sonals, heobjec Ag ees wi h /Voice be o e ecei ing he di e en ial ma king. In sum, bo h Kalin 2018 and T. Le in 2019 a gue ha di e en ially ma ked objec s, due o hei ϕ- ea u e speci ica ion, always equi e Case licensing and ha he absence o i leads o ung amma icali y. This is, again, analogous o wha happens wi h i s - and second-pe son objec s unde he Pe son–Case Cons ain as mani es ed in bo h di ansi i es and he impe sonals unde s udy. In ac , as Le in no es (p. 193), “we could in ui i ely main- ain ha all [di e en ial-objec -ma king] pa e ns a e igge ed by ‘ex ended’ [Pe son-Licensing Condi ion]–like s a emen s.” Kalin 2017 akes a u he s ep in uni ying he Pe son–Case Con- s ain in di ansi i es wi h di e en ial objec ma king, s a ing ha he simila i ies be ween he wo include (i) he numbe o a gumen s in ol ed in each ( wo: he indi ec and di ec objec s wi h he Pe son–Case Cons ain and he subjec and objec in di e en ial objec ma king); (ii) he ac ha in bo h cases he phenomenon a ec s he lowe a gumen , namely he objec ; (iii) he ac ha bo h he Pe son–Case Cons ain and di e en ial objec ma king a e igge ed by he in e en ion o a highe a gumen and nei he o hem pe sis s when he highe a gumen is emo ed; and (i ) he ac ha bo h a e epai ed by adding a seconda y license o he cons uc- ion. In addi ion, i is impo an o ecall ha he ela ionship be ween he da i e ma king o he objec and he Pe son–Case Cons ain appea s e en close in he case o Basque impe sonals han in ansi i e con ex s, because he di e en ial-objec -ma king pa e n is ac ually caused by a pe son es ic ion ha could simply be an ins ance o he Pe son–Case Cons ain . 7CONCLUSIONS In his a icle we ha e analyzed he impe sonal in Basque. We ha e p oposed ha in his con- s uc ion Voice in oduces a seman ically ac i e a gumen bu has no D ea u e (Schä e 2008b, Alexiadou e al. 2015), and we ha e called his ype o Voice de ec i e. In his analysis, Voice 25Howe e , as poin ed ou by O iz de U bina 2011–2019, he da i e in impe sonals is independen om he dialec al di e en ial objec ma king discussed in he li e a u e. In o he wo ds, speake s ha do no show dialec al di e en ial objec ma king do ha e he da i e-ma king pa e n obse ed in impe sonals, al hough we p esume ha his s a egy is es ic ed o sou hwes e n dialec s. 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License PERSON MATTERS IN IMPERSONALITY 181 beingde ec i ealsoimpliesha ingnounin e p e ableϕ ea u es,lea ingTas heonly unc ional head wi h ϕ ea u es o be alued by a DP and dele ed. Howe e , e en hough Voice is de ec i e in impe sonals, we ha e sugges ed ha a silen pe son p onoun is in oduced in i s speci ie posi ion and hus ha he e a e wo a gumen s wi hin VoiceP. As a esul , he unin e p e able ϕ ea u es o T a e spli be ween he wo a gumen s, and his causes a pe son cons ain on he in e nal a gumen : i can only be hi d pe son. In line wi h Rezac 2009b, his a icle has shown ha he ea esigni ican simila i iesinna u ebe ween hepe soncons ain soccu inginimpe - sonalsandindi ansi i econs uc ions.Thei commonali iesalsoinclude he epai s a egy ha is used o o e come hem, which consis s o ac i a ing a ϕp obe ha was p e iously inac i e in he de i a ion (Rezac 2007,2009a,2011). As a consequence o he epai , in impe sonals, i s - and second-pe son in e nal a gumen s a e embedded unde KP and mo phologically ma ked wi h da i e case and ag eemen , ci cum en ing in his way he pe son es ic ion (Kalin 2018,T. Le in 2019). Wi h his analysis, we ha e accoun ed o he main p ope ies o he impe sonal: he ac ha he implici subjec is syn ac ically ac i e as well as able o license seconda y p edica es and bind ecip ocal anapho s and ce ain e lexi e anapho s; he cons uc ion’s in ansi i e mo phology; and he pe son cons ain on he in e nal a gumen . Addi ionally, we ha e p o ided an analysis o impe sonals wi h da i e-ma ked in e nal a gumen s and p oposed ha his is an ins ance o di e en ialobjec ma king.The impe sonalcons uc ionwi hdi e en ialobjec ma kingisbasi- cally simila o ha wi hou i , he di e ence being ha in he o me , an ex a ϕp obe has been in oduced in o he de i a ion in o de o license a i s - o second-pe son in e nal a gumen . