Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
eISSN: 2237-2083
DOI: 10.17851/2237-2083.30.4.1896-1935
On Pa ial Null Subjec Languages:
Why P o-D op in B azilian Po uguese and Russian Became
Simila Bu No Iden ical
Sob e as línguas de Sujei o Pa cialmen e Nulo:
Po que o p o-d op em po uguês b asilei o e em usso se
o na am semelhan es, mas não idên icos
Ne ea Mada iaga
Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU), Vi o ia-Gas eiz / Spain
[email p o ec ed]
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-4732-4144
Abs ac : In his pape , I claim ha a pa ame ic iew on change in p o-d op does no
con adic he ac ha no all he Pa ial Null Subjec (PNS) languages display iden ical
p ope ies. I show ha he con ingen na u e o diach onic change is he eason o
he sligh di e ences be ween PNS languages. Mode n Russian (MR) and B azilian
Po uguese (BP) a e wo PNS languages ha de eloped om Consis en Null Subjec
an ecesso s (Old Russian and Eu opean Po uguese) independen ly om each o he .
I accoun o he change in p o-d op expe ienced by hese wo languages, analyzing
he p ope ies usually ela ed o he null subjec pa ame e ( e bal in lec ion, cli ics,
null objec s, embedded and a bi a y null subjec s), and show ha he inal pa ame ic
se ing in bo h MR and BP was almos iden ical, wi h small di e ences ha can be
a ibu ed o he di e en ini ial condi ions o he change.
Keywo ds: P o-d op; null subjec s; null objec s; cli ics; Consis en Null Subjec
languages; Pa ial Null Subjec languages; B azilian Po uguese; Eu opean Po uguese;
Mode n Russian; Old Russian.
Resumo: Nes e a igo, a i mo que uma isão pa amé ica sob e a mudança em p o-d op
não es á em con li o com o a o de que nem odas as línguas de sujei o nulo pa cial (PNS)
ap esen am p op iedades idên icas. Mos o que a na u eza con ingen e da mudança
diac ônica é a azão pa a as pequenas di e enças en e as línguas PNS. O usso mode no
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
1897
(MR) e o po uguês b asilei o (BP) são duas línguas PNS que se desen ol e am a
pa i dos an ecesso es de sujei o nulo consis en e (an igo usso e po uguês eu opeu)
independen emen e uma da ou a. Rela o a mudança de p o-d op expe imen ada po
essas duas línguas, analisando as p op iedades ge almen e elacionadas ao pa âme o
de sujei o nulo (in lexão e bal, clí icos, obje os nulos, sujei os nulos subo dinados e
a bi á ios), e mos o que a con igu ação pa amé ica inal em ambas MR e BP oi quase
idên ica, com pequenas di e enças que podem se a ibuídas às di e en es condições
iniciais pa a a mudança.
Pala as-cha e: P o-d op; sujei os nulos; obje os nulos; clí icos; línguas de sujei o nulo
consis en e; línguas de sujei o nulo pa cial; po uguês b asilei o; po uguês eu opeu;
usso mode no; usso an igo.
Recebido em 16 de e e ei o de 2022
Acei o em 28 de ma ço de 2022
1 Ini ial ema ks
A ecu en opic in he li e a u e in ecen yea s is he discussion
abou he na u e o so-called Pa ial Null Subjec (PNS) languages, since
Holmbe g (2005), Holmbe g; Nayudu; Sheehan (2009), Bibe aue ;
Robe s; Holmbe g; Sheehan (2010), e c. On he one hand, he e seem
o be salien simila i ies be ween he languages making up his g oup,
bu a he same ime, no all he ea u es cha ac e izing PNS languages
a e common o all o hem.
This pape aims o con ibu e o a mo e accu a e cha ac e iza ion
o PNS languages, h ough he analysis o he cu en s a us and his o ical
de elopmen o Null Subjec s (NSs) in wo Indo-Eu opean languages,
B azilian Po uguese and Russian, which shi ed om a Consis en Null
Subjec (CNS) pa e n in o a PNS pa e n independen ly om each o he .
The compa ison o he diach onic de elopmen o hese wo languages
will shed ligh on he easons why PNS languages a e di e en and
simila a he same ime. The simila i ies, i will be a gued, s em om
commonali ies in pa ame e se ings, while he di e ences will be p o en
o be a consequence o he con ingen ci cums ances ha su ound change
each ime in each language (LIGHTFOOT, 1999).
1898
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
In Sec ion 2, I in oduce PNS languages and some basic
assump ions. In Sec ion 3, I compa e he p o-d op sys em in B azilian
Po uguese (BP) and Mode n Russian (MR), poin ing ou hei di e ences
wi h espec o Eu opean Po uguese (EP) and Old Russian (OR),
espec i ely.1 In Sec ion 4, I show ha he eme gence o he PNS s a us
in hese wo languages co ela es wi h he eme gence o es ic ions
in licensing NSs, and explain why ha happened. In BP, he old CNS
sys em decayed wi h he “weakening” o he pe son in lec ional pa adigm,
igge ed by he eo ganiza ion o he p onominal sys em (c ., i.a.,
DuAR E, 1993, 2000; MODESTO, 2000; NUNES, 2011). In Middle
Russian, howe e , he b eaking poin was he loss o V- o- mo emen ,
due o he whole ea angemen o he e bal sys em a ound new aspec ual
dis inc ions, which eplaced he old ense dis inc ions (JUNG, 2018;
MADARIAGA, 2022a, 2022b).
2 Consis en Null Subjec (CNS) languages and Pa ial Null Subjec
(PNS) languages
In ecen yea s, he classical iew on he so-called p o-d op
pa ame e has been called in o ques ion a e obse ing ha i s clus e ing
e ec s, desc ibed by, i.a., Rizzi (1982), a e less egula ac oss languages
han p edic ed by he s anda d pa ame ic heo y (c . NEwMEyER
2005). To gi e an example, he co ela ion be ween he exis ence o NSs
and he mo phological ichness o e bal ag eemen does no hold in a
s aigh o wa d way. In addi ion, “mo phological ichness” (as opposed
o “mo phological po e y”) has been shown o be di icul o cha ac e ize
in a p ecise way (c . BIBERAuER, 2008 o an o e iew).
Recen ly, Robe s (2010); Bibe aue ; Robe s; Holmbe g;
Sheehan (2010); Holmbe g; Robe s (2014); and subsequen wo k, ha e
e isi ed he p ope ies o p o-d op and o mula ed new hypo heses
abou i s pa ame ic op ions. These au ho s emphasize he ac ha
PNS languages a e especially he e ogeneous, which in p inciple could
be conside ed a p oblem i we wan o p opose a common pa ame e
se ing o all o hem.