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Theau ho sa eg a e ul o he e iewe sand heedi o o hei ca e ul eadingand aluablecom- men s. They also acknowledge inancial suppo om esea ch p ojec PGC2018-096380-B-I00 o he Spanish Minis y o Science, Inno a ion, and Uni e si ies, om esea ch p ojec ANR-17-CE27-0011-01 o he Agence Na ionale de la Reche che, and om esea ch p ojec IT1169 o he Basque go e nmen . DATA-AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The English, Spanish, and Icelandic da a discussed in his a icle, as well as some o he Basque da a, ha e been p e iously epo ed in he li e a u e ci ed. The Basque da a ha we e gene a ed by he p esen s udy ha e been gi en explici ly in his a icle. REFERENCES Ackema, Pe e , and Maaike Schoo lemme . 2005. Middles. In: Ma in E e ae and Henk an Riemsdijk, edi o s. The Blackwell companion o syn ax. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 3.131–203. Adge , Da id, and Daniel Ha bou . 2007. Syn ax and sync e isms o he Pe son Case Cons ain . Syn ax 10.1.2–37. Aissen, Judi h. 2003. Di e en ial objec ma king: Iconici y s. economy. Na u al Language and Linguis ic Theo y 21.3.435–483. Albe di, Xabie , and Ibon Sa asola. 2001. Euskal es ilo libu u an z [Towa ds a Basque s yle book]. Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Euskal He iko Unibe si a eko A gi alpen Ze bi zua. Albizu, Pablo. 1997a. En o no a la inacusa i idad sin ác ica de las cons ucciones impe sonales del euske a [Rega ding he syn ac ic unaccusa i i y o Basque impe sonal cons uc ions]. In e lingüís ica 8.13–18. Albizu, Pablo. 1997b. Gene alized pe son-case cons ain : A case o a syn ax-d i en in lec ional mo phology. In: AmayaMendikoe xeaandMy iamU ibe-E xeba ia,edi o s.Theo e icalissuesa hemo phology-syn axin e - ace.(Anejos del Anua io del Semina io de Filología Vasca “Julio de U quijo” 40.) Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y. 1–33. 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 182 BERRO e al. Albizu, Pablo. 1997c. The syn ax o pe son ag eemen . Unpublished pape . Wo k conduc ed a : Uni e si y o Sou he n Cali o nia. Albizu, Pablo. 2001a. Da ibo sin agma en izae a sin ak ikoa en ingu uan: Ez abaida ako oina izko zenbai da u [On he syn ac ic na u e o he da i e ph ase: Some da a o discussion]. In: Bea iz Fe nández and Pablo Albizu, edi o s. Kasu e a komunz adu a en gainean/On case and ag eemen . Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Euskal He iko Unibe si a eko A gi alpen Ze bi zua. 49–69. Albizu, Pablo. 2001b. Sob e la dis ibución sin ác ica de las o mas ini as del e bo asco: Condicionamien o léx- ico y sin ác ico [On he syn ac ic dis ibu ion o he ini e o ms o he Basque e b: Lexical and syn ac ic condi ioning]. Anua io del Semina io de Filología Vasca “Julio de U quijo” 35.1.65–106. Albizu, Pablo. 2009. Cons ucciones inacusa i as con da i os posesi os y da i os de in e és en asco: Un análi- sis de i acionalis a [Unaccusa i e cons uc i es wi h possesso da i es and da i es o in e es in Basque: A de i a ionalis analysis]. Handou . P esen ed a : Semina io de Lingüís ica Teó ica, Spanish Na ional Resea ch Council, May 11. Ald idge, Edi h. 2004. E ga i i y and wo d o de in Aus onesian languages. Doc o al hesis. I haca, NY: Co nell Uni e si y. Alexiadou, A emis, Elena Anagnos opoulou, and Flo ian Schä e . 2015. Ex e nal a gumen s in ansi i e al e na- ions. Ox o d, he Uni ed Kingdom: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. Al una, Pa xi, edi o . 1980. Linguae Vasconum p imi iae [Fi s ui s o he language o he Basques]. By Be na d E xepa e. Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Euskal zaindia. Al una,Pa xi. 1981.Zibu uko E xebe i enadi zadela e a[Rega ding he e bused byE xebe i omZibu u]. In: Euskala ien nazioa eko ja dunaldiak.(Ike 1.) Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Euskal zaindia. 323–329. Anagnos opoulou, Elena. 2003. The syn ax o di ansi i es: E idence om cli ics. Be lin, Ge many: Mou on de G uy e . A egi, Ka los. 2004. The ha e/be al e na ion in Basque. Unpublished pape . Wo k conduc ed a : Uni e si y o Illinois a U bana-Champaign. A egi, Ka los, and And ew Ne ins. 2008. A p incipled o de o pos syn ac ic ope a ions. Unpublished pape . Wo k conduc ed a : Uni e si y o Illinois a U bana-Champaign and Ha a d Uni e si y. A egi,Ka los,andAnd ewNe ins.2012.Mo pho ac ics:Basqueauxilia iesand hes uc u eo spellou .Do d ech , he Ne he lands: Sp inge . A ea x, Iñigo, and Xabie A iagoi ia. 2018. Egu aldia en g ama ika euska az e a G ama ika en Teo ia (Me eo- ological exp essions in Basque g amma and he Theo y o G amma ). Anua io del Semina io de Filología Vasca “Julio de U quijo” 52.1–2.3–60. Bake , Ma k. 1988. Inco po a ion: A heo y o g amma ical unc ion changing. Chicago, IL: Uni e si y o Chicago P ess. Bake , Ma k, Kyle Johnson, and Ian Robe s. 1989. Passi e a gumen s aised. Linguis ic Inqui y 20.2.219–251. Béja , Susana, and Milan Rezac. 2003. Pe son licensing and he de i a ion o PCC e ec s. In: Ana Te esa Pé ez-Le ouxandY esRobe ge,edi o s.Romancelinguis ics:Theo yandacquisi ion.Ams e dam, heNe he - lands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 49–62. Be o, Ane. 2019. Basque adjec i al pa iciples: S a i e, esul a i e o expe ien ial. Glossa 4.66. Be o, Ane, and Bea iz Fe nández. 2019a. Applica i es wi hou e bs. Na u al Language and Linguis ic Theo y 37.4.1273–1317. Be o, Ane, and Bea iz Fe nández. 2019b. (Euskal) bozak: E dikoak, inkoa iboak e a a azleak [(Basque) oices: Middles,inchoa i esandcausa i es].In:I zia Laka,edi o .Hi zaksa ean:PelloSalabu u ieske onez.Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Euskal He iko Unibe si a eko A gi alpen Ze bi zua. 39–50. Be o, Ane, Be na d Oyha çabal, and Bea iz Fe nández. 2018. Inkoa ibo/a azle al e nan zia euska az e a o zen [De i ing he inchoa i e/causa i e al e na ion in Basque]. In: Bea iz Fe nández and Ane Be o, edi o s. Euska a ik giza hizkun za a: Jon O iz de U bina i go aza e. Special issue o Fon es Linguae Vasconum 126.99–122. Ble ins, James P. 2003. Passi es and impe sonals. Jou nal o Linguis ics 39.3.473–520. Bollebache , John. 1977. The Basque passi e. In:William A. Douglass, Richa d W. E ulain, and William H. Jacob- sen J ., edi o s. Anglo-Ame ican con ibu ions o Basque S udies: Essays in hono o Jon Bilbao.Reno,NV: Dese Resea ch Ins i u e. 181–192. 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License PERSON MATTERS IN IMPERSONALITY 183 Bone , Eulalia. 1991. Mo phology a e syn ax: P onominal cli ics in Romance. Doc o al hesis. Camb idge, MA: Massachuse s Ins i u e o Technology. Bone , Eulalia. 1994. The Pe son-Case cons ain : A mo phological app oach. In:Heidi Ha ley and Colin Phillips, edi o s.The mo phology-syn axconnec ion.(MITWo kingPape sinLinguis ics22.) Camb idge, MA:The MIT P ess. 33–52. Bossong, Geo g. 1985. Empi ische Uni e salien o schung: Di e en ielle Objek ma kie ung in den neui anischen Sp achen. Tübingen, Ge many: Gun e Na Ve lag. Bossong, Geo g. 1991. Di e en ial objec ma king in Romance and beyond. In: Die e Wanne and Douglas A. Kibee,edi o s.NewanalysesinRomancelinguis ics.Ams e dam, heNe he lands:JohnBenjaminsPublishing Company. 143–170. B e schneide , Gun e . 1979. Typological cha ac e is ics o Basque. In: F ans Plank, edi o . E ga i i y: Towa d a heo y o g amma ical ela ions. New Yo k, NY: Academic P ess. 371–384. B uening, Benjamin. 2012. By ph ases in passi es and nominals. Syn ax 16.1.1–41. Cabañas, Rebeca. 2006. La animacidad como ac o de a iación en e la pasi a pe i ás ica y la pasi a e leja [Animacyas he igge ing ac o o a ia ionbe ween heanaly icpassi eand he e lexi e-ma kedpassi e]. Anua io de Le as: Lingüís ica y Filología 44.125–146. Chomsky, Noam. 1986. Knowledge o language: I s na u e, o igin and use. New Yo k, NY: P aege Publishe s. Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalis inqui ies: The amewo k. In: Roge Ma in, Da id Michaels, and Juan U iage eka, edi o s. S ep by s ep: Essays on Minimalis syn ax in hono o Howa d Lasnik.Camb idge,MA: MIT P ess. 89–115. Chomsky, Noam. 2001. De i a ion by phase. In: Michael Kens owicz, edi o . Ken Hale: A li e in language. Camb idge, MA: MIT P ess. 1–52. Collins, Ch is. 2005. A smuggling app oach o he passi e in English. Syn ax 8.2.81–120. Com ie, Be na d. 1977. In de ense o spon aneous demo ion: The impe sonal passi e. In: Pe e Cole and Je old M. Sadock, edi o s. G amma ical ela ions. (Syn ax and Seman ics 8.) New Yo k, NY: Academic P ess. 47–58. Coon,Jessica.2010.Complemen a ioninChol(Mayan):A heo yo spli e ga i i y.Doc o al hesis.Camb idge,MA: Massachuse s Ins i u e o Technology. de Rijk, Rudol . 2008. S anda d Basque: A p og essi e g amma . Camb idge, MA: MIT P ess. Do on, Edi . 2003. Agency and oice: The seman ics o he Semi ic empla es. Na u al Language Seman ics 11.1.1–67. Eguzki za, Andolin. 1981. On he so-called passi e in Basque. Fon es Linguae Vasconum 37.233–254. E xepa e,Rica do.2006.Numbe longdis anceag eemen in(subs anda d)Basque.In:JosebaA.Laka aandJosé Ignacio Hualde, edi o s. S udies in Basque and his o ical linguis ics in memo y o R. L. T ask. Special issue o Anua io del Semina io de Filología Vasca “Julio de U quijo” 40.1–2.303–350. E xepa e, Rica do. 2014. Con ac and change in a es ic i e heo y o pa ame e s. In: Ca me Picallo, edi o . Linguis ic a ia ion in he Minimalis amewo k. Ox o d, he Uni ed Kingdom: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. 108–139. E xepa e,Rica do,andBe na dOyha çabal.2009. Bi da iboegi u a ipa -ekialdeko zenbai hizke a an [Twoda i e s uc u es in some no heas e n a ie ies]. Lapu dum 13.145–158. E xepa e, Rica do, and Be na d Oyha çabal. 2013. Da i es and adposi ions in no heas e n Basque. In: Bea iz Fe nández and Rica do E xepa e, edi o s. Va ia ion in da i es: A mic o-compa a i e pe spec i e. Ox o d, he Uni ed Kingdom: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. 50–95. Euskal zaindia. 1987. Euskal g ama ika: Lehen u a sak II. Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Euskal zaindia. Euskal zaindia. 1991. Euskal g ama ika: Lehen u a sak I. Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Euskal zaindia. Euskal zaindia. 1993. Euskal g ama ika labu a: Pe paus bakuna. Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Euskal zaindia. Fáb egas,An onio,andMichaelT.Pu nam.2014.Theeme genceo middle oice eadingswi handwi hou agen s. Linguis ic Re iew 31.2.193–240. Fe nández,Bea iz.2010a.Goida iboake aa ego agokoakeuska az:Jabeda iboake ada ibohunki uak s.da ibo e ikoak [High da i es and e en highe ones in Basque: Possessi e da i es and a ec ed da i es e sus e hic da i es]. Gogoa 10.1–2.1–20. Fe nández, Bea iz. 2010b. Goi- e a behe-da iboak e a Da ibo-komunz adu a en mu iz apena: Ipa -ekialdeko hizke ak e a euska a es anda a [High and low da i es and da i e-ag eemen cons ain : No heas e n a i- e ies and s anda d Basque]. In: I an zu Epelde, edi o . Euskal dialek ologia: Lehena e a o aina.(Anejos del 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 184 BERRO e al. Anua iodelSemina iode FilologíaVasca“JuliodeU quijo” 69.)Bilbao, he BasqueCoun y:Uni e si yo he Basque Coun y. 37–69. Fe nández, Bea iz. 2015. The syn ax o -(k)i, a Basque p eposi ion. In: Xulio Sousa, Ca lo a de Beni o, and Víc o La a, edi o s. Syn ac ic a ia ion in Wes e n Eu opean Languages: F om he noun ph ase o clause s uc u e. Special issue o Dialec ologia 5.81–107. Fe nández, Bea iz, and Be o Ane. 2021. Basque impe sonals in compa ison.Linguis ics. h ps://doi.o g/10.1515/ ling-2020-0057. Fe nández, Bea iz, and Jon O iz de U bina. 2010. Da iboa hiz egian [The da i e in he dic iona y]. Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y. Fe nández, Bea iz, and Jon O iz de U bina. 2012. Da i e ( i s ) complemen s in Basque. In: E nes ina Ca ilho and Bea iz Fe nández, edi o s. Syn ac ic mic o a ia ion in wes mos Eu opean languages. Special issue o Jou nal o Po uguese Linguis ics 11.1.83–98. Fe nández, Bea iz, and Milan Rezac. 