1 he change in p o-d op in Russian ook place in he 16 h cen u y (be ween ea ly and
la e Middle Russian), so I include ea ly Middle Russian unde he denomina ion OR,
and la e Middle Russian in MR. As o he synch onic desc ip ion o BP, I ollow he
con en ion o Po uguese / B azilian schola s (BARBOSA; DuAR E; KA O, 2005;
DuAR E; SILVA, 2016. i.a.) and conside EP a compa able an ecesso o BP.
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
1899
Howe e , in his pape , I will claim ha he he e ogeneous
na u e o PNS languages is no a p oblem o pa ame ic se ing. Mo e
speci ically, I will show ha , i wo un ela ed languages adop he
same pa ame ic se ing o p o-d op, he basic p o-d op p ope ies will
be essen ially he same in bo h languages. Howe e , some clus e ing
p ope ies, which a e con ingen on p e ious s ages o he language, can
di e be ween he wo languages. In he ollowing pages, I will p o e
his hypo hesis by compa ing he change in p o-d op expe ienced by wo
un ela ed PNS languages, BP and MR. Fi s , howe e , le us in oduce
some basic ac s and assump ions abou CNS and PNS languages, implied
in he change analyzed in his pape .
In CNS languages (e.g., Romance languages, such as Spanish,
Eu opean Po uguese, and I alian), non-empha ic, non-s essed, non-
con as i e p onoun subjec s a e ypically d opped; c . Peninsula Spanish
(1a-b), while s essed, ocused, o con as i e subjec s mus be o e ly
ealized (1c):
(Peninsula Spanish)
(1) a. – ¿Cómo (* ú) quie es (* ú) la sopa?
h ow (*you) wan (*you) he soup
– (*Yo) la quie o calien e.
(*I) cl wan ho
‘– How do you wan he soup? – I wan i ho .’
b. – ¿Ha pasado Juan po casa?
– Sí, (*él) ino y se lle ó el o denado .
yes (*he) came and SE ook he compu e
‘– Did Juan come home? – Yes, he came and ook he compu e away.’
c. – ¿Se ha lle ado Juan el o denado ?
– No, se lo ha lle ado Ma ía, *(él) sólo lo ha mi ado.
no cl cl aux aken Ma ia *(he) jus cl aux looked
‘– Did Juan ake he compu e ? – No, Ma ia ook i away; he jus ook a look a i .’
PNS languages, on he o he hand, o m a he e ogeneous
g oup and a e no easy o de ine. In gene al, he baseline ealiza ion o
p onominal subjec s in PSN languages is o e , bu hey can be d opped
unde ce ain condi ions. Depending on he pe son o ense/mood, PNS
languages a y hei p o-d op pa e n. Fo example, in Heb ew, S anda d
Finnish, Jakal ek, and Kenga, 1s and 2nd pe son NSs a e a ailable, as
opposed o 3 d pe son (c . VAINIKKA; LEVy, 1999), while he e e se
1900
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
pa e n, i.e., a ailabili y o 3 d pe son NSs, as opposed o 1s and 2nd pe son,
is ound in Shipibo, his o ical a ie ies o Ge manic, Dinka, and Lamani
(CAMACHO; ELíAS-ULLOA, 2010; wALKDEN, 2012). he i s
con as is illus a ed o Finnish in (2a-b):
(2) a. (Sinä) puhu englan ia.
(you) speak.2sg English
‘You speak English’
b.*(Hän) puhuu englan ia.
((s)he) speaks.3sg English
In ended: ‘She/he speaks English.’(Finnish - Holmbe g, 2005, p. 539)
In his pape , I will ollow Holmbe g (2005, 2010), Holmbe g;
Nayudu; Sheehan (2009), Robe s (2010), and subsequen wo k, in ha
he ele an pa ame ic op ion o se ing a CNS e sus a PNS language is
he acquisi ion o a [+D] ea u e on T. I will also ollow hese au ho s by
assuming ha NSs a e de icien minimal φPs wi h un alued in e p e able
φ- ea u es (φP[iφ:_]), which can in p inciple ecei e o no a e e en ial
alue, and whose beha io a ies acco ding o he speci ic pa ame ic
se ing on T in he language. The a ailable s uc u es o PNS e sus
CNS languages a e desc ibed in de ail in Mada iaga (2022a, 2022b),
and summa ized he e:
(i) In CNS languages, T is endowed wi h a [+D] ea u e, and a NS
(a de icien φP), loca ed a [Spec, ], au oma ically ecei es a e e en ial
in e p e a ion by D-ma ching wi h T. In hese languages, any Topic a
CP (null o o e ) is able o allow iden i ying he speci ic e e ence o
he NS; mo e speci ically, he e e en ial index o a null o o e opic a
[Spec,CP] is copied by he un alued D- ea u e o T, and, hen, h ough
Ag ee, by he NS, which a he same ime ma ches i s un alued φ- ea u es.
The D- ea u e o T has no mo phological exp ession o i s own, and is
“spelled ou ” by ealizing pe son and numbe ea u es, esul ing in ich
e bal mo phology (HOLMBERG; NAyuDu; SHEEHAN, 2009).
(3) [CP Topici C [ P φPi TD:_ [VP …]]]
In he Spanish examples (1a-b) abo e, e e en ial NSs a e
na u ally licensed by i ue o he D- ea u e on T and hei opical
na u e, while a [+ ocus] o [+con as i e] ea u e a CP o ces he o e
ealiza ion o he subjec (1c).
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
1901
(ii) In PNS languages, lacks a D- ea u e, so ha a NS (a de icien
φP) is able o ma ch i s φ- ea u es wi h , bu does no necessa ily aise o
[Spec,TP], and does no au oma ically ecei e a e e en ial index h ough
T. In ha case, he NS ge s a gene ic o a bi a y in e p e a ion. Howe e ,
he e can be some independen mechanism in he language, which is able o
endow he de icien φP wi h a e e en ial index (HOLMBERG; NAyuDu;
SHEEHAN, 2009). In languages like Finnish, MR, and BP, he e seem o
be a leas wo al e na i e mechanisms o achie e his e e en iali y:
(a) he i s mechanism is ela ed o p agma ics: NSs can ecei e a
e e en ial in e p e a ion by copying he index o some null opic
a C. This null opic is pa o he discou se common g ound,
sha ed by he speake and he hea e , i.e., i can con ey ei he
deic ic (si ua ional / con ex ual) ea u es o logopho ic ea u es
( o he 1s and 2nd pe son), which allow he e e ence o he
NS o be eco e ed (SIGuRÐSSON, 2011; SEDRyK, 2015).
Depending on he pa icula condi ions o he speci ic PNS
language, i can be he case ha e e en ial NSs a e licensed only
in one o wo g amma ical pe son(s), o ha all pe sons a e lici
in di e en p agma ic si ua ions ( SEDRyK, 2022).