2010. Da ibo osaga i bi xiak e a Da iboa en Lekualda zea: A i nai diyo e a kan a egin nazu bidegu u zean[Qui kyda i e objec sand da i edisplacemen ]. In:Bea iz Fe nández, Pablo Albizu, and Rica do E xepa e, edi o s. Euska a e a euska ak: Aldako asun sin ak ikoa az e gai.(Anejos del Anua iodelSemina iodeFilología Vasca“JuliodeU quijo” 52.)Bilbao, heBasque Coun y:Uni e si yo he Basque Coun y. 113–149. Fe nández, Bea iz, and Milan Rezac. 2016. Di e en ial objec ma king in Basque a ie ies. In:Bea iz Fe nández and Jon O iz de U bina, edi o s. Mic opa ame e s in he g amma o Basque. Ams e dam, he Ne he lands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 93–139. Holme , A hu . 1999. An ac i e analysis o Basque e ga i i y. Fon es Linguae Vasconum 31.189–225. Hualde,JoséIgnacio.1988.Caseassignmen inBasque.Anua iodelSemina iodeFilologíaVasca“JuliodeU quijo” 22.1.313–330. Hualde, José Ignacio. 2003. Ve bs: Fini e o ms. In: José Ignacio Hualde and Jon O iz de U bina, edi o s. A g amma o Basque. Be lin, Ge many: Mou on de G uy e . 205–246. Ingason, An on Ka l, Julie Anne Lega e, and Cha les Yang. 2013. The e olu iona y ajec o y o he Icelandic new passi e. Uni e si y o Pennsyl ania Wo king Pape s in Linguis ics 19.2.91–100. I igoyen, Al on so. 1992. Euskal li e a u a zaha a i dagokiola e bo-sys ema pe iph as ikoan boz ak i oa i oposa zen zaion boz pasi oaz oha gisako elea be iz e e [Again a wo d abou he passi e oice opposing he ac i e oicein he e balsys emo oldBasqueli e a u e].In:Volume4o De ephilologicalinguaeVasconicae. Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Edi o ial Wilsen. 287–290. Kalin, Lau a. 2017. D opping he F-bomb: An a gumen o alued ea u es as de i a ional ime-bombs. In: And ew Lamon and Ka e ina Te zlo , edi o s. NELS 47: P oceedings o he o y-se en h annual mee ing o he No h Eas Linguis ic Socie y. Amhe s , MA: G adua e Linguis ics S uden Associa ion, Uni e si y o Massachuse s Amhe s . 2.119–132. Kalin, Lau a. 2018. Licensing and di e en ial objec ma king: The iew om Neo-A amaic. Syn ax 21.2.112–159. Kazenin, Kons an in I. 2001. The passi e oice. In: Ma in Haspelma h, Ekkeha d König, Wul Oes e eiche , and Wol gang Raible, edi o s. Language ypology andlanguage uni e sals:Anin e na ional handbook.Be lin, Ge many: Wa e de G uy e . 2.899–916. Keenan, Edwa d L. 1985. Passi e in he wo ld’s languages. In: Timo hy Shopen, edi o . Clause s uc u e. Volume 1o Language ypology and syn ac ic desc ip ion, i s edi ion. Camb idge, he Uni ed Kingdom: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. 243–282. Keenan, Edwa d L., and Ma hew S. D ye . 2007. Passi e in he wo ld’s languages. In: Timo hy Shopen, edi o . Clause s uc u e. Volume 1 o Language ypology and syn ac ic desc ip ion, second edi ion. Camb idge, he Uni ed Kingdom: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. 1.325–361. Keyse , Samuel Jay, and Thomas Roepe . 1984. On he middle and e ga i e cons uc ions in English. Linguis ic Inqui y 15.3.381–416. Kibo , Anna. 2004. Passi e and passi e-like cons uc ions in English and Polish. Doc o al hesis. Camb idge, he Uni ed Kingdom: Uni e si y o Camb idge. K ame ,Ru h.2014.Cli icdoublingo objec ag eemen :The iew omAmha ic.Na u alLanguageandLinguis ic Theo y 32.2.593–634. K a ze , Angelika. 1994. The e en a gumen and he seman ics o oice. Unpublished pape . Wo k conduc ed a : Uni e si y o Massachuse s a Amhe s . 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License PERSON MATTERS IN IMPERSONALITY 185 K a ze , Angelika. 1996. Se e ing he ex e nal a gumen om i s e b. In: Johan Roo yck and Lau ie Za ing, edi o s. Ph ase s uc u e and he lexicon. Do d ech , he Ne he lands: Kluwe Academic Publishe s. 109–137. Laka, I zia . 