(4) [CP Topici C [ P φPi T…[VP V…]]]
A sub ype wi hin p agma ically licensed e e en ial NSs a e NSs
licensed as a pa o a “ opic chain” (FRASCARELLI, 2007), ha is, as
successi e occu ences o a p e ious o e ly exp essed Sen ence Topic
(REINHAR , 1981). his kind o opic chain is cha ac e is ic o MR,
albei in a e y es ic i e way, and licenses he p esence o 3 d pe son
NSs in ma ix clauses, as we will see in Sec ion 3.1.
(b) The second mechanism a ailable in PNS languages in ol es
embedded clauses: an embedded NS can en e an anapho ic
ela ion wi h espec o a c-commanding an eceden in he
ma ix clause, and hus ecei e a e e en ial in e p e a ion. This
phenomenon is also known as ini e con ol; see, i.a., Landau
(2004) o Heb ew; Rod igues (2004), Boeckx; Ho ns ein;
Nunes (2010) o BP; Li i z (2014); sed yk (2015) o MR.
The embedded NSs in hese con ex s mus be c-commanded by
a co e e en an eceden in s ic locali y.
1902
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
(5) [DPi … [CP Opi C [ P φPi T…[VP V…]]]]
In Sec ion 4, I will e isi he s uc u es in oduced in his sec ion,
acco ding o he speci ic languages and s ages analyzed.
3 A compa ed cha ac e iza ion o NSs in EP-BP and OR-MR
In his sec ion, I will e ise he “bundle o p ope ies” ha o en
go hand-in-hand wi h p o-d op, and which end o clus e in a simila way
in PNS languages (BIBERAuER, 2008). I will check hese p ope ies
in BP and MR, and compa e hem wi h hei CNS “ances o s”, EP, and
OR, espec i ely (c . n. 1). he p ope ies e iewed a e he ollowing:
(i) p agma ically licensed e e en ial NSs; (ii) ini e e e en ial embedded
NSs; (iii) NSs wi h a bi a y and gene ic eadings; (i ) null objec s; ( )
cli ic p onouns; ( i) e bal in lec ion; and ( ii) he ole o in ini i es.
3.1 P agma ically licensed e e en ial NSs
MR licenses 1s and 2nd pe son NSs ela ed o logopho ic opical
ea u es, on a hea e -speake discou se basis (6a), in a simila way
o se e al Ge manic languages, analyzed by e.g., Sigu ðsson (2011).
Acco ding o Dua e (1993), w i en BP allows his kind o d op in
es ic ed cases, e.g., wi h nega ion o in a e bal locu ion, as in (6b),
al hough some au ho s indica e ha NSs in oo sen ences a e no
gene ally licensed in BP (MODESTO, 2000), o ha hey a e on hei
way o being los (DuAR E; SILVA, 2016):
(6) a.P i e ! Xo ošo, č o ( y) p išli!
hi well ha (you) came.pl
‘Hi! So good ha you came!’ (MR - MADARIAGA, 2022a, p. 79)
b.(Eu) não posso mais ica aqui a a de oda.
(I) no can.1sg mo e s ay he e he e ening whole
‘I canno s ay he e he whole e ening any mo e’ (BP - DuAR E, 1993, p. 119)
In MR, his kind o d opping is blocked by any on ed e e en ial
o e a gumen al NP in oduced be ween he CP and he NS (LIVITZ,
2014; SEDRyK, 2015). In example (7), he on ed objec blocks
e e en ial subjec d op, and he only way o in e p e he NS is as a
gene ic in an impe sonal sen ence (see Sec ion 3.3 below):
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
1903
(7) S e u p o neda no ideli na ynke.
S e a.acc ecen ly saw.pl a ma ke
‘S e a was seen ecen ly a he ma ke .’ / ‘*we saw S e a ecen ly a he ma ke .’ (MR -
SEDRyK, 2015, p. 349)
Addi ionally, MR licenses 3 d pe son NSs ela ed o Gi en o
Familia Topics o as successi e occu ences o a Sen ence Topic in
a opic chain (LIVI Z, 2014; SEDRyK, 2015), as in (8a). As in he
p e ious case, any on ed e e en ial NP can block subjec d op (8b).
(8) a. Onii idu na oze o. p oi Nadeju sja am s e i ’ I anaj.
hey.nom go.3pl o lake hope.3pl he e see I an.acc
*(Onj) obeščal im pe eda ’ ključi.
he.nom p omised.m.sg hem pass keys
‘They a e going o he lake. (They) hope o see I an he e. He has p omised hem o pass he
keys.’ (MR - SEDRyK, 2022, p. 42)
b. Jai ol’ko č o idel S e uj. Mnei *(onaj) skazala,
I.nom jus saw S e a.acc me.da she.nom said. .sg
č o naš dom uže p odan.
ha ou house al eady sold
‘I ha e jus seen S e a. She old me ha ou house had al eady been sold.’ (MR - SEDRyK,
2015, p. 349)
No ice ha Sen ence opics hemsel es canno be d opped in MR;
hus, in example (8a), he subjec o he second sen ence in his sequence
is he i s iden ical occu ence o he ini ial subjec oni “ hey” in a opic
chain and, he e o e, can be d opped. Howe e , he opic chain inishes
he e, because he hi d sen ence in oduces new p oposi ional con en ;
i.e., i shi s om “us going o he lake and doing some hing he e” o
“in o ma ion abou I an”. Thus, he new subjec , I an, quali ies as a
Sen ence Topic and canno be d opped. In example (8b), he p esence o
a on ed indi ec objec (mne) blocks subjec d op, and he p onominal
subjec mus be o e ly ealized.
In BP, i seems ha a subjec can be d opped only in hose cases
in which i is opically e y p ominen , as in ques ion-answe pai s
(9a). Ba bosa; Dua e; Ka o (2005) also epo examples o 3 d pe son
e e en ial NSs in BP ied o Topics; hey s a e ha i is equi ed “ ha
he an eceden is in an adjacen sen ence”, as shown in (9b). The la e
a e e y simila o hose NSs inse ed in opic chains in MR (8a).
1904
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
(9) a. – E o Joãoi? – p oi Viajou.
and he Joao? a elled.3sg
‘– wha abou Joao? – He a elled.’ (BP - DuAR E; SILVA, 2016, p. 239)
b. O homemi inge que é um ce o ipo de homem
he man p e ends ha is a ce ain ype o man
pa a esc e e . Ou seja, p oi ai o homem.
o w i e o be be ays he man
‘A man p e ends o be a ce ain ype o man in o de o w i e. In o he wo ds,
he be ays himsel .’ (BP – BARBOSA; DuAR E; KA O, 2005, p. 26)
As o OR and EP / ea ly BP, as well-beha ed CNS languages,
hey show no locali y e ec s in licensing e e en ial NSs. Example
(10a) shows ha , in OR, a NS can ake i s e e ence no om he closes
subjec ual an eceden , i.e., he pa ia ch, bu om a p e ious Sen ence
opic, Olga. In MR, he e would need o be an o e subjec “she” in
he place o he NS; o he wise, he an eceden o he NS would ha e
o be in e p e ed as he pa ia ch, he las o e subjec p e iously
men ioned. Simila ly, in EP an o e p onoun ends o be a oided unless
i s e e ence is impai ed (BARBOSA; DuAR E; KA O, 2005), bu he
lack o p oximi y, o he syn ac ic posi ion o he an eceden , as well as
he p esence o in e ening elemen s, as in (10b), a e no a p oblem o
a NS o be licensed. Acco ding o Dua e (1993), in ea ly BP ex s, he
a e o NSs was simila o ha o EP, so we can assume ha he si ua ion
was simila in bo h languages.
(10) a. I bl(ago)s(lo) i jui pa ea xъj. I p oi ide
blessed.3sg he .cl.acc. pa ia ch.nom and wen .3sg
s mi omъ ъ s oju zemlju. (OR - Lau en ian Ch onicle 18)
wi h peace o own land
‘And he pa ia ch blessed he (=Olga). And (she) wen o he land in peace.’
b. As coisas não êm co ido ão bem como [as Nações unidas]i
he hings no ha e un so well as he na ions uni ed
que iam, (...). A iolência não pode se dinamizado a
wan ed.3pl he iolence no can be p opelle
da mudança. Mas mui o apidamen e p oi concluí am que
o he change bu e y quickly concluded.3pl ha
odas as condições es a am eunidas.
all he condi ions we e ga he ed
‘Things a e no going as well as he Uni ed Na ions expec ed (…). Violence canno be he
p opelle o change. Bu e y quickly hey (= he UN) concluded ha all he condi ions we e
ga he ed.’ (EP – BARBOSA; DuAR E; KA O, 2005, p. 27.)
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
1911
example o he co-occu ence o an ao is ( eče ‘he said’), and a pe ec
compound o m (pe ekljukala esi ‘you decei ed’):
(22) I eč(e) c(ěza) ь: pe ekljukala mja esi, Olьga.
and said.3sg sa decei ed. .sg me.cl aux.2sg Olga
‘And he sa said: “you icked me, Olga.”’ (OR – Lau en ian Ch onicle 17 )
3.7 The ole o in ini i es
In ini i es unde wen a p ocess o impo e ishmen in BP in pa allel
wi h ha expe ienced by ini e o ms. EP displays ou unambiguous o ms
ou o i e o al o ms: eu / ele/ela can a ‘I / he/she o sing’, u can a es
‘you (sg) sing’, nós can a mos ‘we sing’, ós can a des ‘you (pl) sing’, eles
can a em ‘ hey o sing’. In con as , BP in ini i es display no unambiguous
o ms: eu / ele/ela / a gen e can a ‘I / he/she / we o sing’, ocês / eles
can a em ‘you (pl) / hey o sing’ (c . i.a., DuAR E; GONÇALVES;
SANTOS, 2012; MODES O, 2018; NuNES, 2011; RAPOSO, 1987). he
only in lec ional o m o he in ini i al in BP is 2nd-3 d pe son plu al -em,
al e na ing wi h he ze o ending (23), while o he pe sons and numbe s
in a iably show a ze o ending.
(23) Eles saí am depois de jan a / jan a em cedo.
hey le a e o dine.in / dine.in .3pl ea ly
‘They le a e ha ing dinne ea ly.’ (BP – NUNES, 2011, p. 336)
Nei he OR o MR displayed in lec ed in ini i es, bu OR had he
possibili y o using o e da i e subjec s in embedded in ini i e clauses.
These subjec s could be non-co e e en DPs o co e e en o e s ong
p onouns in s ong o empha ic posi ions (24a), al e na ing wi h co e e en
non-empha ic null p onouns (24b). This al e na ion was comple ely pa allel
o he in e play be ween he o e empha ic (25a) and null non-empha ic
p onouns in ini e clauses (25b) (c . MADARIAGA, 2018).
(24) a. [Ty so mnoju]i cělo alъ k (e)s ъ [xodi i namai
you wi h me kissed.SG c oss go.INF we.DAT
po odinoj dumě oběma].
by one decision bo h.da
‘You and me swo e (li . kissed he c oss) ha we bo h (i.e. no only me) would do i he same
way.’ (OR – Lau en ian Ch onicle, 71R)
b. Egdaž(e) ebue ь na oinu i i, siii xo ja (ь)
i is needed o wa go hese wan .3pl
1912
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
[p oi poč i c(ěza) ja aše(go)] (. . .) da budu ъ.
honou .in sa you le be.pl
‘I you need o ga he an a my (li . o go o wa ), and hese (= he Russians) wan o join you
sa (. . .), so be i .’ (OR – Lau en ian Ch onicle, 18R)
(25) a.Vižь sego y ježe esi xo ělъ.
look his you wha aux.2.sg wan ed.m.sg
‘See, his is wha you (i.e., bu no me) wan ed.’ (OR – Lau en ian Ch onicle, 23R,
MADARIAGA, 2018, p. 181)
b. Poč o p oi ideši opja ь, p oi poimalъ esi
wha o go.2.sg again ook.m.sg aux.2.sg
sju danь.
whole ax
‘why did you come back? you collec ed he ibu e al eady’. (OR – Lau en ian Ch onicle,
14R, MADARIAGA, 2018, p. 181)
O e in ini i e subjec s al e na ing in his way a e no ound in
EP o ea ly BP. As we will see in Sec ion 4.1, his p ope y o OR will
be signi ican o he ise o embedded con ol in MR.
3.8 In e im summa y
In able 2, I o e a e ised summa y o he simila i ies and
di e ences be ween he ou ele an languages wi h espec o he
ea u es usually asc ibed o he p o-d op pa ame e :
able 2 – clus e ing p ope ies asc ibed o he p o-d op pa ame e in OR,
MR, EP, and BP
OR MR EP BP
1. Re e en ial NSs ee es ic ed ee es ic ed
2. Fini e con ol no yes no yes
3. Gene ic 3sg NSs no no no yes
4. Null objec s no yes es ic ed yes
5. Cli ic objec s yes no yes es ic ed
6. Fini e e bal pe son
in lec ion yes yes (only non-pas
enses) yes e y de ec i e
7. In lec ed in ini i als no no yes e y de ec i e
In iew o hese co ela ions, we can a i m ha he change in
Russian p o-d op a ec ed de ec i e e e en ial p onouns ( e e en ial null
subjec s, including ini e con ol, and cli ics / null objec s), bu i did
no ha e a s ong impac on gene ic/a bi a y NSs o e bal in lec ion.
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
1913
In BP, all de ec i e subjec s ( e e en ial o gene ic) changed, oge he
wi h a clea impo e ishmen in e bal in lec ion ( ini e and non- ini e),
and pe haps mino consequences conce ning de ec i e objec s (null o
cli ic). In he ollowing sec ion, I o e a uni ied accoun o hese ac s.