1993. The s uc u e o In lec ion: A case s udy in X0syn ax. In: José Ignacio Hualde and Jon O iz de U bina, edi o s. Gene a i e s udies in Basque linguis ics. Ams e dam, he Ne he lands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 21–70. Landau, Idan. 2010. The explici syn ax o implici a gumen s. Linguis ic Inqui y 41.3.357–388. Lega e, Julie Anne. 2002. Wal pi i: Theo e ical implica ions. Doc o al hesis. Camb idge, MA: Massachuse s Ins i u e o Technology. Lega e, Julie Anne. 2008. Mo phological and abs ac case. Linguis ic Inqui y 39.1.55–101. Lekakou, Ma ia. 2005. In he middle, somehow ele a ed. Doc o al hesis. London, he Uni ed Kingdom: Uni e si y College London. Le in,Be h. 1983.On hena u eo e ga i i y. Doc o al hesis.Camb idge,MA: Massachuse sIns i u eo Technol- ogy. Le in, Theodo e. 2019. On he na u e o di e en ial objec ma king. Na u al Language and Linguis ic Theo y 37.1.167–213. MacDonald, Jona han E. 2017. An implici p ojec ed a gumen in Spanish impe sonal- and passi e-se cons uc- ions. Syn ax 20.4.353–383. Maling, Joan. 2006. F om passi e o ac i e. In: Benjamin Lyng el and To g im Sols ad, edi o s. Demo ing he agen : Passi e, middle, and o he oice phenomena. Ams e dam, he Ne he lands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 197–223. Maling, Joan, and Sig íðu Sigu jónsdó i . 2002. The new impe sonal cons uc ion in Icelandic. Jou nal o Compa a i e Ge manic Linguis ics 5.1–3.97–142. Massam, Diane. 2002. Fully in e nal case: Su ace e ga i i y can be p o ound. In: And ea Rackowski and No in Richa ds,edi o s.P oceedingso AFLA8:Theeigh hmee ingo heAus onesianFo malLinguis icsAssocia ion. (MIT Wo king Pape s in Linguis ics 44.) 185–196. Camb idge, MA: MIT Wo king Pape s in Linguis ics. Mendikoe xea, Amaya. 1999. Cons ucciones con se: Medias, pasi as e impe sonales [Cons uc ions wi h se:Mid- dle,passi e,andimpe sonal].In:IgnacioBosqueandViole aDemon e,edi o s.Lascons uccionessin ác icas undamen ales: Relaciones empo ales, aspec uales y modales. Volume 2 o G amá ica desc ip i a de la lengua española. Mad id, Spain: Espasa-Calpe. 1631–1722. Mendikoe xea, Amaya. 2008. Cli ic impe sonal cons uc ions in Romance: Syn ac ic ea u es and seman ic in e - p e a ion. T ansac ions o he Philological Socie y 106.2.290–336. Mounole, Céline. 2012. E olu ion o he ansi i e e bs in Basque and appa i ion o da i ely ma ked pa ien s. In: Gilles Au hie and Ka ha ina Haude, edi o s. E ga i i y, alency, and oice. Be lin, Ge many: Mou on de G uy e . 335–379. Mounole, Céline. 2014. Le e be basque ancien: É ude philologique e diach onique [The old Basque e b: A philological and diach onic s udy]. Anua io del Semina io de Filología Vasca “Julio de U quijo” 48. Od ia,Ane.2014. Di e en ialobjec ma kingand hena u eo da i ecaseinBasque a ie ies.Linguis icVa ia ion 14.2.289–317. Od ia, Ane. 2017. Di e en ial objec ma king and da i es in Basque syn ax. Doc o al hesis. Vi o ia-Gas eiz, he Basque Coun y: Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y. Od ia, Ane. 2019. DOM and da i es in Basque: No as homogeneous as hey migh seem. In: Anna Pineda and Monica A. I imia, edi o s. Di e en ial objec s and da i es: A homogeneous class? Special issue o Ling is icæ In es iga iones 42.1.8–31. O mazabal, Ja ie , and Juan Rome o. 1998. On he syn ac ic na u e o he me-lui and he Pe son Case Cons ain . Anua io del Semina io de Filología Vasca “Julio de U quijo” 32.2.415–433. O mazabal, Ja ie , and Juan Rome o. 2007. The Objec Ag eemen Cons ain . Na u al Language and Linguis ic Theo y 25.2.315–347. O mazabal, Ja ie , and Juan Rome o. 2013. Objec cli ics, ag eemen and dialec al a ia ion. P obus 25.2.301–344. O mazabal, Ja ie , and Juan Rome o. 2017. His o ical changes in Basque da i e al e na ions: E idence o a P-based (neo)de i a ional analysis. Glossa 2.78. O mazabal, Ja ie , and Juan Rome o. 2019. The o mal p ope ies o non pa adigma ic SE.Bo ealis 8.55–84. 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License 186 BERRO e al. O mazabal, Ja ie , and Juan Rome o. 2020. Decons uc ing SE cons uc ions: Numbe ag eemen and pos -syn ac ic a ia ion. Unpublished pape . Wo k conduc ed a : Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y and Uni e si y o Ex emadu a. O izdeU bina,Jon.1988.In e e en ziasin ak ikobe eziba ez[Onaspecialsyn ac icin e e ence].In:Hizkun z desk ibapena. Volume 1 o II. Euskal Mundu-Bil za a: Euska a Bil za a. Vi o ia-Gas eiz, he Basque Coun- y: Eusko Jau la i za en A gi alpen Ze bi zu Nagusia. 