4 An explana ion o he change in p o-d op in BP and MR
In his sec ion, I will de elop he idea ha a ia ion among PNS
languages is he e ec o his o ical change, whose con ingen p ope ies
can pa ially shape g amma s.5 The ac ha p o-d op is igge ed by he
con abula ion o a ew ecu en ac o s, which can be diach onically
modi ied in di e en ways, gi es us he sligh di e ences be ween
BP and MR wi h espec o hei p o-d op p ope ies, ende ing hus a
sa is ac o y explana ion o he pa ame ical “misma ches” we obse e
in hese PNS languages.
I will show: (i) how he inal se ing o he PNS pa ame ic s age was
essen ially he same in bo h BP and MR; and (ii) in which way he igge s
o he change we e di e en in he wo languages, and why he clus e ing
ways o he p ope ies e iewed abo e also di e ed a some poin s.
4.1 S uc u es and change in NS licensing in Russian
he mos s iking ac abou e e en ial NSs in Russian (27a-b),
con as ing wi h Heb ew (26a-b) o Chamo o, is ha hei condi ions o
licensing, desc ibed in Sec ion 3.1, a e comple ely equal ega dless o he
ichness o he po e y o pe sonal in lec ion on he e bal o m. ha is,
whe he he e bal o m displays mo phologically o e pe sonal ea u es
(in non-pas enses, endowed wi h o e pe sonal mo phology, 27b) o no
(wi h pas impo e ished l- o ms, lacking pe sonal mo phology, 27a), he
5 I assume a Ligh oo ian (LIGHTFOOT, 1999, and subsequen wo k) app oach o
change. In neu al condi ions, any modi ica ion o he P ima y Linguis ic Da a (PLD)
can lead lea ne s o diach onic change, i.e., pa se a di e en g amma wi h espec o
p e ious gene a ions. Howe e , change is con ingen on he unp edic abili y o he
ex e nal ac o s condi ioning i . The mos equen igge s modi ying he PDL ha
lea ne s ecei e a e he ollowing: (i) changes ha ha e aken place p e iously in he
language and can condi ion he “clus e ing” e ec s, like he ones we a e conside ing
in his pape ( adi ionally e med “chains o changes” in his o ical linguis ics); (ii)
phonological e osion o a i ion (which can ha e an impac on mo phological ma e ial);
(iii) language con ac and o he sociolinguis ic ac o s.
1914
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
condi ions o licensing e e en ial NSs apply equally; in example (27),
logopho ic ea u es license d opping o any o he subjec s. In Heb ew,
howe e , ich ag eemen licenses subjec d opping (26a), while de ec i e
non-pe sonal ag eemen does no (26b):
(26) a. E mol šama’ ha ca’a.
yes e day hea .pas .2sg. lec u e
‘yes e day you hea d a lec u e.’ (Heb ew – DORON, 1988, p. 205)
b. *Axša šoma’a ha ca’a.
now hea .p es.sg. lec u e
In ended: ‘you a e hea ing a lec u e now.’ (Heb ew – DORON, 1988, p. 207) (MR)
(27) a.(Ty) magazin xodil, ili doma sidel es’ den’
you o shop go.pas .m.sg o home si .pas .m.sg
all day
pe ed ele izo om?
be o e TV
‘Ha e you gone o he shop o we e you si ing in on o he TV all day long?’
b. (Ty) magazin pojdëš’ ili doma budeš’ side ’
you o shop go. u .2sg o home u .2sg si
pe ed ele izo om?
be o e TV
‘Will you go shopping o a e you going o be si ing in on o he TV?’
The diach onic p ocess ha ga e ise o he PNS cha ac e o
Russian e idences he ac ha he ole o e bal in lec ion in he change
was ma ginal (c . MEyER, 2011; JuNG, 2018, con a MÜLLER, 2006);
changes in e bal in lec ion did no cons i u e he ini ial igge o he
change and, in ac , e bal in lec ion only changed in pas enses (as a
side-e ec o a p e ious change, as we will see), whe eas p esen and
u u e enses p ese ed hei in lec ion pa adigms comple ely un ouched.
Le us b ie ly e iew he p ocess o loss o he e e en ial NSs in
Russian s ep-by-s ep. he ollowing desc ip ion is based on he wo ks by
Bo ko skij (1978), Bo ko skij; Kuzneco (1965), I ano (1990), Jung;
Migdalski (2015), Kib ik (2013), Meye (2011), Migdalski (2013), and
Zaliznjak (2008).
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
1915
(1) Old Russian was a well-beha ed CNS language (c . Sec ion 3).
Re e en ial subjec s we e d opped in p agma ically “neu al”
condi ions, ega dless o he ype o opic cha ac e izing he NS,
as shown in example (10a, 25b) abo e. Re e en ial subjec s had
o be o e ly ealized as p onouns only in empha ic posi ions
( oci o con as i e opics, ex. 25a). This was he si ua ion un il
app oxima ely he 14-15 h cen u y.
he e bal sys em was in lec ionally ich, he e exis ed 4 pas
o ms, a p esen , and se e al o ms o exp ess he u u e. Howe e , in
OR, some ense pa adigms s a ed o all in o disuse: in ea ly Sla ic
he e we e wo syn he ic pas o ms ( he impe ec and he ao is )
and wo analy ic o ms (pe ec and plupe ec ). Analy ic e bs we e
o med by an auxilia y con eying pe son and numbe mo phemes, and
a pa iciple (an l- o m) con eying he lexical e bal con en plus gende
and numbe mo phemes (examples 21a and 22 abo e). The auxilia ies
co esponding o he 3 d pe son singula and plu al had al eady been
los by ea ly OR, and he syn he ic pas o ms we e in decay, oo: he
impe ec was almos inexis en , and he ao is was a chaic, es ic ed
o li e a y language. The all in o disuse o mos ense dis inc ions led
o he e en ual ea angemen o he Russian e bal sys em in a o o
aspec ual dis inc ions ( he MR pa e n) a he han ense dis inc ions.
De icien p onouns o he han subjec s, as well as auxilia y e bs,
we e o mally cli ics. Auxilia y e bal o ms, jus like o he cli ics, we e
aised o a high posi ion in he sen ence, as in examples (21a) and (25a)
abo e. Syn he ic e bal o ms we e also aised highe (compa e he OR
example (28) and he la e Middle Russian example (29b) below). his
high e bal posi ion is common o o he CNS languages and is usually
conside ed o e lec he exis ence o V- o- mo emen in hese languages.
(28) i p o poklanęju i sę.
and bow.1sg you.cl.d e l.cl.acc
‘I g ee (li . bow) you.’ (OR – Bi ch ba k le e 798, 12 h c., JuNG, 2018, p. 105)
P onominal cli ics in OR aised o be adjacen o he aised e b o
auxilia y (MIGDALSKy, 2013; JuNG, 2018). hey we e used in he same
p agma ic si ua ions as NSs, ha is, in non-empha ic non-s essed posi ions
(28), while s ong p onouns we e used in con as i e o ocused posi ions.
1916
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
(2) Ea ly Middle Russian: by he 14-15 h cen u y, e bal auxilia ies
s a ed o su ace in a lowe posi ion (29a), and syn he ic e bs
also emained low in he s uc u e (29b); compa e he posi ion o
he syn he ic e bal o m in he OR example (28) and he Middle
Russian one (29b). In o he wo ds, long e b mo emen go los .
(29) a. es ъ u menei edinъ s(y)nъj doma menšii, a p oi sь če y mi
is a me one son a home young and wi h ou
esmь yšelъ, a onъj doma.
aux.1sg le .m.sg and ha a .home
‘I ha e a li le son, and I came he e wi h my o he ou child en, and he young one s ayed a home.’
(Middle Russian – Hypa hian Ch onicle 46, 14 h c.)
b. jęza obe koloneju-sę.
I.nom you.s ong.d bow.1sg- e l
‘I g ee you.’ (Middle Russian – Bi ch ba k le e 501, 14 h c., JuNG, 2018, p. 105)
Ve y soon, be ween he 15 h and 16 h cen u ies, e bal auxilia ies
(o 1s and 2nd pe son; emembe ha 3 d pe son auxilia y had been los
long ago) we e los in he language, a e a sho pe iod o lowe ing.
A he same ime, p onominal cli ics we e also being los , and being
eplaced wi h s ong p onominal o ms. Auxilia y cli ics we e no e oded
phonologically o p og essi ely wo n ou ; he whole o ms, all o hem
disyllabic (sg. esmь, esi, pl. esme, es e), we e los al oge he (30). Almos
simul aneously, o e p onouns o 1s and 2nd pe son we e ealized in
neu al posi ions (non-empha ic, non-s essed), as in (30) and (29b), in
he places whe e o me ly only NSs we e used (28).
(30) A az s al dolu s polkom,
and I.nom s ood.l- o m.m.sg in alley wi h a my,
a Vasilьju p ikazal…
and Vasili.d o de ed.l- o m.m.sg
‘And I s ood in he alley wi h he a my and I o de ed Vasili…’ (Middle Russian –
Pe oe pis’mo Vasilija G jaznogo I anu IV G oznomu 1576, 20)
This ende ed a new pa e n wi h “impo e ished” pe sonal
mo phology, bu only in pas ense, which happened o be he one
o me ly including a cli ic auxilia y (which, in u n, happened o be
he pa o he e bal complex bea ing pe sonal mo phology). A he
same ime, p esen and u u e pe sonal mo phology emained in ac bu ,
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
1917
none heless, showed simila a es o o e non-empha ic p onominal
subjec s as pas impo e ished o ms (MEyER, 2011). In o he wo ds,
o e non-empha ic p onouns we e ealized in he place o NSs a a ixed
a e ega dless o he “ ichness o po e y” o ag eemen in he speci ic
e bal o m in he sen ence.
(3) La e Middle Russian: by he 16-17 h cen u ies, when he mode n
sys em o 1s and 2nd p o-d op was al eady well-es ablished,
3 d pe son sen ences expe ienced he same shi as 1s and 2nd
pe son. 3 d pe son e bal auxilia ies in pe ec > pas ense had
al eady been los in ea ly OR (app ox. 5-6 cen u ies be o e), bu
no pe sonal p onoun exis ed in he language o he 3 d pe son.
In s essed o empha ic posi ions, when he p onominal subjec
had o be o e ly ealized, a ious demons a i e p onouns we e
ealized ins ead. One o hese demons a i es, onъ ‘ ha ’, was
eanalyzed in La e Middle Russian as he pe sonal p onoun o
3 d pe son and immedia ely sp ead o non-empha ic and non-
s essed posi ions (31), ollowing he pa e n o he 1s and 2nd
pe son p onouns.
(31) P osi y nego na b ašna deneg, i on ebe das s o ublej.
ask om him o ood money and he you will gi e hund ed ubles
‘Ask him o money o ood, and he will gi e you a hund ed ubles.’ (Middle Russian – S o y abou
Ka p Su ulo , 17 h cen u y)
As o p onominal cli ics, 1s and 2nd pe son objec cli ics we e los
by he 15-16 h cen u y, while 3 d pe son cli ics we e los app oxima ely a
cen u y la e . The delay in he loss o 3 d pe son cli ics as compa ed o 1s
and 2nd pe son pa allels he de elopmen o 3 d pe son s. 1s / 2nd pe son
o e p onominal p onouns in he place o he old NSs.
Null objec s a e ound in ex s oughly by he 16 h cen u y, and
became mo e common la e on:
(32) A ženixi po ne es uj ne ezdi , a p i eze p oj d užka da s axa.
and g oom o b ide no goes bu ca ies bes man and ma chmake
‘The g oom does no go o he b ide; he bes man and he ma chmake b ing (he ).’ (Middle
Russian – Pu ešes ija usskix poslo , BORKOVSKIJ, 1978, p. 314)
In Table 3, I summa ize he de elopmen o he change in he
ele an p o-d op ea u es in Russian:
1918
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
Table 3 – diach onic succession o changes in he p o-d op sys em be ween
OR and MR
When Changes
11-12 h c Loss o 3 d pe son auxilia y Loss o pas enses in a o o aspec ual
dis inc ions
15 h c Loss o long e b mo emen = lowe ing o auxilia ies and syn he ic e bs
15-16 h
cen u y Loss o 1s /2nd
auxilia ies
Ex ension o
1s /2nd o e p on.
subjec s
Loss o 1s /2nd p on. objec
cli ics
16-17 h
cen u y
Ex ension o onъ as 3 d
p. o e p onoun
Loss o 3 d pe son
objec cli ics Ex ension o null objec s
Now le us in e p e he change in o mal e ms (c . MADARIAGA,
2022a; 2022b). As I explained in Sec ion 2, in OR, he minimal φP subjec ,
loca ed a [Spec,T], au oma ically ecei ed a e e en ial in e p e a ion
om a highe opic by D-ma ching. The e e en ial index was copied by
he un alued D- ea u e o T, and, hen, h ough Ag ee, by he NS, which
a he same ime ma ched i s un alued φ- ea u es. he D- ea u e o
was “spelled ou ” in he o m o ich e bal mo phology. O e V- o-T
mo emen con eyed he p esence o ich ag eemen mo phology high
in he sen ence, which cons i u ed a clea cue o lea ne s o es ablish
he p esence o a [+D] ea u e on T.