411–417. O iz de U bina, Jon. 1989. Pa ame e s in he g amma o Basque. Do d ech , he Ne he lands: Fo is Publica ions. O iz de U bina, Jon. 1991. Desk ibapene ik azalpene a a euskal g ama ikan [F om desc ip ion o explana ion in Basqueg amma ].In:Adol oA eji a,edi o .Euskalsin axiaz.Bilbao, heBasqueCoun y:Labay uIkas egia. 11–27. O iz de U bina, Jon. 2003. Impe sonal clauses. In: José Ignacio Hualde and Jon O iz de U bina, edi o s. A g amma o Basque. Be lin, Ge many: Mou on de G uy e . 572–591. O iz de U bina, Jon. 2006. Old Basque (medio)passi es. In: Joseba A. Laka a and José Ignacio Hualde, edi o s. S udies in Basque and his o ical linguis ics in memo y o R. L. T ask. Special issue o Anua io del Semina io de Filología Vasca “Julio de U quijo” 40.1–2.763–786. O iz de U bina, Jon. 2011–2019. Adi z inpe sonalak [Impe sonal e bs]. In: Pello Salabu u, Ibon Sa asola, and Pa xi Goenaga, edi o s. Sa eko euskal g ama ika. Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Basque Language Ins i u e, Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y. h p://www.ehu.eus/seg/mo /5/12/2/2. O iz de U bina, Jon, and Bea iz Fe nández. 2016. Da i es in Basque bi alen une ga i es. In: Bea iz Fe nández and Jon O iz de U bina, edi o s. Mic opa ame e s in he g amma o Basque. Ams e dam, he Ne he lands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 67–93. O iz de U bina, Jon, and My iam U ibe-E xeba ia. 1991. Pa icipial p edica ion in Basque. In:Joseba A Laka a, edi o . Memo iae L. Mi xelena magis i sac um. (Anejos del Anua io del Semina io de Filología Vasca “Julio de U quijo” 14.) Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y. 2.993–1012. Pineda, Anna, and Ane Be o. 2020. Hyb id in ansi i es. Glossa 5.22. P eminge , Ome . 2009. B eaking ag eemen s: Dis inguishing ag eemen and cli ic doubling by hei ailu es. Linguis ic Inqui y 40.4.619–666. P eminge , Ome . 2014. Ag eemen and i s ailu es. Camb idge, MA: MIT P ess. Pylkkänen, Liina. 2008. In oducing a gumen s. Camb idge, MA: MIT P ess. Rebuschi, Geo ge. 1984. S uc u e de l’énoncé en basque [S uc u e o he u e ance in Basque]. Pa is, F ance: Socié é d’É udes Linguis iques e An h opologiques de F ance. Rezac, Milan. 2006. Ag eemen displacemen in Basque: De i a ional p inciples and lexical pa ame e s. Unpub- lished pape . Wo k conduc ed a : Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y. Rezac, Milan. 2007. Escaping he Pe son Case Cons ain : Re e ence-se compu a ion in he ϕ-sys em. Linguis ic Va ia ion Yea book 6.97–138. Rezac,Milan.2008a.Phi-Ag eeand he a- ela edCase.In:Da idHa bou ,DanielAdge ,andSusanaBéja ,edi o s. Phi heo y: Phi ea u es ac oss in e aces and modules. Ox o d, he Uni ed Kingdom: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. 83–130. Rezac, Milan. 2008b. The syn ax o eccen ic ag eemen : The Pe son Case Cons ain and absolu i e displacemen in Basque. Na u al Language and Linguis ic Theo y 26.1.61–106. Rezac, Milan. 2009a. On he uni iabili y o epai s o he Pe son Case Cons ain : F ench, Basque, Geo gian, and Chinook.In:Rica doE xepa e,Rica do Gómez,andJosebaA.Laka a, edi o s.Beña Oiha zabaligo aza e. Special issue o Anua io del Semina io de Filología Vasca “Julio de U quijo” 43.1–2.769–790. Rezac, Milan. 2009b. Pe son es ic ions in Basque in ansi i es. Lapu dum 13.305–322. Rezac,Milan. 2011.Phi ea u esand hemodula a chi ec u eo language.London, he Uni edKingdom:Sp inge . Rezac, Milan. 2016. Gaps and s opgaps in Basque e b ini e ag eemen . In: Bea iz Fe nández and Jon O iz de U bina, edi o s. Mic opa ame e s in he g amma o Basque. Ams e dam, he Ne he lands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 139–192. Rezac, Milan, Pablo Albizu, and Rica do E xepa e. 2014. The s uc u al e ga i e o Basque and he heo y o Case. Na u al Language and Linguis ic Theo y 32.4.1273–1330. 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License PERSON MATTERS IN IMPERSONALITY 187 Richa ds, Ma c. 2008. De ec i e Ag ee, case al e na ions, and he p ominence o pe son. In: Ma c Richa ds and And ej L. Malchuko , edi o s. Scales.