(33) [CP Topici C [TP φPi TD:_+V [VP V…]]]
The loss o 3 d pe son auxilia ies and he obsolescence o mos
pas o ms in ea ly OR led o a eo ganiza ion o he ense – aspec sys em
in Russian. Because o he loss o 3 d pe son e bal auxilia ies, analy ic
pas o ms in 3 d pe son could seem o speake s like low “syn he ic”
l- o ms, ma ked o gende and numbe (no pe son), which did no aise
o T. V s a ed o be in e p e ed as unde going sho mo emen ( o Asp o a
simila in e media e node, as i does nowadays (c . GRIBANOVA, 2013);
con i med by expe imen al wo k by Kalles ino a; Slabako a (2008)), and
he old ense-based sys em disappea ed in a o o a new sys em based
on aspec dis inc ions. As o non-pas syn he ic o ms, hey p ese ed
pe son ma king bu , analogically o pas l- o ms, hey s opped mo ing
o T. 1s and 2nd pe son auxilia ies also displayed a low posi ion a his
ime (ZALIZNJAK, 2008). In o he wo ds, V- o- mo emen was los .
The loss o long e b mo emen modi ied he cue ha
lea ne s needed o posi an un alued D- ea u e on T, ha is, he o e
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
1919
mo phological ealiza ion o he ope a ion o D- ea u e aluing, which
was pe son ag eemen on T (c . a simila idea in Jung, 2018, who
p oposes D- ea u e lowe ing a he D- ea u e loss). The loss o o e
mo phology a T p e en ed he acquisi ion o T as playing a ole in
D- ea u e ansmission oge he wi h Ag ee. In addi ion, once V emained
in AspP, V’s low posi ion p eemp ed he es ablishmen o he di ec
syn ac ic ela ion be ween T and C he way i did be o e. The loss o he
D- ea u e on T was comple ed be ween he 15 h and 16 h cen u ies, wi h
he o al loss o pe sonal auxilia ies in he language.
A e T’s D-linking abili y was los , p onominal subjec s had o
be o e ly ealized in o de o be in e p e ed as e e en ial. Howe e ,
lea ne s o Middle Russian kep on ecei ing e e en ial subjec gaps in
hei linguis ic inpu in he o m o NSs gene a ed by olde gene a ions
o speake s, and subjec gaps in con ol in ini i e clauses (PRO). As a
common ou pu in his o ical p ocesses, esidual s uc u es and elemen s
a e diach onic change can die ou o be “ ecycled” ( eanalyzed) wi h a
new alue. he old NSs in Russian expe ienced he second pa h. Speake s
o Middle Russian, in he absence o a D-linking , had wo ways o
acqui e he ini e subjec gaps hey ecei ed: (i) as gene ic o a bi a y NSs
( hey e ained 3 d pe son plu al, as in OR), o (ii) as e e en ial NSs when
hey we e able o ind a p ope mechanism o index ansmission, whe he
a p ominen o logopho ic null opic a CP, o a highe c-commanding
e e en ial an eceden in he case o embedded NSs.
As o o he non-subjec ual de icien p onominals, namely,
p onominal cli ics, he change e iewed he e also had a di ec impac on
hem. I will assume he classic p oposal by Ca dinale i; S a ke (1999);
namely ha p osodic, phonological, and mo phological de iciency
o cli ics co ela es wi h less syn ac ic s uc u e, as compa ed o ull
p onouns. Thus, a cli ic is a minimal noun p ojec ion, i.e., jus an
ag eemen p ojec ion. In ou e ms, cli ics would ha e he same basic
s uc u e as NSs, i.e., minimal φPs wi h un alued in e p e able φ- ea u es
(φP[iφ:_]). C ., i.a., BLEAM, 1999; DuAR E; MA OS; GONÇALVES,
2005; ROBER S, 2010; BOŠKOVIĆ, 2016, o a simila idea.6
6 OR de icien p onouns quali y as φP cli ics, a he han me e ag eemen ma ke s (c .
con as i e p ope ies o he wo ypes o cli ics in Bleam, 1999; O mazabal; Rome o,
2013; and e e ences he ein). Accusa i e cli ics in Sla ic, including i s ea lie pe iods,
1920
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
As in he case o NSs, OR cli ic φPs a e no D-comple e elemen s,
so hey mus ha e hei e e ence de ined in he cou se o he de i a ion.
As discussed be o e, he e e ence o a minimal φP is de e mined by
some (null o o e ) Topic a CP. Ge ing a e e ence om his high Topic
con eys also φ- ea u e alua ion on he cli ic, as in he case o NSs. In
he case o CNS languages, licensing minimal φPs (NSs and cli ics)
is ied o he p esence o an un alued D- ea u e on (HOLMBERG;
NAYUDU; SHEEHAN, 2009), which copies he e e en ial index o he
highe Topic, and ansmi s i downwa ds du ing he Ag ee ope a ion
o φ- ea u e ma ching by he φP. In he case o subjec s, as a esul o
Ag ee, he alued ea u es o T a e “spelled ou ” in he shape o ich
e bal mo phology, and NSs can be ealized as null. Howe e , objec ual
φPs can ecei e hei e e ence, bu hey lack he Ag ee ela ion wi h
desc ibed abo e o subjec s, so hey mus be o e ly ealized, albei in
a p osodically de icien way.
In he speci ic case o OR and o he Sla ic languages, ollowing,
i.a., P ogo ac (1999); Migdalski (2016); Boško ić (2016), cli ic licensing
is pa asi ic on e b mo emen , like p o subjec s in CNS languages. Being
p osodically de icien , in he speci ic case o OR, objec ual φPs had he
equi emen o be adjacen o he e b (JuNG; MIGDALSKI, 2015).
hus, when he e b aised in OR, he φP mo ed oge he wi h he e b
up o hei inal common landing si e, in which V a ached o . In his
pa e n, bo h elemen s mo ed “ o a eason”; he V o ge i s in lec ional
su ix, and he cli ic o ge p osodic suppo and e e en ial in e p e a ion.
(34) [CP Topic1 Topic2 … C [TP φP1 (=NS) - -V φP2 (=cli ic) [ P φP1 +V φP2 [VP V φP2]]]]
A e V- o-T mo emen was los , cli ics could no aise, and had
o emain low in he s uc u e, oge he wi h hei p osodical hos , he
e b. The cli ics’ new low posi ion, howe e , led o hei una oidable
loss, as hey we e oo a om C, and could no ge a sui able e e ence.
The e o e, e y soon cli ics we e comple ely eplaced by ei he (i) ull,
phonologically independen , and syn ac ically comple e p onouns, o (ii)
null objec s, which, ollowing he new eanalyzed pa e n o he o he
null φPs in he language, he NSs, could aise as much as hey needed
canno double DPs o o e ide P inciple B, in con as o cli ics in o he languages,
which a e be e analyzed as ag eemen elemen s.