(Linguis ische A bei s Be ich e 86.) Leipzig, Ge many: Ins i u e o Linguis ics, Uni e si y o Leipzig. 137–162. Rode , Ana. 1992. Cons uccions amb lec u a a bi à ia en basc [Cons uc ions wi h a bi a y in e p e a ion in Basque]. Anua io del Semina io de Filología Vasca “Julio de U quijo” 26.1.145–179. Rod íguez-O dóñez,I xaso.2016.Di e en ialobjec ma kinginBasque:G amma icaliza ion,a i udesandideolog- ical ep esen a ions. Doc o al hesis. U bana, IL: Uni e si y o Illinois a U bana-Champaign. Rod íguez-O dóñez, I xaso. 2017. Reexamining Di e en ial Objec Ma king as a linguis ic-con ac -phenomenon in Ge nika Basque. Jou nal o Language Con ac 10.2.318–352. Sal a elli, Ma io, Mi en Azka a e, Da id Fa well, Jon O iz de U bina, and Lou des Oñede a. 1988. Basque. London, he Uni ed Kingdom: C oom Helm. Sánchez, C is ina. 2002. Las cons ucciones con se [Cons uc ions wi h se]. Mad id, Spain: Viso Lib os. Sa asola,Ibon,PelloSalabu u,andJosuLanda.2001–2007.E eduzkoP osaGau (Con empo a yRe e enceP ose). Da abase.Bilbao, he BasqueCoun y:Basque Language Ins i u e,Uni e si yo heBasqueCoun y.h ps:// www.ehu.eus/en/web/eins/e eduzko-p osa-gau -epg-. Sa asola,Ibon,PelloSalabu u,andJosuLanda.2016a.EgungoTes uenCo pusa(Co puso Con empo a yBasque). Da abase. Bilbao, he Basque Coun y: Basque Language Ins i u e, Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y. h p:// www.ehu.eus/e c. Sa asola,Ibon,PelloSalabu u,andJosuLanda.2016b.“Goenkale”Co pusa(“Goenkale”Co pus).Da abase.Bilbao, heBasque Coun y:BasqueLanguage Ins i u e,Uni e si y o he BasqueCoun y.h ps://www.ehu.eus/en/ web/eins/goenkale-co pusa. Schä e , Flo ian. 2008a. Middles as oiced an icausa i es. In: Emily El ne and Ma in Walkow, edi o s. NELS 37: P oceedings o he hi y-se en h annual mee ing o he No h Eas Linguis ic Socie y. Amhe s , MA: G adua e Linguis ics S uden Associa ion, Uni e si y o Massachuse s Amhe s . 2.183–196. Schä e ,Flo ian.2008b.Thesyn axo (an i-)causa i es:Ex e nala gumen sinchange-o -s a econ ex s.Ams e dam, he Ne he lands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Siewie ska,Anna.1984.Thepassi e:Acompa a i elinguis icanalysis.London, heUni edKingdom:C oomHelm. Siewie ska, Anna. 1988. The passi e in Sla ic. In: Masayoshi Shiba ani, edi o . Passi e and oice.Ams e dam, he Ne he lands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 243–289. Siewie ska,Anna.2013.Passi econs uc ions.In:Ma hewD ye andMa inHaspelma h,edi o s.Thewo lda las o language s uc u es online. Leipzig, Ge many: Max Planck Ins i u e o E olu iona y An h opology. h p:// wals.in o/chap e /107. Sigu ðsson,Eina F ey ,and JimWood. 2020. On he implici a gumen o Icelandic indi ec causa i es. Linguis ic Inqui y 52.3.579–626. Sigu ðsson, Halldó Á mann, and Ve ne Ege land. 2009. Impe sonal null-subjec s in Icelandic and elsewhe e. S udia Linguis ica 63.1.158–185. Ta aldsen, Knu Ta ald. 1995. On ag eemen and nomina i e objec s in Icelandic. In: Hube Haide , Susan Olsen,andS enVikne , edi o s.S udiesincompa a i eGe manicsyn ax.Do d ech , heNe he lands:Kluwe Academic Publishe s. 207–237. U es a azu, Iñigo. 2019. Ni e ba uko Se a sua: (Euskal) boza e a e diko egi u ak [(Basque) oice and middle cons uc ions].Unde g adua e hesis.Vi o ia-Gas eiz, heBasqueCoun y:Uni e si yo heBasqueCoun y. Wool o d, Ellen. 2006. Lexical Case, inhe en Case, and a gumen s uc u e. Linguis ic Inqui y 37.1.111–130. Zulaika, Es he . 1998. Ioanes Leiza ag en adi za [Joanes Leiza aga’s e b]. Donos ia–San Sebas ián, he Basque Coun y: Uni e si y o Deus o. Zúñiga, Fe nando, and Seppo Ki ilä. 2019. G amma ical oice. Camb idge, he Uni ed Kingdom: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. How o ci e his a icle: Be o, Ane, Ane Od ia, and Bea iz Fe nández. 2022. Pe son ma e s in impe sonali y. Syn ax 25.147–187. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/syn .12230 14679612, 2022, 2, Downloaded om h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/syn .12230 by Spanish Coch ane Na ional P o ision (Minis e io de Sanidad), Wiley Online Lib a y on [23/01/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License