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
1927
in e media e posi ion, as in Russian), as a side-e ec o he loss o ich
pe son ag eemen . I seems ha he change in p o-d op in BP and in
Russian ep esen ed wo sides o he same coin: in Russian, he loss
o V- o- mo emen modi ied he cue ha lea ne s needed o posi an
un alued D- ea u e on T, he o e mo phological ealiza ion o he
ope a ion o D- ea u e aluing, i.e., pe son ag eemen o e ly ealized in a
high posi ion (a T). Thus, T was conside ed no o ake pa in D- ea u e
aluing any mo e, and he D- ea u e o T was los . In BP, on he o he
hand, he o e mo phological ealiza ion o D- ea u e aluing, pe son
ag eemen , was los al oge he , and his au oma ically led o he loss o
he D- ea u e on T. A he same ime, he loss o pe son ag eemen had
he side-e ec ha V- o- mo emen could be pe cei ed by BP lea ne s
as unmo i a ed and decayed as a esul .
Cli ic objec s did no change in BP as much as in Russian, in
which cli ics we e o ally eplaced by s ong p onouns o newly c ea ed
null objec s. In BP, 1s and 2nd pe son cli ics we e p ese ed, bu he low
posi ion o he e b b ough wi h i a change in he cli iciza ion di ec ion
o cli ics. Dua e; Ma os; Gonçal es (2005) claim ha a ia ion in cli ic
o de , and i s di e en pa e ns in EP and BP depend on he abili y o
and Asp o a ac V e sus T’s capaci y o check unin e p e able ea u es
h ough Ag ee wi hou a ac ing V. In EP, cli ics a e always encli ic,
whe he he p eceding wo d is a e b o no (NUNES, 2011); when he
e b is a ac ed o T, he cli ic “ emains” o i s igh , as in (19b) abo e,
and in case he e is some elemen a C (a wh-wo d, nega ion, e c.),
le wa d cli iciza ion akes place wi h espec o he C-elemen (21b). On
he o he hand, in BP he e b emains low and he cli ic is spelled-ou
“ o i s le ”; hus, lea ne s in e p e his pa e n as p ocli ic cli iciza ion.
In his sense, he change om enclisis o p oclisis in he 1s and 2nd pe son
cli ics in BP could be a u he consequence o he change in he posi ion
o V a e he loss o ich pe son ag eemen .
Wi h ega d o he loss o 3 d pe son cli ics, Nunes (1993) a gues
ha i was due o he change o di ec ionali y in cli iciza ion in BP. The
new sys em o p oclisis made impossible o lea ne s o acqui e 3 d
pe son cli ics, whose syllabic onse was incompa ible wi h igh wa d
cli iciza ion.8 The loss o 3 d pe son cli ics led o he eme gence o weak
8 Nunes (1993) no es ha 3 d pe son cli ics in Po uguese (o, a, os, as) los he onse o hei
syllable ( he ini ial l-, p esen in o he Romance languages, like he Spanish lo, la, los, las). He
1928
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
p onouns in objec posi ion, as well as he expansion o he al eady
exis ing null objec cons uc ions.
As was he case in Russian, he new ways o licensing e e en ial
NSs in p agma ically mo i a ed speci ic si ua ions in BP pa ed he way o
eanalyze he old null objec s, aces o wh-mo emen in EP (RAPOSO,
1986), as eal null p onouns (GALVES, 1989, i.a.) by analogy wi h
he new NSs. Thus, null objec s in BP became mo e un es ic ed om
he g amma ical poin o iew han in EP, as hey only needed o be
p agma ically mo i a ed. In ha sense, he inal esul o he change in
MR and BP, being ini ially qui e di e en , esul ed in a simila ou pu .
Finally, a bi a y sen ences in BP e ained he old pa e ns (3 d
pe son plu al ag eemen and he se-cons uc ion), and c ea ed a new
pa e n wi h 3 d pe son singula ag eemen , which a ose a e he loss o
he se cli ic elemen (NUNES, 1991), p obably in ela ion o he loss o
3 d pe son cli ics in gene al in he language. his p ocess di e s om
Russian, because in OR, unlike EP, impe sonal sen ences we e ne e
o med wi h a sja cli ic (equi alen o Romance se cli ic), and hus he
co esponding a bi a y cons uc ion in MR did no ha e a sui able
ances o wi h 3 d pe son singula ag eemen , on he basis o which lea ne s
could build he cons uc ion ha a ose in BP.
5 Conclusion
In his pape , I ha e shown ha he con ingen na u e o change
de e mines he ac ha one and he same pa ame ic change can be
biased by sligh ly di e en his o ical condi ions, which can ende
sligh ly di e en esul s. Howe e , he inal pa ame ic se ing will be
e y simila , as p o en by he de ailed examina ion o he change in
p o-d op, expe ienced by MR and BP independen ly om each o he .
These wo languages de eloped om a CNS s age in o a PNS
s age o di e en easons and acco ding o di e en pa hways o change,
bu ended up ha ing basically he same p ope ies. F om a pa ame ic
a gues ha he onse o he syllable o 3 d pe son cli ics is licensed ia phonological cli iciza ion
o he p eceding wo d as happens in EP, in which cli ics a e always encli ic o wha e e wo d
hey need o be. Howe e , in BP cli iciza ion is always igh wa d, which p e en ed he onse o
he syllable o 3 d pe son cli ics o be phonologically licensed, and led o hei disappea ance. 1s
and 2nd pe son cli ics (me, e, nos, os) did no lose hei syllabic onse , so hey we e p ese ed
in BP, albei in he new posi ion.
Re . Es ud. Ling., Belo Ho izon e, . 30, n. 4, p. 1896-1935, 2022.
1929
poin o iew, bo h languages los he D- ea u e on T, associa ed wi h a
se ies o common p ope ies (sho e b mo emen , eanalysis o NSs
as p agma ically licensed, au oma ic in e p e a ion o a NS as a bi a y
o gene ic, ini e con ol, expansion o null objec s, weakening o cli ics,
eanalysis o embedded NSs), e en i he exac pa hways o change
di e ed be ween he wo languages. he small di e ences in he inal
esul s o he change ha e been a ibu ed o di e en ini ial condi ions
in he CNS s age o p o-d op; namely, he exis ence o no o impe sonal
se cons uc ions, he ole o he impo e ishmen o ag eemen , he
di e ences in non- ini e embedded clauses, and he ini ial igge o he
change ( eo ganiza ion o he ense–aspec sys em s. ea angemen o
he p onominal sys em).
Acknowledgemen s
This esea ch has been suppo ed by he PGC2018-096870-B-100
and PGC2018-098995-B-I00 p ojec s, unded by he Spanish Minis y o
Science, Inno a ion, and uni e si ies, he Spanish Resea ch Agency, and
he Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund (FEDER), and he I 1344-
19 esea ch g oup, unded by he Basque Go e nmen . The au ho is
especially g a e ul o Maia Duguine o ad ice and help wi h his pape ,
and o wo anonymous e iewe s a he Re is a de Es udos da Linguagem
o hei commen s and sugges ions. I also wan o hank Xa ie C uz
and Pa el G aschenko o help wi h Eu opean Po uguese and Russian
da a, espec i ely.
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